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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Zionist and political career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zionist_and_political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Academic career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_and_opinions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_and_opinions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Views and opinions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_and_opinions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Saul Friedländer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="شاؤول فريدليندر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شاؤول فريدليندر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder" title="Saul Friedländer – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Saul Friedländer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder" title="Saul Friedländer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Saul Friedländer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder" title="Saul Friedländer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Saul Friedländer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder" title="Saul Friedländer – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Saul Friedländer" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="سائول فریدلاندر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سائول فریدلاندر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder" title="Saul Friedländer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saul Friedländer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder" title="Saul Friedländer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Saul Friedländer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder" title="Saul Friedländer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Saul Friedländer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8" title="שאול פרידלנדר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שאול פרידלנדר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder" title="Saul Friedländer – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saul Friedländer" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="شاول فريدلندر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شاول فريدلندر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder" title="Saul Friedländer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Saul Friedländer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder" title="Saul Friedländer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Saul Friedländer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder" title="Saul Friedländer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Saul Friedländer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Фридлендер, Саул – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фридлендер, Саул" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder" title="Saul Friedländer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Saul Friedländer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Саул Фрідлендер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Саул Фрідлендер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q699701#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Israeli historian (born 1932)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Saul Friedländer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Saul_Friedlander.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Friedländer in 2008"><img alt="Friedländer in 2008" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Saul_Friedlander.jpg/220px-Saul_Friedlander.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Saul_Friedlander.jpg/330px-Saul_Friedlander.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Saul_Friedlander.jpg/440px-Saul_Friedlander.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="451" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Friedländer in 2008</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><div class="nickname" lang="he">שאול פרידלנדר</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1932-10-11</span>) </span>October 11, 1932<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 92)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Essayist" class="mw-redirect" title="Essayist">Essayist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a>, Professor of History at <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a>/<a href="/wiki/America" class="mw-redirect" title="America">American</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Period</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">20th century, <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Historical" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical">Historical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">essay</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Orna Kenan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Eli, David, Michal</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Saul Friedländer</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">שאול פרידלנדר</span>; born October 11, 1932) is a <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czech</a>-born Jewish historian and a professor emeritus of history at <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saul Friedländer was born in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> to a family of <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">German-speaking Jews</a>. He was raised in France and lived through the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_France_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of France during World War II">German Occupation of 1940–1944</a>. From 1942 until 1946, Friedländer was hidden in a Catholic boarding school in <a href="/wiki/Montlu%C3%A7on" title="Montluçon">Montluçon</a>, near Vichy. While in hiding, he converted to Roman Catholicism and later began preparing for the Catholic priesthood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedländer197993_&_110_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedländer197993_&_110-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His parents attempted to flee to <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, were arrested instead by <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy French</a> <i><a href="/wiki/National_Gendarmerie" title="National Gendarmerie">gendarmes</a></i>, turned over to the Germans and were gassed at the <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a>. Friedländer did not learn the fate of his parents until 1946. </p><p>After 1946, Friedländer grew more conscious of his Jewish identity and became a <a href="/wiki/Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist">Zionist</a>. In 1948, Friedländer <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">immigrated</a> to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a> ship <i><a href="/wiki/Altalena" class="mw-redirect" title="Altalena">Altalena</a></i>. After finishing high school, he served in the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a>. From 1953 to 1955, he studied political science in Paris. