CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Yat - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e3538d1f-21ec-4970-9164-1abe9cec9486","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Yat","wgTitle":"Yat","wgCurRevisionId":1258793513,"wgRevisionId":1258793513,"wgArticleId":511090,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Bulgarian-language sources (bg)","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 uses Bulgarian-language script (bg)","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Pages with plain IPA","Articles containing Bulgarian-language text","Articles containing Russian-language text","Articles containing Ukrainian-language text","Articles containing Belarusian-language text","Articles containing Macedonian-language text", "Articles containing Serbian-language text","Articles containing Serbo-Croatian-language text","Articles containing Slovene-language text","Articles containing Polish-language text","Articles containing Czech-language text","Articles containing Slovak-language text","Articles containing Greek-language text","Articles containing uncoded-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008","Articles containing Romanian-language text","Articles containing Chakavian-language text","CS1: long volume value","Cyrillic letters","History of the Bulgarian language"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Yat","wgRelevantArticleId":511090,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[], "wgRedirectedFrom":"Yat_with_acute","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Yat","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q331368","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true, "wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cyrillic_letter_Yat.svg/1200px-Cyrillic_letter_Yat.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="708"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cyrillic_letter_Yat.svg/800px-Cyrillic_letter_Yat.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="472"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cyrillic_letter_Yat.svg/640px-Cyrillic_letter_Yat.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="378"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Yat - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yat"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Yat&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yat"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Yat rootpage-Yat skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Yat" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Yat" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Yat" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Yat" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Usage </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Usage subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standard_reflexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_reflexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Standard reflexes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_reflexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_reflexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_reflexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Other reflexes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_reflexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confusion_with_other_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confusion_with_other_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Confusion with other letters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confusion_with_other_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Bulgarian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Russian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukrainian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukrainian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Ukrainian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukrainian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rusyn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rusyn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Rusyn </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rusyn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Romanian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbo-Croatian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbo-Croatian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Serbo-Croatian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbo-Croatian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computing_codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computing_codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Computing codes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computing_codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Yat</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" > 40 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jat_(Cyrillies)" title="Jat (Cyrillies) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jat (Cyrillies)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A2" title="Ѣ – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ѣ" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A2" title="Ѣ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ѣ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A2" title="Ѣ – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ѣ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82" title="Ят – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ят" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A2" title="Ѣ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ѣ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A2" title="Ѣ – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ѣ" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A2" title="Ѣ – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ѣ" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A2" title="Ѣ – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ѣ" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A2" title="Ѣ – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ѣ" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A2" title="Ѣ – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ѣ" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jato" title="Jato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yat" title="Yat – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Yat" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A2" title="Ѣ – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ѣ" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A2_%D2%AF%D0%B7%D0%B3" title="Ѣ үзг – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Ѣ үзг" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A2" title="Ѣ – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="Ѣ" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jat" title="Jat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yat" title="Yat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jat_(cirillico)" title="Jat (cirillico) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jat (cirillico)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A2" title="Ѣ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Ѣ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A2" title="Ѣ – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ѣ" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A2" title="Ѣ – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ѣ" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A2" title="Ѣ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ѣ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A2" title="Ѣ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Ѣ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A2" title="Ѣ – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ѣ" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A2" title="Ѣ – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Ѣ" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A2" title="Ѣ – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ѣ" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A2" title="Ѣ – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ѣ" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A2" title="Ѣ – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ѣ" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Ять – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ять" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yat" title="Yat – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yat" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A2" title="Ѣ – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ѣ" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A2" title="Ѣ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Ѣ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A2_(%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%9B%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5)" title="Ѣ (слово ћирилице) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ѣ (слово ћирилице)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jat_(slovo)" title="Jat (slovo) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jat (slovo)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A2" title="Ѣ – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ѣ" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A2" title="Ѣ – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ѣ" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A2" title="Ѣ – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ѣ" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Ять – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ять" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A2" title="Ѣ – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Ѣ" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q331368#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yat" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Yat" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yat">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yat&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yat&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yat">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yat&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yat&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Yat" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Yat" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yat&oldid=1258793513" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yat&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Yat&id=1258793513&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FYat">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FYat">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Yat&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yat&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yat" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wiktionary mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%A2" hreflang="en">Wiktionary</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q331368" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yat_with_acute&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Yat with acute">Yat with acute</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Yat_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Yat (disambiguation)">Yat (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Semisoft_sign" title="Semisoft sign">Semisoft sign</a> or latin letter <a href="/wiki/B_with_stroke" class="mw-redirect" title="B with stroke">Ƀ</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cyrillic letter</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 14em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; background:lavender;">Cyrillic letter Yat</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyrillic_letter_Yat.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cyrillic_letter_Yat.svg/120px-Cyrillic_letter_Yat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cyrillic_letter_Yat.svg/180px-Cyrillic_letter_Yat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cyrillic_letter_Yat.svg/240px-Cyrillic_letter_Yat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3735" data-file-height="2205" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cyrillic_letter_Iotated_Yat.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cyrillic_letter_Iotated_Yat.svg/100px-Cyrillic_letter_Iotated_Yat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cyrillic_letter_Iotated_Yat.svg/150px-Cyrillic_letter_Iotated_Yat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cyrillic_letter_Iotated_Yat.svg/200px-Cyrillic_letter_Iotated_Yat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3735" data-file-height="2205" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Phonetic usage:</th><td class="infobox-data">[æ], [ɛ], [e], [i], [ja]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#efefef;">The <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#efefef;"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> letters</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/A_(Cyrillic)" title="A (Cyrillic)">А</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/A_with_acute_(Cyrillic)" class="mw-redirect" title="A with acute (Cyrillic)">А́</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/A_with_grave_(Cyrillic)" title="A with grave (Cyrillic)">А̀</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/A_with_circumflex_(Cyrillic)" title="A with circumflex (Cyrillic)">А̂</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/A_with_macron_(Cyrillic)" title="A with macron (Cyrillic)">А̄</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/A_with_diaeresis_(Cyrillic)" title="A with diaeresis (Cyrillic)">Ӓ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Be_(Cyrillic)" title="Be (Cyrillic)">Б</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ve_(Cyrillic)" title="Ve (Cyrillic)">В</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Ge_(Cyrillic)" title="Ge (Cyrillic)">Г</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ghe_with_upturn" title="Ghe with upturn">Ґ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/De_(Cyrillic)" title="De (Cyrillic)">Д</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Dje" title="Dje">Ђ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Gje" title="Gje">Ѓ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ye_(Cyrillic)" title="Ye (Cyrillic)">Е</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ye_with_acute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ye with acute">Е́</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ye_with_grave" title="Ye with grave">Ѐ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Ye_with_circumflex" title="Ye with circumflex">Е̂</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ye_with_macron" title="Ye with macron">Е̄</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yo_(Cyrillic)" title="Yo (Cyrillic)">Ё</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Ye" title="Ukrainian Ye">Є</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Zhe_(Cyrillic)" title="Zhe (Cyrillic)">Ж</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ze_(Cyrillic)" title="Ze (Cyrillic)">З</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Zje" title="Zje">З́</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Dze" title="Dze">Ѕ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/I_(Cyrillic)" title="I (Cyrillic)">И</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Dotted_I_(Cyrillic)" title="Dotted I (Cyrillic)">І</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yi_(Cyrillic)" title="Yi (Cyrillic)">Ї</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Iota_(Cyrillic)" title="Iota (Cyrillic)">Ꙇ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/I_with_acute_(Cyrillic)" class="mw-redirect" title="I with acute (Cyrillic)">И́</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/I_with_grave_(Cyrillic)" title="I with grave (Cyrillic)">Ѝ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/I_with_circumflex_(Cyrillic)" title="I with circumflex (Cyrillic)">И̂</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/I_with_macron_(Cyrillic)" title="I with macron (Cyrillic)">Ӣ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Short_I_(Cyrillic)" title="Short I (Cyrillic)">Й</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/I_with_diaeresis_(Cyrillic)" title="I with diaeresis (Cyrillic)">Ӥ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Je_(Cyrillic)" title="Je (Cyrillic)">Ј</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ka_(Cyrillic)" title="Ka (Cyrillic)">К</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/El_(Cyrillic)" title="El (Cyrillic)">Л</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Lje" title="Lje">Љ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Em_(Cyrillic)" title="Em (Cyrillic)">М</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/En_(Cyrillic)" title="En (Cyrillic)">Н</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Nje" title="Nje">Њ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/O_(Cyrillic)" title="O (Cyrillic)">О</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/O_with_acute_(Cyrillic)" class="mw-redirect" title="O with acute (Cyrillic)">О́</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/O_with_grave_(Cyrillic)" title="O with grave (Cyrillic)">О̀</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/O_with_circumflex_(Cyrillic)" title="O with circumflex (Cyrillic)">О̂</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/O_with_macron_(Cyrillic)" title="O with macron (Cyrillic)">Ō</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/O_with_diaeresis_(Cyrillic)" title="O with diaeresis (Cyrillic)">Ӧ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Cyrillic)" title="Pe (Cyrillic)">П</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Er_(Cyrillic)" title="Er (Cyrillic)">Р</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Es_(Cyrillic)" title="Es (Cyrillic)">С</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Sje" title="Sje">С́</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Te_(Cyrillic)" title="Te (Cyrillic)">Т</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Tshe" title="Tshe">Ћ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Kje" title="Kje">Ќ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/U_(Cyrillic)" title="U (Cyrillic)">У</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/U_with_acute_(Cyrillic)" class="mw-redirect" title="U with acute (Cyrillic)">У́</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/U_with_grave_(Cyrillic)" title="U with grave (Cyrillic)">У̀</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/U_with_circumflex_(Cyrillic)" title="U with circumflex (Cyrillic)">У̂</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/U_with_macron_(Cyrillic)" title="U with macron (Cyrillic)">Ӯ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Short_U_(Cyrillic)" title="Short U (Cyrillic)">Ў</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/U_with_diaeresis_(Cyrillic)" title="U with diaeresis (Cyrillic)">Ӱ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ef_(Cyrillic)" title="Ef (Cyrillic)">Ф</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Kha_(Cyrillic)" title="Kha (Cyrillic)">Х</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Tse_(Cyrillic)" title="Tse (Cyrillic)">Ц</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Che_(Cyrillic)" title="Che (Cyrillic)">Ч</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Dzhe" title="Dzhe">Џ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Sha_(Cyrillic)" title="Sha (Cyrillic)">Ш</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Shcha" title="Shcha">Щ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Yer" title="Neutral Yer">Ꙏ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Hard_sign" title="Hard sign">Ъ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Hard_sign_with_grave" title="Hard sign with grave">Ъ̀</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yery" title="Yery">Ы</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Yery_with_acute" class="mw-redirect" title="Yery with acute">Ы́</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Soft_sign" title="Soft sign">Ь</a></td><td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ѣ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/E_(Cyrillic)" title="E (Cyrillic)">Э</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/E_with_acute_(Cyrillic)" class="mw-redirect" title="E with acute (Cyrillic)">Э́</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yu_(Cyrillic)" title="Yu (Cyrillic)">Ю</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yu_with_acute" class="mw-redirect" title="Yu with acute">Ю́</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yu_with_grave" title="Yu with grave">Ю̀</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Ya_(Cyrillic)" title="Ya (Cyrillic)">Я</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ya_with_acute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ya with acute">Я́</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ya_with_grave" title="Ya with grave">Я̀</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#efefef;">Non-Slavic letters</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/A_with_breve_(Cyrillic)" title="A with breve (Cyrillic)">Ӑ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/A_with_ring_above_(Cyrillic)" title="A with ring above (Cyrillic)">А̊</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/A_with_tilde_(Cyrillic)" title="A with tilde (Cyrillic)">А̃</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/A_with_diaeresis_and_macron_(Cyrillic)" title="A with diaeresis and macron (Cyrillic)">Ӓ̄</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/%D3%94_(Cyrillic)" title="Ӕ (Cyrillic)">Ӕ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Schwa_(Cyrillic)" title="Schwa (Cyrillic)">Ә</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Schwa_with_acute" title="Schwa with acute">Ә́</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Schwa_with_tilde" title="Schwa with tilde">Ә̃</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Schwa_with_diaeresis" title="Schwa with diaeresis">Ӛ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ve_with_caron" title="Ve with caron">В̌</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/We_(Cyrillic)" title="We (Cyrillic)">Ԝ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ge_with_inverted_breve" title="Ge with inverted breve">Г̑</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge_with_dot_above&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ge with dot above (page does not exist)">Г̇</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ge_with_dot_below" title="Ge with dot below">Г̣</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ge_with_caron" title="Ge with caron">Г̌</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge_with_circumflex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ge with circumflex (page does not exist)">Г̂</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Ge_with_breve" title="Ge with breve">Г̆</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ge_with_diaeresis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge with diaeresis">Г̈</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge_with_ring_above&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ge with ring above (page does not exist)">г̊</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ge_with_middle_hook" title="Ge with middle hook">Ҕ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ge_with_stroke" title="Ge with stroke">Ғ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ge_with_stroke_and_descender" title="Ge with stroke and descender"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Ghe_with_stroke_and_descender.svg/6px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Ghe_with_stroke_and_descender.