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</li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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Pepper</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Pepper – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="George W. Pepper" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88._%D9%BE%D9%BE%D8%B1" title="جورج دبلیو. پپر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جورج دبلیو. پپر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Pepper" title="George W. Pepper – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="George W. Pepper" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%86_%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88._%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="چورچ دبليو. پيپير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="چورچ دبليو. پيپير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Pepper" title="George W. Pepper – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="George W. 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American politician</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">George Wharton Pepper</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Senator_Geo._W._Pepper,_1-10-22_LOC_npcc.05608_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Senator_Geo._W._Pepper%2C_1-10-22_LOC_npcc.05608_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Senator_Geo._W._Pepper%2C_1-10-22_LOC_npcc.05608_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Senator_Geo._W._Pepper%2C_1-10-22_LOC_npcc.05608_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Senator_Geo._W._Pepper%2C_1-10-22_LOC_npcc.05608_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Senator_Geo._W._Pepper%2C_1-10-22_LOC_npcc.05608_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Senator_Geo._W._Pepper%2C_1-10-22_LOC_npcc.05608_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3690" data-file-height="4570" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Pepper in January 1922</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 9, 1922 – March 3, 1927</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boies_Penrose" title="Boies Penrose">Boies Penrose</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Scott_Vare" title="William Scott Vare">William Vare</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_aaa"><a href="#endnote_aaa">[a]</a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committee</a><br />from Pennsylvania</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />June 10, 1922 – May 12, 1928</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boies_Penrose" title="Boies Penrose">Boies Penrose</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_Atterbury" title="William Wallace Atterbury">William Wallace Atterbury</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1867-03-16</span>)</span>March 16, 1867<br /><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 24, 1961<span style="display:none">(1961-05-24)</span> (aged 94)<br /><a href="/wiki/Devon,_Pennsylvania" title="Devon, Pennsylvania">Devon, Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">a.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_aaa"><b><a href="#ref_aaa">^</a></b></span> Vare was not permitted to qualify for the seat, though his defeat of Pepper in the primary election was recognized by the Senate. However, due to alleged election fraud, Vare was never seated, and a special election was held in 1930, which was won by Republican <a href="/wiki/James_J._Davis" title="James J. Davis">James Davis</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>George Wharton Pepper</b> (March 16, 1867 – May 24, 1961) was an American lawyer, law professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_School" title="University of Pennsylvania Law School">University of Pennsylvania Law School</a>, Christian activist, and Republican politician from <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. He represented <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, and founded the law firm of <a href="/wiki/Pepper_Hamilton" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepper Hamilton">Pepper Hamilton</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_W._Pepper&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pepper was born to upper-class parents, physician (and former Union cavalry officer) George Pepper and his wife, the former Mehitable ("Hitty") Markoe Wharton, on March 16, 1867. Each was descended from families prominent in the region since the colonial era: <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a> on his father's side and <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Episcopalianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopalianism">Episcopalians</a> on his mother's. He was born in his paternal grandmother's house, in a fashionable neighborhood, 1215 <a href="/wiki/Walnut_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Walnut Street (Philadelphia)">Walnut Street</a>. Their first child had died in infancy, and the family soon moved to quarters on Pine Street. Dr. Wharton died when George was seven and his only sister Frances a newborn, so the family moved to smaller quarters, 346 S. 16th Street in the <a href="/wiki/Rittenhouse_Square" title="Rittenhouse Square">Rittenhouse Square</a> neighborhood with his grandmother. His mother home-schooled her then weak-eyed son, with the assistance of his uncle, Dr. William Pepper (whom he considered like a father after his own father's demise), and later a blind tutor, John F. Maher.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His grandmother's summer estate on the <a href="/wiki/Schuylkill_River" title="Schuylkill River">Schuylkill River</a> later became one of those consolidated into <a href="/wiki/Laurel_Hill_Cemetery" title="Laurel Hill Cemetery">Laurel Hill Cemetery</a>. He considered Willie Ryder his best friend, noting that he was "colored"; and also remembered informally competing at memory exercises with boys from a nearby prep school.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1876, his mother remarried, to his father's friend and former classmate, lawyer Ernest Zantzinger.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Admitted to his father's (and step-father's) alma mater, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, Pepper was active in athletics, rowing crew, becoming captain of his class football and cricket teams and winning the hammer throw for the track-and-field team, and in drama. In addition to academic activities, for which he earned a <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> key he often twirled later in his life, Pepper started the school newspaper and edited a literary magazine, which later merged into <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Pennsylvanian" title="The Daily Pennsylvanian">The Daily Pennsylvanian</a></i>. He also joined several organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/Zeta_Psi" title="Zeta Psi">Zeta Psi</a> fraternity, Sketch club and <a href="/wiki/Philomathean_Society" title="Philomathean Society">Philomathean Society</a>. Pepper graduated first in his class from the college in 1887. Then he followed the examples of his maternal grandfather and stepfather, entering the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_School" title="University of Pennsylvania Law School">University of Pennsylvania Law School</a>, from which he also graduated first in his class and with several honors in 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-archives.upenn.edu_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archives.upenn.edu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 25, 1890, in <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>, Pepper married Charlotte Root Fisher (1865-1951), daughter of Professor <a href="/wiki/George_Park_Fisher" title="George Park Fisher">George Park Fisher</a>, dean of the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Divinity_School" title="Yale Divinity School">Yale Divinity School</a>. They had three children: Adeline Louise Forbes Pepper (1892-1971), George Wharton Pepper, Jr. (1895-1949),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Charlotte Eleanor Pepper (1897-1930). Both daughters married Fitz Eugene Newbold, Adeline seven years after her sister Charlotte's death and eventually surviving him as well as her parents.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_W._Pepper&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During law school, Pepper worked part-time for the prestigious firm Biddle and Ward. He was <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_bar_in_the_United_States" title="Admission to the bar in the United States">admitted to the bar</a> in 1889. He then taught law at his alma mater for more than two decades, as well as maintained a private practice. In his autobiography, dedicated to "<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hamilton_(lawyer)" title="Andrew Hamilton (lawyer)">Andrew Hamilton</a> and all other Philadelphia Lawyers Past and Present", Pepper acknowledged that public dissatisfaction with the bar had always existed, but thought it increasing throughout his lifetime. He thus devoted the penultimate chapter as "a treatise for lawyers only", cautioning them that the poor repute to which the some deserve "to be scolded, is one whose offense does not consist in representing a corporation or in being disloyal to his client, but in allowing fidelity to that client to dim or black out entirely his sense of public duty." He thought those so indifferent to public interest were few and could be readily identified, but specifically warned against the "far more subtle and more common vice of regarding the client as a suitable subject for exploitation" cautioning "[t]he instant that the attorney's interest becomes inconsistent with the client's the attorney's interest must be forgotten."