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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%BA_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="قضية شلسفيغ هولشتاين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قضية شلسفيغ هولشتاين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein-Frage" title="Schleswig-Holstein-Frage – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schleswig-Holstein-Frage" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuesti%C3%B3n_de_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Cuestión de Schleswig-Holstein – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cuestión de Schleswig-Holstein" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%90%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4%EB%B9%84%ED%9E%88-%ED%99%80%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8_%EB%AC%B8%EC%A0%9C" title="슐레스비히-홀슈타인 문제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="슐레스비히-홀슈타인 문제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permasalahan_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Permasalahan Schleswig-Holstein – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Permasalahan Schleswig-Holstein" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questione_dello_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Questione dello Schleswig-Holstein – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Questione dello Schleswig-Holstein" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeswijk-Holsteinse_kwestie" title="Sleeswijk-Holsteinse kwestie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sleeswijk-Holsteinse kwestie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%92%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="シュレースヴィヒ＝ホルシュタイン問題 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シュレースヴィヒ＝ホルシュタイン問題" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%9A_%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%89" title="សំណួរ ស្លេសស្វីគហុលស្តាញ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សំណួរ ស្លេសស្វីគហុលស្តាញ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest%C3%A3o_do_Esl%C3%A9svico-Hols%C3%A1cia" title="Questão do Eslésvico-Holsácia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Questão do Eslésvico-Holsácia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Шлезвиг-гольштейнский вопрос – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шлезвиг-гольштейнский вопрос" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein_sorunu" title="Schleswig-Holstein sorunu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Schleswig-Holstein sorunu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jutland_Peninsula_map.PNG/220px-Jutland_Peninsula_map.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="397" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jutland_Peninsula_map.PNG/330px-Jutland_Peninsula_map.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jutland_Peninsula_map.PNG/440px-Jutland_Peninsula_map.PNG 2x" data-file-width="5833" data-file-height="10536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a> peninsula showing the modern border between Denmark and Germany. Holstein is shown in yellow, southern Schleswig in orange, northern Schleswig in red, and the other Danish parts of Jutland in dark red.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herzogt%C3%BCmer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Herzogt%C3%BCmer.png/220px-Herzogt%C3%BCmer.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Herzogt%C3%BCmer.png/330px-Herzogt%C3%BCmer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Herzogt%C3%BCmer.png/440px-Herzogt%C3%BCmer.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2395" /></a><figcaption>Schleswig and Holstein before the Second Schleswig War</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Schleswig–Holstein question</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Schleswig-Holsteinische Frage</i>; <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>: <i lang="da">Spørgsmålet om Sønderjylland og Holsten</i>) was a complex set of diplomatic and other issues arising in the 19th century from the relations of two duchies, <a href="/wiki/Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleswig">Schleswig</a> (<span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">Sønderjylland/Slesvig</i></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein" title="Duchy of Holstein">Holstein</a> (<span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">Holsten</i></span>), to the <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a> Crown, to the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>, and to each other. </p><p>Schleswig was part of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a>, and became a Danish <a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">duchy</a> in the 12th century -- legally part of Denmark, but in many ways autonomous. <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> repeatedly tried to fully reintegrate the Duchy of Schleswig into the Danish kingdom. Holstein, just on the other side of the Danish border from Schleswig, was in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> a fief of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. From 1460 on, the two had been <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">ruled together by a common Duke</a>, who in practice was also the King of Denmark. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ribe" title="Treaty of Ribe">Treaty of Ribe</a>, agreed to by the Danish King in order to gain control of both states, seemed to indicate that Schleswig and Holstein were to remain united, though that interpretation was later challenged. </p><p>The Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806. The German Confederation, formed in 1815, included Holstein. By the early 19th century, the population of Holstein, as well as that of much of Southern Schleswig, was almost entirely ethnically German. </p><p>Both Schleswig and Holstein had been ruled through institutions separate from the rest of the Kingdom of Denmark. On 27 March 1848, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_VII_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VII of Denmark">King Frederik VII of Denmark</a> announced to the people of Schleswig the <a href="/wiki/Promulgation" title="Promulgation">promulgation</a> of a liberal constitution under which the duchy, while preserving its local autonomy, would become an integral part of Denmark.