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Ghe_with_stroke_and_descender.svg/9px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Ghe_with_stroke_and_descender.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Ghe_with_stroke_and_descender.svg/12px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Ghe_with_stroke_and_descender.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="466" /></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ge_with_stroke_and_hook" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge with stroke and hook">Ӻ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ge_with_stroke_and_caron" title="Ge with stroke and caron">Ғ̌</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge_with_stroke_and_ring_above&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ge with stroke and ring above (page does not exist)">ғ̊</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ge_with_descender" title="Ge with descender">Ӷ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ge_with_hook" title="Ge with hook">Г̡</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_with_acute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De with acute (page does not exist)">Д́</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/De_with_caron" title="De with caron">Д̌</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_with_diaeresis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De with diaeresis (page does not exist)">Д̈</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_with_dot_below&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De with dot below (page does not exist)">Д̣</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/De_with_breve" title="De with breve">Д̆</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Ye_with_breve" title="Ye with breve">Ӗ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ye_with_tilde" title="Ye with tilde">Е̃</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yo_with_macron" title="Yo with macron">Ё̄</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Ye_with_diaeresis" title="Ukrainian Ye with diaeresis">Є̈</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Reversed_Ze" title="Reversed Ze">Ԑ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Reversed_Ze_with_diaeresis" title="Reversed Ze with diaeresis">Ԑ̈</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Zhje" title="Zhje">Җ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Zhe_with_diaeresis" title="Zhe with diaeresis">Ӝ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Zhe_with_breve" title="Zhe with breve">Ӂ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhe_with_dot_below&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhe with dot below (page does not exist)">Ж̣</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Dhe_(Cyrillic)" title="Dhe (Cyrillic)">Ҙ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ze_with_diaeresis" title="Ze with diaeresis">Ӟ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ze_with_caron" title="Ze with caron">З̌</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ze_with_dot_below&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ze with dot below (page does not exist)">З̣</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ze_with_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ze with breve (page does not exist)">З̆</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Dze" title="Abkhazian Dze">Ӡ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/I_with_tilde_(Cyrillic)" title="I with tilde (Cyrillic)">И̃</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Short_I_with_tail" title="Short I with tail">Ҋ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ka_with_descender" title="Ka with descender">Қ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ka_with_hook" title="Ka with hook">Ӄ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_Qa" title="Bashkir Qa">Ҡ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ka_with_stroke" title="Ka with stroke">Ҟ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ka_with_vertical_stroke" title="Ka with vertical stroke">Ҝ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka_with_dot_below&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ka with dot below (page does not exist)">К̣</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka_with_ring_above&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ka with ring above (page does not exist)">к̊</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qaf_with_ring_above&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qaf with ring above (page does not exist)">қ̊</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Qa_(Cyrillic)" title="Qa (Cyrillic)">Ԛ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴫ">ᴫ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_with_acute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El with acute (page does not exist)">Л́</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/El_with_tail" title="El with tail">Ӆ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/El_with_descender" title="El with descender">Ԯ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/El_with_hook" title="El with hook">Ԓ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_with_diaeresis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El with diaeresis (page does not exist)">Л̈</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Em_with_tail" title="Em with tail">Ӎ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Superscript_En" title="Superscript En">ᵸ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=En_with_acute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="En with acute (page does not exist)">Н́</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/En_with_tail" title="En with tail">Ӊ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/En_with_descender" title="En with descender">Ң</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/En_with_left_hook" title="En with left hook">Ԩ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/En_with_hook" title="En with hook">Ӈ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/En-ge" title="En-ge">Ҥ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/O_with_breve_(Cyrillic)" title="O with breve (Cyrillic)">О̆</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/O_with_tilde_(Cyrillic)" title="O with tilde (Cyrillic)">О̃</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=O_with_diaeresis_and_macron_(Cyrillic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O with diaeresis and macron (Cyrillic) (page does not exist)">Ӧ̄</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Oe_(Cyrillic)" title="Oe (Cyrillic)">Ө</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Oe_with_macron" title="Oe with macron">Ө̄</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oe_with_acute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oe with acute (page does not exist)">Ө́</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Oe_with_breve" title="Oe with breve">Ө̆</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Oe_with_diaeresis" title="Oe with diaeresis">Ӫ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Pe_with_descender" title="Pe with descender">Ԥ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe_with_diaeresis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pe with diaeresis (page does not exist)">П̈</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Er_with_caron" title="Er with caron">Р̌</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Er_with_tick" title="Er with tick">Ҏ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Es_with_caron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Es with caron (page does not exist)">С̌</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/The_(Cyrillic)" title="The (Cyrillic)">Ҫ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Es_with_dot_below_(Cyrillic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Es with dot below (Cyrillic) (page does not exist)">С̣</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Es_with_macron_below&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Es with macron below (page does not exist)">С̱</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Te_with_acute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Te with acute (page does not exist)">Т́</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Te_with_diaeresis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Te with diaeresis (page does not exist)">Т̈</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Te_with_caron" title="Te with caron">Т̌</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Te_with_dot_above&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Te with dot above (page does not exist)">Т̇</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Te_with_dot_below&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Te with dot below (page does not exist)">Т̣</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Te_with_descender" title="Te with descender">Ҭ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Tje" title="Tje">Ᲊ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/U_with_tilde_(Cyrillic)" title="U with tilde (Cyrillic)">У̃</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/U_with_double_acute_(Cyrillic)" title="U with double acute (Cyrillic)">Ӳ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/U_with_ring_above_(Cyrillic)" title="U with ring above (Cyrillic)">У̊</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=U_with_diaeresis_and_macron_(Cyrillic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U with diaeresis and macron (Cyrillic) (page does not exist)">Ӱ̄</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Short_U" title="Kazakh Short U">Ұ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ue_(Cyrillic)" title="Ue (Cyrillic)">Ү</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ue_with_acute_(Cyrillic)" title="Ue with acute (Cyrillic)">Ү́</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kha_with_dot_below&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kha with dot below (page does not exist)">Х̣</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kha_with_macron_below&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kha with macron below (page does not exist)">Х̱</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kha_with_inverted_breve_below&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kha with inverted breve below (page does not exist)">Х̮</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Kha_with_inverted_breve" title="Kha with inverted breve">Х̑</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Kha_with_caron" class="mw-redirect" title="Kha with caron">Х̌</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Kha_with_descender" title="Kha with descender">Ҳ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Kha_with_hook" title="Kha with hook">Ӽ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kha_with_ring_above&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kha with ring above (page does not exist)">х̊</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Kha_with_stroke" title="Kha with stroke">Ӿ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kha_with_stroke_and_ring_above&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kha with stroke and ring above (page does not exist)">ӿ̊</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Shha" title="Shha">Һ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shha_with_diaeresis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shha with diaeresis (page does not exist)">Һ̈</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Shha_with_descender" title="Shha with descender">Ԧ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tse_with_caron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tse with caron (page does not exist)">Ц̌</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tse_with_diaeresis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tse with diaeresis (page does not exist)">Ц̈</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Te_Tse_(Cyrillic)" title="Te Tse (Cyrillic)">Ҵ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Che_with_descender" title="Che with descender">Ҷ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Che_with_descender_and_dot_below" title="Che with descender and dot below">Ҷ̣</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Che_with_diaeresis" title="Che with diaeresis">Ӵ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Khakassian_Che" title="Khakassian Che">Ӌ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Che_with_hook" title="Che with hook"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Che_with_hook.svg/8px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Che_with_hook.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Che_with_hook.svg/12px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Che_with_hook.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Che_with_hook.svg/16px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Che_with_hook.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="187" data-file-height="258" /></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Che_with_vertical_stroke" title="Che with vertical stroke">Ҹ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Che_with_dot_above&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Che with dot above (page does not exist)">Ч̇</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Che_with_dot_below" title="Che with dot below">Ч̣</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Che" title="Abkhazian Che">Ҽ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Che_with_descender" title="Abkhazian Che with descender">Ҿ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sha_with_dot_below&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sha with dot below (page does not exist)">Ш̣</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Unicode_superscripts_and_subscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode superscripts and subscripts">ꚜ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yery_with_breve" title="Yery with breve">Ы̆</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yery_with_macron" title="Yery with macron">Ы̄</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yery_with_diaeresis" title="Yery with diaeresis">Ӹ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Unicode_superscripts_and_subscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode superscripts and subscripts">ꚝ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Semisoft_sign" title="Semisoft sign">Ҍ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/O-hook" title="O-hook">Ҩ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/E_with_breve_(Cyrillic)" title="E with breve (Cyrillic)">Э̆</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/E_with_macron_(Cyrillic)" title="E with macron (Cyrillic)">Э̄</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/E_with_dot_above_(Cyrillic)" title="E with dot above (Cyrillic)">Э̇</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/E_with_diaeresis_(Cyrillic)" title="E with diaeresis (Cyrillic)">Ӭ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=E_with_diaeresis_and_acute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E with diaeresis and acute (page does not exist)">Ӭ́</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/E_with_diaeresis_and_macron" class="mw-redirect" title="E with diaeresis and macron">Ӭ̄</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yu_with_breve" title="Yu with breve">Ю̆</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Yu_with_diaeresis" title="Yu with diaeresis">Ю̈</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yu_with_macron" title="Yu with macron">Ю̄</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ya_with_breve" title="Ya with breve">Я̆</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ya_with_macron" title="Ya with macron">Я̄</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ya_with_diaeresis" title="Ya with diaeresis">Я̈</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Palochka" title="Palochka">Ӏ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Modifier_letter_apostrophe" title="Modifier letter apostrophe">ʼ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Modifier_letter_double_apostrophe" title="Modifier letter double apostrophe">ˮ</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#efefef;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Archaic</a> or unused letters</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Script_A" title="Script A"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cyrillic_capital_letter_script_A.svg/8px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_script_A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cyrillic_capital_letter_script_A.svg/12px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_script_A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cyrillic_capital_letter_script_A.svg/16px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_script_A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="174" data-file-height="203" /></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/A_with_ogonek_(Cyrillic)" title="A with ogonek (Cyrillic)">А̨</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Be_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Be with grave (page does not exist)">Б̀</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Be_with_dot_below" title="Be with dot below">Б̣</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Be_with_macron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Be with macron (page does not exist)">Б̱</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ve_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ve with grave (page does not exist)">В̀</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ge with grave (page does not exist)">Г̀</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ge_with_cedilla" title="Ge with cedilla">Г̧</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Ge_with_macron" title="Ge with macron">Г̄</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge_with_comma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ge with comma (page does not exist)">Г̓</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge_with_middle_hook_and_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ge with middle hook and grave (page does not exist)">Ҕ̀</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge_with_middle_hook_and_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ge with middle hook and breve (page does not exist)">Ҕ̆</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ge_split_by_middle_ring" title="Ge split by middle ring"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cyrillic_capital_letter_split_by_middle_ring_Ghe.svg/8px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_split_by_middle_ring_Ghe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cyrillic_capital_letter_split_by_middle_ring_Ghe.svg/12px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_split_by_middle_ring_Ghe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cyrillic_capital_letter_split_by_middle_ring_Ghe.svg/16px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_split_by_middle_ring_Ghe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="155" data-file-height="194" /></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Komi_De" title="Komi De">Ԁ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_with_comma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De with comma (page does not exist)">Д̓</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De with grave (page does not exist)">Д̀</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/De_with_ogonek" class="mw-redirect" title="De with ogonek">Д̨</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Dje" title="Dje"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cyrillic_capital_letter_archaic_Dje.svg/12px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_archaic_Dje.