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zionist_and_political_career">Zionist and political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Zionist and political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Friedländer served as secretary to <a href="/wiki/Nachum_Goldman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nachum Goldman">Nachum Goldman</a>, then President of the <a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">World Zionist Organization</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Jewish_Congress" title="World Jewish Congress">World Jewish Congress</a>. In 1959, he became an assistant to <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a>, then vice-minister of defense. Late in the 1980s, Friedländer moved to the political left and was active in the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Now" title="Peace Now">Peace Now</a> group. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Academic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1963, he received his PhD from the <a href="/wiki/Graduate_Institute_of_International_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate Institute of International Studies">Graduate Institute of International Studies</a> in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, where he taught until 1988. Friedländer taught at the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a>. In 1969 he wrote a biography of repentant <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS officer</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Gerstein" title="Kurt Gerstein">Kurt Gerstein</a>. In 1988, he became Professor of History at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>. </p><p>In 1998, Friedländer chaired the Independent Historical Commission (IHC) that was appointed to investigate the activities of the German media company Bertelsmann under the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Third Reich</a>. The 800-page report, <i>Bertelsmann im Dritten Reich</i>, written with <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Frei" title="Norbert Frei">Norbert Frei</a>, Trutz Rendtorff and Reinhard Wittmann, was published in October 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It confirmed the findings, first reported by Hersch Fischler in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i>, that Bertelsmann collaborated with the Nazi regime before and during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bertelsmann subsequently expressed regret "for its conduct under the Nazis, and for later efforts to cover it up".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_and_opinions">Views and opinions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Views and opinions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Friedländer sees <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> as the negation of all life and a type of death cult. He argues that the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a> was such a horrific event that it is almost impossible to express in normal language. Friedländer sees the <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> as unique in history, since he maintains that Nazi antisemitism was distinctive for being "redemptive anti-semitism", namely a form of antisemitism that could explain all in the world and offer a form of "redemption" for the antisemite. </p><p>Friedländer is an <a href="/wiki/Functionalism_versus_intentionalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Functionalism versus intentionalism">Intentionalist</a> on the question of the origins of the Holocaust. However, Friedländer rejects the extreme Intentionalist view that <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> had a master plan for the <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> of the Jewish people originating when he wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i>. Friedländer, through his research on the Third Reich, has reached the conclusion that there was no intention to exterminate the Jews of Europe before 1941. Friedländer's position might best be deemed moderate Intentionalist. </p><p>In the 1980s, Friedländer engaged in a spirited debate with the West German historian <a href="/wiki/Martin_Broszat" title="Martin Broszat">Martin Broszat</a> over his call for the "historicization" of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. In Friedländer's view, Nazi Germany was not and cannot be seen as a normal period of history. Friedländer argued that there were three dilemmas, and three problems involved in the "historicization" of the Third Reich.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000223_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000223-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first dilemma was that of historical periodization, and how long-term social changes could be related to an understanding of the Nazi period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000223_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000223-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedländer argued that focusing on long-term social changes such as the growth of the welfare state from the Imperial to Weimar to the Nazi eras to the present as Broszat suggested changed the focus on historical research from the particular of the Nazi era to the general <i><a href="/wiki/Longue_dur%C3%A9e" title="Longue durée">longue durée</a></i> (long term) view of 20th-century German history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000223_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000223-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedländer felt that "relative relevance" of the growth of the welfare state under the Third Reich, and its relationship to post-war developments would cause historians to lose their attention to the genocidal politics of the Nazi state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000223_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000223-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second dilemma Friedländer felt that by treating the Nazi period as a "normal" period of history, and by examining the aspects of "normality" might run the danger of causing historians to lose interest in the "criminality" of the Nazi era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000224_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000224-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was especially problematic for Friedländer because he contended that aspects of "normality" and "criminality" very much overlapped in the everyday life of Nazi Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000224_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000224-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third dilemma involved what Friedländer considered the vague definition of "historicization" entailed, and it might allow historians to advance apologetic arguments about National Socialism such as those Friedländer accused <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nolte" title="Ernst Nolte">Ernst Nolte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Hillgruber" title="Andreas Hillgruber">Andreas Hillgruber</a> of making.