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id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="स्वरूप" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">स्वरूप</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ne.wikipedia.org&uselang=ne" class=""><span>दान गर्नुहोस्</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:CreateAccount&returnto=%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="तपाईलाई खाता बनाउन र प्रवेश गर्न हामी प्रोत्साहित गर्छौं; तथापि, यो अनिवार्य भने छैन।" class=""><span>खाता खोल्नुहोस्</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:UserLogin&returnto=%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="तपाईलाई प्रवेश गर्न सुझाव दिइन्छ ; तर यो जरुरी भने छैन [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>प्रवेश गर्नुहोस्</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="थप विकल्पहरू" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="व्यक्तिगत औजारहरू" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">व्यक्तिगत औजारहरू</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="प्रयोगकर्ता सुचीपत्र" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ne.wikipedia.org&uselang=ne"><span>दान गर्नुहोस्</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:CreateAccount&returnto=%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="तपाईलाई खाता बनाउन र प्रवेश गर्न हामी प्रोत्साहित गर्छौं; तथापि, यो अनिवार्य भने छैन।"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>खाता खोल्नुहोस्</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:UserLogin&returnto=%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="तपाईलाई प्रवेश गर्न सुझाव दिइन्छ ; तर यो जरुरी भने छैन [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>प्रवेश गर्नुहोस्</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> निर्गमन सम्पादकहरूका लागि पृष्ठहरू <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A4:%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" aria-label="सम्पादन गर्ने बारे थप जान्नुहोस्"><span>थप जान्नुहोस्</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>मेरो योगदानहरू</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:MyTalk" title="यो IP ठेगानाबाट गरिएका सम्पादनका बारेमा बार्तालाप [n]" accesskey="n"><span>मेरो कुराहरू</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="साइट"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="विषयसूची" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">विषयसूची</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">बाँया खण्डमा सार्नुहोस्</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">लुकाउनुहोस्</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">सुरुवात</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-कौडी_आखिर_के_हो_?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#कौडी_आखिर_के_हो_?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">१</span> <span>कौडी आखिर के हो ?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-कौडी_आखिर_के_हो_?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-मूल्यवान_कौडीहरू" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#मूल्यवान_कौडीहरू"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">२</span> <span>मूल्यवान कौडीहरू</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-मूल्यवान_कौडीहरू-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-सन्दर्भ_सामग्रीहरू" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#सन्दर्भ_सामग्रीहरू"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">३</span> <span>सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-सन्दर्भ_सामग्रीहरू-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-बाहिरी_कडीहरू" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#बाहिरी_कडीहरू"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">४</span> <span>बाहिरी कडीहरू</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-बाहिरी_कडीहरू-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="विषयसूची" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="सामग्रीको तालिका सक्षम गर्नुहोस्" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">सामग्रीको तालिका सक्षम गर्नुहोस्</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">कौडा</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="६८ भाषामा उपलब्ध छ। अर्को भाषाको लेखमा जानुहोस्।" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">६८ भाषाहरू</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skulp" title="Skulp – अफ्रिकान्स" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skulp" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="अफ्रिकान्स" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="صدفة بحرية – अरबी" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صدفة بحرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="अरबी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal%C4%B1qqula%C4%9F%C4%B1_(%C9%99h%C9%99ng_da%C5%9F%C4%B1)" title="Balıqqulağı (əhəng daşı) – अजरबैजानी" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Balıqqulağı (əhəng daşı)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="अजरबैजानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D2%A1" title="Ҡабырсаҡ – बास्किर" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡабырсаҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="बास्किर" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Ракавіна малюскаў – बेलारुसी" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ракавіна малюскаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="बेलारुसी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ракавіна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ракавіна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Раковина – बुल्गेरियाली" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Раковина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="बुल्गेरियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1e%CC%A4k-si%C5%8Fh" title="Káe̤k-siŏh – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Káe̤k-siŏh" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%AF%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A6" title="ᎤᏯᏍᎦ – चेरोकी" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᏯᏍᎦ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="चेरोकी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%A1nka" title="Schránka – चेक" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Schránka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="चेक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D3%97" title="Шапа хуранӗ – चुभास" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шапа хуранӗ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="चुभास" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cragen" title="Cragen – वेल्श" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cragen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="वेल्श" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkylie" title="Konkylie – डेनिस" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Konkylie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="डेनिस" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muschelschale" title="Muschelschale – जर्मन" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Muschelschale" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="जर्मन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%87%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9" title="Κοχύλι – ग्रीक" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοχύλι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ग्रीक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell – अङ्ग्रेजी" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Seashell" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="अङ्ग्रेजी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konko" title="Konko – एस्पेरान्तो" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="एस्पेरान्तो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concha" title="Concha – स्पेनी" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Concha" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="स्पेनी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merikarp" title="Merikarp – इस्टोनियन" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Merikarp" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="इस्टोनियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskor" title="Maskor – बास्क" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maskor" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="बास्क" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%81" title="صدف – फारसी" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صدف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="फारसी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasawasa_kaukaua" title="Wasawasa kaukaua – फिजियन" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Wasawasa kaukaua" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="फिजियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coquille_(mollusque)" title="Coquille (mollusque) – फ्रान्सेली" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Coquille (mollusque)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="फ्रान्सेली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliog%C3%A1n" title="Sliogán – आइरिस" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sliogán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="आइरिस" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuncha" title="Cuncha – गलिसियाली" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cuncha" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="गलिसियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80" title="कौड़ी – हिन्दी" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कौड़ी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="हिन्दी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvi%E1%B8%B7uq" title="Uviḷuq – इनुपिआक्" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Uviḷuq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="इनुपिआक्" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konko" title="Konko – इडो" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Konko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="इडो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skel" title="Skel – आइसल्यान्डियाली" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skel" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="आइसल्यान्डियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conchiglia" title="Conchiglia – इटालेली" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Conchiglia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="इटालेली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E6%AE%BB" title="貝殻 – जापानी" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="貝殻" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="जापानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ნიჟარა – जर्जियाली" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიჟარა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="जर्जियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81" title="ಕಪ್ಪೆಚಿಪ್ಪು – कन्नाडा" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಪ್ಪೆಚಿಪ್ಪು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="कन्नाडा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EA%B0%80%EB%B9%84" title="조가비 – कोरियाली" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조가비" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="कोरियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%95_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%9A%D9%BE" title="کاوٕ شوٚپ – कास्मिरी" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کاوٕ شوٚپ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="कास्मिरी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Раковина – किर्गिज" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Раковина" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="किर्गिज" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concha" title="Concha – ल्याटिन" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Concha" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ल्याटिन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjelp" title="Sjelp – लिम्बुर्गी" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjelp" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="लिम्बुर्गी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriaukl%C4%97" title="Kriauklė – लिथुआनियाली" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kriauklė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="लिथुआनियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Caula" title="Čaula – लात्भियाली" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čaula" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="लात्भियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akorandriaka" title="Akorandriaka – मलागासी" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Akorandriaka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="मलागासी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Раковина – म्यासेडोनियन" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Раковина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="म्यासेडोनियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%86%DA%A9" title="کلاچک – मजानडेरानी" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کلاچک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="मजानडेरानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schelp" title="Schelp – डच" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schelp" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="डच" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkylie" title="Konkylie – नर्वेली बोकमाल" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Konkylie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="नर्वेली बोकमाल" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muszla" title="Muszla – पोलिस" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Muszla" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="पोलिस" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concha" title="Concha – पोर्तुगी" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Concha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="पोर्तुगी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoic%C4%83" title="Scoică – रोमानियाली" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Scoică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="रोमानियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Раковина – रसियाली" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Раковина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="रसियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="वराटिका – संस्कृत" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वराटिका" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="संस्कृत" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunchigghia" title="Cunchigghia – सिसिलियाली" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cunchigghia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="सिसिलियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell – स्कट्स" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Seashell" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="स्कट्स" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(zoology)" title="Shell (zoology) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shell (zoology)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angalool" title="Angalool – सोमाली" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Angalool" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="सोमाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cangkang" title="Cangkang – सुडानी" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Cangkang" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="सुडानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koa" title="Koa – स्वाहिली" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Koa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="स्वाहिली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Садаф – ताजिक" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Садаф" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="ताजिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2" title="เปลือกหอย – थाई" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เปลือกหอย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="थाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabibe" title="Kabibe – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kabibe" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deniz_kabu%C4%9Fu" title="Deniz kabuğu – टर्किश" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Deniz kabuğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="टर्किश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Черепашка – युक्रेनी" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Черепашка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="युक्रेनी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%81" title="سمندری صدف – उर्दु" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سمندری صدف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="उर्दु" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chig%CA%BBanoq" title="Chigʻanoq – उज्बेकी" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chigʻanoq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="उज्बेकी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capa" title="Capa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Capa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schelpe" title="Schelpe – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Schelpe" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%A3%B3" title="贝壳 – ऊ चिनियाँ" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="贝壳" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ऊ चिनियाँ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E6%AE%BC" title="貝殼 – चिनियाँ" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="貝殼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="चिनियाँ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E6%AE%BC" title="貝殼 – क्यान्टोनिज" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="貝殼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="क्यान्टोनिज" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q213096#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="अन्तरभाषिक सूत्र सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्" class="wbc-editpage">कडीहरू सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE"><span>पुस्तक बनाउनुहोस्</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE&action=show-download-screen"><span>पिडिएफको रूपमा डाउनलोड गर्नुस</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE&printable=yes" title="यो पृष्ठको मुद्रण योग्य संस्करण [p]" accesskey="p"><span>छाप्नमिल्ने संस्करण</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> अन्य परियोजनाहरू </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ne" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084688">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output 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२०११)</i></small></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1084688"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3.svg/60px-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3.svg/90px-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3.svg/120px-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="565" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>यो लेख वा लेखको भागले विकिपिडियाको <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="विकिपिडिया:लेखन शैली">लेखन शैली</a> मापदण्ड पार गर्दैन र यस पृष्ठलाई <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80:%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82" title="श्रेणी:विकिकरण गर्नुपर्ने लेखहरू">विकिकरण</a> गर्न आवश्यक छ। </b><br /><small><a class="external text" href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE&action=edit">लेख राम्रो पार्न</a>, कृपया विशेष गरी यसको सामग्री, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9F" title="विकिपिडिया:लेखन शैली/लेआउट">शैली</a>, सान्दर्भिकता, वाह्य सूत्र सुधार गर्न सहयोग गर्नुहोला । (<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87" title="विकिपिडिया:नयाँ पृष्ठ कसरी आरम्भ गर्ने">सहयोग</a>)</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Cypraea_nebrites.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cypraea_nebrites.jpg/220px-Cypraea_nebrites.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cypraea_nebrites.jpg/330px-Cypraea_nebrites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cypraea_nebrites.jpg/440px-Cypraea_nebrites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1877" data-file-height="1478" /></a><figcaption>समुन्द्री कौडा</figcaption></figure><p>कौडा समुन्द्री कीराको सिपी (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/seashell" class="extiw" title="en:seashell">shell</a>) हो। मानिसले यसलाई घर सजाउनदेखि लिएर जुवा खेल्न सम्म विभिन्न प्रयोगमा ल्याउने गरेका छन्। </p><p>संसारमा कौडीको अस्तित्व कहिले प्रकाशमा आयो ? यो भन्न मुस्किल छ। प्राचीन कालदेखि नै मानिसको साथ यसको घनिष्ट सम्बन्ध रहँदै आएको छ। कौडी हाम्रो धार्मिक, आर्थिक, सामाजिक एवं सांस्कृतिक जीवनको अनेक पक्षहरूसँग जोडिएको छ। मानिस यसलाई पूजा गर्ने गर्दछ भने यसबाट मनोरञ्जन पनि लिने गर्दछ यसबाट जुवा खेल्ने गरिन्छ भने औषधि पनि बन्दछ। यसले सजावट गर्ने गरिन्छ भने शृङ्गार पनि गर्ने गरिन्छ तर यसको सर्वाधिक उपयोग विनियम प्रणाली (लेनदेन) लाई सजिलो बनाउनका लागि गर्ने गरियो। यही कारण हो कि संसारभरिमा जहाँ जहाँ ऐतिहासिक उत्खनन भएको छ, त्यहाँ कौडीहरू अवश्य पाइएको छ। </p><p>प्राचीनकालदेखि नै कौडी सिक्काको रूपमा चलिरहृयो। एक समय यस्तो थियो, जब विनिमयका लागि मुद्राको रूपमा कौडी नै प्रचलित थियो। प्राचीनकालमा जब धातुका सिक्का प्रचलनमा थिएन, तब व्यापार, विनिमयमा कौडीहरूको ठूलो महत्त्व थियो। त्यस समयमा पूरै संसारका व्यवसायमा कौडीहरूको प्रयोग मुद्राको रूपमा गर्ने गरिन्थ्यो। यसको सबैभन्दा