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911337_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911337-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to an open uprising by the German majority in both Schleswig and Holstein in support of independence from Denmark and of close association with the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>. The military intervention of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> supported the uprising: the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian army">Prussian army</a> drove Denmark's troops from Schleswig and Holstein, beginning the <a href="/wiki/First_Schleswig_War" title="First Schleswig War">First Schleswig War</a> (1848–1851), which ended in a Danish victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Isted" title="Battle of Isted">Idstedt</a>; with the <a href="/wiki/London_Protocol_(1852)" title="London Protocol (1852)">London Protocol</a>, the international community agreed on the duchies' status. </p><p>A second crisis emerged due to a succession dispute. The dukedoms of Holstein and Lauenburg were legally inherited under the German <a href="/wiki/Salic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Salic Law">Salic Law</a>, which ignored females; differing laws in the Kingdom of Denmark with Schleswig permitted male heirs to inherit through a female line. Under these varying laws, the childless King Frederik VII of Denmark had one legal heir as King of Denmark and duke of Schleswig, and a different heir as Duke of Holstein. But when Frederik died in 1863, his Danish heir, <a href="/wiki/Christian_IX_of_Denmark" title="Christian IX of Denmark">King Christian IX</a>, claimed to have inherited the Duchy of Holstein as well, and attempted to reintegrate the Duchy of Schleswig into the Danish kingdom by signing the so-called <a href="/wiki/History_of_Schleswig-Holstein#The_November_Constitution" title="History of Schleswig-Holstein">November Constitution</a>. This was seen as a violation of the London Protocol, and it led to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War" title="Second Schleswig War">Second Schleswig War</a> of 1864 and ultimately to the Duchies' absorption into the German Confederation.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The underlying legal dispute over the duchies was seen as complex and somewhat obscure by contemporaries, as evidenced by a quip attributed to British statesman <a href="/wiki/Henry_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a>: "Only three people have ever really understood the Schleswig-Holstein business – <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">the Prince Consort</a>, who is dead – a German professor, who has gone mad – and I, who have forgotten all about it."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the Schleswig–Holstein question gave rise to conflicts between major powers for much of the 19th century. Following the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the Danish-majority area of Northern Schleswig was finally unified with Denmark after two <a href="/wiki/Schleswig_Plebiscites" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleswig Plebiscites">plebiscites</a> organised by the Allied powers. A small <a href="/wiki/North_Schleswig_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="North Schleswig Germans">minority of ethnic Germans</a> still lives in <a href="/wiki/North_Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="North Schleswig">North Schleswig</a>, while a <a href="/wiki/Danish_minority_of_Southern_Schleswig" title="Danish minority of Southern Schleswig">Danish minority</a> remains in <a href="/wiki/South_Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="South Schleswig">South Schleswig</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitutional_problem">Constitutional problem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schleswig%E2%80%93Holstein_question&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Constitutional problem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1849, disparate systems of government had co-existed within the Danish state. Denmark proper had become a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional democracy">constitutional democracy</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolutism</a> was still the system of Schleswig and Holstein, with advisory assemblies based on the estates system which gave more power to the most affluent members of society. The three units were governed by one cabinet, consisting of liberal ministers of Denmark who urged economic and social reforms, and conservative ministers from the Holstein nobility who opposed political reform. After the uprising in Holstein and Schleswig, the Danish monarch had no interest in sharing rule with the people, many formerly rebellious. <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Estates of the realm</a>, with their fear of being replaced by democratic institutions, were easier to be compromised. </p><p>This caused a deadlock for practical lawmaking, hardened by ethnic tensions, and a complete inability to govern was imminent. Moreover, Danish opponents of this so-called Unitary State (<i>Helstaten</i>) feared that Holstein's presence in the government and, at the same time, Holstein's membership of the German Confederation would lead to increased German interference with Holstein, or even into purely Danish affairs. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, the palace and most of the administration supported a strict adherence to the status quo. The same applied to foreign powers such as the United Kingdom, France and Russia, who would not accept a weakened Denmark in favour of a German power, such as Austria or Prussia, acquiring Holstein with the important naval harbour of <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a> or controlling the entrance to the Baltic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_and_nationality">Language and nationality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schleswig%E2%80%93Holstein_question&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language and nationality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SlesvigFolkesprogAllen1858Geerz1838.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/SlesvigFolkesprogAllen1858Geerz1838.png/240px-SlesvigFolkesprogAllen1858Geerz1838.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/SlesvigFolkesprogAllen1858Geerz1838.png/360px-SlesvigFolkesprogAllen1858Geerz1838.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/SlesvigFolkesprogAllen1858Geerz1838.png/480px-SlesvigFolkesprogAllen1858Geerz1838.png 2x" data-file-width="1082" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">Language shift</a> in the 19th century in Southern Schleswig, showing a Danish and a German language map</figcaption></figure> <p>There was also the <a href="/wiki/National_question" title="National question">national question</a>: both Germany and Denmark wished, characteristically of the nineteenth century, to create and consolidate nationalities from a background of fragmented cultural practices and dialects. </p><p>Lastly, there was the international question: the rival ambitions of the German powers involved, and beyond them the interests of other European states, notably that of the United Kingdom in preventing the rise of a German sea-power in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911335_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911335-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>German had been the language of government in <a href="/wiki/Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleswig">Schleswig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein">Holstein</a>, while the Danish king and partly the Gottorf dukes ruled, and had been a language of government of the kingdom of Denmark in several eras. Since the Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Denmark-Norway_and_Holstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformation in Denmark-Norway and Holstein">Reformation</a>, German had been dominant in church and schools in the southern parts of Schleswig, and Danish was the dominant language among the peasantry in Schleswig. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> was the language of all of Holstein. During the centuries following the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Low German had come to dominate in Southern Schleswig, which had originally been predominantly Danish-speaking. The Danish language still dominated in Northern Schleswig. Around 1800, German and Danish were spoken in approximately equal proportions throughout what is now Central Schleswig. </p><p>The German language had been slowly spreading at the expense of Danish in previous centuries: for example, Danish was still spoken on the peninsula of <a href="/wiki/Schwansen" title="Schwansen">Schwansen</a> around 1780 (the last known use of Danish was in the villages near the Schlei), but then became extinct. </p><p>The language border in the nineteenth century conformed approximately to the current border between Denmark and Germany <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>It was clear that Danish dominance in Schleswig was vulnerable and weakening. Through its vigorous economic activity, the ethnically German area to the south expanded its geographic domain. Linguistically <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> immigrants constantly arrived, and previously Danish-speaking families often came to find it convenient to change languages. The Low German language, rather than Danish, had become typical of Holstein and much of south Schleswig. </p><p>One solution, which afterwards had the support of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>, would have been to partition Schleswig on the lines of nationality, assigning the Danish part to Denmark, the German to Holstein. This idea, which afterwards had supporters among both Danes and Germans, proved impracticable at the time owing to the intractable disposition of the majority on both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This solution was subsequently implemented by plebiscites in 1920 as a condition of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Schleswig">Northern Schleswig</a> was returned to Denmark. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Londonkonferencen_Gr%C3%A6nseforslag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Londonkonferencen_Gr%C3%A6nseforslag.png/220px-Londonkonferencen_Gr%C3%A6nseforslag.