Amid Ukraine's Recruiting Struggle, Conscientious Objectors at Issue

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A controversial mobilisation law aimed at boosting troop numbers has been introduced which toughens penalties on draft dodgers, incentivises conscription and obliges men to keep their military registration details with the authorities up-to-date. 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Previously, he was Postdoctoral MEMOCRACY Researcher at the T.M.C. Asser Institute in the Hague — University of Amsterdam (The Netherlands), where he researched legal aspects of the politics of memory in Russia and Ukraine. He holds a Ph.D. in political science from the University of Tartu (Estonia). Dr. Nekoliak has published a book chapter on language politics in Ukraine in an edited volume with Palgrave McMillan (and has forthcoming chapters with Hart-Bloomsbury and Routledge). 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</div><div class="columns-wrap pagewidth pw1400 clearfix"><div id="secondary-left" class="secondary"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nekoliakandrii/" title="Profile and articles by Andrii Nekoliak" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrii Nekoliak</a></p><p class="date">November 12, 2024</p><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-bluesky"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-bluesky-104728" class="share-bluesky sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104728/ukraine-constitution-conscientious-objectors/?share=bluesky" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Bluesky" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Bluesky (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 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(Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/civilian-military-relations/" rel="tag">Civilian-Military Relations</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/courts/" rel="tag">courts</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/military/" rel="tag">Military</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/russia-ukraine/" rel="tag">Russia-Ukraine</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/russia-ukraine-war/" rel="tag">Russia-Ukraine War</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/ukraine/" rel="tag">Ukraine</a></p></div></div><main id="primary" tabindex="-1" class="content-body clearfix" role="main"><article class="client-ui clearfix"><div class="print-authors"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nekoliakandrii/" title="Profile and articles by Andrii Nekoliak" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrii Nekoliak</a></p><p class="date">November 12, 2024</p></div><p>Deep into its third year of fighting against Russia’s full-scale war, Ukraine is struggling to fill its military ranks. A recent <a href="https://kyivindependent.com/medical-examination-commissions-for-determining-severity-of-disability-to-be-eliminated-at-end-of-2024/">corruption scandal</a> that shook the country involved members of medical examination commissions taking bribes to help men evade military service. <a href="https://www.economist.com/europe/2024/05/29/ukraines-desperate-draft-dodgers-drown-in-the-river-of-death">Draft evasion</a> and reports of <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2024/09/08/europe/ukraine-military-morale-desertion-intl-cmd/index.html">desertion from the frontlines</a> are becoming more widespread.</p> <p>It is against this backdrop that Ukraine’s courts are considering claims for exemptions based on conscientious objection. Though conscientious objectors represent a relatively small portion of cases related to the draft, with allegations of draft-dodging making up the majority, the subset is particularly <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/18/world/europe/ukraine-conscientious-objectors.html">significant for human rights</a>. Recently, Ukraine’s Constitutional Court has taken up such a case, prompted by a complaint from a citizen who was denied conscientious objector status and <a href="https://te.20minut.ua/Podii/zasudzheniy-za-uhilennya-vid-prizovu-adventist-z-kremenechchini-ne-zgo-11933719.html">thrown in jail</a>.</p> <h2><strong>Simple Draft-Dodging or a Constitutional Issue? </strong></h2> <p>In November 2023, <a href="https://shaltnotkill.info/ukraina-soznatelnye-otkazchiki/#Zelinsky">Dmytro Zelinsky</a>, a Seventh Day Adventist, began serving a term of three years in prison for the crime of evading conscription during mobilization (<a href="https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/en/2341-14#Text">Article 336</a> of Ukraine’s Criminal Code). A refugee from the eastern Ukrainian region known as the Donbas, where the fighting is ongoing and part of which is now occupied by Russia, Zelinsky (not related to Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy) fled to western Ukraine amid the full-scale Russian invasion in February 2022. Later the same year, being recognized as medically fit, he was called up to commence his service. But Zelinsky failed to comply, and later appealed to the local military authority of the Kremenets district to fulfill his duty with alternative (non-military) service instead, as is provided for in Article 35 the <a href="https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/en/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80#Text">Ukrainian Constitution</a>: “No one shall be exempt from his/her duties to the State or refuse to abide by laws on religious grounds. If the performance of military duty contradicts the religious beliefs of a citizen, the performance of this duty shall be replaced by alternative (non-military) service.” The military authority of the Kremenets district refused the request for alternative service based on the argument that no such service is envisaged in wartime.</p> <p>Zelinsky’s case illustrates the complexity of weighing the constitutional guarantee to conscientious objection against the obligation of protecting the State during war. First tasked with reviewing the case, the Kremenets District Court <a href="https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/111297484">acquitted</a> Zelinsky, citing the constitutional guarantee. But the Ternopil Appellate Court supported the prosecutor’s appeal and <a href="https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/113075121">revoked the acquittal</a>, sentencing Zelinsky to three years in prison. The credibility of his religious belief is not in question – his personal beliefs, his membership in the Seventh Day Adventist Church, and his two decade-long record of activities within that church have been largely substantiated during the proceedings, including with court testimony by a deputy pastor of a local congregation.