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cyrillic_capital_letter_archaic_Dje.svg/18px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_archaic_Dje.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cyrillic_capital_letter_archaic_Dje.svg/24px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_archaic_Dje.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="232" /></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Komi_Dje" title="Komi Dje">Ԃ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Dwe_(Cyrillic)" title="Dwe (Cyrillic)">Ꚁ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Soft_De" title="Soft De">Ꙣ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ye_with_dot_above&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ye with dot above (page does not exist)">Е̇</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ye_with_ogonek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ye with ogonek (page does not exist)">Е̨</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhe_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhe with grave (page does not exist)">Ж̀</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhe_with_inverted_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhe with inverted breve (page does not exist)">Ж̑</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Zhe_with_stroke" title="Zhe with stroke"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cyrillic_small_letter_Zhe_with_long_middle_leg_and_stroke_through_descender.svg/13px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Zhe_with_long_middle_leg_and_stroke_through_descender.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cyrillic_small_letter_Zhe_with_long_middle_leg_and_stroke_through_descender.svg/20px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Zhe_with_long_middle_leg_and_stroke_through_descender.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cyrillic_small_letter_Zhe_with_long_middle_leg_and_stroke_through_descender.svg/26px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Zhe_with_long_middle_leg_and_stroke_through_descender.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="221" data-file-height="196" /></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Je_with_belt" title="Je with belt"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Ie.svg/6px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Ie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Ie.svg/9px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Ie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Ie.svg/12px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Ie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="254" /></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Dze" title="Dze">Ꙃ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Dze" title="Dze">Ꙅ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Dje_with_high_right_breve_serif" title="Dje with high right breve serif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Cyrillic_small_letter_Dje_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg/8px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Dje_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Cyrillic_small_letter_Dje_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg/12px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Dje_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Cyrillic_small_letter_Dje_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg/16px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Dje_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="119" data-file-height="258" /></a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzhe_with_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dzhe with breve (page does not exist)">Џ̆</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Zhwe" title="Zhwe">Ꚅ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhwe_with_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhwe with breve (page does not exist)">Ꚅ̆</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ze_(Cyrillic)" title="Ze (Cyrillic)">Ꙁ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ze_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ze with grave (page does not exist)">З̀</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ze_with_inverted_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ze with inverted breve (page does not exist)">З̑</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Komi_Zje" title="Komi Zje">Ԅ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Komi_Dzje" title="Komi Dzje">Ԇ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Dzze" title="Dzze">Ꚉ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Dzzhe" title="Dzzhe">Ԫ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Dzwe" title="Dzwe">Ꚃ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Hwe_(Cyrillic)" title="Hwe (Cyrillic)">Ꚕ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Shha_with_Cil_top" title="Shha with Cil top"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_Cil_top.svg/8px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_Cil_top.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_Cil_top.svg/12px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_Cil_top.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_Cil_top.svg/16px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_Cil_top.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="187" data-file-height="201" /></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Shha_with_high_right_breve_serif" title="Shha with high right breve serif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg/8px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg/12px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg/16px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="187" data-file-height="194" /></a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dotted_I_with_circumflex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dotted I with circumflex (page does not exist)">І̂</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dotted_I_with_dot_below&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dotted I with dot below (page does not exist)">І̣</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dotted_I_with_ogonek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dotted I with ogonek (page does not exist)">І̨</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Dotted_I_with_curve_at_bottom" title="Dotted I with curve at bottom"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Dha.svg/6px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Dha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Dha.svg/9px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Dha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Dha.svg/12px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Dha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="315" /></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Je_with_stroke_(Cyrillic)" title="Je with stroke (Cyrillic)">Ј̵</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Je_with_tilde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Je with tilde (page does not exist)">Ј̃</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Djerv" title="Djerv">Ꙉ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka_with_comma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ka with comma (page does not exist)">К̓</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ka_with_grave" title="Ka with grave">К̀</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka_with_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ka with breve (page does not exist)">К̆</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka_with_hook_and_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ka with hook and breve (page does not exist)">Ӄ̆</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka_with_inverted_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ka with inverted breve (page does not exist)">К̑</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka_with_dot_above&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ka with dot above (page does not exist)">К̇</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka_with_diaeresis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ka with diaeresis (page does not exist)">К̈</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ka_with_macron" title="Ka with macron">К̄</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Aleut_Ka" title="Aleut Ka">Ԟ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ka_with_circumflex" title="Ka with circumflex">К̂</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ka_with_loop" title="Ka with loop"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Ka_with_loop.svg/12px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Ka_with_loop.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Ka_with_loop.svg/18px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Ka_with_loop.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Ka_with_loop.svg/24px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Ka_with_loop.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="201" /></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ka_with_ascender" title="Ka with ascender"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cyrillic_small_letter_ka_with_ascender.svg/8px-Cyrillic_small_letter_ka_with_ascender.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cyrillic_small_letter_ka_with_ascender.svg/12px-Cyrillic_small_letter_ka_with_ascender.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cyrillic_small_letter_ka_with_ascender.svg/16px-Cyrillic_small_letter_ka_with_ascender.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="376" /></a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El with grave (page does not exist)">Л̀</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/El_with_middle_hook" title="El with middle hook">Ԡ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Soft_El" title="Soft El">Ꙥ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Komi_Lje" title="Komi Lje">Ԉ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_with_inverted_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El with inverted breve (page does not exist)">Л̑</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_with_dot_above&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El with dot above (page does not exist)">Л̇</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Lha_(Cyrillic)" title="Lha (Cyrillic)">Ԕ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/El_with_retroflex_hook" title="El with retroflex hook"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cyrillic_small_letter_El_with_retroflex_hook.svg/12px-Cyrillic_small_letter_El_with_retroflex_hook.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cyrillic_small_letter_El_with_retroflex_hook.svg/18px-Cyrillic_small_letter_El_with_retroflex_hook.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cyrillic_small_letter_El_with_retroflex_hook.svg/24px-Cyrillic_small_letter_El_with_retroflex_hook.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="196" /></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/El_Er" title="El Er"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Cyrillic_small_letter_El_Er.svg/12px-Cyrillic_small_letter_El_Er.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Cyrillic_small_letter_El_Er.svg/18px-Cyrillic_small_letter_El_Er.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Cyrillic_small_letter_El_Er.svg/24px-Cyrillic_small_letter_El_Er.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="195" /></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Te_El_with_retroflex_hook" title="Te El with retroflex hook"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El_with_retroflex_hook.svg/12px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El_with_retroflex_hook.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El_with_retroflex_hook.svg/18px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El_with_retroflex_hook.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El_with_retroflex_hook.svg/24px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El_with_retroflex_hook.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="196" /></a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Em_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Em with grave (page does not exist)">М̀</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Em_with_tilde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Em with tilde (page does not exist)">М̃</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Soft_Em" title="Soft Em">Ꙧ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=En_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="En with grave (page does not exist)">Н̀</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/En_with_macron" title="En with macron">Н̄</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=En_with_cedilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="En with cedilla (page does not exist)">Н̧</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=En_with_tilde_(Cyrillic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="En with tilde (Cyrillic) (page does not exist)">Н̃</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Komi_Nje" title="Komi Nje">Ԋ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/En_with_middle_hook" title="En with middle hook">Ԣ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=En_with_palatal_hook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="En with palatal hook (page does not exist)">Н̡</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Broad_On" title="Broad On">Ѻ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_o_variants#Monocular_O" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic o variants">Ꙩ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_o_variants#Binocular_O" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic o variants">Ꙫ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_o_variants#Double_monocular_O" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic o variants">Ꙭ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_o_variants#Multiocular_O" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic o variants">ꙮ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_o_variants#Double_O" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic o variants">Ꚙ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_o_variants#Crossed_O" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic o variants">Ꚛ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/O_with_open_top" title="O with open top"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cyrillic_small_letter_O_with_notch_at_top.svg/12px-Cyrillic_small_letter_O_with_notch_at_top.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cyrillic_small_letter_O_with_notch_at_top.svg/18px-Cyrillic_small_letter_O_with_notch_at_top.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cyrillic_small_letter_O_with_notch_at_top.svg/24px-Cyrillic_small_letter_O_with_notch_at_top.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="139" /></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/O_with_open_bottom" title="O with open bottom"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cyrillic_capital_letter_open_at_bottom_O.svg/12px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_open_at_bottom_O.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cyrillic_capital_letter_open_at_bottom_O.svg/18px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_open_at_bottom_O.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cyrillic_capital_letter_open_at_bottom_O.svg/24px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_open_at_bottom_O.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="202" /></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/O_with_left_notch" title="O with left notch"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cyrillic_capital_letter_O_with_left_notch.svg/8px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_O_with_left_notch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cyrillic_capital_letter_O_with_left_notch.svg/12px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_O_with_left_notch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cyrillic_capital_letter_O_with_left_notch.svg/16px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_O_with_left_notch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="258" /></a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe_with_comma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pe with comma (page does not exist)">П̓</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pe with grave (page does not exist)">П̀</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe_with_acute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pe with acute (page does not exist)">П́</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Pe_with_middle_hook" title="Pe with middle hook">Ҧ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe_with_cedilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pe with cedilla (page does not exist)">П̧</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe_with_inverted_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pe with inverted breve (page does not exist)">П̑</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Koppa_(Cyrillic)" title="Koppa (Cyrillic)">Ҁ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qa_with_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qa with breve (page does not exist)">Ԛ̆</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Shha_with_hook" title="Shha with hook"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_hook.svg/7px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_hook.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_hook.svg/11px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_hook.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_hook.svg/15px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_hook.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="161" data-file-height="258" /></a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Er_with_acute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Er with acute (page does not exist)">Р́</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Er_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Er with grave (page does not exist)">Р̀</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Er_with_tilde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Er with tilde (page does not exist)">Р̃</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Split_at_right_Er" title="Split at right Er"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cyrillic_small_letter_split_at_right_Er.svg/6px-Cyrillic_small_letter_split_at_right_Er.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cyrillic_small_letter_split_at_right_Er.svg/9px-Cyrillic_small_letter_split_at_right_Er.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cyrillic_small_letter_split_at_right_Er.svg/12px-Cyrillic_small_letter_split_at_right_Er.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="132" data-file-height="195" /></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Rha_(Cyrillic)" title="Rha (Cyrillic)">Ԗ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Es_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Es with grave (page does not exist)">С̀</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Es_with_diaeresis" title="Es with diaeresis">С̈</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Komi_Sje" title="Komi Sje">Ԍ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_with_comma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The with comma (page does not exist)">Ҫ̓</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Long_Es" title="Long Es"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Cyrillic_capital_letter_long_Es.svg/6px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_long_Es.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Cyrillic_capital_letter_long_Es.svg/9px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_long_Es.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Cyrillic_capital_letter_long_Es.svg/12px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_long_Es.