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000224_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000224-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friedländer conceded that Broszat was not an apologist for Nazi Germany like Nolte and Hillgruber.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000224_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000224-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedländer noted that though the concept of "historicization" was highly awkward, partly because it opened the door to the type of arguments that Nolte and Hillgruber advanced during the <i><a href="/wiki/Historikerstreit" title="Historikerstreit">Historikerstreit</a></i>, Broszat's motives in calling for the "historicization" were honourable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000224_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000224-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedländer used the example of a <i>longue durée</i> view of Italian history, which had allowed historians like <a href="/wiki/Renzo_De_Felice" title="Renzo De Felice">Renzo De Felice</a> to seek to rehabilitate Mussolini as a modernizing dictator trying to pull Italy up from underdevelopment; and argued that a similar approach to German history would have the same effect with Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin199017_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin199017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedländer maintained the comparison of Nazi Germany with Fascist Italy as modernizing dictatorships did not work because Fascist Italy according to him did not commit genocide (although the extermination of Slavs in Italian concentration camps was well on the way), and he argued that it was genocide that made the Third Reich unique.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin199017_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin199017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedländer felt that Broszat's <i>longue durée</i> view of German history with stress on the continuities – many of them positive – between different eras would diminish the Holocaust down as an object of study.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin199016_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin199016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first problem for Friedländer was that the Nazi era was too recent and fresh in the popular memory for historians to deal with it as a "normal" period as, for example, 16th-century France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000224_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000224-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second problem was the "differential relevance" of "historicization".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000224_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000224-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedländer argued that the study of the Nazi period was "global", that is it belongs to everyone, and that focusing on everyday life was a particular interest for German historians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000225_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000225-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedländer asserted that for non-Germans, the history of Nazi ideology in practice, especially in regards to war and genocide was vastly more important than <i><a href="/wiki/Alltagsgeschichte" title="Alltagsgeschichte">Alltagsgeschichte</a></i> ("history of everyday life").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000225_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000225-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third problem for Friedländer was that the Nazi period was so unique that it could not easily be fitted into the long-range view of German history as advocated by Broszat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000226_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000226-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedländer maintained that the essence of National Socialism was that it "tried to determine who should and should not inhabit the world", and the genocidal politics of the Nazi regime resisted any attempt to integrate it as part of the "normal" development of the modern world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000226_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000226-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The debates between Broszat and Friedländer were conducted through a series of letters between 1987 until Broszat's death in 1989. In 1990, the Broszat–Friedländer correspondences were translated into English, and published in the book <i>Reworking the Past: Hitler, The Holocaust, and the Historians' Debate</i> edited by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Baldwin_(professor)" title="Peter Baldwin (professor)">Peter Baldwin</a>. </p><p>Friedländer's book, <i>Nazi Germany and the Jews</i> (1997) was written as a reply to Broszat's work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedländer2016245_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedländer2016245-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second volume, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Years_of_Extermination" title="The Years of Extermination">The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939–1945</a></i> appeared in 2007. Friedländer's book is <i>Alltagsgeschichte</i>, not of "Aryan" Germans nor of the Jewish community, but rather an <i>Alltagsgeschichte</i> of the persecution of the Jewish community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_recognition">Awards and recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Awards and recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1981, Friedländer was awarded the Andreas Gryphius Award for Literature (Düsseldorf) for his memoir <i>When Memory Comes</i>, after its publication in German.</li> <li>In 1983, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Prize" title="Israel Prize">Israel Prize</a> for history.<sup id="cite_ref-prize_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prize-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1988, Friedländer delivered the Gauss Seminars at Princeton University.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1998, Friedländer was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Geschwister-Scholl-Preis" title="Geschwister-Scholl-Preis">Geschwister-Scholl-Preis</a> for his work, <i>Das Dritte Reich und die Juden</i>.