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic">Academic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_W._Pepper&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Academic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Wharton_Pepper_commencement_address_bulletin_cover_at_the_University_of_Pittsburgh_1921.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/George_Wharton_Pepper_commencement_address_bulletin_cover_at_the_University_of_Pittsburgh_1921.JPG/220px-George_Wharton_Pepper_commencement_address_bulletin_cover_at_the_University_of_Pittsburgh_1921.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/George_Wharton_Pepper_commencement_address_bulletin_cover_at_the_University_of_Pittsburgh_1921.JPG/330px-George_Wharton_Pepper_commencement_address_bulletin_cover_at_the_University_of_Pittsburgh_1921.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/George_Wharton_Pepper_commencement_address_bulletin_cover_at_the_University_of_Pittsburgh_1921.JPG 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption>the front cover of the transcript of the commencement address given by George Wharton Pepper in July 1921</figcaption></figure> <p>Teaching at the Penn Law school for 21 years, Pepper began as a teaching fellow and soon became the first <a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sydney_Biddle" title="Algernon Sydney Biddle">Algernon Sydney Biddle</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor of Law, a position he held from 1893 until 1910, when he became a trustee of the university.<sup id="cite_ref-archives.upenn.edu_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archives.upenn.edu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1890–1891, he visited Harvard Law School in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a> and studied the case system of instruction being introduced by Dean <a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Langdell" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher C. Langdell">Christopher C. Langdell</a>, and applied by <a href="/wiki/John_Chipman_Gray" title="John Chipman Gray">John Chipman Gray</a> in Property, <a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_Thayer" title="James Bradley Thayer">James Bradley Thayer</a> in Evidence and Constitutional Law, <a href="/wiki/James_Barr_Ames" title="James Barr Ames">James Barr Ames</a> in Torts, Trusts and Pleading, and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Williston" title="Samuel Williston">Samuel Williston</a> in Contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPepper1944343_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPepper1944343-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pepper primarily taught about corporations, partnership and insurance. </p><p>After World War I, Draper and <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/American_Law_Institute" title="American Law Institute">American Law Institute</a>, with funding from the Carnegie Corporation and <a href="/wiki/George_W._Wickersham" title="George W. Wickersham">George W. Wickersham</a> as its first President. Pepper became a member of its governing council in 1930 and succeeded Wickersham as president from 1936 to 1947. He also served on the Federal Advisory Committee which drafted the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, with former Attorney General <a href="/wiki/William_D._Mitchell" title="William D. Mitchell">William D. Mitchell</a> as chairman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_L._Clark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles L. Clark (page does not exist)">Charles L. Clark</a> as reporter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPepper1944377-381_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPepper1944377-381-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He delivered the commencement address at the graduation ceremony at the University of Pittsburgh in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For his academic pursuits, Pepper was elected to both the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Author">Author</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_W._Pepper&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Author"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pepper wrote over 40 articles in various legal publications.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkinslaw.org_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkinslaw.org-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, from 1892 to 1895, edited and published the <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_Review" title="University of Pennsylvania Law Review">University of Pennsylvania Law Review</a></i> (then the <i>American Law Register and Review</i>), with his friend, <a href="/wiki/William_Draper_Lewis" title="William Draper Lewis">William Draper Lewis</a>. His 1895 presentation to the Pennsylvania Bar Association about legal education prompted reforms. With Lewis, he edited the <i>Digest of Decisions and Encyclopedia of Pennsylvania Law, 1754–1898</i> (1898–1906). Pepper also authored <i>The Borderland of Federal and State Decisions</i>, <i>Pleading at Common Law and Under the Codes </i>, <i>Digest of the Laws of Pennsylvania 1700 - 1901</i>, and <i>Digest of Decisions and Encyclopaedia of Pennsylvania</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_practice">Private practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_W._Pepper&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Private practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Wharton_Pepper_745bfa7049_o.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/George_Wharton_Pepper_745bfa7049_o.jpg/180px-George_Wharton_Pepper_745bfa7049_o.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/George_Wharton_Pepper_745bfa7049_o.jpg/270px-George_Wharton_Pepper_745bfa7049_o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/George_Wharton_Pepper_745bfa7049_o.jpg/360px-George_Wharton_Pepper_745bfa7049_o.jpg 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="1102" /></a><figcaption>Pepper circa 1913</figcaption></figure> <p>Pepper served as president of the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Bar_Association" title="Pennsylvania Bar Association">Pennsylvania Bar Association</a> early in his career, and as chancellor of the Philadelphia Bar Association late in his career, from 1930 to 1932. As he retired, his law firm in 1954 merged with Evans, Bayard & Frick (whose leading partner by that time was Francis M. Sheetz) to form Pepper, Bodine, Frick, Scheetz & Hamilton, which eventually became <a href="/wiki/Pepper_Hamilton" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepper Hamilton">Pepper Hamilton</a>; the 35 member firm moved to the building of its largest client, <a href="/wiki/Fidelity_Trust_Company" title="Fidelity Trust Company">The Fidelity Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest case he recounted in his autobiography concerned a bequest to the City of Philadelphia by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> in 1790, which was to fund interest-bearing loans to deserving artisans. Newly minted lawyer Pepper lost the case brought on behalf of Franklin's heirs in 1890, but learned "in any human system for the administration of justice there must be a reserved judicial right to refuse in exceptional cases to stretch beyond the breaking point a legal principle that is sound enough for everyday use." Five decades later, the Orphans Court (which was found to lack jurisdiction in the original case) appointed him Master to determine question under Franklin's will and thus facilitate the administration of the trust which as a youthful advocate he had tried to set aside.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pepper also learned from his days trying many cases for the Union Traction Company (Philadelphia's streetcar purveyor) that perjury is plentiful but Philadelphia's jurists, while disposed to favor plaintiffs, were nonetheless quick to detect fraud and prompt to condemn it. He also found jurors sympathetic to anyone who has acted under provocation, and apt to resent the conduct of the provocateur, and proudly recounted a cross-examination he had made before Judge <a href="/wiki/Mayer_Sulzberger" title="Mayer Sulzberger">Mayer Sulzberger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pepper recounted his first brush with politics occurred as Republican boss <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Matthew Quay</a>'s term as Senator expired before Pennsylvania's legislature could reappoint him, due to a revolt led by State Senator William Flinn, who blocked the reappointment despite daily ballots from January until adjournment in April. Governor Stone then gave Quay a temporary appointment, which led to protests in the Senate. After the argument, a senator had mistaken Pepper for Pennsylvania's Attorney General, Elkins, although in fact Pepper had written the opposing brief. The Senate refused to recognize Quay's appointment, which eventually reduced his power, although the case led to a friendship between Pepper and Elkins (who had hoped to succeed Stone as Governor, but became a justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania instead).