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="145" data-file-height="257" /></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Te_with_comma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Te with comma (page does not exist)">Т̓</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Te_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Te with grave (page does not exist)">Т̀</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Komi_Tje" title="Komi Tje">Ԏ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Te_with_inverted_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Te with inverted breve (page does not exist)">Т̑</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Te_with_middle_hook" title="Te with middle hook">Ꚋ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Te_with_cedilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Te with cedilla (page does not exist)">Т̧</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Twe" title="Twe">Ꚍ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twe_with_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Twe with breve (page does not exist)">Ꚍ̆</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Te_El" title="Te El"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El.svg/13px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El.svg/20px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El.svg/26px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="171" data-file-height="136" /></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_El" title="Voiceless El"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El_Soft-sign.svg/13px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El_Soft-sign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El_Soft-sign.svg/20px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El_Soft-sign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El_Soft-sign.svg/26px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El_Soft-sign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="136" /></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_El_with_comma" title="Voiceless El with comma"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cyrillic_small_letter_voiceless_L_with_comma_above.svg/13px-Cyrillic_small_letter_voiceless_L_with_comma_above.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cyrillic_small_letter_voiceless_L_with_comma_above.svg/20px-Cyrillic_small_letter_voiceless_L_with_comma_above.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cyrillic_small_letter_voiceless_L_with_comma_above.svg/26px-Cyrillic_small_letter_voiceless_L_with_comma_above.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="427" /></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Uk_(Cyrillic)" title="Uk (Cyrillic)">Ѹ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Uk_(Cyrillic)" title="Uk (Cyrillic)">Ꙋ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Script_U" title="Script U"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cyrillic_capital_letter_script_U.svg/11px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_script_U.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cyrillic_capital_letter_script_U.svg/17px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_script_U.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cyrillic_capital_letter_script_U.svg/22px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_script_U.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="259" /></a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=U_with_dot_above_(Cyrillic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U with dot above (Cyrillic) (page does not exist)">У̇</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=U_with_ogonek_(Cyrillic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U with ogonek (Cyrillic) (page does not exist)">У̨</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uk_with_acute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uk with acute (page does not exist)">ꙋ́</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ef_with_inverted_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ef with inverted breve (page does not exist)">Ф̑</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ef_with_comma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ef with comma (page does not exist)">Ф̓</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kha_with_acute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kha with acute (page does not exist)">Х́</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kha_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kha with grave (page does not exist)">Х̀</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kha_with_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kha with breve (page does not exist)">Х̆</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kha_with_dot_above&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kha with dot above (page does not exist)">Х̇</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kha_with_cedilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kha with cedilla (page does not exist)">Х̧</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Kha_with_vertical_tilde" title="Kha with vertical tilde">Х̾</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kha_with_comma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kha with comma (page does not exist)">Х̓</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_Ha" title="Bashkir Ha"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Ha.svg/6px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Ha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Ha.svg/9px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Ha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Ha.svg/12px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Ha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="141" data-file-height="256" /></a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shha_with_macron_below&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shha with macron below (page does not exist)">һ̱</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Omega_(Cyrillic)" title="Omega (Cyrillic)">Ѡ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Omega_(Cyrillic)" title="Omega (Cyrillic)">Ꙍ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Omega_(Cyrillic)" title="Omega (Cyrillic)">Ѽ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ot_(Cyrillic)" title="Ot (Cyrillic)">Ѿ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Reversed_Tse" title="Reversed Tse">Ꙡ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tse_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tse with grave (page does not exist)">Ц̀</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tse_with_acute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tse with acute (page does not exist)">Ц́</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tse_with_comma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tse with comma (page does not exist)">Ц̓</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Tse_with_long_left_leg" title="Tse with long left leg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Tse_with_long_left_leg.svg/10px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Tse_with_long_left_leg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Tse_with_long_left_leg.svg/15px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Tse_with_long_left_leg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Tse_with_long_left_leg.svg/20px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Tse_with_long_left_leg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="232" /></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Tswe" title="Tswe">Ꚏ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tswe_with_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tswe with breve (page does not exist)">Ꚏ̆</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Cil_(Cyrillic)" title="Cil (Cyrillic)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Cil.svg/8px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Cil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Cil.svg/12px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Cil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Cil.svg/16px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Cil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="129" data-file-height="265" /></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Cil_with_bar" title="Cil with bar"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Cil_with_bar.svg/8px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Cil_with_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Cil_with_bar.svg/12px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Cil_with_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Cil_with_bar.svg/16px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Cil_with_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="129" data-file-height="265" /></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Tsse_(Cyrillic)" title="Tsse (Cyrillic)">Ꚑ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Che_with_acute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Che with acute (page does not exist)">Ч́</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Che_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Che with grave (page does not exist)">Ч̀</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Che_with_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Che with breve (page does not exist)">Ч̆</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Che_with_inverted_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Che with inverted breve (page does not exist)">Ч̑</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Che_with_comma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Che with comma (page does not exist)">Ч̓</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Char_(Cyrillic)" title="Char (Cyrillic)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Char.svg/10px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Char.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Char.svg/15px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Char.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Char.svg/20px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Char.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="257" /></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Char_with_high_right_breve_serif" title="Char with high right breve serif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Cyrillic_small_letter_Char_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg/8px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Char_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Cyrillic_small_letter_Char_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg/12px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Char_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Cyrillic_small_letter_Char_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg/16px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Char_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="134" data-file-height="258" /></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Dche" title="Dche">Ԭ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Tche" title="Tche">Ꚓ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Cche" class="mw-redirect" title="Cche">Ꚇ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cche_with_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cche with breve (page does not exist)">Ꚇ̆</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazian_Che_with_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abkhazian Che with breve (page does not exist)">Ҽ̆</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sha_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sha with grave (page does not exist)">Ш̀</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Sha_with_breve" title="Sha with breve">Ш̆</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sha_with_inverted_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sha with inverted breve (page does not exist)">Ш̑</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shcha_with_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shcha with breve (page does not exist)">Щ̆</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Shwe_(Cyrillic)" title="Shwe (Cyrillic)">Ꚗ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shwe_with_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shwe with breve (page does not exist)">Ꚗ̆</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Che_Sha" title="Che Sha"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Che_Sha.svg/18px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Che_Sha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Che_Sha.svg/27px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Che_Sha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Che_Sha.svg/36px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Che_Sha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="194" /></a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_sign_with_macron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hard sign with macron (page does not exist)">Ъ̄</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_sign_with_diaresis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hard sign with diaresis (page does not exist)">Ъ̈</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_sign_with_diaresis_and_macron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hard sign with diaresis and macron (page does not exist)">Ъ̈̄</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Yery" title="Yery">Ꙑ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yery_with_circumflex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yery with circumflex (page does not exist)">Ы̂</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yery_with_tilde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yery with tilde (page does not exist)">Ы̃</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yery_with_connecting_stroke" title="Yery with connecting stroke"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cyrillic_small_letter_Yeru_with_connecting_stroke.svg/11px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Yeru_with_connecting_stroke.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cyrillic_small_letter_Yeru_with_connecting_stroke.svg/17px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Yeru_with_connecting_stroke.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cyrillic_small_letter_Yeru_with_connecting_stroke.svg/22px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Yeru_with_connecting_stroke.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="141" /></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yat_with_acute" class="mw-redirect" title="Yat with acute">Ѣ́</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yat_with_diaeresis" title="Yat with diaeresis">Ѣ̈</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yat_with_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yat with breve (page does not exist)">Ѣ̆</a></td><td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ꙓ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=E_with_ogonek_(Cyrillic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E with ogonek (Cyrillic) (page does not exist)">Э̨</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=E_with_circumflex_(Cyrillic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E with circumflex (Cyrillic) (page does not exist)">Э̂</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Reversed_Yu" class="mw-redirect" title="Reversed Yu">Ꙕ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yu_wth_circumflex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yu wth circumflex (page does not exist)">Ю̂</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Iotated_uk" title="Iotated uk"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cyrillic_capital_letter_iotified_monograph_uk.svg/16px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_iotified_monograph_uk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cyrillic_capital_letter_iotified_monograph_uk.svg/24px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_iotified_monograph_uk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cyrillic_capital_letter_iotified_monograph_uk.svg/32px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_iotified_monograph_uk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="455" /></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Iotated_uk_with_breve" title="Iotated uk with breve"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Cyrillic_capital_letter_iotified_monograph_uk_with_breve.svg/14px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_iotified_monograph_uk_with_breve.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Cyrillic_capital_letter_iotified_monograph_uk_with_breve.svg/21px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_iotified_monograph_uk_with_breve.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Cyrillic_capital_letter_iotified_monograph_uk_with_breve.svg/28px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_iotified_monograph_uk_with_breve.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="557" /></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Iotated_A" title="Iotated A">Ꙗ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ya_with_circumflex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ya with circumflex (page does not exist)">Я̂</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ya_with_ogonek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ya with ogonek (page does not exist)">Я̨</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yae_(Cyrillic)" title="Yae (Cyrillic)">Ԙ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Iotated_E" title="Iotated E">Ѥ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yus" title="Yus">Ѧ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yus" title="Yus">Ꙙ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yus" title="Yus">Ѫ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yus" title="Yus">Ꙛ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yus" title="Yus">Ѩ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Yus" title="Yus">Ꙝ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yus" title="Yus">Ѭ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ksi_(Cyrillic)" title="Ksi (Cyrillic)">Ѯ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Psi_(Cyrillic)" title="Psi (Cyrillic)">Ѱ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Fita" title="Fita">Ѳ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Izhitsa" title="Izhitsa">Ѵ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Izhitsa" title="Izhitsa">Ѷ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yn" title="Yn">Ꙟ</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below plainlist" style="background:#efefef;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cyrillic_letters" title="List of Cyrillic letters">List of Cyrillic letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cyrillic_multigraphs" title="List of Cyrillic multigraphs">List of Cyrillic multigraphs</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_Cyrillic_letter" title="Template:Infobox Cyrillic letter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_Cyrillic_letter" title="Template talk:Infobox Cyrillic letter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_Cyrillic_letter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox Cyrillic letter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_letter_Yat.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Russian_letter_Yat.svg/220px-Russian_letter_Yat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Russian_letter_Yat.svg/330px-Russian_letter_Yat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Russian_letter_Yat.svg/440px-Russian_letter_Yat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="91" /></a><figcaption>Cyrillic letter yat, set in several fonts. Note that in <a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">italic</a>, the lower-case (ѣ) resembles the iotated yat.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italic_Cyrillic_Yat_in_Currall_(1918).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Italic_Cyrillic_Yat_in_Currall_%281918%29.png" decoding="async" width="144" height="68" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="144" data-file-height="68" /></a><figcaption>Alternate italic.</figcaption></figure> Yat or jat (Ѣ ѣ; italics: Ѣ ѣ) is the thirty-second letter of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">old Cyrillic alphabet</a>. It is usually <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanized</a> as E with a haček: Ě ě. There is also another version of yat, the iotated yat (majuscule: ⟨<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1113239643">.mw-parser-output .script-Cyrs{font-family:"Ponomar Unicode","Ponomar Unicode TT","Acathist","Triodion Unicode","Menaion Unicode","Menaion Unicode TT","Shafarik","Fedorovsk Unicode","Fedorovsk Unicode TT","Monomakh Unicode","Monomakh Unicode TT","Vilnius",BukyVede,"Kliment Std","RomanCyrillic Std","Monomachus","Old Standard","Old Standard TT",Dilyana,Menaion,"Menaion Medieval",Lazov,Code2000,"DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif",Code2001,"FreeSerif","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Chrysanthi Unicode","Bitstream Cyberbit","Bitstream CyberBase",Thryomanes,"Lucida Grande","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Microsoft Sans Serif","Lucida Sans Unicode"}.mw-parser-output .script-Glag{font-family:Shafarik,"Menaion Unicode TT","Menaion Unicode",Vikidemia,Bukyvede,FreeSerif,Ja,Unicode5,"TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Noto Sans Glagolitic","Segoe UI Historic","Segoe UI Symbol"}</style>Ꙓ⟩, minuscule: ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1113239643">ꙓ⟩), which is a Cyrillic character combining a <a href="/wiki/Decimal_I_(Cyrillic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decimal I (Cyrillic)">decimal I</a> and a yat. There was no numerical value for this letter and it was not in the <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic alphabet">Glagolitic alphabet</a>. It was encoded in Unicode 5.1 at positions U+A652 and U+A653. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Usage">edit</a>]</div> Yat represented a Common Slavic long <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a>, usually <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language#Vowel_notation" title="Proto-Slavic language">notated</a> as ⟨ě⟩. It is generally believed to have represented the sound /<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>/ or /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/, like the pronunciation of ⟨a⟩ in "cat" or ⟨e⟩ in "egg", which was a <a href="/wiki/Reflex_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflex (linguistics)">reflex</a> of earlier <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a> */ē/ and */aj/. That the sound represented by yat developed late in the history of Common Slavic is indicated by its role in the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_second_palatalization" title="Slavic second palatalization">Slavic second palatalization</a> of the Slavic <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar consonants</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic alphabet">Glagolitic alphabet</a> contained only one letter for both yat ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1113239643">ѣ⟩ and the Cyrillic <a href="/wiki/Iotated_a" class="mw-redirect" title="Iotated a">iotated a</a> ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1113239643">ꙗ⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirchev1978118-1">[1]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Kiril_Mirchev" title="Kiril Mirchev">Kiril Mirchev</a>, this meant that ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1113239643">a⟩ after ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1113239643">i⟩ in the <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> dialect (which served as a basis for <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a>) mutated into a wide vowel that resembled or was the same as yat (/<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>/).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirchev1978119-2">[2]</a> To this day, the most archaic Bulgarian dialects, i.e., the <a href="/wiki/Rup_dialects" title="Rup dialects">Rup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moesian_dialects" title="Moesian dialects">Moesian dialects</a> feature a similar phonetic change where /<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/ after <a href="/wiki/Iota_(Cyrillic)" title="Iota (Cyrillic)">iota</a> and the formerly palatal consonants ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1113239643">ж⟩ (/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/), ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1113239643">ш⟩ (/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/) and ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1113239643">ч⟩ (/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>/) becomes /<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>/, e.g. стоях [stoˈjah] -> стойêх [stoˈjæh] ("(I) was standing"), пияница [piˈjanit͡sɐ] -> пийêница [piˈjænit͡sɐ] ("drunkard"), жаби [ˈʒabi] -> жêби [ˈʒæbi] ("frogs"), etc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirchev1978119-2">[2]</a> Dialects that still feature this phonetic change include the <a href="/wiki/Razlog_dialect" title="Razlog dialect">Razlog dialect</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Smolyan_dialect" title="Smolyan dialect">Smolyan dialect</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hvoyna_dialect" title="Hvoyna dialect">Hvoyna dialect</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Strandzha_dialect" title="Strandzha dialect">Strandzha dialect</a>, individual subdialects in the <a href="/wiki/Thracian_dialect" title="Thracian dialect">Thracian dialect</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shumen_dialect" title="Shumen dialect">Shumen dialect</a>, etc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoykov1993123,_127,_130,_135,_142-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtlas_of_Bulgarian_Dialects2001102,_105,_107,_109-4">[4]</a> This problem did not exist in the Cyrillic alphabet, which had two separate letters for yat and <a href="/wiki/Iotated_a" class="mw-redirect" title="Iotated a">iotated a</a>, ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1113239643">ѣ⟩ and ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1113239643">ꙗ⟩. Any subsequent mix-ups of yat and iotated a and/or other vowels in <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic#Middle_Bulgarian" title="Old Church Slavonic">Middle Bulgarian</a> manuscripts are owing to the ongoing transformation of the Bulgarian vowel and consonant system in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirchev1978119-120-5">[5]</a> An extremely rare "iotated yat" form ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1113239643">ꙓ⟩ also exists, documented only in Svyatoslav's Izbornik from 1073. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_reflexes">Standard reflexes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Standard reflexes">edit</a>]</div> In various modern <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>, yat has <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">reflected</a> into various vowels. For example, the Proto-Slavic root *bělъ "white" became: <ul><li>бел /bʲel/ in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Russian" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Russian">Standard Russian</a> (dialectal /bʲal/, /bʲijel/ or even /bʲil/ in some regions)</li> <li>біл /bʲil/ in <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a></li> <li>бел /bʲel/ in <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a></li> <li>бял /bʲal/ - бели /beli/ in <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> (бел /bel/ - бели in Western dialects)</li> <li>бел /bel/ in <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li>beo / beli in the standard <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ekavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekavian">Ekavian</a> variant of <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> (genitive bela / belog(a))</li> <li>bil / bili in <a href="/wiki/Ikavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikavian">Ikavian</a> <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li>bijel / bijeli in the standard <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ijekavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ijekavian">Ijekavian</a> variants of <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> (genitive bijela / bijelog(a))</li> <li>bél in <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian language">Slovenian</a></li> <li>biały in <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li> <li>bílý in <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li> <li>biely in <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_reflexes">Other reflexes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other reflexes">edit</a>]</div> Other reflexes of yat exist; for example: <ul><li>Proto-Slavic telěga / телѣга became taljige (таљиге; ѣ > i reflex) in <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>.</li> <li>Proto-Slavic orěhъ / орѣхъ became orah (орах; ѣ > a reflex) in <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confusion_with_other_letters">Confusion with other letters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Confusion with other letters">edit</a>]</div> Due to these reflexes, yat no longer represented an independent phoneme but an already existing one, represented by another Cyrillic letter. As a result, children had to memorize by rote whether or not to write yat. Therefore, the letter was dropped in a series of <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthographic</a> reforms: in <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> with the reform of <a href="/wiki/Vuk_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Vuk Karadžić">Vuk Karadžić</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian-Ruthenian</a> with the reform of <a href="/wiki/Panteleimon_Kulish" title="Panteleimon Kulish">Panteleimon Kulish</a>, later in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_Russian_orthography#Post-revolution_reform" title="Reforms of Russian orthography">Bolshevik reform in 1918</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Carpathian dialects of Ruthenian language</a> as late as 1945. The letter is no longer used in the standard modern orthography of any of the Slavic languages written with the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>, but survives in Ukrainian (Ruthenian) liturgical and church texts of Church Slavonic in Ruthenian (Ukrainian) edition and in some written in the Russian <a href="/wiki/Recension" title="Recension">recension</a> of <a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Slavonic language">Church Slavonic</a>. It has, since 1991, found some favor in <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> to deliberately invoke an archaic or "old-timey" style. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgarian">Bulgarian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bulgarian">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Slavic" title="Eastern South Slavic">Eastern South Slavic</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright" style="background-color:#000000"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:264px;max-width:264px;background-color:#000000"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Reflexes of Stressed Yat across Eastern South Slavic</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:#000000;width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Yat_Reflexes_Hard_Syllable.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Yat_Reflexes_Hard_Syllable.png/260px-Yat_Reflexes_Hard_Syllable.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Yat_Reflexes_Hard_Syllable.png/390px-Yat_Reflexes_Hard_Syllable.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Yat_Reflexes_Hard_Syllable.png/520px-Yat_Reflexes_Hard_Syllable.png 2x" data-file-width="1087" data-file-height="768" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Map no. 1: Before hard syllable/hard consonant</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:#000000;width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Yat_Reflexes_Soft_Syllable.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Yat_Reflexes_Soft_Syllable.png/260px-Yat_Reflexes_Soft_Syllable.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Yat_Reflexes_Soft_Syllable.png/390px-Yat_Reflexes_Soft_Syllable.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Yat_Reflexes_Soft_Syllable.png/520px-Yat_Reflexes_Soft_Syllable.png 2x" data-file-width="1087" data-file-height="768" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Map no. 2: Before soft syllable/soft consonant</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:#000000;width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Yat_Reflexes_Ts.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Yat_Reflexes_Ts.png/260px-Yat_Reflexes_Ts.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Yat_Reflexes_Ts.png/390px-Yat_Reflexes_Ts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Yat_Reflexes_Ts.png/520px-Yat_Reflexes_Ts.png 2x" data-file-width="1087" data-file-height="768" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Map no. 3: After Tse ⟨Цц⟩ (t͡s)</div></div></div></div></div> The open articulation of yat (as /<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>/ or ja) and the reflexes of Proto-Slavic *tj/*ktĭ/*gtĭ and *dj as ⟨щ⟩ (ʃt) and ⟨жд⟩ (ʒd) have traditionally been considered the two most distinctive phonetic features of Old Bulgarian.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Uni-8">[8]</a> Based on <ul><li>the preserved articulation of yat as /<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>/ in the remote eastern Albanian villages of <a href="/wiki/Boboshtic%C3%AB" title="Boboshticë">Boboshticë</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drenov%C3%AB" title="Drenovë">Drenovë</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoykov1993180-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li> <li>preserved archaic Slavic toponyms in southern and eastern Albania, <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a> featuring ia, ea or a in yat's etymological place, e.g., Δρυάνιστα [ˈdrianista] or Δρυανίτσα [drianˈit͡sa] (renamed <a href="/wiki/Moschopotamos" title="Moschopotamos">Moschopotamos</a> in 1926) from дрѣнъ, "cornel-tree" (see also <a href="/wiki/Dryanovo" title="Dryanovo">Dryanovo</a>); Λιασκοβέτσι [liaskovet͡si] (renamed <a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%80%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%85%CE%AC_%CE%99%CF%89%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="el:Λεπτοκαρυά Ιωαννίνων">el:Λεπτοκαρυά Ιωαννίνων</a> in 1927) from лѣска, "hazel" (see also <a href="/wiki/Lyaskovets" title="Lyaskovets">Lyaskovets</a>); <a href="/wiki/Labov%C3%AB_e_Kryqit" title="Labovë e Kryqit">Labovë e Kryqit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labov%C3%AB_e_Madhe" title="Labovë e Madhe">Labovë e Madhe</a> from хлѣбъ, "bread" (see also <a href="/wiki/Hlyabovo" title="Hlyabovo">Hlyabovo</a>), etc.;<a href="#cite_note-Uni-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuridanov199166-13">[13]</a></li> <li>the consistent etymological use of ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1113239643">ѣ⟩ at the <a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Literary_School" title="Ohrid Literary School">Ohrid Literary School</a> until the mid-1200s;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirchev1978120–122-14">[14]</a></li> <li>the use of ia, ea or a in yat's etymological place in a number of toponyms in a 1019 Greek-language charter by Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> "the Bulgar Slayer" relating to the newly created <a href="/wiki/Theme_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme of Bulgaria">Theme of Bulgaria</a>, e.g., Πριζδριάνα [prizdriˈana] for Приздрѣнъ (<a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Prizren</a>); Τριάδιτζα [triˈadit͡sa] for С(т)рѣдьць (<a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>); Πρίλαπον [ˈprilapon] for Прилѣпъ (<a href="/wiki/Prilep" title="Prilep">Prilep</a>); Δεάβολις [deˈabolis] for the medieval fortress of Дѣволъ (<a href="/wiki/Devol_(Albania)" title="Devol (Albania)">Devol</a>, now in eastern Albania); Πρόσακου [ˈprosakon] for the medieval fortress of Просѣкъ (<a href="/wiki/Prosek,_North_Macedonia" title="Prosek, North Macedonia">Prosek</a>), etc.;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuridanov199166-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li> <li>the use of ea or a in yat's etymological place in a number of local toponyms in the area of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Strumica" title="Strumica">Strumica</a> in a 1152 Greek-language charter by Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a>, relating to the Holy Mother of God monastery in <a href="/wiki/Veljusa" title="Veljusa">Veljusa</a>, e.g., Λεασκοβίτζα [leaskoˈvit͡sa] for Лѣсковица (Лѣсковьць), Λεαπίτζα [leaˈpit͡sa] for Лѣпица, Δράνοβου [ˈdranovon] for Дрѣново, Μπρεασνίκ [breasˈnik] for Брѣзникъ;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuridanov199166-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li> <li>the 16th-century Greek-Bulgarian lexicon from <a href="/wiki/Vogatsiko" title="Vogatsiko">Bogatsko</a> in southwestern <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek letters</a>, which featured ia in yat's etymological place, e.g., μλιακο, mliako ("milk"); ζελιαζo, želiazo ("iron"); βιατρο, viadro ("pale"); βριατενo, vriateno ("spindle"); πoβιασμo, poviasmo ("distaff"); βιαζτi, viaždi ("eyebrows"); κoλιανo, koliano ("knee"); νεβιαστα, neviasta ("bride"), ριακα, riaka ("river"), βιατερ, viater ("wind"), etc., indicating that the <a href="/wiki/Kostur_dialect" title="Kostur dialect">Kostur dialect</a> was still <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bulgarian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Bulgarian dialects">yakavian</a> at the time;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuridanov199166-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> etc. etc.</li></ul> the entire areas of modern <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> are assumed to be have been ѣkavian/yakavian until the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuridanov199166–67-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirchev1978120-20">[20]</a> In addition to the replacement of ⟨ꙗ⟩ with ⟨ѣ⟩ in a number of <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic#First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic#Middle_Bulgarian" title="Old Church Slavonic">Middle Bulgarian</a> Cyrillic manuscripts—reflecting the mutation of <a href="/wiki/Iotated_a" class="mw-redirect" title="Iotated a">iotated a</a> into /<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>/, the opposite process of mutation of yat into <a href="/wiki/Palatalised_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatalised consonant">palatalised consonant</a> + /<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/ was also underway. The process affected primarily yat in stressed syllables followed by hard consonant, with multiple examples present in manuscripts from both West and East, e.g. the Grigorovich Prophetologion of the late 1100s (e.g., тꙗло instead of тѣло, "body"), the Tarnovo Gospel of 1273 (e.g, тꙗхъ instead of тѣхъ, "them"), the Strumitsa Apostle of the mid-1200s (e.g., прꙗмѫдро instead of прѣмѫдро, "all-wise"), etc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotomanova201475-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirchev1978121-22">[22]</a> However, the most certain proof of yakavian pronunciation of ⟨ѣ⟩—and another confirmation that currently Ekavian dialects used to be Yakavian in the Middle Ages—comes from the use of hardened consonsant + a in yat's etymological place. While individual examples of hardened ⟨<a href="/wiki/Es_(Cyrillic)" title="Es (Cyrillic)">с</a>⟩ (/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/) or ⟨<a href="/wiki/Er_(Cyrillic)" title="Er (Cyrillic)">р</a>⟩ (/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/) + ⟨<a href="/wiki/A_(Cyrillic)" title="A (Cyrillic)">а</a>⟩ can be found even in Old Bulgarian manuscripts, the mutation is most consistent after hardened ⟨<a href="/wiki/Tse_(Cyrillic)" title="Tse (Cyrillic)">ц</a>⟩ (/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>/) and ⟨<a href="/wiki/Dze" title="Dze"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1113239643">ꙃ</a>⟩ (/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a>/) in <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic#Middle_Bulgarian" title="Old Church Slavonic">Middle Bulgarian</a> manuscripts. Thus, the Strumitsa Apostle, for example, features hosts of examples, e.g., цало instead of цѣлo ("whole", neutr. sing.), цаловати instead of цѣлoвати ("to kiss"), цаломѫдрьно instead of цѣломѫдрьно ("chastely"), рѫца instead of рѫцѣ ("hands", dual), etc. etc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotomanova201476-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirchev1978120-20">[20]</a> An opposite process of narrowing of yat into /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/ started in the west in the 1200s, with a first example of consistent replacement of ⟨ѣ⟩ with ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ye_(Cyrillic)" title="Ye (Cyrillic)">є</a>⟩ in Tsar <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Tikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine Tikh">Constantine Tikh</a>'s Virgin Charter of the early 1260s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirchev197820-24">[24]</a> The Charter, which was written in <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, predates the first Ekavian Serbian document (dated to 1289) by 15–20 years, which refutes the nationalistic claims of Serbian linguists, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Beli%C4%87" title="Aleksandar Belić">Aleksandar Belić</a> that Ekavism is a uniquely Serbian phenomenon and confirms, e.g., <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_van_Wijk" class="extiw" title="nl:Nicolaas van Wijk">nl:Nicolaas van Wijk</a>'s theory that it is a native Western Bulgarian development.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Mirchev and Totomanova have linked the mutation of yat into /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/ to either consonant <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">depalatalization</a> in stressed syllables or to unstressed syllables.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotomanova201480–82-26">[26]</a> Thus, those Bulgarian dialects that retained their palatalized consonants remained Yakavian in stressed syllables, whereas those that lost them moved towards Ekavism; unstressed yat, in turn, became /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/ practically everywhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotomanova201482-27">[27]</a> This eventually led to the current dialectal division of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Slavic" title="Eastern South Slavic">Eastern South Slavic</a> into Eastern Bulgarian Yakavian and Western Bulgarian and Macedonian Ekavian. The different reflexes of yat define the so-called yat boundary (ятова граница), which currently runs roughly from <a href="/wiki/Nikopol,_Bulgaria" title="Nikopol, Bulgaria">Nikopol</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> to <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>. West of that <a href="/wiki/Isogloss" title="Isogloss">isogloss</a>, yat is always realized as /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/. East of it, there are different types of yakavism. Standard Bulgarian's alternation of yat between /ja/ or /ʲa/ in stressed syllable before a hard syllable/consonant and /ɛ/ in all other cases is only characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan dialects">Balkan dialects</a> (cf. Maps no. 1 & 2). Examples of the alternation in the standard language (and the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan dialects">Balkan dialects</a>) in the form (stressed, followed by hard consonant/syllable)→(stressed, followed by soft consonant/syllable)→(unstressed) follow below: <ul><li>бял [ˈbʲal] ("white", masc. sing.) [adj.] → бели [ˈbɛli] ("white", pl.) [adj.] → белота [bɛloˈta] ("whiteness") [n.]