ठूलो प्रमाण छ कि कौडीको स्थानमा धातुको सिक्का चलेर पनि मुद्राको रूपमा कौडीको अस्तित्व केही समयसम्म रहिरहृयो। अफ्रिकाको धेरै जस्तो भागहरूमा १९ औँ शताब्दीको मध्यसम्म कौडी प्रमुख मुद्रा थियो। त्यहाँका राजा 'क्युरियामा'को वाषिर्क आय ३ करोड कौडी थियो। नास्सावामाका राजाले आफ्नो जमीन एक अफ्रिकी कम्पनीलाई ३ लाख कौडीमा दिएका थिए। सन् १८६०मा त्यहाँ ५ कौडीले एउटा अण्डा र ३० कोसा केरा पाइन्थ्यो। त्यहाँका 'इभ' जनजातिका मानिसहरू लासलाई माटोमा गाड्दा साथसाथ कौडीहरूले ढाकिदिन्थे, ताकि मृतक कसैको भएमा त्यसले उक्त कौडीहरूबाट असुल गर्ने गरिन्छ भन्ने धारणा छ। यस्तै मिश्रमा मृतकको आँखाको ठाउँमा कौडी लगाइदिने गरिन्छ, किनभने कौडी खुल्ला आँखा जस्तै देखिने भएको हुनाले मिश्रबासीहरूको विश्वास छ कि मृतकको आँखामा कौडी राख्नाले दुष्ट आत्माहरू भाग्दछ। </p><p>मिश्र, ग्रीस आदि देशहरूमा पूजा, प्रसाधन र शृङ्खलाका कायहरूमा कौडीको प्रयोग बढी मात्रामा हुने गर्दछ। यहाँ विशेषगरी धार्मिक अनुष्ठानहरू एवं जादू टुनामुना आदिमा प्रयोग हुनेगर्दछ। साइप्रसमा कामदेवता 'एप|mोडाइट'को मन्दिरमा कौडीलाई नै पूजा गर्ने गरिँदै आइरहेका छन्। सुडानका आइमाईहरू धेरै सन्तान पाउने इच्छाले कम्मरमा कौडीको जोडी बाँध्ने चलन रहिआएको छ। </p><p>युगाण्डामा सन् १९२१ सम्म एक हजार कौडीहरू २ रूपियाँ बराबर हुन्थे। अपि|mकामा दुई हजार कौडीहरू एक अमेरिकी डलर बराबर हुन्थे। वेष्ट इण्डिजको एक चर्च निर्माणमा लगभग ३ करोड ६० लाख कौडीहरू मजदुरीलाई ज्याला स्वरूप बाँडिएको थियो। इङ्गल्याण्डमा एक हजार कौडीहरू एक शिलिङ्ग बराबर हुन्थे। </p><p>मार्कोपोलोले चीनमा मुद्राको रूपमा कौडीहरूको चलन चलाएको पाइएको थियो। एक समय थियो, जब चीनमा धातुको सिक्का कौडीसँग मिल्दोजुल्दो बन्दथे। दोहा, कतारमा सन् १९३० सम्म कौडीको नै सिक्का चल्दथ्यो। सन् १९३१ सम्म सुडानका 'लेबी' जनजातिमा सम्पूर्ण कारोबार यही कौडीहरूमा नै चल्दथ्यो। </p><p>नेपालमा कौडीको चलनचल्ति धेरै नभएतापनि जुवा खेल्नका लागि कौडी प्रयोग गरेको पाइन्छ, यो चलन परापूर्वकालदेखि नै खेल्दै आइरहेको पाइन्छ, भने तराईका थारू समुदायका महिलाहरूले गहनाको रूपमा कौडीको माला बनाएर लगाउने चलन पनि रहिआएको छ। </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="कौडी_आखिर_के_हो_?"><span id=".E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8C.E0.A4.A1.E0.A5.80_.E0.A4.86.E0.A4.96.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B0_.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.87_.E0.A4.B9.E0.A5.8B_.3F"></span>कौडी आखिर के हो ?</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE&action=edit&section=1" title="खण्ड: कौडी आखिर के हो ? सम्पादन गर्ने"><span>सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>कौडी वस्तुतः एक समुद्री कीराको 'अस्तिकोष' हो। यो जल-जीव 'मोलस्का' वर्गको सबैभन्दा ठूलो उपवर्ग 'ग्यास्ट्रोपोडा'मा आउँदछ। विज्ञानको भाषामा कौडीलाई 'साइप्रिया' भनिन्छ। अङ्ग्रेजीमा यसलाई काउरी, फेन्ज जर्मनी र रूसी भाषामा यसलाई कुरडी भनिन्छ। हाम्रो यहाँ प्रचलित नाम कौडी नै हो। </p><p>यो गहुँको दानाको आकारदेखि लिएर हाम्रो हत्केलाको मुठी आकारसम्मको हुने गर्दछ। कौडी हिन्द महासागरको धेरैजसो क्षेत्रमा पाइन्छ भने उत्तरमा जापानदेखि लिएर दक्षिणमा न्यू साउथ वेल्ससम्म देख्न सकिन्छ। कौडी भू-मध्यसागर र अमेरिकाको दुवै तटहरूमा धेरै किसिमका कौडी पाइने गर्दछ। यसको केही जातिहरू समशीतोष्ण सागरहरू र महासागरहरूमा पनि पाइन्छ। समशीतोष्ण सागरहरूमा पाइने कौडी सानो हुन्छ भने त्यति राम्रो मानिँदैन। इङ्गल्याण्डको सागर तटहरूमा पनि यस्तै कौडी पाइन्छ। </p><p>विशेषज्ञहरूका अनुसार आज विश्वभरमा १६५ प्रकारका कौडीहरू उपलब्ध छ। यसमध्येमा पि्रन्स, ल्युकोट्रोन गट्टाटा, कुल्टन्स, वाक्लेस, ब्रोडरिया, युरेनियम र रीब्ज नामका कौडीहरू श्रेष्ठ मानिन्छ। यस श्रेष्ठ कौडीहरूमा सर्वाधिक श्रेष्ठ हुन् - प्रिन्स कौडी। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="मूल्यवान_कौडीहरू"><span id=".E0.A4.AE.E0.A5.82.E0.A4.B2.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A8_.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8C.E0.A4.A1.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.B9.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.82"></span>मूल्यवान कौडीहरू</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE&action=edit&section=2" title="खण्ड: मूल्यवान कौडीहरू सम्पादन गर्ने"><span>सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>कौडीहरू मूल्यवान पनि हुन्छ। यसको मूल्य यसको आकृतिको आधारमा तय गर्ने गरिन्छ। कौडीहरूको मूल्य आज केही पैसादेखि लिएर एक करोडसम्म पर्छ। प्रिन्स नामक कौडी विश्वभरमा केवल एउटै मात्रै छ, जुन ब्रिटिश सङ्ग्रहालयमा सङ्ग्रहित छ। सन् १९६१मा यसको मूल्य ४५ हजार रूपियाँ थियो भने आज यसको मूल्य लगभग २ करोड ५० लाख रूपियाँ आँकिएको छ। ल्युकोट्रोन नामक कौडी सन् १८२८ सम्म एउटै थियो। सन् १८६० मा एउटाबाट बढेर दुईवटा पुग्यो र सन् १८६५ सम्म ल्युकोट्रोन कौडीको सङ्ख्या बढेर सातसम्म पुग्यो। गट्टाटा नामक कौडीको सङ्ख्या आज विश्वभरिमा लगभग २५ देखि ३० वटा रहेको अनुमान छ। वर्तमान समयमा एउटा गट्टाटा कौडीको मूल्य २० हजार रूपियाँभन्दा बढी छ। रिब्ज नामक कौडीको मूल्य ५ हजार रूपियाँ छ। युरेनियम नामक कौडीको मूल्य अमेरिकामा लगभग २ हजार अमेरिकी डलर छ र मिडवे सायनसिम नामक कौडीको मूल्य जापानमा लगभग दुई हजार अमेरिकी डलरसम्म पर्छ। </p><p>आज कौडीको आर्थिक महत्त्व त त्यति धेरै छैन, तर समृद्धि र लक्ष्मीको प्रतीकको रूपमा आज पनि यसलाई पूजा गर्ने गरिन्छ। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="सन्दर्भ_सामग्रीहरू"><span id=".E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A6.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AD_.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.97.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.B9.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.82"></span>सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE&action=edit&section=3" title="खण्ड: सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू सम्पादन गर्ने"><span>सम्पादन 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