</li> <li>Friedländer was the recipient of a <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program" title="MacArthur Fellows Program">MacArthur Fellowship</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1999.</li> <li>In 1997, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/National_Jewish_Book_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="National Jewish Book Award">National Jewish Book Award (USA)</a> for <i>Nazi Germany and the Jews: The Years of Persecution</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1998, he was awarded the Shazar Prize of the Israeli Historical Association and the Geschwister-Scholl-Preis (Munich) for <i>Nazi Germany and the Jews: The Years of Persecution</i>, after its translation into Hebrew.</li> <li>In 2000, Friedländer was elected Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.</li> <li>In 2007, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Prize_of_the_German_Book_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Prize of the German Book Trade">Peace Prize of the German Book Trade</a>.</li> <li>For his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Years_of_Extermination" title="The Years of Extermination">The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939–1945</a></i>, Friedländer was awarded the 2008 <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_General_Nonfiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction">Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Book_Fair_Prize" title="Leipzig Book Fair Prize">Leipzig Book Fair Prize</a> for Non-fiction.</li> <li>Friedländer was awarded the Bruno Kreisky Prize for Life Work by the Karl Renner Institut (Vienna) in 2008.</li> <li>In 2009, he received the Award for Scholarly Distinction from the <a href="/wiki/American_Historical_Association" title="American Historical Association">American Historical Association</a>.</li> <li>In 2012, he gave the First "Humanitas" Lecture in Historiography, Trinity College, Oxford: "Trends in the Historiography of the Holocaust."</li> <li>In 2014, he received the <a href="/wiki/Dan_David_Prize" title="Dan David Prize">Dan David Prize</a> for his contribution to "History and Memory"<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Edgar de Picciotto International Prize from the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (Geneva) for lifetime achievement.</li> <li>In 2019, Friedländer addressed the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> on Remembrance Day for the victims of <a href="/wiki/National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialism">National Socialism</a>.</li> <li>In 2021, Friedländer was awarded the first Ludwig Landmann Prize by the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_Frankfurt" title="Jewish Museum Frankfurt">Jewish Museum Frankfurt</a>.</li> <li>In 2021, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Balzan_Prize_recipients" title="List of Balzan Prize recipients">Balzan Prize</a> for Holocaust and Genocide Studies.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_works">Published works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Published works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Books</b> </p> <ul><li><i>Pius XII and the Third Reich: A Documentation</i>, New York: Knopf, 1966. Translated by Charles Fullman, from the original <i>Pie XII et le IIIe Reich, Documents</i>, Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1964.</li> <li><i>Prelude to downfall: Hitler and the United States 1939–1941</i>, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967.</li> <li><i>Kurt Gerstein: The Ambiguity of Good</i>, New York: Knopf, 1969.</li> <li><i>Reflexions sur l'Avenir d'Israel</i>, Paris: Seuil, 1969.</li> <li><i>L'Antisémitisme nazi: histoire d'une psychose collective</i>, Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1974.</li> <li><i>Some aspects of the historical significance of the Holocaust</i>, Jerusalem: Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1977.</li> <li><i>History and Psychoanalysis: an Inquiry Into the Possibilities and Limits of Psychohistory</i>, New York: Holmes & Meier, 1978.</li> <li><i>When Memory Comes</i>, New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1979. (Noonday Press, Reissue edition 1991, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-52272-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-374-52272-3">0-374-52272-3</a>).</li> <li><i>Reflections of Nazism: an essay on Kitsch and death</i>, New York: Harper & Row, 1984.</li> <li><i>Memory, history, and the extermination of the Jews of Europe,</i> Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993.</li> <li><i>Nazi Germany and the Jews: The Years of Persecution, 1933–1939</i>, New York: HarperCollins, 1997.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Years_of_Extermination:_Nazi_Germany_and_the_Jews,_1939-1945" class="mw-redirect" title="The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939-1945">The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939-1945</a></i>, New York: HarperCollins, 2007; London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007.</li> <li><i>Nachdenken über den Holocaust</i>, Munich: Beck, 2007.</li> <li><i>Den Holocaust beschreiben</i>, Göttingen: Wallstein, 2007.</li> <li><i>Franz Kafka: Poet of Shame and Guilt</i>, New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, 2013.</li> <li><i>Reflexions sur le Nazisme. Entretiens avec Stéphane Bou</i>, Paris: Seuil, 2016. (September 2016)</li> <li><i>Where Memory Leads. My Life</i>, New York: Other Press, 2016. (September 2016)</li> <li><i>Proustian Uncertainties. On Reading and Rereading In Search of Lost Time</i>, New York: Free Press, 2020.</li> <li><i>Blick in den Abgrund. Ein Israelisches Tagebuch</i>, Munich: C.H. Beck, 2023.</li></ul> <p>Friedländer's books have been translated into 20 languages. </p><p><b>Books edited</b> </p> <ul><li><i>Arabs & Israelis: a Dialogue</i> Moderated by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lacouture" title="Jean Lacouture">Jean Lacouture</a>, New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1975 (moderated by Jean Lacouture, co-written by Mahmoud Hussein and Saul Friedländer).</li> <li><i>Visions of apocalypse: end or rebirth?,</i> New York : Holmes & Meier, 1985 (co-edited by Saul Friedländer, Gerald Holton and Leo Marx).</li> <li><i>Probing the limits of representation : Nazism and the "final solution",</i> Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1992 (edited by Saul Friedländer).</li> <li><i>Bertelsmann im Dritten Reich</i>, co-edited by Norbert Frei, Trutz Rendtorff, Reinhard Wittmann & Saul Friedländer, C. Bertelsmann Verlag, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3570007111" title="Special:BookSources/3570007111">3570007111</a>.</li> <li><i>Ein Verbrechen ohne Namen</i>, co-written by Norbert Frei, Sybille Steinbacher, Dan Diner and Saul Friedländer, 2022 (with a preface by Jürgen Habermas).