</li> <li>мляко [ˈmlʲako] ("milk") [n.] → млечен [ˈmlɛt͡ʃɛn] ("milky") [adj.] → млекар [mlɛˈkar] ("milkman") [n.]</li> <li>пяна [ˈpʲanɐ] ("foam") [n.] → пеня се [ˈpɛnʲɐ sɛ] ("to foam") [v.] → пенлив [pɛnˈliv] ("foamy") [adj.]</li> <li>смях [ˈsmʲah] ("laughter") [n.] → смея се [ˈsmɛjɐ sɛ] ("to laugh") [v.] → смехотворен [smɛhoˈtvɔrɛn] ("laughable") [adj.]</li> <li>успях [osˈpʲah] ("(I) succeeded") [v.] → успешен [osˈpɛʃɛn] ("successful") [adj.] → успеваемост [ospɛˈvaɛmost] ("success rate") [n.]</li> <li>бряг [ˈbrʲak] ("coast") [n.] → крайбрежен [krɐjˈbrɛʒɛn] ("coastal") [adj.] → брегът [brɛˈgɤt] ("the coast") [n.]</li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Moesian_dialects" title="Moesian dialects">Moesian dialects</a> in the northeast and the <a href="/wiki/Rup_dialects" title="Rup dialects">Rup dialects</a> in the southeast feature a variety of other alternations, most commonly /ja/ or /ʲa/ in stressed syllable before hard consonant/syllable, /<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>/ in stressed syllable before soft consonant/syllable and /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/ in unstressed syllables (cf. Maps no. 1 & 2). The open articulation as /<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>/ before hard consonant/syllable has survived only in isolated dialects, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarian_dialect" title="Banat Bulgarian dialect">Banat Bulgarian</a> and in clusters along the yat boundary. The open articulation as ⟨<a href="/wiki/A_(Cyrillic)" title="A (Cyrillic)">а</a>⟩ after hardened ⟨<a href="/wiki/Tse_(Cyrillic)" title="Tse (Cyrillic)">ц</a>⟩ (/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>/) survives as a remnant of former yakavism in a number of western Bulgarian and eastern Macedonian dialects (cf. Map no. 3).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtlas_of_Bulgarian_Dialects200195-28">[28]</a> As the yat boundary is only one of many <a href="/wiki/Isogloss" title="Isogloss">isoglosses</a> that divides the dialects of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Slavic" title="Eastern South Slavic">Eastern South Slavic</a> into Western and Eastern,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> the term "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yat_Isogloss_Belt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yat Isogloss Belt (page does not exist)">Yat Isogloss Belt</a>" has recently superseded the term "yat boundary". The Belt unifies Yakavian and Ekavian dialects with mixed, Western and Eastern traits into a buffer zone that ensures a gradual transition between the two major dialect groups. From the late 19th century until 1945, standard Bulgarian orthography did not reflect the /ja/ and /ɛ/ alternation and used the Cyrillic letter ⟨ѣ⟩ for both in yat's etymological place. This was regarded as a way to maintain unity between Eastern and Western Bulgarians, as much of what was then seen as Western Bulgarian dialects was under foreign control. However, this also complicated orthography for a country that was generally Eastern-speaking. There were several attempts to restrict the use of the letter only to those word forms where there was a difference in pronunciation between Eastern and Western Bulgarian (e.g., in the failed orthographic reform of 1892 and in several proposals by professor <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Mladenov" title="Stefan Mladenov">Stefan Mladenov</a> in the 1920s and 1930s), but the use of the letter remained largely etymological. In response, in the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Communist_Party" title="Bulgarian Communist Party">Bulgarian Communist Party</a> started referring to the letter as a manifestation of "class elitism" and "Greater Bulgarian Chauvinism" and made its elimination a top priority. Consequently, after Bulgaria's <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II#Consequences_and_results" title="Bulgaria during World War II">occupation by the Soviet Union</a> in 1944 and the installation of a puppet government headed by the communists, ⟨ѣ⟩ was summarily thrown of the Bulgarian alphabet and the spelling changed to conform to the Eastern pronunciation by an orthographic reform in 1945 despite any objections.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> After 1989, the elimination of yat from the alphabet has generally been regarded as a violation of the unity of the Bulgarian language,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> in particular, in right-leaning circles, and nationalistic parties like <a href="/wiki/VMRO-BND" class="mw-redirect" title="VMRO-BND">VMRO-BND</a> have campaigned, unsuccessfully, for its reintroduction. Notably, the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Patriotic_Organization" title="Macedonian Patriotic Organization">Macedonian Patriotic Organization</a>, an organisation of <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Bulgarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Bulgarian">Macedonian Bulgarian</a> emigrants in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, continued to use ⟨ѣ⟩ in the Bulgarian edition of newsletter, Macedonian Tribune, until it switched to an English-only version in the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian">Russian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Russian">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fox_Typewriter_24_with_Russian_layout.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Fox_Typewriter_24_with_Russian_layout.JPG/250px-Fox_Typewriter_24_with_Russian_layout.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Fox_Typewriter_24_with_Russian_layout.JPG/375px-Fox_Typewriter_24_with_Russian_layout.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Fox_Typewriter_24_with_Russian_layout.JPG/500px-Fox_Typewriter_24_with_Russian_layout.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2232" /></a><figcaption>Pre-revolution <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriter</a> with Yat on the bottom row, between Ч and С.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fathers_and_Sons_cover_-_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Fathers_and_Sons_cover_-_retouched.jpg/250px-Fathers_and_Sons_cover_-_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Fathers_and_Sons_cover_-_retouched.jpg/375px-Fathers_and_Sons_cover_-_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Fathers_and_Sons_cover_-_retouched.jpg/500px-Fathers_and_Sons_cover_-_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Cover of 1880 edition of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Turgenev" title="Ivan Turgenev">Turgenev</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fathers_and_Sons_(novel)" title="Fathers and Sons (novel)">Fathers and Sons</a>, with yat in the title; in modern orthography, дѣти is spelled дети.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Handwritten_yat_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Handwritten_yat_2.png/150px-Handwritten_yat_2.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Handwritten_yat_2.png/225px-Handwritten_yat_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Handwritten_yat_2.png/300px-Handwritten_yat_2.png 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="111" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Cursive_Cyrillic_Yat_in_Magnus_(1917).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cursive_Cyrillic_Yat_in_Magnus_%281917%29.png/150px-Cursive_Cyrillic_Yat_in_Magnus_%281917%29.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cursive_Cyrillic_Yat_in_Magnus_%281917%29.png/225px-Cursive_Cyrillic_Yat_in_Magnus_%281917%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cursive_Cyrillic_Yat_in_Magnus_%281917%29.png/300px-Cursive_Cyrillic_Yat_in_Magnus_%281917%29.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="182" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Russian handwritten yat of the 19th and 20th centuries</div></div></div></div></div> In <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, written confusion between the yat and ⟨е⟩ appears in the earliest records; when exactly the distinction finally disappeared in speech is a topic of debate. Some scholars, for example W. K. Matthews, have placed the merger of the two sounds at the earliest historical phases (the 11th century or earlier), attributing its use until 1918 to <a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Slavonic language">Church Slavonic</a> influence. Within Russia itself, however, a consensus has found its way into university textbooks of historical grammar (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Ivanov_(philologist)" title="Vyacheslav Ivanov (philologist)">V. V. Ivanov</a>), that, taking all the dialects into account, the sounds remained predominantly distinct until the 18th century, at least under stress, and are distinct to this day in some localities. Meanwhile, the yat in <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> usually merged in sound with /i/ instead (see below). The story of the letter yat and its elimination from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">Russian alphabet</a> makes for an interesting footnote in Russian cultural history. See <a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_Russian_orthography" title="Reforms of Russian orthography">Reforms of Russian orthography</a> for details. A full list of words that were written with the letter yat at the beginning of 20th century can be found <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D1%8C" class="extiw" title="ru:Ять">in the Russian Wikipedia</a>. A few inflections and common words were distinguished in spelling by ⟨е⟩ / ⟨ѣ⟩ (for example: ѣ́сть / е́сть [ˈjesʲtʲ] "to eat" / "(there) is"; лѣчу́ / лечу́ [lʲɪˈt͡ɕu] "I heal" / "I fly"; синѣ́е / си́нее [sʲɪˈnʲe.jɪ], [ˈsʲi.nʲɪ.jɪ] "bluer" / "blue" (n.); вѣ́дѣніе / веде́ніе [ˈvʲe.dʲɪ.nʲjə], [vʲɪˈdʲe.nʲjə] "knowledge" / "leadership"). The retention of the letter without discussion in the <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Russia">Petrine</a> reform of the Russian alphabet of 1708 indicates that it then still marked a distinct sound in the Moscow <a href="/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_language" title="Koiné language">koiné</a> of the time. However, in 1748 an early proposal for partial revision of the usage of ⟨ѣ⟩ was made by <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Kirillovich_Trediakovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasily Kirillovich Trediakovsky">Vasily Trediakovsky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Lomonosov</a> in his 1755 grammar noted that the sound of ⟨ѣ⟩ was scarcely distinguishable from that of the letter ⟨е⟩,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> although he firmly defended their distinction in spelling.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> A century later (1878) the philologist Grot stated flatly in his standard Russian orthography (Русское правописаніе, Russkoje pravopisanije) that in the common language there was no difference whatsoever between their pronunciations. However, <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialectal</a> studies in the 20th century have shown that, in certain regional dialects, a phonemically distinct reflex of *ě has still been retained.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%AF%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%D0%AF%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8.gif/250px-%D0%AF%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%D0%AF%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8.gif/375px-%D0%AF%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%D0%AF%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8.gif/500px-%D0%AF%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8.gif 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>An extract from the third edition of <a href="/wiki/Explanatory_Dictionary_of_the_Living_Great_Russian_Language" title="Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language">Dal's Explanatory Dictionary</a> showing yat with diaeresis in the words звѣ̈здка and звѣ̈здочка (third line); in the modern orthography these are spelled as звёздка and звёздочка.</figcaption></figure> Some reflexes of ⟨ѣ⟩ have further evolved into /jo/, especially in inflected forms of words where ⟨ѣ⟩ have become stressed, while the <a href="/wiki/Lemma_(morphology)" title="Lemma (morphology)">dictionary form</a> has it unstressed. One such example is звѣзда [zvʲɪzˈda] "star" against звѣзды [ˈzvʲɵzdɨ] "stars". Some dictionaries used a yat with a <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a>, ⟨ѣ̈⟩, to denote this sound, in a similar fashion to the creation of the letter ⟨<a href="/wiki/Yo_(Cyrillic)" title="Yo (Cyrillic)">ё</a>⟩. A proposal for spelling reform from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Academy of Science">Russian Academy of Science</a> in 1911 included, among other matters, the systematic elimination of the yat, but was declined at the highest level.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to <a href="/wiki/Lev_Uspensky" title="Lev Uspensky">Lev Uspensky</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Popular_science" title="Popular science">popular</a> linguistics book A Word on Words (Слово о словах), yat was "the monster-letter, the scarecrow-letter ... which was washed with the tears of countless generations of Russian schoolchildren".<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The schoolchildren made use of <a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a> nonsense verses made up of words with ⟨ѣ⟩: <table align="center" cellpadding="4"> <tbody><tr> <td>Бѣдный блѣдный бѣлый бѣсъ</td> <td>[ˈbʲɛ.dnɨj ˈblʲɛ.dnɨj ˈbʲɛ.lɨj ˈbʲɛs]</td> <td>The poor pale white demon </td></tr> <tr> <td>Убѣжалъ съ обѣдомъ въ лѣсъ</td> <td>[u.bʲɪˈʐal sɐˈbʲɛ.dəm ˈvlʲɛs]</td> <td>Ran off with lunch into the forest </td></tr> <tr> <td>...</td> <td>...</td> <td>... </td></tr></tbody></table> The spelling reform was promulgated by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government,_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Provisional Government, 1917">Provisional Government</a> in the summer of 1917. However, it was not implemented under the prevailing conditions. After the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a>, the new regime took up the Provisional Drafts, implementing them minor deviations.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthography</a> came to be viewed by many as an issue of <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, and the letter yat its primary symbol. Émigré Russians generally adhered to the old spelling until after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>; long and impassioned essays were written in its defense, as by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ivan Ilyin</a> in 1952 (О русскомъ правописаніи, O russkom pravopisanii). Even in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, it is said that some printing shops continued to use the eliminated letters until their blocks of type were forcibly removed; the Academy of Sciences published its annals in the old orthography until approximately 1924.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The older spelling practice within Russia was ended thourgh government pressure as well as by the large-scale <a href="/wiki/Likbez" title="Likbez">campaign for literacy</a> in 1920s and 1930s, conducted in accordance with the new norm.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> According to the reform, yat was replaced by ⟨е⟩ in most words, e.g. дѣти, совѣтъ became дети, совет; for a small number of words it was replaced by ⟨и⟩ instead, according to pronunciation: онѣ ('those', feminine), однѣ ('one', feminine plural), однѣхъ, однѣмъ, однѣми (declined forms of однѣ were replaced with они, одни, одних, одним, одними. After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, as a tendency occasionally to mimic the past appeared in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, the old spelling became fashionable in some brand names and the like, as <a href="/wiki/Archaism" title="Archaism">archaisms</a>, specifically as "<a href="/wiki/Sensational_spelling" title="Sensational spelling">sensational spellings</a>". For example, the name of the business newspaper <a href="/wiki/Kommersant" title="Kommersant">Kommersant</a> appears on its masthead with a word-final <a href="/wiki/Hard_sign" title="Hard sign">hard sign</a>, which is superfluous in modern orthography: "Коммерсантъ". Calls for the reintroduction of the old spelling were heard, though not taken seriously, as supporters of the yat described it as "that most Russian of letters", and the "white swan" (бѣлый лебедь) of Russian spelling.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukrainian">Ukrainian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ukrainian">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pankevychivka" title="Pankevychivka">Pankevychivka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaryzhka" title="Yaryzhka">Yaryzhka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shashkevychivka" title="Shashkevychivka">Shashkevychivka</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, yat has traditionally represented /i/ or /ji/. In modern Ukrainian orthography its reflexes are represented by ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D0%86" class="mw-redirect" title="І">і</a>⟩ or ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Ї">ї</a>⟩. As Ukrainian philologist Volodymyr Hlushchenko notes that initially in proto-Ukrainian tongues yat used to represent /ʲe/ or /je/ which around 13th century transitioned into /i/.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Yet, in some phonetic Ukrainian orthographies from the 19th century, it was used to represent both /ʲe/ or /je/ as well as /i/. This corresponds more with the Russian pronunciation of yat rather than actual word etymologies. Return to /ʲe/ or /je/ pronunciation was initiated by the Pavlovsky "Grammar of the Little Russian dialect" (1818) according to Hryhoriy Pivtorak.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> While in the same "Grammar" Pavlovsky states that among Little Russians "yat" is pronounced as /i/ (Ѣ произносится какъ Россїйское мягкое j. на пр: ні́жный, лі́то, слідъ, тінь, сі́но.).<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The modern Ukrainian letter ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Є">є</a>⟩ has the same phonetic function. Several Ukrainian orthographies with the different ways of using yat and without yat co-existed in the same time during the 19th century, and most of them were discarded before the 20th century. After the middle of the 19th century, orthographies without yat dominated in the Eastern part of Ukraine, and after the end of the 19th century they dominated in <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Central_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia (Central Europe)">Galicia</a>. However, in 1876–1905 the only Russian officially legalized orthography in the Eastern Ukraine was based on Russian phonetic system (with yat for /je/) and in the Western Ukraine (mostly in <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a>) orthography with yat for /i/ was used before 1945; in the rest of the western Ukraine (not subjected to the limitations made by the Russian Empire) the so-called "orthographic wars" ended up in receiving a uniformed phonetic system which replaced yat with either ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Ї">ї</a>⟩ or ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D0%86" class="mw-redirect" title="І">і</a>⟩ (it was used officially for Ukrainian language in the Austrian Empire). 'New yat' is a reflex of /e/ (which merged with yat in Ukrainian) in closed syllables. New yat is not related to the Proto-Slavic yat, but it has frequently been represented by the same sign. Using yat instead of ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D0%95" class="mw-redirect" title="Е">е</a>⟩ in this position was a common after the 12th century. With the later phonological evolution of Ukrainian, both yat and new yat evolved into /i/ or /ji/. Some other sounds also evolved to the sound /i/ so that some Ukrainian texts from between the 17th and 19th centuries used the same letter (⟨и⟩ or yat) uniformly rather than variation between yat, new yat, ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D0%98" class="mw-redirect" title="И">и</a>⟩, and reflex of ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D0%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="О">о</a>⟩ in closed syllables, but using yat to unify all i-sounded vowels was less common, and so 'new yat' usually means letter yat in the place of i-sounded ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D0%95" class="mw-redirect" title="Е">е</a>⟩ only. In some etymology-based orthography systems of the 19th century, yat was represented by ⟨ѣ⟩ and new yat was replaced with ⟨ê⟩ (⟨e⟩ with circumflex). At this same time, the Ukrainian writing system replaced yat and new yat by ⟨і⟩ or ⟨ї⟩. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rusyn">Rusyn</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rusyn">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a>, yat was used until 1945. In modern times, some Rusyn writers and poets try to reinstate it, but this initiative is not really popular among Rusyn <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanian">Romanian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Romanian">edit</a>]</div> In the old <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Romanian Cyrillic alphabet">Romanian Cyrillic alphabet</a>, the yat, called eati, was used as the /e̯a/ diphthong. It disappeared when Romanian adopted the transitional alphabet, first in <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, then in <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Serbo-Croatian">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkan_dialects_belic_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Balkan_dialects_belic_1914.jpg/220px-Balkan_dialects_belic_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Balkan_dialects_belic_1914.jpg/330px-Balkan_dialects_belic_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Balkan_dialects_belic_1914.jpg/440px-Balkan_dialects_belic_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="1449" /></a><figcaption>Nationalist take on the border between Serbian and Bulgarian that classifies all ekavian Bulgarian dialects as Serbian. By <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Beli%C4%87" title="Aleksandar Belić">Aleksandar Belić</a> (1914)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boundary_between_Croatian_and_Serbian_according_to_Matasic_(1985).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Boundary_between_Croatian_and_Serbian_according_to_Matasic_%281985%29.jpg/220px-Boundary_between_Croatian_and_Serbian_according_to_Matasic_%281985%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Boundary_between_Croatian_and_Serbian_according_to_Matasic_%281985%29.jpg/330px-Boundary_between_Croatian_and_Serbian_according_to_Matasic_%281985%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Boundary_between_Croatian_and_Serbian_according_to_Matasic_%281985%29.jpg/440px-Boundary_between_Croatian_and_Serbian_according_to_Matasic_%281985%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>Nationalist take on the border between Croatian and Serbian that classifies all ijekavian Serbian dialects as Croatian. By Tomo Matasic (1985)</figcaption></figure> The Old Serbo-Croatian yat phoneme is assumed to have a phonetic value articulatory between the vowels /i/ and /e/. In the <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tokavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Štokavian">Štokavian</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cakavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Čakavian">Čakavian</a> vowel systems, this phoneme lost a back vowel parallel; the tendency towards articulatory symmetry led to its merging with other phonemes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On the other hand, most <a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a> dialects did have a back vowel parallel (a reflex of *ǫ and *l̥), and both the front and back vowels were retained in most of these dialects' vowel system before merging with a reflex of a vocalized <a href="/wiki/Yer" title="Yer">Yer</a> (*ь). Thus the Kajkavian vowel system has a symmetry between front and back closed vocalic phonemes: */ẹ/ (< */ě/, */ь/) and */ọ/ (< */ǫ/, */l̥/). Čakavian dialects utilized both possibilities of establishing symmetry of vowels by developing Ikavian and Ekavian reflexes, as well as "guarding the old yat" at northern borders (Buzet dialect). According to yat reflex Čakavian dialects are divided to Ikavian (mostly South Čakavian), Ekavian (North Čakavian) and mixed Ikavian-Ekavian (Middle Čakavian), in which mixed Ikavian-Ekavian reflex is conditioned by following phonemes according to <a href="/wiki/Jakubinskij%27s_law" title="Jakubinskij's law">Jakubinskij's law</a> (e.g. sled : sliditi < <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">PSl.</a> *slědъ : *slěditi; del : diliti < *dělъ : *děliti). Mixed Ikavian-Ekavian Čakavian dialects have been heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Analogy#Linguistics" title="Analogy">analogy</a> (influence of nominative form on <a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">oblique cases</a>, infinitive on other verbal forms, word stem onto derivations etc.). The only exception among Čakavian dialects is <a href="/wiki/Lastovo" title="Lastovo">Lastovo</a> island and the village of <a href="/wiki/Janjina" title="Janjina">Janjina</a>, with Jekavian reflex of yat. The most complex development of yat has occurred in Štokavian, namely Ijekavian Štokavian dialects which are used as a dialectal basis for modern standard Serbo-Croatian variants, and that makes the reflexes of yat one of the central issues of Serbo-Croatian orthoepy and orthography. In most Croatian Štokavian dialects yat has yielded diphthongal sequence of /ie̯/ in long and short syllables. The position of this diphthong is equally unstable as that of closed */ẹ/, which has led to its dephonologization. Short diphthong has thus turned to diphonemic sequence /je/, and long to disyllabic (triphonemic) /ije/, but that outcome is not the only one in Štokavian dialects, so the pronunciation of long yat in Neo-Štokavian dialects can be both monosyllabic (diphthongal or triphthongal) and disyllabic (triphonemic). However, that process has been completed in dialects which serve as a dialectal basis for the orthographical codification of Ijekavian Serbo-Croatian. In writing, the diphthong /ie̯/ is represented by the trigraph ⟨ije⟩ – this particular inconsistency being a remnant of the late 19th century codification efforts, which planned to redesign common standard language for Croats and Serbs. This culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Novi Sad agreement">Novi Sad agreement</a> and "common" orthography and dictionary. Digraphic spelling of a diphthong as e.g. was used by some 19th-century Croat writers who promoted so-called "etymological orthography" – in fact <a href="/wiki/Orthography#Morpho-phonemic_orthography" title="Orthography">morpho-phonemic orthography</a> which was advocated by some Croatian philological schools of the time (<a href="/wiki/Zagreb_philological_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagreb philological school">Zagreb philological school</a>), and which was even official during the brief period of the fascist <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> (1941–1945). In standard Croatian, although standard orthography is ⟨ije⟩ for long yat, standard pronunciation is /jeː/. Serbian has two standards: Ijekavian is /ije/ for long yat and Ekavian which uses /e/ for short and /eː/ for long yat. Standard Bosnian and Montenegrin use /je/ for short and /ije/ for long yat. Dephonologization of diphthongal yat reflex could also be caused by <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (linguistics)">assimilation</a> within diphthong /ie̯/ itself: if the first part of a diphthong assimilates secondary part, so-called secondary Ikavian reflex develops; and if the second part of a diphthong assimilates the first part secondary Ekavian reflex develops. Most Štokavian Ikavian dialects of Serbo-Croatian are exactly such – secondary Ikavian dialects, and from Ekavian dialects secondary are the Štokavian Ekavian dialects of Slavonian <a href="/wiki/Podravina" title="Podravina">Podravina</a> and most of Serbia. They have a common origin with Ijekavian Štokavian dialects in a sense of developing yat reflex as diphthongal reflex. Some dialects also "guard" older yat sound, and some reflexes are probably direct from yat. Direct Ikavian, Ekavian and mixed reflexes of yat in Čakavian dialects are a much older phenomenon, which has some traces in written monuments and is estimated to have been completed in the 13th century. The practice of using old yat phoneme in <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic">Glagolitic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian Cyrillic</a> writings in which Serbo-Croatian was written in the centuries that followed was a consequence of conservative scribe tradition. Croatian linguists also speak of two Štokavians, Western Štokavian (also called Šćakavian) which retained yat longer, and Eastern Štokavian which "lost" yat sooner, probably under (western) Bulgarian influences. Areas which bordered Kajkavian dialects mostly retained yat, areas which bordered Čakavian dialects mostly had secondary Ikavisation, and areas which bordered (western) Bulgarian dialects mostly had secondary Ekavisation. "Core" areas remained Ijekavian, although western part of the "core" became monosyllabic for old long yat. Reflexes of yat in Ijekavian dialects are from the very start dependent on syllable quantity. As it has already been said, standard Ijekavian Serbo-Croatian writes trigraph ⟨ije⟩ at the place of old long yat, which is in standard pronunciation manifested disyllabically (within Croatian standard monosyllabic pronunciation), and writes ⟨je⟩ at the place of short yat. E.g. bijȇl < <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">PSl.</a> *bělъ, mlijéko < *mlěko < by <a href="/wiki/Liquid_metathesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid metathesis">liquid metathesis</a> from *melkò, brijȇg < *brěgъ < by <a href="/wiki/Liquid_metathesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid metathesis">liquid metathesis</a> from *bȇrgъ, but mjȅsto < *mě̀sto, vjȅra < *vě̀ra, mjȅra < *mě̀ra. There are however some limitations; in front of /j/ and /o/ (< word-final /l/) yat has a reflex of short /i/. In scenarios when /l/ is not substituted by /o/, i.e. not word-finally (which is a common Štokavian isogloss), yat reflex is also different. E.g. grijati < *grějati, sijati < *sějati, bijaše < *bějaše; but htio : htjela < *htělъ : *htěla, letio : letjela (< *letělъ : *letěla). The standard language also allows some doublets to coexist, e.g. cȉo and cijȇl < *cě̑lъ, bȉo and bijȇl < *bě́lъ. Short yat has reflexes of /e/ and /je/ behind /r/ in consonant clusters, e.g. brȅgovi and brjȅgovi, grehòta and grjehòta, strèlica and strjèlica, etc. If short syllable with yat in the word stem lengthens due to the phonetic or morphological conditions, reflex of /je/ is preserved, e.g. djȅlo – djȇlā, nèdjelja – nȅdjēljā. In modern standard Ijekavian Serbo-Croatian varieties syllables that carry yat reflexes are recognized by <a href="/wiki/Apophony" title="Apophony">alternations</a> in various inflected forms of the same word or in different words derived from the same stem. These alternating sequences ⟨ije/je, ije/e, ije/i, ije/Ø, ije/i, je/ije, e/ije, e/je, i/ije⟩ are dependent on syllable quantity. Beside modern reflexes they also encompass apophonic alternations inherited from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Indo-European</a> times, which were also conditioned by quantitative alternations of root syllable, e.g. ùmrijēti – ȕmrēm, lȉti – lijévati etc. These alternations also show the difference between the diphthongal syllables with Ijekavian reflex of yat and syllables with primary phonemic sequence of ⟨ije⟩, which has nothing to do with yat and which never shows alternation in inflected forms, e.g. zmìje, nijèdan, òrijent, etc. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computing_codes">Computing codes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yat&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Computing codes">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable template-charmap" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Character information </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center"> <th scope="row">Preview</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">Ѣ</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">ѣ</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">ᲇ</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">Ꙓ</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">ꙓ </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061632564">.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child{height:50px}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]{height:100%}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div{height:100%;display:flex;justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div>div{display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding:0 0.5em}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div>div>span:nth-child(2){margin:auto;padding:10px 0;font-size:150%;line-height:1}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap .smallcaps-cm{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap td:first-child{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap .template-charmap-numchr td:nth-child(n/**/+2){font-size:90%;padding:2px}</style>Unicode name </th> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER YAT </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YAT </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TALL YAT </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER IOTIFIED YAT </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IOTIFIED YAT </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Encodings</th> <th>decimal</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></td> <td>1122</td> <td>U+0462</td> <td>1123</td> <td>U+0463</td> <td>7303</td> <td>U+1C87</td> <td>42578</td> <td>U+A652</td> <td>42579</td> <td>U+A653 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></td> <td>209 162</td> <td>D1 A2</td> <td>209 163</td> <td>D1 A3</td> <td>225 178 135</td> <td>E1 B2 87</td> <td>234 153 146</td> <td>EA 99 92</td> <td>234 153 147</td> <td>EA 99 93 </td></tr> <tr class="template-charmap-numchr"> <td><a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric character reference</a></td> <td>&#1122;</td> <td>&#x462;</td> <td>&#1123;</td> <td>&#x463;</td> <td>&#7303;</td> <td>&#x1C87;</td> <td>&#42578;</td> <td>&#xA652;</td> <td>&#42579;</td> <td>&#xA653; </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yat&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Ѧ ѧ : <a href="/wiki/Yus" title="Yus">Yus</a></li> <li>Ҍ ҍ : <a href="/wiki/Semisoft_sign" title="Semisoft sign">Cyrillic letter Semisoft sign</a></li> <li>Ә ә : <a href="/wiki/Schwa_(Cyrillic)" title="Schwa (Cyrillic)">Cyrillic schwa</a>, used in Turkic languages and Kalmyk to transcribe the <a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">near-open front unrounded vowel</a> (/æ/)</li> <li>Ӓ ӓ : <a href="/wiki/A_with_diaeresis_(Cyrillic)" title="A with diaeresis (Cyrillic)">Cyrillic letter A with diaeresis</a>, used in Mari to transcribe the <a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">near-open front unrounded vowel</a> (/æ/)</li> <li>Ě ě : <a href="/wiki/%C4%9A" title="Ě">Latin letter E with caron</a> - a Czech and Sorbian letter</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yat&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirchev1978118-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMirchev1978118_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMirchev1978">Mirchev (1978)</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirchev1978119-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMirchev1978119_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMirchev1978119_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMirchev1978">Mirchev (1978)</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoykov1993123,_127,_130,_135,_142-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoykov1993123,_127,_130,_135,_142_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStoykov1993">Stoykov (1993)</a>, pp. 123, 127, 130, 135, 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtlas_of_Bulgarian_Dialects2001102,_105,_107,_109-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtlas_of_Bulgarian_Dialects2001102,_105,_107,_109_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAtlas_of_Bulgarian_Dialects2001">Atlas of Bulgarian Dialects (2001)</a>, pp. 102, 105, 107, 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirchev1978119-120-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMirchev1978119-120_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMirchev1978">Mirchev (1978)</a>, p. 119-120. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMii2019" class="citation web cs1">Mii, Mii (Dec 6, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z8sX6Bald8w">"The Russian Spelling Reform of 1917/18 - Part II (Alphabet I)"</a>. YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=The+Russian+Spelling+Reform+of+1917%2F18+-+Part+II+%28Alphabet+I%29&rft.date=2019-12-06&rft.aulast=Mii&rft.aufirst=Mii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dz8sX6Bald8w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirchev2000" class="citation book cs1">Mirchev, Kiril (2000). Старобългарски език [The Old Bulgarian Language] (II ed.). Sofia: Faber. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9549541584" title="Special:BookSources/9549541584"><bdi>9549541584</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft.place=Sofia&rft.pages=13&rft.edition=II&rft.pub=Faber&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9549541584&rft.aulast=Mirchev&rft.aufirst=Kiril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uni-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Uni_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uni_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.promacedonia.org/bugarash/ed/edinstvoto_makedonija_1.htm">"Единството на българския език в миналото и днес"</a> [The Unity of the Bulgarian Language in the Present and the Past]. Български език [Bulgarian language] (in Bulgarian). I. Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences: 16–18. 1978.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA+%5BBulgarian+language%5D&rft.atitle=%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%B2+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81&rft.volume=I&rft.pages=16-18&rft.date=1978&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.promacedonia.org%2Fbugarash%2Fed%2Fedinstvoto_makedonija_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoykov1993180-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoykov1993180_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStoykov1993">Stoykov (1993)</a>, pp. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rHszAAAAIAAJ&q=%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0">Георгиева, Елена и Невена Тодорова, Българските народни говори, София 1986, с. 79.</a> (Georgieva, Elena and Nevena Todorova, Bulgarian dialects, Sofia 1986, p. 79.) </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ngRhAAAAMAAJ&q=%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5">Бояджиев, Тодор А. Помагало по българска диалектология, София 1984, с. 62.</a> (Boyadzhiev Todor A. "Handbook on Bulgarian Dialectology", Sofia, 1984, р. 62.) </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monoskop.org/images/7/73/Trubetzkoy_NS_Principles_of_Phonology.pdf">Trubetzkoy, Nikolai. Principles_of_Phonology, Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1977, p. 277, 279 (note 9)</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuridanov199166-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuridanov199166_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuridanov199166_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuridanov199166_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuridanov199166_13-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuridanov1991">Duridanov 1991</a>, pp. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirchev1978120–122-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMirchev1978120–122_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMirchev1978">Mirchev 1978</a>, pp. 120–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvanov1931" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ivanov, Yordan (1931). Български старини из Македония [Bulgarian Historical Monuments in Macedonia] (in Bulgarian) (2nd Extended ed.). Sofia: Държавна печатница. pp. 550 and ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.place=Sofia&rft.pages=550+and+ff&rft.edition=2nd+Extended&rft.pub=%D0%94%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Ivanov&rft.aufirst=Yordan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvanov1931" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ivanov, Yordan (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ey0vAAAAIAAJ&q=%D0%9B%D1%A3%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0">Български старини из Македония</a> [Bulgarian Historical Monuments in Macedonia] (in Bulgarian) (2nd Extended ed.). Sofia: Държавна печатница. p. 77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.place=Sofia&rft.pages=77&rft.edition=2nd+Extended&rft.pub=%D0%94%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Ivanov&rft.aufirst=Yordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dey0vAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%25D0%259B%25D1%25A3%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B8%25D1%2586%25D0%25B0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGianelliVaillant1958" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gianelli, Ciro; Vaillant, Andre (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://macedonia.kroraina.com/en/gv/index.html">Un lexique Macedonien du XVIe siècle</a> [A Macedonian Lexicon from the 16th Century] (in French). Paris: Institut d'Études slaves de l'Université de Paris. pp. 30, 32, 34, 35, 37, 38, 40, 41, 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Un+lexique+Macedonien+du+XVIe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=30%2C+32%2C+34%2C+35%2C+37%2C+38%2C+40%2C+41%2C+43&rft.pub=Institut+d%27%C3%89tudes+slaves+de+l%27Universit%C3%A9+de+Paris&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Gianelli&rft.aufirst=Ciro&rft.au=Vaillant%2C+Andre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmacedonia.kroraina.com%2Fen%2Fgv%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichev1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nichev, Aleksandar (1987). Костурският българо-гръцки речник от XVI век [The 16th-Century Bulgaro-Greek Dictionary from Kastoria] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: St. Clement of Ohrid University Printing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82+%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE-%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%BE%D1%82+XVI+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA&rft.place=Sofia&rft.pub=St.