</p> <p>In June 2024, Ukraine’s Supreme Court, the highest court of general jurisdiction, <a href="https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/120029741">confirmed</a> the legal force of the verdict by the Ternopil Appellate Court. Not questioning the content of Zelinsky’s personal beliefs, the justices stressed the constitutional duty of protecting the Ukrainian state in wartime (Article 65 of Ukraine’s Constitution). The justices wrote: “No religious beliefs can be the basis for evading military service by a citizen of Ukraine recognized as fit for military service in order to fulfill his constitutional duty to protect the territorial integrity and sovereignty of the State from military aggression by a foreign country.” Moreover, the Supreme Court justices said that, potentially, Zelinsky could have joined the armed forces for other, non-combat duties (e.g., construction work supporting the frontline etc.).</p> <p>Finally, the Supreme Court found that Ukraine’s 1991 <a href="https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1975-12#Text">Alternative Service Act</a> does not provide an option of non-military alternative service during wartime and that the provision (Article 1 of the Alternative Service Act) only applies to the regular, non-wartime draft of conscripts aged 18-25 for term-based service in the military. It is exactly this point by the Supreme Court that is at stake in Zelinsky’s complaint to the Constitutional Court.</p> <h2><strong>The Complaint</strong></h2> <p>In autumn 2024, Zelinsky asked the Constitutional Court to <a href="https://ccu.gov.ua/sites/default/files/18_3102024_0.pdf">review</a> the constitutionality of Article 1 of the 1991 Alternative Service Act in relation to the Article 35 guarantee of conscientious objection. On Oct. 23, the Constitutional Court’s Second Senate, a panel of six justices, <a href="https://ccu.gov.ua/en/novina/religious-beliefs-and-military-duty-court-deliberating-case-upon-constitutional-complaint">held the first deliberations</a> in the case.</p> <p>Article 35 of the Constitution does not define different scopes of application of the provision or say that the content of “military duty” differs in peacetime vs. wartime. The essence of Zelinsky’s complaint is that the alternative service guarantee should apply in wartime. Before Russia’s full-scale invasion, conscripts could choose non-military alternative service instead of serving in the armed forces, even after Russia’s initial invasion of Ukraine in 2014 in which it captured Crimea and a significant swath of the Donbas. Ukraine’s 1991 Alternative Service Act outlined the procedure for choosing alternative service.</p> <p>Effectively, Ukraine’s 2022 Laws enacting <a href="https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2102-20#Text">martial law</a> and <a href="https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2105-20#Text">the nationwide call to arms</a> ended the possibility of choosing alternative service because there is no draft of males to regular, term-based military service anymore. While Ukraine’s 1991 Alternative Service Act remains in force, the mobilization of conscripts into the active armed forces is a subject of a different piece of legislation – the 2022 nationwide call to arms.</p> <p>Crucially, Ukraine’s Constitution does not indicate the possibility of derogation from Article 35. <a href="https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/en/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80#n4253">Article 64</a> of the Constitution specifies rights and freedoms that can be limited under the conditions of martial law or a state of emergency, and the conscientious objection guarantee established by Article 35 is not one of them.</p> <p>Moreover, the issue of human rights conventions recognized by Ukraine is irrelevant here. In the Zelinsky case, the Supreme Court stated that freedom of thought, conscience, or religion established in Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) can be limited in times of war. The Supreme Court justices also referred to existing case law by the European Court of Human Rights on the matter <em>(</em><a href="https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-105611%22]}"><em>Bayatyan v. Armenia</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22itemid%22:[%22002-11317%22]}"><em>Papavasilakis v. Greece</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-231650%22]}"><em>Kanatli v. Turkiye</em></a>). Up until April 2024, Ukraine had indeed <a href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/-/ukraine-disregard-false-information-concerning-derogations-from-the-european-convention-on-human-rights">derogated</a> from Article 9 of the European Convention, among others, with notification to the Council of Europe in 2022. But Ukraine withdrew a number of derogations, including for Article 9, in April 2024. In any case, Ukraine’s membership in the Council of Europe — and thus its status as subject to the Convention — is actually irrelevant in this case, as the conscientious objection guarantee stems from Ukraine’s own constitutional framework that does not foresee derogation even in times of war.</p> <p>A key tension for Ukraine, a country aspiring to provide rule of law and human rights protections, is in balancing its commitment to liberal constitutionalism with the existential threat posed by Russia’s onslaught. Equally, while arguments for and against allowing conscientious objection have been made in <a href="https://www.routledge.com/When-Soldiers-Say-No-Selective-Conscientious-Objection-in-the-Modern-Military/Ellner-Robinson-Whetham/p/book/9781138246058?srsltid=AfmBOorTM91RSyrywCFG_ieEGdszvhqY0GIwuNwfsC7z3_K9FSf9we1-">moral philosophy</a> scholarship and <a href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/calwi21&div=7&id=&page=">international human rights law</a>, the theoretical arguments <a href="https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsereviewofbooks/2014/03/26/book-review-when-soldiers-say-no/">do not usually provide practical soulutions</a> for dealing with this right in wartime.