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1900s, a federal judge in Massachusetts appointed Pepper <a href="/wiki/Receivership" title="Receivership">receiver</a> for the Bay State Gas Company, a <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy_in_the_United_States" title="Bankruptcy in the United States">bankrupt</a> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> utility which had been promoted by former Philadelphian <a href="/wiki/J._Edward_Addicks" title="J. Edward Addicks">J. Edward Addicks</a>, who had also caused controversy (and the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution by trying to buy the Senate seat from Delaware). Pepper then sued a number of nationally known businessmen, including <a href="/wiki/William_Rockefeller" class="mw-redirect" title="William Rockefeller">William Rockefeller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Rogers" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry H. Rogers">Henry Rogers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Lawson_(businessman)" title="Thomas W. Lawson (businessman)">Thomas Lawson</a>, for enriching themselves at the expense of the utility, and secured several recoveries, as well as a successful receivership of the utility.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pepper represented <a href="/wiki/Gifford_Pinchot" title="Gifford Pinchot">Gifford Pinchot</a> in connection with the <a href="/wiki/Pinchot%E2%80%93Ballinger_controversy" title="Pinchot–Ballinger controversy">Pinchot–Ballinger controversy</a>, which began his political career on the national scene, as discussed below. </p><p>He was counsel to the National and American League baseball clubs, defeating the application of the Sherman Antitrust Act to their activities in Chicago in 1915 before judge <a href="/wiki/Kenesaw_Mountain_Landis" title="Kenesaw Mountain Landis">Kenesaw Mountain Landis</a> in preliminary injunction case. However, it was revived four years later after the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sox_Scandal" title="Black Sox Scandal">Black Sox Scandal</a> and his clients received an unfavorable jury verdict, which was reversed by the Supreme Court in <i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Baseball_Club_v._National_League" title="Federal Baseball Club v. National League">Federal Baseball Club v. National League</a></i> (1922) after lawyer Pepper and Judge Landis (who by then became baseball Commissioner) revised the leagues' organizational structure, Pepper writing the caption for the new series of agreements, "Play Fair. Play Hard. Play for the Team."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While in the Senate, Pepper maintained a reduced private practice. The cases of which he was most proud of during that time were <i>Frick v. Pennsylvania</i>, an inheritance tax case, and <i><a href="/wiki/Myers_v._United_States" title="Myers v. United States">Myers v. United States</a></i>, which he argued as amicus curiae at the invitation of the Supreme court, concerning President Wilson's removal of a postmaster. Although the Court decided that the legislative act requiring Senatorial consent to such removal was unconstitutional, it thanked him for his service and he believed the decision vindicated President Andrew Johnson's position with respect to the Tenure of Office Act, and that the powerful dissent by Justices Holmes, McReynolds and Brandeis might eventually receive favorable future reconsideration.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pepper also took pride in his handling of the George Otis Smith case (concerning the Federal Power Commission), where Pepper vindicated Presidential rights against the Senate, having refused a senatorial delegation's offer to represent them but accepting that of Attorney General Mitchell.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He participated in the reorganization of Bankers Trust Co., the first Philadelphia bank to fail in the Great Depression.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, Pepper condemned the mania for arbitration, which he encountered in a controversy between American Telephone and Telegraph and Warner Brothers, warning that the high per diem compensation demanded by arbitrators would not ensure that they would dispose of the controversy fairly and in short order, but instead would more likely extend matters as each of the two original arbiters selected by the parties will act as unofficial advocate for the side appointing him.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He concluded his advice for fellow attorneys by quoting Justice <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a>, "I like your rapture over the law, I only fear that it may be dimmed as you get into the actualities (in the sense of the hard side) of life. But if, as I hope, and as what you write indicates, you bear the fire in your belly, it will survive and transfigure the hard facts."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lay_church_leader">Lay church leader</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_W._Pepper&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lay church leader"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to his devout mother's (and stepfather's) influence, Pepper became a lifelong <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopalian</a>. He was confirmed in his parish church <a href="/wiki/St._Mark%27s_Episcopal_Church_(Philadelphia)" title="St. Mark's Episcopal Church (Philadelphia)">St. Mark's Church</a> on Easter Eve, 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPepper194423-25_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPepper194423-25-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was initially near his family home, but he and his wife continued their membership after they moved to the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Main_Line" title="Philadelphia Main Line">Philadelphia Main Line</a> in the 1920s ("Fox Creek Farm" then "Hillhouse" in <a href="/wiki/Devon,_Pennsylvania" title="Devon, Pennsylvania">Devon</a>). </p><p>In 1907 Wharton gave the major address at the General Convention of the Episcopal Church, celebrating 300 years of English Christianity in America.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also wrote <i>The Way: A Devotional Book for Boys</i> (1909). Pepper became the first layman to lecture in theology at the Yale Divinity School, delivering the Lyman Beecher lecture in 1915 and publishing it as <i>A Voice from the Crowd</i>. He strongly believed in what fellow Philadelphian <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Joseph_Drexel_Biddle" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle">Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle</a> called "Athletic Christianity", and continued to work out sculling on the Delaware river into his old age. He also became a Master Mason of the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania. </p><p>Pepper remained active in national church affairs, including several times as General Convention delegate. He served on the Board of Missions (where he worked with <a href="/wiki/J._Pierpont_Morgan" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Pierpont Morgan">J. Pierpont Morgan</a> and learned to admire Bishop <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Brent" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Henry Brent">Charles Henry Brent</a>. He also served on the General Board of Religious Education (GBRE) with bishops <a href="/wiki/Ethelbert_Talbot" title="Ethelbert Talbot">Ethelbert Talbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chauncey_Brewster" class="mw-redirect" title="Chauncey Brewster">Chauncey Brewster</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_H._Greer" title="David H. Greer">David H. Greer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Gailor" title="Thomas F. Gailor">Thomas F. Gailor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Parsons" title="Edward L. Parsons">Edward L. Parsons</a>, as well as distinguished laymen <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Murray Butler</a> (president of Columbia University) and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hallowell_Gardiner_III" title="Robert Hallowell Gardiner III">Robert Hallowell Gardiner III</a>. Pepper became the Episcopal delegate to the World Conference of Faith and Order. He also helped finance and organize the building of the <a href="/wiki/Washington_National_Cathedral" title="Washington National Cathedral">Washington National Cathedral</a>. </p><p>His wife Charlotte was active in charitable activities, receiving a decoration for her work during the First World War from <a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Belgium" title="Albert I of Belgium">King Albert of Belgium</a>, as well as successfully leading a campaign to fund a maternity building at the University of Pennsylvania hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Pepper also reportedly had a mistress, whom he took to various functions during the First World War and afterward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELukacs1981238_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELukacs1981238-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_W._Pepper&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pepper initially was a Democrat, as was his mother's family and his initial legal mentor George W. Biddle, and he voted for <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> in the 1888 presidential election. However, by 1892, he left the Biddle law office and switched his allegiance to the Republican party,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially the Progressive wing of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1905 he was a member of the City Party, a reform group that challenged the Republican political machine in Philadelphia. At the request of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stimson" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Stimson">Henry Stimson</a>, Pepper agreed to represent <a href="/wiki/Gifford_Pinchot" title="Gifford Pinchot">Gifford Pinchot</a> whose charges of undue favoritism against Taft's Secretary of the interior, Ballinger, had led to a scandal, the <a href="/wiki/Pinchot%E2%80%93Ballinger_controversy" title="Pinchot–Ballinger controversy">Pinchot–Ballinger controversy</a>, as well as congressional hearings.