+Clement+of+Ohrid+University+Printing+House&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Nichev&rft.aufirst=Aleksandar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuridanov199166–67-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuridanov199166–67_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuridanov1991">Duridanov 1991</a>, pp. 66–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirchev1978120-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMirchev1978120_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMirchev1978120_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMirchev1978">Mirchev (1978)</a>, pp. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETotomanova201475-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETotomanova201475_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTotomanova2014">Totomanova (2014)</a>, pp. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirchev1978121-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMirchev1978121_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMirchev1978">Mirchev (1978)</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETotomanova201476-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETotomanova201476_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTotomanova2014">Totomanova (2014)</a>, pp. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirchev197820-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMirchev197820_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMirchev1978">Mirchev (1978)</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Wijk1956" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">van Wijk, Nicolaas (1956). Les langues slaves : de l'unité à la pluralité [Slavic Languages: From Unity to Plurality] (in French) (II ed.). Mouton & Co., 's-Gravenhage. p. 110.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+langues+slaves+%3A+de+l%27unit%C3%A9+%C3%A0+la+pluralit%C3%A9&rft.pages=110&rft.edition=II&rft.pub=Mouton+%26+Co.%2C+%27s-Gravenhage&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=van+Wijk&rft.aufirst=Nicolaas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETotomanova201480–82-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETotomanova201480–82_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTotomanova2014">Totomanova (2014)</a>, pp. 80–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETotomanova201482-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETotomanova201482_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTotomanova2014">Totomanova (2014)</a>, pp. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtlas_of_Bulgarian_Dialects200195-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtlas_of_Bulgarian_Dialects200195_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAtlas_of_Bulgarian_Dialects2001">Atlas of Bulgarian Dialects (2001)</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Anna Lazarova, Vasil Rainov, On the minority languages in Bulgaria in Duisburg Papers on Research in Language and Culture Series, National, Regional and Minority Languages in Europe. Contributions to the Annual Conference 2009 of EFNIL in Dublin, issue 81, editor Gerhard Stickel, Peter Lang, 2010, ISBN 3631603657, pp. 97-106. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Младенов, Стефан. Български етимологичен речник. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoyanov2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script">Stoyanov, Rumen (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bulgariamakedonia.net/index.php?br=71&stat=969"><bdi lang="bg">Езиковедски посегателства</bdi></a> [Linguistic Violations]. Bulgaria-Macedonia (2). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1312-0875">1312-0875</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulgaria-Macedonia&rft.atitle=%D0%95%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=1312-0875&rft.aulast=Stoyanov&rft.aufirst=Rumen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bulgariamakedonia.net%2Findex.php%3Fbr%3D71%26stat%3D969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelisterski1927" class="citation journal cs1">Pelisterski, Hristo (February 17, 1927). "Our Oath". Macedonian Tribune. 1 (9): 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Macedonian+Tribune&rft.atitle=Our+Oath&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1927-02-17&rft.aulast=Pelisterski&rft.aufirst=Hristo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://macedoniandocuments.blogspot.com/2010/08/makedonska-tribuna.html">"Иванъ Михайловъ, легендарният вождъ на Македонското освободително движение, почина"</a> [Ivan Mihailoff, Legendary Leader of the Macedonian Liberation Movement, Is Dead]. Macedonian Tribune. 64 (3078): 3. September 20, 1990. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-9009">0024-9009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Macedonian+Tribune&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8A+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8A%2C+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%8A+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%2C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=3078&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1990-09-20&rft.issn=0024-9009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmacedoniandocuments.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F08%2Fmakedonska-tribuna.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFКаверина2021" class="citation journal cs1">Каверина, Валерия Витальевна (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/upotreblenie-bukvy-v-periodicheskih-izdaniyah-xviii-xix-vv-uzus-i-kodifikatsiya">"Употребление буквы Ѣ в периодических изданиях XVIII–XIX вв.: узус и кодификация"</a>. Медиалингвистика. 8 (4): 336–350.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B+%D1%A2+%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85+XVIII%E2%80%93XIX+%D0%B2%D0%B2.%3A+%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%81+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=336-350&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyberleninka.ru%2Farticle%2Fn%2Fupotreblenie-bukvy-v-periodicheskih-izdaniyah-xviii-xix-vv-uzus-i-kodifikatsiya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЛомоносовъ1755" class="citation book cs1">Ломоносовъ, Михайло (1755). Россійская грамматика. Санктпетербургъ: Императорская Академія Наукъ. p. 49. <q>буквы Е и Ѣ въ просторѣчіи едва имѣютъ чувствительную разность</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.place=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8A&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8A&rft.date=1755&rft.aulast=%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8A&rft.aufirst=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Ломоносовъ 1755:53-54 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFАванесов1949" class="citation book cs1">Аванесов, Рубен Иванович (1949). Очерки русской диалектологии. Часть первая. Москва: Государственное учебно-педагогическое издательство Министерства просвещения РСФСР. pp. 41–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8.+%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F&rft.place=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.pages=41-47&rft.pub=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Успенский, Лев: Слово о словах. Лениздат 1962. p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibliography.ufacom.ru/method/dekret.html">"Декрет о введении нового правописания (Decree on introduction of new orthography)"</a>. Известия В.Ц.И.К. 13 October 1918, #223 (487) (in Russian). 1917. Retrieved 2009-03-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%92.%D0%A6.%D0%98.%D0%9A.+13+October+1918%2C+%23223+%28487%29&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%28Decree+on+introduction+of+new+orthography%29&rft.date=1917&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbibliography.ufacom.ru%2Fmethod%2Fdekret.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComrieStonePolinsky1996" class="citation book cs1">Comrie, Bernard; Stone, Gerald; Polinsky, Maria (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russianlanguagei00comr">The Russian Language in the Twentieth Century</a> (2nd ed.). Wotton-under-Edge, England: Clarendon Press. p. 290-291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198240662" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198240662"><bdi>978-0198240662</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Language+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Wotton-under-Edge%2C+England&rft.pages=290-291&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0198240662&rft.aulast=Comrie&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.au=Stone%2C+Gerald&rft.au=Polinsky%2C+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussianlanguagei00comr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3507685">Грамматический террор: Как большевики свергли правила орфографии</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Hlushchenko, V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um150.htm">Yat (ЯТЬ)</a>. Izbornyk. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Pivtorak, H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um77.htm">Orthography (ПРАВОПИС)</a>. Izbornyk. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Alexey Pavlovsky <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://litopys.org.ua/rizne/slovpavl0.htm">Grammar of the Little Russian dialect (ГРАММАТИКА МАЛОРОССІЙСКАГО НАРЂЧІЯ,)</a>. Izbornyk. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/rusyn.pdf">"Rusyn Romanization Table, 2013 version"</a> (PDF). 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rusyn+Romanization+Table%2C+2013+version&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcatdir%2Fcpso%2Fromanization%2Frusyn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYat" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yat&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtlas_of_Bulgarian_Dialects2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ibl.bas.bg/lib/bda/#page/1/mode/1up"><bdi lang="bg">Български диалектален атлас</bdi></a> [Atlas of Bulgarian Dialects] (in Bulgarian). Vol. I-III Phonetics. Accentology. Lexicology. София: Trud Publishing House. 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/954-90344-1-0" title="Special:BookSources/954-90344-1-0"><bdi>954-90344-1-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81&rft.place=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pub=Trud+Publishing+House&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=954-90344-1-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fibl.bas.bg%2Flib%2Fbda%2F%23page%2F1%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoykov1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stoykov, Stoyko (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.promacedonia.org/jchorb/st/index.htm"><bdi lang="bg">Българска диалектология</bdi></a> [Bulgarian Dialectology] (in Bulgarian) (III ed.). Prof. Marin Drinov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.edition=III&rft.pub=Prof.+Marin+Drinov&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Stoykov&rft.aufirst=Stoyko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.promacedonia.org%2Fjchorb%2Fst%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuridanov1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Duridanov, Ivan (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://macedonia.kroraina.com/id_gram/index.htm"><bdi lang="bg">Граматика на старобългарския език</bdi></a> [Grammar of Old Bulgarian] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Bulgarian Language Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/954-430-159-3" title="Special:BookSources/954-430-159-3"><bdi>954-430-159-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft.place=Sofia&rft.pub=Bulgarian+Language+Institute%2C+Bulgarian+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=954-430-159-3&rft.aulast=Duridanov&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmacedonia.kroraina.com%2Fid_gram%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirchev1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mirchev, Kiril (1978). <bdi lang="bg">Историческа граматика на българския език</bdi> [Historical Grammar of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian) (III ed.). Sofia: Наука и изкуство.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft.place=Sofia&rft.edition=III&rft.pub=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Mirchev&rft.aufirst=Kiril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTotomanova2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Totomanova, Anna-Maria (2014). <bdi lang="bg">Из българската историческа фонетика</bdi> [On Bulgarian Historical Phonetics] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: St. Clement of Ohrid University Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789540737881" title="Special:BookSources/9789540737881"><bdi>9789540737881</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D0%B7+%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.place=Sofia&rft.pub=St.+Clement+of+Ohrid+University+Publisher&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789540737881&rft.aulast=Totomanova&rft.aufirst=Anna-Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYat" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yat&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarićMijo_LončarićDragica_MalićSlavko_Pavešić1997" class="citation book cs1">Barić, Eugenija; Mijo Lončarić; Dragica Malić; Slavko Pavešić; Mirko Peti; Vesna Zečević; Marija Znika (1997). Hrvatska gramatika. <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0kolska_knjiga" title="Školska knjiga">Školska knjiga</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/953-0-40010-1" title="Special:BookSources/953-0-40010-1"><bdi>953-0-40010-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hrvatska+gramatika&rft.pub=%C5%A0kolska+knjiga&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=953-0-40010-1&rft.aulast=Bari%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Eugenija&rft.au=Mijo+Lon%C4%8Dari%C4%87&rft.au=Dragica+Mali%C4%87&rft.au=Slavko+Pave%C5%A1i%C4%87&rft.au=Mirko+Peti&rft.au=Vesna+Ze%C4%8Devi%C4%87&rft.au=Marija+Znika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYat" class="Z3988"></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yat&oldid=1258793513">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yat&oldid=1258793513</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cyrillic_letters" title="Category:Cyrillic letters">Cyrillic letters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Bulgarian_language" title="Category:History of the Bulgarian language">History of the Bulgarian language</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Bulgarian-language_sources_(bg)" title="Category:CS1 Bulgarian-language sources (bg)">CS1 Bulgarian-language sources (bg)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Bulgarian-language_script_(bg)" title="Category:CS1 uses Bulgarian-language script (bg)">CS1 uses Bulgarian-language script (bg)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Bulgarian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Bulgarian-language text">Articles containing Bulgarian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ukrainian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ukrainian-language text">Articles containing Ukrainian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Belarusian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Belarusian-language text">Articles containing Belarusian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Macedonian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Macedonian-language text">Articles containing Macedonian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Serbian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Serbian-language text">Articles containing Serbian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Serbo-Croatian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Serbo-Croatian-language text">Articles containing Serbo-Croatian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Slovene-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Slovene-language text">Articles containing Slovene-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Polish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Polish-language text">Articles containing Polish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Czech-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Czech-language text">Articles containing Czech-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Slovak-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Slovak-language text">Articles containing Slovak-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_uncoded-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing uncoded-language text">Articles containing uncoded-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2008" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Romanian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Romanian-language text">Articles containing Romanian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chakavian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chakavian-language text">Articles containing Chakavian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 17:44 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yat&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-s9lct","wgBackendResponseTime":230,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.468","walltime":"1.705","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10234,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":360711,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13161,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":116709,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1332.172 1 -total"," 23.24% 309.630 168 Template:Lang"," 16.28% 216.860 1 Template:Cyrillic_alphabet_navbox"," 15.81% 210.652 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.14% 201.727 2 Template:Infobox"," 9.28% 123.663 114 Template:IPA"," 8.65% 115.255 3 Template:Cite_web"," 6.56% 87.389 16 Template:Sfnp"," 6.51% 86.761 15 Template:Cite_book"," 6.27% 83.557 33 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.877","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18015588,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAtlas_of_Bulgarian_Dialects2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarićMijo_LončarićDragica_MalićSlavko_Pavešić1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFComrieStonePolinsky1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuridanov1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGianelliVaillant1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvanov1931\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMii2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMirchev1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMirchev2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNichev1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPelisterski1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoyanov2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoykov1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTotomanova2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Wijk1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFАванесов1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFКаверина2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFЛомоносовъ1755\"] = 1,\n [\"Code_positions\"] = 1,\n [\"restoring_yat\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anchor\"] = 2,\n [\"Angbr\"] = 46,\n [\"Big\"] = 1,\n [\"Charmap\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"Cyrillic alphabet navbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Font\"] = 18,\n [\"Font color\"] = 4,\n [\"IPA\"] = 112,\n [\"IPA notice\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAslink\"] = 24,\n [\"Lang\"] = 168,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Resize\"] = 10,\n [\"Script\"] = 12,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 6,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 16,\n [\"Slavonic\"] = 2,\n [\"Vr\"] = 4,\n [\"Wrap\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-g9j6c","timestamp":"20241128015646","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Yat","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yat","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q331368","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q331368","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-03-07T20:14:58Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T17:44:42Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/48\/Cyrillic_letter_Yat.svg","headline":"thirty-second letter of the old Cyrillic alphabet"}</script> </body> </html>