</p> <p>Among international comparatives, the South Korean experience may be the most relevant for Ukraine. Until recently, the Republic of Korea <a href="https://academic.oup.com/hrlr/article-abstract/19/4/787/5710880?redirectedFrom=PDF">punished</a> conscientious objectors, as it has labored to confront the threat from North Korea. In 2018, however, Korea’s Constitutional Court <a href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/08/south-korea-conscientious-objector-military-service-hye-min-kim/">softened</a> the country’s decades-long approach and required Korean lawmakers to provide alternative service options for conscripts. Any Ukrainian decision on the matter should be similarly home-grown, embeded in the context of the country’s military and legal structures.</p> <h2><strong>What Will the Constitutional Court Decide? </strong></h2> <p>Any ruling by Ukraine’s Constitutional Court is likely to have a profound effect on the understanding of the freedom of belief and conscience in wartime. It will also be a test for Constitutional Court justices of how serious they are about their pledge to constitutionalism –in a <a href="https://verfassungsblog.de/constitutional-review-ukraine-criminal-procedure/">recent decision from July 2024</a> concerning the rights of persons in custody, the justices were unequivocal in their support of the supremacy of the constitutional norm and did not bend to any consideration of practical convenience when protecting a person’s right to fair trial. The Zelinsky case is paradigmatically similar to that July 2024 case — the disputed right similarly stems from the constitutional guarantee. In a similar manner, the Constitution does not foresee a possibility of derogation from this guarantee (thus, probably offering even higher protection than required by Ukraine’s obligations under the ECHR). The difference between the two cases is the greater sensitivity of the Zelinsky case. The July 2024 decision concerned the right to a fair trial, which is a straightforward “textbook” matter of constitutional law. The conscientious objection guarantee is a type of a counter-majoritarian guarantee that meant to protect dissidents from the encroachments by, foremost, the State and also from prevalent opinion in society.</p> <p>On such a sensitive matter, the Court is likely to strategically calculate the risks of the fallout of a decision in favor of the complainant. Constitutional Court justices might be concerned that such a decision could inadvertently encourage a legal form of draft-dodging. Thus, the Court is likely to take a restrictive, conservative approach to the understanding of military duty in wartime. It may say that proper recruitment of the armed forces necessitates a limit on the application of the conscientious objection guarantee. It could further substantiate that the term “military duty” in the Constitution envisions only regular draft in peacetime and that, when there is a war, the alternative forms of executing this duty do not apply.</p> <p>The Court could further ask Parliament to tailor the term “military duty” accordingly in ordinary legislation (e.g. the Alternative Service Act or the 1992 <a href="https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/anot/en/2232-12">Act on General Military Duty and Military Service</a>). This would, at least, lessen the tension between Article 35 of the Constitution and this legislation. This restrictive approach also is the most practically convenient in times when Ukraine faces a severe shortage of troops.</p> <p>The alternatives to the restrictive approach are worse. Were the Constitutional Court justices to agree with the argumentation of the Supreme Court in the Zelinsky case, they might say that, since a conscript is not always assigned to combat infantry units — and so as long as there is such a possibility, at least theoretically — there is no need for a conscientious objector to pick up arms. Such an argument, however, would be weak and disingenuous.</p> <p>There is no deadline for the Court to issue a decision. Some constitutional law experts <a href="https://www.facebook.com/dmtr.vovk/posts/pfbid0GoBZdnRU1hNXoP2aE6dh6AraNePk7yoir672svtJygjTFYD81mbvPAVrvxKqWbAVl">suspect</a> foot-dragging by the justices – the Court previously has deferred some decisions for years (mostly when <a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-41765-9_3">politically partisan legislation</a> was at stake). Approaching the Zelinsky case with the same kind of reticence would deliver a blow to the saliency and credibility of constitutional review in Ukraine.</p> <h6><em>IMAGE: Ukrainian service members and police officers check the documents of a man in the center of Kyiv on April 25, 2024. A controversial mobilization law aimed at boosting troop numbers has been introduced which toughens penalties on draft dodgers, incentivizes compliance with conscription and obliges men to keep their military registration details with the authorities up-to-date. (Photo by SERGEI SUPINSKY/AFP via Getty Images)</em></h6> <div class="icon-end-post"></div><div class="mobile-post-tags"><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/civilian-military-relations/" rel="tag">Civilian-Military Relations</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/courts/" rel="tag">courts</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/military/" rel="tag">Military</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/russia-ukraine/" rel="tag">Russia-Ukraine</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/russia-ukraine-war/" rel="tag">Russia-Ukraine War</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/ukraine/" rel="tag">Ukraine</a></p></div></div></article></main><div id="secondary-right" class="secondary" role="complementary"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/early-edition-signup/" class="button has-icon icon-pm">Signups for A.M. & P.M. 