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israel_Prize_recipients" title="List of Israel Prize recipients">List of Israel Prize recipients</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedländer197993_&_110-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedländer197993_&_110_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedländer1979">Friedländer 1979</a>, p. 93 & 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarvajal2000" class="citation news cs1">Carvajal, Doreen (18 January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/18/arts/commission-disputes-that-bertelsmann-was-nazi-foe.html">"Commission Disputes That Bertelsmann Was Nazi Foe"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Commission+Disputes+That+Bertelsmann+Was+Nazi+Foe&rft.date=2000-01-18&rft.aulast=Carvajal&rft.aufirst=Doreen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F01%2F18%2Farts%2Fcommission-disputes-that-bertelsmann-was-nazi-foe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaul+Friedl%C3%A4nder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCleaver2002" class="citation news cs1">Cleaver, Hannah (9 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/1409763/German-media-giant-admits-it-backed-Hitler.html">"German media giant admits it backed Hitler"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=German+media+giant+admits+it+backed+Hitler&rft.date=2002-10-09&rft.aulast=Cleaver&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fgermany%2F1409763%2FGerman-media-giant-admits-it-backed-Hitler.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaul+Friedl%C3%A4nder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLandler2002" class="citation news cs1">Landler, Mark (8 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/08/world/bertelsmann-offers-regret-for-its-nazi-era-conduct.html">"Bertelsmann Offers Regret For Its Nazi-Era Conduct"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Princeton+University+Humanities+Council&rft.atitle=Past+Seminars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumanities.princeton.edu%2Fgauss-previous-seminars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaul+Friedl%C3%A4nder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolpert,_Stuart2008" class="citation web cs1">Wolpert, Stuart (2008-09-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/ghez-64006.aspx">"UCLA astronomer Andrea Ghez named a 2008 MacArthur Fellow"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UCLA+astronomer+Andrea+Ghez+named+a+2008+MacArthur+Fellow&rft.pub=UCLA&rft.date=2008-09-23&rft.au=Wolpert%2C+Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.ucla.edu%2Fportal%2Fucla%2Fghez-64006.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaul+Friedl%C3%A4nder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishbookcouncil.org/awards/national-jewish-book-awards/past-winners?category=30757">"Past Winners"</a>. <i>Jewish Book Council</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Book+Council&rft.atitle=Past+Winners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishbookcouncil.org%2Fawards%2Fnational-jewish-book-awards%2Fpast-winners%3Fcategory%3D30757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaul+Friedl%C3%A4nder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPérez-Peña,_Richard2008" class="citation news cs1">Pérez-Peña, Richard (7 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/07/business/media/07cnd-pulitzers.html?ex=1365307200&en=bd7dfc9218ef7f86&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink">"Washington Post Wins 6 Pulitzer Prizes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2008</span>. <q>The prize for nonfiction writing went to Saul Friedlander for his book, "The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939–1945."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Washington+Post+Wins+6+Pulitzer+Prizes&rft.date=2008-04-07&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez-Pe%C3%B1a%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F04%2F07%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2F07cnd-pulitzers.html%3Fex%3D1365307200%26en%3Dbd7dfc9218ef7f86%26ei%3D5124%26partner%3Dpermalink%26exprod%3Dpermalink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaul+Friedl%C3%A4nder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSullivan,_Meg2014" class="citation web cs1">Sullivan, Meg (12 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.ucla.edu/stories/ucla-s-saul-friedlander-wins-prestigious-250085">"UCLA's Saul Friedlander wins Dan David Prize for work on history of Jews, Third Reich"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCLA&rft.atitle=UCLA%27s+Saul+Friedlander+wins+Dan+David+Prize+for+work+on+history+of+Jews%2C+Third+Reich&rft.date=2014-02-12&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+Meg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.ucla.edu%2Fstories%2Fucla-s-saul-friedlander-wins-prestigious-250085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaul+Friedl%C3%A4nder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.balzan.org/en/prizewinners/saul-friedlander">"Saul Friedländer: Balzan Prize 2021"</a>. <i>International Balzan Prixe Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Balzan+Prixe+Foundation&rft.atitle=Saul+Friedl%C3%A4nder%3A+Balzan+Prize+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.balzan.org%2Fen%2Fprizewinners%2Fsaul-friedlander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaul+Friedl%C3%A4nder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriedländer1979" class="citation book cs1">Friedländer, Saul (1979). <i>When Memory Comes</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_%26_Giroux" class="mw-redirect" title="Farrar, Straus & Giroux">Farrar, Straus & Giroux</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Memory+Comes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+%26+Giroux&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Friedl%C3%A4nder&rft.aufirst=Saul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaul+Friedl%C3%A4nder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin1990" class="citation book cs1">Baldwin, Peter (1990). <i>Reworking the Past: Hitler, The Holocaust, and the Historians' Debate</i>. Beacon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reworking+the+Past%3A+Hitler%2C+The+Holocaust%2C+and+the+Historians%27+Debate&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaul+Friedl%C3%A4nder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Geulie Ne'eman Arad, (ed.), <i>Passing Into History</i> (<i>History & Memory</i>, 9) (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2000" class="citation book cs1">Kershaw, Ian (2000). <i>The Nazi Dictatorship</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Arnold_(publisher)" title="Edward Arnold (publisher)">Edward Arnold</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+Dictatorship&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaul+Friedl%C3%A4nder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dieter