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his admiration for Roosevelt, Pepper supported Taft in 1912, but rebuffed an offer of a judgeship on the United States Circuit Court of Appeals as well as refused to respond to movements that attempted to draft him for mayor of Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His involvement in national and international church affairs, discussed above, also prompted his increased political activism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the first World War, Pepper found it difficult to stay "neutral in thought"; despite his German ancestry, he was an unabashed anglophile throughout his life. He later admitted "I began as a violent partisan of the Allies".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He first participated in the <a href="/wiki/Preparedness_Movement" title="Preparedness Movement">Preparedness Movement</a> in 1914, and during the next two summers was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Military_Training_Camp" title="Citizens' Military Training Camp">Provisional Training Regiment</a> at <a href="/wiki/Plattsburgh,_New_York" title="Plattsburgh, New York">Plattsburgh, New York</a>. After America entered on the Allied side, Pepper served as chairman of the Pennsylvania Council of National Defense (1917–1919). His nephew Franklin Pepper, whom he called "dear to me as a son", died a war hero in France in 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Pepper,_baseball_with_pages.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/George_Pepper%2C_baseball_with_pages.jpg/220px-George_Pepper%2C_baseball_with_pages.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/George_Pepper%2C_baseball_with_pages.jpg/330px-George_Pepper%2C_baseball_with_pages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/George_Pepper%2C_baseball_with_pages.jpg/440px-George_Pepper%2C_baseball_with_pages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>Senator Pepper enjoys a game of baseball with the Senate pages in the 1920s.</figcaption></figure> <p>A stalwart Republican with some isolationist tendencies, Pepper attacked the Versailles Peace Treaty for its harshness, and later President Wilson and the League of Nations, although his moralistic and legalistic mindset favored international order based on international law, and he continued to attend international legal association meetings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Pepper served as a member of Pennsylvania's commission on constitutional revision in 1920 and 1921. Following the death of Senator <a href="/wiki/Boies_Penrose" title="Boies Penrose">Boies Penrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Pennsylvania">Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Cameron_Sproul" title="William Cameron Sproul">William Sproul</a> in 1922 appointed Pepper to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of United States senators from Pennsylvania">United States Senate</a>. Pepper also succeeded Penrose as Pennsylvania's <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican committeeman</a> later that year.<sup id="cite_ref-RNCin_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RNCin-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RNCout_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RNCout-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was sworn in on January 22, 1922, then easily won the <a href="/wiki/1922_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Pennsylvania" title="1922 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania">special election</a> held that fall.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Senator Pepper drew national attention in 1922 by successfully mediating an anthracite coal strike. He served on the Military Affairs, Naval Affairs, and Foreign Relations committees, and became chairman of the committees on Banking and Currency and the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. He tried to allow the United States to join the World Court but not the League of Nations, and considered this proposal one of his greatest accomplishments, including it as an appendix to his autobiography even though the proposal was later watered down.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the public debate over the expansion of advertising in the 1920s, Senator Pepper argued for a "nationwide code of regulation," described in a 1929 speech to the <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_Advertising_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Outdoor Advertising Association of America">Outdoor Advertising Association of America</a>. He pointed out that in preserving natural beauty, no national economic benefit was lost—-real estate values would increase without the addition of <a href="/wiki/Billboards" class="mw-redirect" title="Billboards">billboards</a>. Pepper voiced what was then the general public fear: that if billboards became mainstream, advertising would become too obtrusive.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pepper prevailed upon President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> to name fellow Pennsylvanian <a href="/wiki/Owen_Josephus_Roberts" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen Josephus Roberts">Owen Josephus Roberts</a> special counsel to investigate the <a href="/wiki/Teapot_Dome_scandal" title="Teapot Dome scandal">Teapot Dome scandal</a> of <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a>'s administration.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pepper also drew national attention for his work (appointed by the Supreme Court) in <i><a href="/wiki/Myers_v._United_States" title="Myers v. United States">Myers v. United States</a></i>, a separation of powers case concerning the president's removal of an official without Congressional assent. He also published a collection of speeches, <i>Men and Issues</i> (1924).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although favored to win his party's nomination in 1926, despite it being a three candidate race with his former client and current Governor Gifford Pinchot, Philadelphia political boss <a href="/wiki/William_Scott_Vare" title="William Scott Vare">William Vare</a>, running on an anti-Prohibition platform, defeated Pepper (who had carried 62 of the state's counties, with Pinchot running a distant third) in the <a href="/wiki/1926_United_States_Senate_election_in_Pennsylvania" title="1926 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania">1926</a> primary. The Senate subsequently refused to seat Vare over allegations of overspending and fraud concerning the 1926 primary and general elections. Newly elected Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Stuchell_Fisher" title="John Stuchell Fisher">John Stuchell Fisher</a> appointed his political ally <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Grundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Grundy">Joseph Grundy</a> to fill the vacancy, and Pepper returned to his private law practice.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_career">Later career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_W._Pepper&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pepper never again sought political office, although many thought he wanted a seat on the Supreme Court. He continued as a Republican National Committeeman until 1928, then remained politically active and served on the platform committees at the 1940 and 1948 Republican National Conventions. He participated in a committee that attempted to make Philadelphia the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in 1946, and continued his efforts to promote Christian unity. Pepper also continued as a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania and of the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Corporation_of_New_York" title="Carnegie Corporation of New York">Carnegie Foundation</a> for the rest of his life.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>He vocally opposed President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>. Pepper was one of the counsel in <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Butler" title="United States v. Butler">United States v. Butler</a></i>, in which the Supreme Court declared the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Adjustment_Act" title="Agricultural Adjustment Act">Agricultural Adjustment Act</a> unconstitutional, prompting FDR's <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Procedures_Reform_Bill_of_1937" title="Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937">court-packing plan</a>. In his autobiography, Pepper noted that by prearrangement he did not receive a fee for any of his three most famous Supreme Court cases, this, the Myers and George Otis Smith cases.