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Kramer</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kellyian/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador (ret) Ian Kelly" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador (ret) Ian Kelly</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 11th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105627/syria-freedom-governance-local-approach-constitutionalism/">Syrians’ Pursuit of Freedom and Self-Governance: Prioritizing a Locally-Driven and Incremental Approach to Constitutionalism</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/alrwishdideyaa/" title="Profile and articles by Deyaa Alrwishdi" class="author url fn" rel="author">Deyaa Alrwishdi</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hamiltonrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Hamilton" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Hamilton</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 11th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105593/foreign-agent-laws-impact/">The Spreading Impact of Restrictive ‘Foreign Agent’ Laws and How to Stop Them</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/cameronjasmine/" title="Profile and articles by Jasmine D. 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Nicola</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 10th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105064/mapping-state-reactions-icc/">Mapping State Reactions to the ICC Arrest Warrants for Netanyahu and Gallant</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ingberrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Ingber" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Ingber</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 10th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105552/public-framing-mass-deportation/">The Public Framing of Mass Deportation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/coxadam/" title="Profile and articles by Adam Cox" class="author url fn" rel="author">Adam Cox</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 9th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105538/interpol-transparency-reform/">Interpol General Assembly Inches Forward on Transparency, Still Needs Reform Strategy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bromundted/" title="Profile and articles by Ted R. 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Herbst</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 3rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105321/military-immigration-enforcement-deportation/">Deployment of the U.S. Military for Immigration Enforcement: A Primer</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goiteinelizabeth/" title="Profile and articles by Elizabeth Goitein" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elizabeth Goitein</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 3rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105181/drones-graves-mexicos-disappeared/">Camera-Fitted Drones May Help Locate Graves of Mexico’s Disappeared</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/garciareyeskarina/" title="Profile and articles by Karina García-Reyes" class="author url fn" rel="author">Karina García-Reyes</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/moctezumamiguel/" title="Profile and articles by Miguel Moctezuma" class="author url fn" rel="author">Miguel Moctezuma</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105176/birthright-citizenship-undocumented-immigrants-2/">Birthright Citizenship and Undocumented Immigrants</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sominilya/" title="Profile and articles by Ilya Somin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ilya Somin</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105048/icc-arrest-warrants/">Nuts & Bolts of the International Criminal Court Arrest Warrants in the ‘Situation in Palestine’</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/dannenbaumtom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Dannenbaum" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Dannenbaum</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105019/trump-ukraine-policy-peace-talks/">To ‘End’ War in Ukraine, Trump Might Be Tougher on Putin Than Critics Think</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104929/ukraine-biden-trump-missiles/">Biden’s Final Efforts on Ukraine — and Trump’s First Moves</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/frieddaniel/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador Daniel Fried" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador Daniel Fried</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104770/new-technology-atrocity-prevention/">Thinking Beyond Risks: A Symposium on Tech and Atrocity Prevention</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whiddengwendolyn/" title="Profile and articles by Gwendolyn Whidden" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gwendolyn Whidden</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104800/sanctions-effectiveness-models/">Do Sanctions Work? It Depends. Burma and the West Bank Might Be Models.</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bradbrooksrubin/" title="Profile and articles by Brad Brooks-Rubin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brad Brooks-Rubin</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 13th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104728/ukraine-constitution-conscientious-objectors/">As Ukraine Struggles for Troops, Its Constitutional Court Considers the Rights of Conscientious Objectors</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nekoliakandrii/" title="Profile and articles by Andrii Nekoliak" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrii Nekoliak</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 12th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104676/american-ai-leadership-requires-support-open-source/">The United States Must Win The Global Open Source AI Race</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mcbridekeegan/" title="Profile and articles by Keegan McBride" class="author url fn" rel="author">Keegan McBride</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/woodleyballdean/" title="Profile and articles by Dean W. Ball" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dean W. Ball</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104622/journalist-in-exile-laments-kyrgyzstan-crackdown-now-extending-to-his-12-year-old-son/">Journalist in Exile Laments Kyrgyzstan Crackdown, Now Extending to His 12-Year-Old Son</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/temirovbolot/" title="Profile and articles by Bolot Temirov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Bolot Temirov</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 