Borchmayer and Helmuth Kiesel, (eds.), <i>Das Judentum im Spiegel seiner kulturellen Umwelen: Symposium zur Ehren Saul Friedländer</i> (Neckargemünd: Mnemosyne, 2002)</li> <li>Karolin Machtans, <i>Zwischer Wissenschaft und autobiographishen Text: Saul Friedländer und Ruth Klüger</i> (Göttingen: Niemayer, 2009)</li> <li>Christian Wiese and Paul Betts, (eds.), <i>Years of Persecution, Years of Extermination: Saul Friedländer and the Future of Holocaust Studies</i> (London: Continuum, 2010)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriedländer2016" class="citation book cs1">Friedländer, Saul (2016). <i>Where Memory Leads: My Life</i>. New York: Other Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1590518090" title="Special:BookSources/978-1590518090"><bdi>978-1590518090</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Memory+Leads%3A+My+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Other+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1590518090&rft.aulast=Friedl%C3%A4nder&rft.aufirst=Saul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaul+Friedl%C3%A4nder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>The Journal of Holocaust Research,</i> 37(1), 2023.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.research.ucla.edu/chal/99/highlights/article02.htm">Friedlander's List</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ucla.edu/saul-friedlander/">Saul Friedländer's Home Page at UCLA Department of History</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2220/is_n1_v38/ai_18125697">Review of Memory, History, and the Extermination of the Jews of Europe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iupress.indiana.edu/journals/history/ham9-12.html">On Saul Friedländer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,510071,00.html">Interview in Spiegel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhul.ac.uk/history/documents/pdf/events/hrfreidlander.pdf">"Mass Murder and German Society in the Third Reich: Interpretations and Dilemmas", Hayes Robinson Lecture 2001</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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White">Theodore White</a> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Guns_of_August" title="The Guns of August">The Guns of August</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_W._Tuchman" title="Barbara W. Tuchman">Barbara W. Tuchman</a> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism_in_American_Life" title="Anti-intellectualism in American Life">Anti-intellectualism in American Life</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Richard Hofstadter</a> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O_Strange_New_World" title="O Strange New World">O Strange New World</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Howard_Mumford_Jones" title="Howard Mumford Jones">Howard Mumford Jones</a> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wandering_Through_Winter" title="Wandering Through Winter">Wandering Through Winter</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Way_Teale" title="Edwin Way Teale">Edwin Way Teale</a> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Problem_of_Slavery_in_Western_Culture" title="The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture">The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Brion_Davis" title="David Brion Davis">David Brion Davis</a> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rousseau_and_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau and Revolution">Rousseau and Revolution</a></i>, vol. 10 of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Civilization" title="The Story of Civilization">The Story of Civilization</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Will</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Durant" title="Ariel Durant">Ariel Durant</a> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/So_Human_an_Animal" title="So Human an Animal">So Human an Animal</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Dubos" title="René Dubos">René Dubos</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/The_Armies_of_the_Night" title="The Armies of the Night">The Armies of the Night</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%27s_Truth" title="Gandhi's Truth">Gandhi's Truth</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rising_Sun" title="The Rising Sun">The Rising Sun</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Toland_(historian)" title="John Toland (historian)">John Toland</a> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stilwell_and_the_American_Experience_in_China,_1911%E2%80%9345" title="Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–45">Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–45</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_W._Tuchman" title="Barbara W. Tuchman">Barbara W. Tuchman</a> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fire_in_the_Lake" title="Fire in the Lake">Fire in the Lake</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Frances_FitzGerald_(journalist)" title="Frances FitzGerald (journalist)">Frances FitzGerald</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Children_of_Crisis" title="Children of Crisis">Children of Crisis</a></i> vols. 2 and 3 by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coles_(psychiatrist)" title="Robert Coles (psychiatrist)">Robert Coles</a> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Denial_of_Death" title="The Denial of Death">The Denial of Death</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Becker" title="Ernest Becker">Ernest Becker</a> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_at_Tinker_Creek" title="Pilgrim at Tinker Creek">Pilgrim at Tinker Creek</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Annie_Dillard" title="Annie Dillard">Annie Dillard</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/60px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/90px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/120px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="1110" /></a></span><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/60px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/90px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/120px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1101" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Survive%3F_Being_Old_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Why Survive? Being Old in America">Why Survive?