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pepper also published four more books: <i>In the Senate</i> (1930), <i>Family Quarrels</i> (1931), <i>Philadelphia Lawyer</i> (1944), and <i>Analytical Index to the Book of Common Prayer</i> (1948). His autobiography, <i>Philadelphia Lawyer</i>, achieved critical acclaim.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_W._Pepper&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pepper was briefly the oldest living (former) senator.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He used a wheelchair during his final years. He is buried beside his wife, Charlotte, who died a decade earlier, at <a href="/wiki/St._David%27s_Episcopal_Church_(Wayne,_Pennsylvania)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. David's Episcopal Church (Wayne, Pennsylvania)">St. David's Episcopal Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wayne,_Pennsylvania" title="Wayne, Pennsylvania">Wayne, Pennsylvania</a>, a parish in which their children and grandchildren had become active.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his final years, he donated his papers to the University of Pennsylvania, from which he had graduated and of which he had long been a trustee.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/School_District_of_Philadelphia" title="School District of Philadelphia">School District of Philadelphia</a> named a middle school for Pepper, which was closed in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During its 200th anniversary celebration, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia_Bar_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philadelphia Bar Association (page does not exist)">Philadelphia Bar Association</a> named Pepper one of the legends of the Philadelphia bar.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkinslaw.org_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkinslaw.org-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_College" title="Lafayette College">Lafayette College</a> annually awards an academic prize named in his honor for the senior who most reflects the Lafayette ideal.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_W._Pepper&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Lukacs, <i>Philadelphia Patricians & Philistines: 1900–1950</i> (Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1982) p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pepper autobiography, pp. 16–21, 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N0QOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA304">"In re Willing's Estate in Jacob Singer"</a>. <i>Probate Cases: Being Cases Heard and Decided by the Register of Wills for the County of Philadelphia, 1901–1904</i>. 1909. pp. 299 et seq.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Probate+Cases%3A+Being+Cases+Heard+and+Decided+by+the+Register+of+Wills+for+the+County+of+Philadelphia%2C+1901%E2%80%931904&rft.atitle=In+re+Willing%27s+Estate+in+Jacob+Singer&rft.pages=299+et+seq.&rft.date=1909&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN0QOAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+W.+Pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archives.upenn.edu-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archives.upenn.edu_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archives.upenn.edu_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.upenn.edu/people/1800s/pepper_geo_wharton.html">Penn People A-Z | University Archives and Records Center</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philadelphiabuildings.org/pab/app/ar_display.cfm/26647">Pepper, George Wharton, Jr. (1895-1949)</a> data from the <i>Philadelphia Architects and Buildings</i> (PAB) project of the <a href="/wiki/Athenaeum_of_Philadelphia" title="Athenaeum of Philadelphia">Athenaeum of Philadelphia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Autobiography at p. 342</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/universityofpenn01cham/page/403"><i>The University of Pennsylvania: its History, Influence, Equipment and Character</i></a> vol. 1, p. 403 (Herndon Company 1911) at Google Books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colonial Families of Philadelphia, vol 2 p. 1091</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPepper1944343-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPepper1944343_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPepper1944">Pepper (1944)</a>, p. 343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPepper1944377-381-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPepper1944377-381_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPepper1944">Pepper (1944)</a>, p. 377-381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.pitt.edu/u/ulsmanuscripts/pdf/31735066229117.pdf">Pepper, George Wharton | Digital Pitt</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=George+W.+Pepper&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DGeorge%2BW.%2BPepper%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+W.+Pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/george-wharton-pepper">"George Wharton Pepper"</a>. <i>American Academy of Arts & Sciences</i>. 2023-02-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=George+Wharton+Pepper&rft.date=2023-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fperson%2Fgeorge-wharton-pepper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+W.+Pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jenkinslaw.org-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jenkinslaw.org_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkinslaw.org_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jenkinslaw.org/blog/03/19/2015/jenkins039-historical-collection-george-wharton-pepper">Jenkins Blog | Jenkins Law Library</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Colonial Families of Philadelphia</i>, vol 2 p. 1092</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150418215756/http://www.pepperlaw.com/about_History_1890_1955.aspx">"Law Firm of Pepper Hamilton LLP | About Pepper"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pepperlaw.com/about_History_1890_1955.aspx">the original</a> on 2015-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Law+Firm+of+Pepper+Hamilton+LLP+%26%23124%3B+About+Pepper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pepperlaw.com%2Fabout_History_1890_1955.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+W.+Pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Autobiography at p. 351-352</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Autobiography at pp. 352-353</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Autobiography at pp. 78-80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pepper, George Wharton. <i>Philadelphia Lawyer: an Autobiography.</i> (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1944) pp. 95-97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Autobiography at pp. 357-359</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Autobiography at pp. 360-362</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>United States v. Smith</i>, 286 U.S. 6 (1932); Autobiography at p. 363</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hsp.org/blogs/fondly-pennsylvania/george-wharton-pepper-for-united-states-senator">George Wharton Pepper for United States Senator | Historical Society of Pennsylvania</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Autobiography at pp. 364-366</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Autobiography at p. 387 quoting Oliver Wendell Holmes, Book Notices and Uncollected Letters and Papers, p. 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPepper194423-25-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPepper194423-25_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPepper1944">Pepper (1944)</a>, p. 23-25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6ZL0-hg2owC&dq=%22English+Christianity+in+America%22&pg=PA414">Puritan Boston and Quaker Philadelphia – Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philadelphia Inquirer March 23, 1951 p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELukacs1981238-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELukacs1981238_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLukacs1981">Lukacs (1981)</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lukacs, p. 223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lukacs p. 224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lukacs pp. 224-225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell Andrew Kazal, <i>Becoming Old Stock: The Paradox of German-American Identity</i> page 153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lukacs pp. 226-227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RNCin-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RNCin_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TxMrAAAAIBAJ&pg=2695,1778319&dq=boies+penrose+republican+national+committee&hl=en">"Pinchot Hits Assessment of Office Holders"</a>. <i>The Reading Eagle</i>. June 11, 1922<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Reading+Eagle&rft.atitle=Pinchot+Hits+Assessment+of+Office+Holders&rft.date=1922-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DTxMrAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2695%2C1778319%26dq%3Dboies%2Bpenrose%2Brepublican%2Bnational%2Bcommittee%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+W.+Pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RNCout-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RNCout_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130131181229/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1660895752.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jun+01,+1928&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1985)&desc=Pepper+Refuses+Place+As+Contest+Chairman&pqatl=google">"Pepper Refuses Place As Contest Chairman"</a>. <i>The Baltimore Sun</i>. June 1, 1928. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1660895752.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jun+01%2C+1928&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1985)&desc=Pepper+Refuses+Place+As+Contest+Chairman&pqatl=google">the original</a> on January 31, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Pepper+Refuses+Place+As+Contest+Chairman&rft.date=1928-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fbaltsun%2Faccess%2F1660895752.html%3FFMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AAI%26type%3Dhistoric%26date%3DJun%2B01%252C%2B1928%26author%3D%26pub%3DThe%2BSun%2B%281837-1985%29%26desc%3DPepper%2BRefuses%2BPlace%2BAs%2BContest%2BChairman%26pqatl%3Dgoogle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+W.+Pepper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ibid.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Autobiography at p. 384</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John K. Hagopian, "Pepper, George Wharton: Philadelphia Lawyer", 33 Cal.L.Rev. 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/pennoyer-perk.html">Political Graveyard</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.upenn.edu/faids/upt/upt50/pepper_gw.html">Finding Aids | University Archives and Records Center</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hiddencityphila.org/2013/04/final-bell-nears-at-brutalist-southwest-philly-middle-school/">Final Bell Nears At Brutalist Southwest Philly Middle School | Hidden City Philadelphia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pepperprize.lafayette.edu/">The George Wharton Pepper Prize · Lafayette College</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_W._Pepper&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukacs1981" class="citation book cs1">Lukacs, John A. (1981). <i>Philadelphia: Patricians & Philistines, 1900-1950</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0374231613" title="Special:BookSources/978-0374231613"><bdi>978-0374231613</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7275297">7275297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philadelphia%3A+Patricians+%26+Philistines%2C+1900-1950&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus%2C+Giroux&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7275297&rft.isbn=978-0374231613&rft.aulast=Lukacs&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+W.+Pepper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPepper1944" class="citation book cs1">Pepper, George Wharton (1944). <i>Philadelphia Lawyer: an Autobiography</i>. Philadelphia; New York: Lippincott. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/456575">456575</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philadelphia+Lawyer%3A+an+Autobiography&rft.place=Philadelphia%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Lippincott&rft.date=1944&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F456575&rft.aulast=Pepper&rft.aufirst=George+Wharton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+W.+Pepper" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_W._Pepper&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:George_Wharton_Pepper" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:George Wharton Pepper">George Wharton Pepper</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressP000219" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=P000219">"George W. Pepper (id: P000219)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=George+W.+Pepper+%28id%3A+P000219%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DP000219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+W.+Pepper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Pepper%2C%20George%20Wharton%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Pepper%2C%20George%20W%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Pepper%2C%20G%2E%20W%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22George%20Wharton%20Pepper%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22George%20W%2E%20Pepper%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22G%2E%20W%2E%20Pepper%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Pepper%2C%20George%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22George%20Pepper%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22George%20Wharton%20Pepper%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22George%20W%2E%20Pepper%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22G%2E%20W%2E%20Pepper%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22G%2E%20Wharton%20Pepper%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pepper%2C%20George%20Wharton%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pepper%2C%20George%20W%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pepper%2C%20G%2E%20W%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pepper%2C%20G%2E%20Wharton%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22George%20Pepper%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pepper%2C%20George%22%20OR%20title%3A%22George%20Wharton%20Pepper%22%20OR%20title%3A%22George%20W%2E%20Pepper%22%20OR%20title%3A%22G%2E%20W%2E%20Pepper%22%20OR%20title%3A%22George%20Pepper%22%20OR%20description%3A%22George%20Wharton%20Pepper%22%20OR%20description%3A%22George%20W%2E%20Pepper%22%20OR%20description%3A%22G%2E%20W%2E%20Pepper%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Pepper%2C%20George%20Wharton%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Pepper%2C%20George%20W%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22George%20Pepper%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Pepper%2C%20George%22%29%20OR%20%28%221867-1961%22%20AND%20Pepper%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about George W. Pepper</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Boies_Penrose" title="Boies Penrose">Boies Penrose</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of United States senators from Pennsylvania"> U.S. senator (Class 3) from Pennsylvania</a> </b><br />1922–1927 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/William_E._Crow" title="William E. Crow">William Crow</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_A._Reed" title="David A. Reed">David Reed</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Scott_Vare" title="William Scott Vare">William Vare</a><sup>1</sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Grundy" title="Joseph R. Grundy">Joe Grundy</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Oldest living U.S. senator </b><br />March 3, 1961 – May 24, 1961 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_F._Green" title="Theodore F. Green">Theodore Green</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Boies_Penrose" title="Boies Penrose">Boies Penrose</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committee</a> from Pennsylvania </b><br />1922–1928 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_Atterbury" title="William Wallace Atterbury">William Wallace Atterbury</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of United States senators from Pennsylvania">U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">Class 3</a>) </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1922_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Pennsylvania" title="1922 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania">1922</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Scott_Vare" title="William Scott Vare">William Vare</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;"><small><b>Notes and references</b></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><small>1. As Senator-elect. <a href="/wiki/James_J._Davis" title="James J. Davis">James Davis</a> was the next person elected and sworn-into seat.</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Maclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Gallatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ross_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="James Ross (Pennsylvania politician)">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Maclay" title="Samuel Maclay">S. Maclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Leib" title="Michael Leib">Leib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Roberts_(politician)" title="Jonathan Roberts (politician)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Findlay_(governor)" title="William Findlay (governor)">Findlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_D._Barnard" title="Isaac D. Barnard">Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_McKean" title="Samuel McKean">McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sturgeon" title="Daniel Sturgeon">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Brodhead" title="Richard Brodhead">Brodhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">S. Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilmot" title="David Wilmot">Wilmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Buckalew" title="Charles R. Buckalew">Buckalew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_(Pennsylvania_politician,_born_1824)" title="John Scott (Pennsylvania politician, born 1824)">J. Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wallace" title="William A. Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I._Mitchell" title="John I. Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_T._Oliver" title="George T. Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Crow" title="William E. Crow">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Reed" title="David A. Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Guffey" title="Joseph F. Guffey">Guffey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Martin_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="Edward Martin (Pennsylvania politician)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">H. Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Heinz" title="John Heinz">Heinz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_Wofford" title="Harris Wofford">Wofford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Casey_Jr." title="Bob Casey Jr.">Casey</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bingham" title="William Bingham">Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Muhlenberg" title="Peter Muhlenberg">Muhlenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Logan_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="George Logan (Pennsylvania politician)">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gregg" title="Andrew Gregg">Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abner_Lacock" title="Abner Lacock">Lacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lowrie_(politician)" title="Walter Lowrie (politician)">Lowrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Marks_(politician)" title="William Marks (politician)">Marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(American_politician)" title="William Wilkins (American politician)">Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">S. Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cooper_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="James Cooper (Pennsylvania politician)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bigler" title="William Bigler">Bigler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Cowan" title="Edgar Cowan">Cowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">S. Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">J. Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boies_Penrose" title="Boies Penrose">Penrose</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scott_Vare" title="William Scott Vare">Vare</a><sup><a href="#Notes">†</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Grundy" title="Joseph R. Grundy">Grundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Davis" title="James J. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_J._Myers" title="Francis J. Myers">Myers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Duff" title="James H. Duff">Duff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._Clark_Jr." title="Joseph S. Clark Jr.">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Schweiker" title="Richard Schweiker">Schweiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlen_Specter" title="Arlen Specter">Specter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Toomey" title="Pat Toomey">Toomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fetterman" title="John Fetterman">Fetterman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><sup>†</sup> Never officially seated</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pennsylvania&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_67th–69th_United_States_Congresses_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USCongRep-start" title="Template talk:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pennsylvania&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_67th–69th_United_States_Congresses_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Pennsylvania" title="United States congressional delegations from Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>'s delegation(s) to the 67th–69th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congresses</a> <span class="nowrap">(ordered by seniority)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/67th_United_States_Congress" title="67th United States Congress">67th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of United States senators from Pennsylvania">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Boies_Penrose" title="Boies Penrose"><i>B. Penrose</i></a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox"><i>P. Knox</i></a> (R)<br /></li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_E._Crow" title="William E. Crow"><i>W. Crow</i></a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>G. Pepper</i></a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/David_A._Reed" title="David A. Reed"><i>D. Reed</i></a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Butler" title="Thomas S. Butler">T. Butler</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Walton_Griest" class="mw-redirect" title="William Walton Griest">W. Griest</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_K._Focht" title="Benjamin K. Focht">B. Focht</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Stephen_G._Porter" title="Stephen G. Porter">S. Porter</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Scott_Vare" title="William Scott Vare">W. Vare</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_W._Edmonds" title="George W. Edmonds">G. Edmonds</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_Scott_Graham" class="mw-redirect" title="George Scott Graham">G. Graham</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Raymond_Kiess" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Raymond Kiess">E. Kiess</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Shenk_Kreider" class="mw-redirect" title="Aaron Shenk Kreider">A. Kreider</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_M._Morin" title="John M. Morin">J. Morin</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Wilson Temple">H. Temple</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Crago" title="Thomas S. Crago">T. Crago</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_P._Darrow" title="George P. Darrow">G. Darrow</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomas_McFadden" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Thomas McFadden">L. McFadden</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Henry_Winfield_Watson" title="Henry Winfield Watson">H. Watson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Melville_Clyde_Kelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Melville Clyde Kelly">M. C. Kelly</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Guy_Edgar_Campbell" class="mw-redirect" title="Guy Edgar Campbell">G. Campbell</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Rose" class="mw-redirect" title="John Marshall Rose">J. Rose</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Leroy_Strong" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathan Leroy Strong">N. Strong</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#CC6666;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Milton_William_Shreve" class="mw-redirect" title="Milton William Shreve">M. Shreve</a> (IR)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Anderson_Howell_Walters" class="mw-redirect" title="Anderson Howell Walters">A. Walters</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schroeder_Brooks" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Schroeder Brooks">E. Brooks</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_J._Burke" title="William J. Burke">W. Burke</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Evan_John_Jones_(politician)" title="Evan John Jones (politician)">E. Jones</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Austin_Kendall" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Austin Kendall">S. Kendall</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Reber" title="John Reber">J. Reber</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Harry_C._Ransley" title="Harry C. Ransley">H. Ransley</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McLaughlin_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="Joseph McLaughlin (Pennsylvania politician)">J. McLaughlin</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Harris_Jacob_Bixler" class="mw-redirect" title="Harris Jacob Bixler">H. Bixler</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_Robert_Connell" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Robert Connell">C. Connell</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_J._Connolly" title="James J. Connolly">J. Connolly</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Dennis_Coughlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence Dennis Coughlin">C. Coughlin</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Fred_Benjamin_Gernerd" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Benjamin Gernerd">F. Gernerd</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Huntington_Kirkpatrick" class="mw-redirect" title="William Huntington Kirkpatrick">W. Kirkpatrick</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Clinton_Kline" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac Clinton Kline">I. Kline</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Adam_Martin_Wyant" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Martin Wyant">A. Wyant</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/68th_United_States_Congress" title="68th United States Congress">68th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of United States senators from