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Londonkonferencen_Gr%C3%A6nseforslag.png/330px-Londonkonferencen_Gr%C3%A6nseforslag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Londonkonferencen_Gr%C3%A6nseforslag.png/440px-Londonkonferencen_Gr%C3%A6nseforslag.png 2x" data-file-width="1413" data-file-height="1436" /></a><figcaption>Schleswig / Slesvig Partition Plans 1864</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treaty_of_Ribe">Treaty of Ribe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schleswig%E2%80%93Holstein_question&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Treaty of Ribe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>German Schleswig-Holsteiners often cited a clause from the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ribe" title="Treaty of Ribe">Treaty of Ribe</a> of 1460, stating that Schleswig and Holstein should "always be together and never partitioned (<i>or</i> separated)". Although this treaty played a minor role at the more formal level of the conflict, its proclamation "Forever Inseparable" (<i>Up ewig ungedeelt</i>) obtained proverbial status during the German nationalist awakening, both among those wishing an independent Schleswig-Holstein, and in the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">German unification</a> movement in general. </p><p>In Denmark it was granted less significance, and the citing widely regarded to be out of context, as it could either hint at the duchies not being separated from each other, or their not being partitioned into smaller shares of inheritance. This had happened many times anyway, leaving a confusing pattern of <a href="/wiki/Danish_Royal_Enclaves" title="Danish Royal Enclaves">feudal units</a>. Danes also brought forward rulings of a Danish clerical court and a German Emperor, of 1424 and 1421 respectively, stating that Schleswig rightfully belonged to Denmark, because it was a Danish <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a> and Holstein was a fief of the Holy Roman Empire, wanting Schleswig and Holstein to separate from each other. </p><p>The major powers appear to have given the Treaty of Ribe little notice in comparison to the ethnic conflict and worries about the European balance of power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resolution">Resolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schleswig%E2%80%93Holstein_question&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Resolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_Empire_-_Prussia_-_Schleswig_Holstein_(1871).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/German_Empire_-_Prussia_-_Schleswig_Holstein_%281871%29.svg/220px-German_Empire_-_Prussia_-_Schleswig_Holstein_%281871%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/German_Empire_-_Prussia_-_Schleswig_Holstein_%281871%29.svg/330px-German_Empire_-_Prussia_-_Schleswig_Holstein_%281871%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/German_Empire_-_Prussia_-_Schleswig_Holstein_%281871%29.svg/440px-German_Empire_-_Prussia_-_Schleswig_Holstein_%281871%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption>The Province of Schleswig–Holstein (red), within the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, within the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, 1866–1918</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War" title="Second Schleswig War">Second Schleswig War</a> resolved the Schleswig–Holstein Question violently, by forcing <a href="/wiki/Christian_IX_of_Denmark" title="Christian IX of Denmark">King Christian IX of Denmark</a> to renounce (on 1 August 1864) all his rights in the duchies in favour of <i><a href="/wiki/Kaiser" title="Kaiser">Kaiser</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I of Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">King Wilhelm I of Prussia</a>. By Article XIX of the definitive <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vienna_(1864)" title="Treaty of Vienna (1864)">Treaty of Vienna</a> signed on 30 October 1864, a period of six years was allowed during which the inhabitants of the duchies might opt for Danish nationality and transfer themselves and their goods to Denmark; and the rights pertaining to birth in the provinces were guaranteed to all, whether in the kingdom or the duchies, who had been entitled to those rights at the time of the exchange of ratifications of the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911339_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911339-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Austro%E2%80%93Prussian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro–Prussian War">Austro–Prussian War</a> of 1866, Prussia took Holstein from Austria and the two duchies subsequently merged into the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Province of Schleswig-Holstein">Province of Schleswig-Holstein</a>. From this point on, the Schleswig–Holstein question was subsumed by the larger issue of Austro-Prussian relations, which the 1866 war deeply influenced. It survived, however, as between Danes and Germans, though narrowed to the question of the fate of the Danish population of Schleswig. This question is of great interest to students of international law and as illustrating the practical problems involved in asserting the modern principle of <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">nationality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911339_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911339-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the effect on the Danes of Schleswig and events afterwards, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Schleswig-Holstein#Danes_under_German_rule" title="History of Schleswig-Holstein">History of Schleswig-Holstein</a>. </p><p>Following the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, the Allied powers organised <a href="/wiki/1920_Schleswig_plebiscites" title="1920 Schleswig plebiscites">two plebiscites</a> in Northern and Central Schleswig on 10 February and 14 March 1920, respectively. In Northern Schleswig, 75% voted for reunification with Denmark and 25% for remaining in Germany. It became <a href="/wiki/South_Jutland_County" title="South Jutland County">South Jutland County</a> in Denmark, now part of the <a href="/wiki/Region_of_Southern_Denmark" title="Region of Southern Denmark">Region of Southern Denmark</a>. In Central Schleswig, the situation was reversed with 80% voting for Germany and 20% for Denmark. No vote ever took place in the southern third of Schleswig or in Holstein, as the result was considered a foregone conclusion. Today, they form the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">German state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schleswig%E2%80%93Holstein_question&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elements of the