</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Butler" title="Robert N. Butler">Robert N. Butler</a> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Swimmers" title="Beautiful Swimmers">Beautiful Swimmers</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_W._Warner" title="William W. Warner">William W. Warner</a> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dragons_of_Eden" title="The Dragons of Eden">The Dragons of Eden</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Human_Nature" title="On Human Nature">On Human Nature</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del,_Escher,_Bach" title="Gödel, Escher, Bach">Gödel, Escher, Bach</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter" title="Douglas Hofstadter">Douglas Hofstadter</a> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fin-de-si%C3%A8cle_Vienna" title="Fin-de-siècle Vienna">Fin-de-siècle Vienna</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Emil_Schorske" title="Carl Emil Schorske">Carl Emil Schorske</a> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Soul_of_a_New_Machine" title="The Soul of a New Machine">The Soul of a New Machine</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Tracy_Kidder" title="Tracy Kidder">Tracy Kidder</a> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Is_There_No_Place_on_Earth_for_Me%3F" title="Is There No Place on Earth for Me?">Is There No Place on Earth for Me?</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Susan_Sheehan" title="Susan Sheehan">Susan Sheehan</a> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Transformation_of_American_Medicine" title="The Social Transformation of American Medicine">The Social Transformation of American Medicine</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Starr" title="Paul Starr">Paul Starr</a> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_War" title="The Good War">The Good War</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Studs_Terkel" title="Studs Terkel">Studs Terkel</a> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Ground_(Lukas_book)" title="Common Ground (Lukas book)">Common Ground</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/J._Anthony_Lukas" title="J. Anthony Lukas">J. Anthony Lukas</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Move_Your_Shadow" title="Move Your Shadow">Move Your Shadow</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lelyveld" title="Joseph Lelyveld">Joseph Lelyveld</a> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arab_and_Jew:_Wounded_Spirits_in_a_Promised_Land" title="Arab and Jew: Wounded Spirits in a Promised Land">Arab and Jew</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/David_K._Shipler" title="David K. Shipler">David K. Shipler</a> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Making_of_the_Atomic_Bomb" title="The Making of the Atomic Bomb">The Making of the Atomic Bomb</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rhodes" title="Richard Rhodes">Richard Rhodes</a> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Bright_Shining_Lie" title="A Bright Shining Lie">A Bright Shining Lie</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Sheehan" title="Neil Sheehan">Neil Sheehan</a> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/And_Their_Children_After_Them_(Maharidge_and_Williamson_book)" title="And Their Children After Them (Maharidge and Williamson book)">And Their Children After Them</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Dale_Maharidge" title="Dale Maharidge">Dale Maharidge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Williamson_(photographer)" title="Michael Williamson (photographer)">Michael Williamson</a> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ants" title="The Ants">The Ants</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bert_H%C3%B6lldobler" title="Bert Hölldobler">Bert Hölldobler</a> and <a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prize:_The_Epic_Quest_for_Oil,_Money,_and_Power" title="The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power">The Prize</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Yergin" title="Daniel Yergin">Daniel Yergin</a> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_at_Gettysburg" title="Lincoln at Gettysburg">Lincoln at Gettysburg</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Garry_Wills" title="Garry Wills">Garry Wills</a> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Tomb:_The_Last_Days_of_the_Soviet_Empire" title="Lenin's Tomb: The Last Days of the Soviet Empire">Lenin's Tomb</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Remnick" title="David Remnick">David Remnick</a> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Beak_of_the_Finch" title="The Beak of the Finch">The Beak of the Finch</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Weiner" title="Jonathan Weiner">Jonathan Weiner</a> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Haunted_Land" title="The Haunted Land">The Haunted Land</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Tina_Rosenberg" title="Tina Rosenberg">Tina Rosenberg</a> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashes_to_Ashes_(Kluger_book)" title="Ashes to Ashes (Kluger book)">Ashes to Ashes</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kluger" title="Richard Kluger">Richard Kluger</a> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guns,_Germs,_and_Steel" title="Guns, Germs, and Steel">Guns, Germs, and Steel</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_Former_World" title="Annals of the Former World">Annals of the Former World</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_McPhee" title="John McPhee">John McPhee</a> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Embracing_Defeat" title="Embracing Defeat">Embracing Defeat</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_W._Dower" title="John W. Dower">John W. Dower</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2025</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hirohito_and_the_Making_of_Modern_Japan" title="Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan">Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_P._Bix" title="Herbert P. Bix">Herbert P. Bix</a> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carry_Me_Home_(book)" title="Carry Me Home (book)">Carry Me Home</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Diane_McWhorter" title="Diane McWhorter">Diane McWhorter</a> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Problem_from_Hell" title="A Problem from Hell">"A Problem from Hell"</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Samantha_Power" title="Samantha Power">Samantha Power</a> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gulag:_A_History" title="Gulag: A History">Gulag: A History</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Anne_Applebaum" title="Anne Applebaum">Anne Applebaum</a> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Wars" title="Ghost Wars">Ghost Wars</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Coll" title="Steve Coll">Steve Coll</a> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Reckoning" title="Imperial Reckoning">Imperial Reckoning</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Elkins" title="Caroline Elkins">Caroline Elkins</a> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Looming_Tower" title="The Looming Tower">The Looming