Pennsylvania">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. Pepper</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/David_A._Reed" title="David A. Reed">D. Reed</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Butler" title="Thomas S. Butler">T. Butler</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Walton_Griest" class="mw-redirect" title="William Walton Griest">W. Griest</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Stephen_G._Porter" title="Stephen G. Porter">S. Porter</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Scott_Vare" title="William Scott Vare">W. Vare</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_W._Edmonds" title="George W. Edmonds">G. Edmonds</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_Scott_Graham" class="mw-redirect" title="George Scott Graham">G. Graham</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Raymond_Kiess" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Raymond Kiess">E. Kiess</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_M._Morin" title="John M. Morin">J. Morin</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Wilson Temple">H. Temple</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_P._Darrow" title="George P. Darrow">G. Darrow</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomas_McFadden" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Thomas McFadden">L. McFadden</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Henry_Winfield_Watson" title="Henry Winfield Watson">H. Watson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Melville_Clyde_Kelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Melville Clyde Kelly">M. C. Kelly</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Guy_Edgar_Campbell" class="mw-redirect" title="Guy Edgar Campbell">G. Campbell</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Leroy_Strong" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathan Leroy Strong">N. Strong</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_J._Casey" title="John J. Casey">J. Casey</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Milton_William_Shreve" class="mw-redirect" title="Milton William Shreve">M. Shreve</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Austin_Kendall" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Austin Kendall">S. Kendall</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Harry_C._Ransley" title="Harry C. Ransley">H. Ransley</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Harris_Jacob_Bixler" class="mw-redirect" title="Harris Jacob Bixler">H. Bixler</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_J._Connolly" title="James J. Connolly">J. Connolly</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Adam_Martin_Wyant" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Martin Wyant">A. Wyant</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Beers" title="Edward M. Beers">E. Beers</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_F._Brumm" title="George F. Brumm">G. Brumm</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Martin_Croll" class="mw-redirect" title="William Martin Croll">W. Croll</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Wesley_Cummings" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Wesley Cummings">H. Cummings</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Feiser_Glatfelter" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Feiser Glatfelter">S. Glatfelter</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Everett_Kent" title="Everett Kent">E. Kent</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Banks_Kurtz" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Banks Kurtz">J. Kurtz</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_McDevitt_Magee" class="mw-redirect" title="James McDevitt Magee">J. Magee</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wharton_Phillips_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Wharton Phillips Jr.">T. Phillips Jr.</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Frank_Crawford_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Crawford Sites">F. Sites</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Irvin_Swoope" class="mw-redirect" title="William Irvin Swoope">W. Swoope</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Hawley_Watres" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurence Hawley Watres">L. Watres</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_Austin_Welsh" title="George Austin Welsh">G. Welsh</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_M._Wertz" title="George M. Wertz">G. Wertz</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/69th_United_States_Congress" title="69th United States Congress">69th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of United States senators from Pennsylvania">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. Pepper</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/David_A._Reed" title="David A. Reed">D. Reed</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Butler" title="Thomas S. Butler">T. Butler</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Walton_Griest" class="mw-redirect" title="William Walton Griest">W. Griest</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Stephen_G._Porter" title="Stephen G. Porter">S. Porter</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Scott_Vare" title="William Scott Vare">W. Vare</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_Scott_Graham" class="mw-redirect" title="George Scott Graham">G. Graham</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Raymond_Kiess" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Raymond Kiess">E. Kiess</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_M._Morin" title="John M. Morin">J. Morin</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Wilson Temple">H. Temple</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_P._Darrow" title="George P. Darrow">G. Darrow</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomas_McFadden" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Thomas McFadden">L. McFadden</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Henry_Winfield_Watson" title="Henry Winfield Watson">H. 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Ransley</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Anderson_Howell_Walters" class="mw-redirect" title="Anderson Howell Walters">A. Walters</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Harris_Jacob_Bixler" class="mw-redirect" title="Harris Jacob Bixler">H. Bixler</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_J._Connolly" title="James J. Connolly">J. Connolly</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Adam_Martin_Wyant" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Martin Wyant">A. Wyant</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Beers" title="Edward M. Beers">E. Beers</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_F._Brumm" title="George F. Brumm">G. Brumm</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Banks_Kurtz" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Banks Kurtz">J. Kurtz</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_McDevitt_Magee" class="mw-redirect" title="James McDevitt Magee">J. Magee</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wharton_Phillips_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Wharton Phillips Jr.">T. Phillips Jr.</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Irvin_Swoope" class="mw-redirect" title="William Irvin Swoope">W. Swoope</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Hawley_Watres" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurence Hawley Watres">L. Watres</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_Austin_Welsh" title="George Austin Welsh">G. Welsh</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Nelson_Carpenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Nelson Carpenter">E. Carpenter</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_R._Coyle" title="William R. Coyle">W. Coyle</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Esterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Joseph Esterly">C. Esterly</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_M._Golder" title="Benjamin M. Golder">B. Golder</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Magrady" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick William Magrady">F. Magrady</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Menges" title="Franklin Menges">F. Menges</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Joshua_William_Swartz" class="mw-redirect" title="Joshua William Swartz">J. Swartz</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5545724#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5545724#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5545724#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120597316">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/171574058">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/164176/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqVPV7yCWDw8y9tjgKPQq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/157738809">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85158333">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p217380379">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007388901905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/104961">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=P000219">US Congress</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6gq6wgq">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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