6th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104655/real-time-litigation-tracker-election/">Election 2024 Real-Time Litigation Tracker</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/vancejoyce/" title="Profile and articles by Joyce Vance" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joyce Vance</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/geemadison/" title="Profile and articles by Madison Gee" class="author url fn" rel="author">Madison Gee</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104564/election-top-10-nov-4/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104448/older-people-human-rights-africa/">A Historic Day for Older People and Human Rights Across Africa</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mugabowishemaelie/" title="Profile and articles by Elie Mugabowishema" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elie Mugabowishema</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/buchananjane/" title="Profile and articles by Jane Buchanan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jane Buchanan</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104398/new-interpol-chief-abuses-reforms/">As Interpol Gets New Secretary General, What are the Risks of Abuses Over Reforms?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bromundted/" title="Profile and articles by Ted R. Bromund" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ted R. Bromund</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/grossmansandra/" title="Profile and articles by Sandra Grossman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Sandra Grossman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greenbergilan/" title="Profile and articles by Ilan Greenberg" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ilan Greenberg</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104416/congress-protect-americans-transnational-repression/">Congress Should Protect Americans from Transnational Repression</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ahmedrasheed/" title="Profile and articles by Rasheed Ahmed" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rasheed Ahmed</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104451/pentagon-plan-protect-civilians-promises/">Is The Pentagon’s Plan to Protect Civilians Living up to its Promises?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hunkemadison/" title="Profile and articles by Madison Hunke" class="author url fn" rel="author">Madison Hunke</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104393/election-top-10-oct-29/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 30th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104407/authoritarianism-plutocracy-press-freedom/">Rising Authoritarianism and Plutocracy Are a Dangerous Mix for Press Freedom</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kleinfeldrachel/" title="Profile and articles by Rachel Kleinfeld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rachel Kleinfeld</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 30th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104385/presumptive-privilege-trump-pence/">Does a “Presumptive” Privilege Protect President Trump from Prosecution for Pressuring Pence?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/alschuleralbert/" title="Profile and articles by Albert W. Alschuler" class="author url fn" rel="author">Albert W. Alschuler</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104255/frictionless-government-national-security-constitution/">Frictionless Government and the National Security Constitution</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/deeksashley/" title="Profile and articles by Ashley Deeks" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ashley Deeks</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eichensehrkristen/" title="Profile and articles by Kristen Eichensehr" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kristen Eichensehr</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 28th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104348/israel-strikes-against-iran/">Making Sense of International Law in Light of Israel and Iran’s Latest Round of “Retaliation”</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lieblicheliav/" title="Profile and articles by Eliav Lieblich" class="author url fn" rel="author">Eliav Lieblich</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104334/washington-post-endorsement-bezos/">On Dictatorship and Self-Censorship: Lessons the Owner of a Sudanese Newspaper Could Give Jeff Bezos</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hamiltonrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Hamilton" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Hamilton</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104328/dod-directive-changes/">Much Ado About Nothing: Recent Changes to Department of Defense Directive 5240.01</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nunnjoseph/" title="Profile and articles by Joseph Nunn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joseph Nunn</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goiteinelizabeth/" title="Profile and articles by Elizabeth Goitein" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elizabeth Goitein</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104242/memorandum-ai-national-security/">The U.S. National Security Memorandum on AI: Leading Experts Weigh In</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104206/fair-fast-asylum-processing-switzerland/">Fair and Fast Asylum Processing: Lessons from Switzerland</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ghezelbashdaniel/" title="Profile and articles by Daniel Ghezelbash" class="author url fn" rel="author">Daniel Ghezelbash</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hruschkaconstantin/" title="Profile and articles by Constantin Hruschka" class="author url fn" rel="author">Constantin Hruschka</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 24th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104174/election-top-10-oct-23/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. 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Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103743/lifting-russia-sanctions/">Lifting Russia Sanctions – What Can a President Do Unilaterally?