Tower</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Wright" title="Lawrence Wright">Lawrence Wright</a> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Years_of_Extermination" title="The Years of Extermination">The Years of Extermination</a></i> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saul Friedländer</a> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slavery_by_Another_Name" title="Slavery by Another Name">Slavery by Another Name</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_A._Blackmon" title="Douglas A. Blackmon">Douglas A. Blackmon</a> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dead_Hand" title="The Dead Hand">The Dead Hand</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/David_E._Hoffman" title="David E. Hoffman">David E. Hoffman</a> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor_of_All_Maladies" title="The Emperor of All Maladies">The Emperor of All Maladies</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_Mukherjee" title="Siddhartha Mukherjee">Siddhartha Mukherjee</a> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Swerve" title="The Swerve">The Swerve</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Greenblatt" title="Stephen Greenblatt">Stephen Greenblatt</a> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devil_in_the_Grove" title="Devil in the Grove">Devil in the Grove</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_King_(author)" title="Gilbert King (author)">Gilbert King</a> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toms_River_(book)" title="Toms River (book)">Toms River</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Dan_Fagin" title="Dan Fagin">Dan Fagin</a> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sixth_Extinction:_An_Unnatural_History" title="The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History">The Sixth Extinction</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Kolbert" title="Elizabeth Kolbert">Elizabeth Kolbert</a> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Flags:_The_Rise_of_ISIS" title="Black Flags: The Rise of ISIS">Black Flags</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Joby_Warrick" title="Joby Warrick">Joby Warrick</a> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evicted:_Poverty_and_Profit_in_the_American_City" title="Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City">Evicted</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Desmond" title="Matthew Desmond">Matthew Desmond</a> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Locking_Up_Our_Own" title="Locking Up Our Own">Locking Up Our Own</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/James_Forman_Jr." title="James Forman Jr.">James Forman Jr.</a> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amity_and_Prosperity:_One_Family_and_the_Fracturing_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Amity and Prosperity: One Family and the Fracturing of America">Amity and Prosperity</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Eliza_Griswold" title="Eliza Griswold">Eliza Griswold</a> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_the_Myth" title="The End of the Myth">The End of the Myth</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Greg_Grandin" title="Greg Grandin">Greg Grandin</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/The_Undying_(book)" title="The Undying (book)">The Undying</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boyer" title="Anne Boyer">Anne Boyer</a> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilmington%27s_Lie" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington's Lie">Wilmington's Lie</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Zucchino" title="David Zucchino">David Zucchino</a> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Invisible_Child:_Poverty,_Survival_%26_Hope_in_an_American_City" title="Invisible Child: Poverty, Survival & Hope in an American City">Invisible Child</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Elliott" title="Andrea Elliott">Andrea Elliott</a> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/His_Name_Is_George_Floyd" title="His Name Is George Floyd">His Name Is George Floyd</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Samuels_(journalist)" title="Robert Samuels (journalist)">Robert Samuels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toluse_Olorunnipa" title="Toluse Olorunnipa">Toluse Olorunnipa</a> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Day_in_the_Life_of_Abed_Salama" title="A Day in the Life of Abed Salama">A Day in the Life of Abed Salama</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Thrall" title="Nathan Thrall">Nathan Thrall</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q699701#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3763" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q699701#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3763" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q699701#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121200878">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/9846401">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/42594/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqfFwhJQwfHrDMKp6BF8C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118535617">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Friedländer, Saul, 1932-"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79105906">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11903620v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11903620v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00440202">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Friedländer, Saul"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV106254">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35104191">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000601642&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX933628">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/267819">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06862512X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90203792">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000049476&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000158405&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=319676">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC202297194">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/dbqtzsvx39swcsj">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810612762305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/86091">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007261460905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058525281906706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14798674">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00623091?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118535617">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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