Schleswig–Holstein question were fictionalised in <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_Flash" title="Royal Flash">Royal Flash</a></i>, the second of <a href="/wiki/George_MacDonald_Fraser" title="George MacDonald Fraser">George MacDonald Fraser</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Flashman_Papers" title="The Flashman Papers">The Flashman Papers</a></i> novels. </p><p>Its potential solution (or lack thereof) also forms part of the solution to the mystery at the centre of <a href="/wiki/Kim_Newman" title="Kim Newman">Kim Newman</a>'s short story "Tomorrow Town". </p><p>Danish author <a href="/wiki/Herman_Bang" title="Herman Bang">Herman Bang</a> wrote of life on the island of <a href="/wiki/Als_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Als Island">Als</a> in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dybb%C3%B8l" title="Battle of Dybbøl">Battle of Dybbøl</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Second_War_of_Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="Second War of Schleswig">Second War of Schleswig</a> in his novel <i>Tine</i>, published in 1889. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dostoevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a> refers to this as "The farce in Schleswig–Holstein" in <i><a href="/wiki/Notes_from_Underground" title="Notes from Underground">Notes from Underground</a></i>. </p><p>The question appears in the first volume of the <i>Reminiscences</i> of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Carl Schurz</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as an issue of concern in the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a>, and also as the farcical recollections of his friend <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Strodtmann" title="Adolf Strodtmann">Adolf Strodtmann</a> regarding Strodtmann's participation in the conflict (see Chapter 5, pp. 130–132, and Chapter 6, pp. 141–143). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Terry_Pratchett" title="Terry Pratchett">Terry Pratchett</a> parodied it in several <a href="/wiki/Discworld" title="Discworld">Discworld</a> books as "The Muntab Question" ("Where's Muntab?" "That, indeed, is the question.") </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schleswig%E2%80%93Holstein_question&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="History of Schleswig-Holstein">History of Schleswig-Holstein</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schleswig%E2%80%93Holstein_question&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911337-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911337_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1911">Phillips 1911</a>, p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith A. P. Sandiford, <i>Great Britain and the Schleswig–Holstein question, 1848–64: a study in diplomacy, politics, and public opinion</i> (University of Toronto Press, 1975).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lytton Strachey, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1265">Queen Victoria</a></i>, 1921.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quoteinvestigator.com/2017/12/31/mad">"Only Three People Understood It: The Prince Consort Who is Dead, a German Professor Who Has Gone Mad, and I Who Have Forgotten All About It"</a>. <i>Quote Investigator</i>. 31 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quote+Investigator&rft.atitle=Only+Three+People+Understood+It%3A+The+Prince+Consort+Who+is+Dead%2C+a+German+Professor+Who+Has+Gone+Mad%2C+and+I+Who+Have+Forgotten+All+About+It&rft.date=2017-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquoteinvestigator.com%2F2017%2F12%2F31%2Fmad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchleswig%E2%80%93Holstein+question" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911335-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911335_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1911">Phillips 1911</a>, p. 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>La Question de Slesvig</i>, p. 135 seq., <i>Historique de l'idée d'un partage du Slesvig</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911339-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911339_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911339_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1911">Phillips 1911</a>, p. 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl Schurz, <i>Reminiscences</i> (3 vols.), New York: McClure Publ. Co., 1907</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schleswig%E2%80%93Holstein_question&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarsten1922" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Karsten, Carl (1922). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schleswig"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Schleswig">"Schleswig" </a></span>. In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 32 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">375–</span>376.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schleswig&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E375-%3C%2Fspan%3E376&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Company&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Karsten&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchleswig%E2%80%93Holstein+question" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Müller, Friedrich Max. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5XMBlBVbQsC&dq=Friedrich+Max+M%C3%BCller+%281881%29.+Critique+of+Pure+Reason&pg=PA333"><i>The Schleswig–Holstein Question and Its Place in History</i></a> in "Last Essays by the Right Hon. Professor F. Max Müller", 1881, (accessed on-line August 2017).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Alison_Phillips" title="Walter Alison Phillips">Phillips, Walter Alison</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schleswig-Holstein Question"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Schleswig-Holstein_Question">"Schleswig-Holstein Question" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">335–</span>340.