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/markustaisa/" title="Profile and articles by Taisa Markus" class="author url fn" rel="author">Taisa Markus</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103918/jack-goldsmith-jack-smith-explanation/">Refuting the Latest Baseless Attacks Against Special Counsel Jack Smith</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weissmannandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Weissmann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Weissmann</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 15th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103838/un-future-summit-can-teach/">What the UN’s Summit of the Future Can Teach Us – When the Dust Settles</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/streetjordan/" title="Profile and articles by Jordan Street" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jordan Street</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 11th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103818/scenario-planning-january-6th/">The “War Game” Documentary, and Simulating a Worse January 6th</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rudesilldakota/" title="Profile and articles by Dakota S. Rudesill" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dakota S. Rudesill</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 10th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103777/maintaining-the-rule-of-law-in-the-age-of-ai/">Maintaining the Rule of Law in the Age of AI</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/szilagyikatie/" title="Profile and articles by Katie Szilagyi" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katie Szilagyi</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 9th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103478/2024-election-litigation-top-10/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 8th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103317/shattering-illusions-how-cyber-threat-intelligence-augments-legal-action-against-russias-influence-operations/">Shattering Illusions: How Cyber Threat Intelligence Augments Legal Action against Russia’s Influence Operations</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kruschmasonw/" title="Profile and articles by Mason W. Krusch" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mason W. Krusch</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 8th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103464/beyond-law-reaffirming-the-centrality-of-ethics-in-war/">Beyond Law: Reaffirming the Centrality of Ethics in War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/schwarzelke/" title="Profile and articles by Elke Schwarz" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elke Schwarz</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/renicneil/" title="Profile and articles by Neil Renic" class="author url fn" rel="author">Neil Renic</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103533/whos-who-jack-smith-immunity-brief/">Who’s Who in Jack Smith’s Immunity Brief</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/klasfeldadam/" title="Profile and articles by Adam Klasfeld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Adam Klasfeld</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103433/unlawful-private-militias-government-response/">The Threat from Unlawful Private Militias Has Evolved. 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Scott Adams</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 3rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103406/iran-israel-escalation/">Threats and Response Options in the Escalating Israel-Iran Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103380/un-future-pact-reform/">The UN’s New Pact for the Future: A Milestone That Can Set a Path for Change</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ponziorichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Ponzio" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Ponzio</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103339/artificial-intelligence-at-2024-united-nations/">AI at UNGA79: Recapping Key Themes</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88039/trumps-legal-and-political-calendar-all-the-dates-you-need-to-know/">Master Calendar of Trump Court Dates: Criminal and Civil Cases</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. 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href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 14th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/107087/tracker-litigation-legal-challenges-trump-administration/">Litigation Tracker: Legal Challenges to Trump Administration Actions</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 16th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105064/mapping-state-reactions-icc/">Mapping State Reactions to the ICC Arrest Warrants for Netanyahu and Gallant</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ingberrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Ingber" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Ingber</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 10th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81789/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection/">Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100235/unga-79-expert-analysis-resources/">UNGA 79: Expert Analysis & Resources</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 19th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><aside id="js-scrolling-content-6" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Series</h3><div class="flexible-content posts custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:350px;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104770/new-technology-atrocity-prevention/">Thinking Beyond Risks: A Symposium on Tech and Atrocity Prevention</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whiddengwendolyn/" title="Profile and articles by Gwendolyn Whidden" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gwendolyn Whidden</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96975/icc-prosecutor-policy-complementarity-cooperation/">Symposium: ICC Prosecutor Launches Policy on Complementarity and Cooperation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a 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Amid Ukraine's Recruiting Struggle, Conscientious Objectors at Issue