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schleswig-Holstein+Question&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E335-%3C%2Fspan%3E340&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Walter+Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchleswig%E2%80%93Holstein+question" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Price, Arnold. "Schleswig–Holstein" in <i>Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions</i> (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121002054320/http://www.ohio.edu/chastain/rz/sleswig.htm">online</a></li> <li>Sandiford, Keith AP. <i>Great Britain and the Schleswig–Holstein question, 1848-64: a study in diplomacy, politics, and public opinion</i> (University of Toronto Press, 1975).</li> <li>Steefel, Lawrence D. <i>The Schleswig–Holstein Question. 1863-1864</i> (Harvard U.P. 1923).</li> <li>Thaler, Peter. <i>Of Mind and Matter: The Duality of National Identity in the German-Danish Borderlands</i> (West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 2009).</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1815–1848</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Vorm%C3%A4rz" title="Vormärz">Vormärz</a></i> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1817</span> <a href="/wiki/Wartburg_Festival" title="Wartburg Festival">Wartburg Festival</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1819</span> <a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">Carlsbad Decrees</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1832</span> <a href="/wiki/Hambach_Festival" title="Hambach Festival">Hambach Festival</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1833</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Wachensturm" title="Frankfurter Wachensturm">Frankfurter Wachensturm</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849"><span style="font-size:85%;">1848</span> Revolutions</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1848–1849</span> <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt Parliament">Frankfurt Parliament</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1848</span> <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1848)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Poland uprising (1848)">Greater Poland uprising</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1850</span> <a href="/wiki/Punctation_of_Olm%C3%BCtz" title="Punctation of Olmütz">Punctation of Olmütz</a></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1850-1851</span> <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Conference_(1851)" title="Dresden Conference (1851)">Dresden Conference</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1862</span> <a href="/wiki/Blood_and_Iron_(speech)" title="Blood and Iron (speech)">"Blood and Iron" speech</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1864</span> <a href="/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War" title="Second Schleswig War">Second Schleswig War</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1866</span> <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Prague_(1866)" title="Peace of Prague (1866)">Peace of Prague</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1870–1871</span> <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1871</span> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles_(1871)" title="Treaty of Versailles (1871)">Treaty of Versailles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein">Baron von Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Charles I of Württemberg">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_IX_of_Denmark" title="Christian IX of Denmark">Christian IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Simson" title="Eduard von Simson">Eduard von Simson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Franz I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_IV_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William IV of Prussia">Frederick William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Daniel_Bassermann" title="Friedrich Daniel Bassermann">Friedrich Daniel Bassermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ferdinand_von_Beust" title="Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust">Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Gagern" title="Heinrich von Gagern">Heinrich von Gagern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Johann Gottlieb Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gustav_Droysen" title="Johann Gustav Droysen">Johann Gustav Droysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">Archduke John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_Saxony" title="John, King of Saxony">John, King of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_August_von_Hardenberg" title="Karl August von Hardenberg">Karl August von Hardenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig II of Bavaria">Ludwig II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Blum" title="Robert Blum">Robert Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">Wilhelm I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="Alsace–Lorraine">Alsace–Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_rivalry" title="Austro-Prussian rivalry">Austro-Prussian rivalry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burschenschaft" title="Burschenschaft">Burschenschaft</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">Das Lied der Deutschen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Wacht_am_Rhein" title="Die Wacht am Rhein">Die Wacht am Rhein</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">Flag of Germany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCtzow_Free_Corps" title="Lützow Free Corps">Lützow Free Corps</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" 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