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Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82_%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="ملحق عسكري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ملحق عسكري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99rbi_atta%C5%9Fe" title="Hərbi attaşe – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hərbi attaşe" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8D" title="Ваенны аташэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ваенны аташэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8D" title="Вайсковы аташэ – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вайсковы аташэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsvarsattach%C3%A9" title="Forsvarsattaché – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Forsvarsattaché" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A4rattach%C3%A9" title="Militärattaché – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Militärattaché" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaitseata%C5%A1ee" title="Kaitseatašee – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaitseatašee" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agregado_militar" title="Agregado militar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Agregado militar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armea_ata%C5%9Deo" title="Armea ataŝeo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Armea ataŝeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attach%C3%A9_militaire" title="Attaché militaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Attaché militaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EC%9E%AC%EB%AC%B4%EA%B4%80" title="주재무관 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주재무관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojni_izaslanik" title="Vojni izaslanik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vojni izaslanik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atase_pertahanan" title="Atase pertahanan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Atase pertahanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addetto_militare" title="Addetto militare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Addetto militare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%97_%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99" title="נספח צבאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נספח צבאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Әскери атташе – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әскери атташе" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katonai_attas%C3%A9" title="Katonai attasé – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Katonai attasé" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atase_pertahanan" title="Atase pertahanan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Atase pertahanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militair_attach%C3%A9" title="Militair attaché – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Militair attaché" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A7%90%E5%9C%A8%E6%AD%A6%E5%AE%98" title="駐在武官 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="駐在武官" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsvarsattach%C3%A9" title="Forsvarsattaché – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Forsvarsattaché" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A6rattach%C3%A9" title="Militærattaché – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Militærattaché" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attach%C3%A9_wojskowy" title="Attaché wojskowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Attaché wojskowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adido_militar" title="Adido militar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Adido militar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Военный атташе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Военный атташе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voja%C5%A1ki_ata%C5%A1e" title="Vojaški ataše – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vojaški ataše" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Војни аташе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Војни аташе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojni_izaslanik" title="Vojni izaslanik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vojni izaslanik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atase_milit%C3%A9r" title="Atase militér – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Atase militér" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotilasasiamies" title="Sotilasasiamies – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sotilasasiamies" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A4rattach%C3%A9" title="Militärattaché – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Militärattaché" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asker%C3%AE_ata%C5%9Fe" title="Askerî ataşe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Askerî ataşe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Військовий аташе – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Військовий аташе" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A7%90%E5%A4%96%E6%AD%A6%E5%AE%98" title="駐外武官 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="駐外武官" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q302691#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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title="Air attaché">Air attaché</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Diplomat by role</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_100326-N-7058E-249_Lt._Cmdr._Matt_Weber,_executive_officer_of_the_littoral_combat_ship_USS_Freedom_(LCS_1),_describes_the_ship%27s_Mk_110_57mm_gun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/US_Navy_100326-N-7058E-249_Lt._Cmdr._Matt_Weber%2C_executive_officer_of_the_littoral_combat_ship_USS_Freedom_%28LCS_1%29%2C_describes_the_ship%27s_Mk_110_57mm_gun.jpg/250px-US_Navy_100326-N-7058E-249_Lt._Cmdr._Matt_Weber%2C_executive_officer_of_the_littoral_combat_ship_USS_Freedom_%28LCS_1%29%2C_describes_the_ship%27s_Mk_110_57mm_gun.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/US_Navy_100326-N-7058E-249_Lt._Cmdr._Matt_Weber%2C_executive_officer_of_the_littoral_combat_ship_USS_Freedom_%28LCS_1%29%2C_describes_the_ship%27s_Mk_110_57mm_gun.jpg/375px-US_Navy_100326-N-7058E-249_Lt._Cmdr._Matt_Weber%2C_executive_officer_of_the_littoral_combat_ship_USS_Freedom_%28LCS_1%29%2C_describes_the_ship%27s_Mk_110_57mm_gun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/US_Navy_100326-N-7058E-249_Lt._Cmdr._Matt_Weber%2C_executive_officer_of_the_littoral_combat_ship_USS_Freedom_%28LCS_1%29%2C_describes_the_ship%27s_Mk_110_57mm_gun.jpg/500px-US_Navy_100326-N-7058E-249_Lt._Cmdr._Matt_Weber%2C_executive_officer_of_the_littoral_combat_ship_USS_Freedom_%28LCS_1%29%2C_describes_the_ship%27s_Mk_110_57mm_gun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1602" /></a><figcaption>The Chilean defense attaché in Panama (left) receiving a briefing on the armament of the <a href="/wiki/USS_Freedom_(LCS-1)" title="USS Freedom (LCS-1)">USS <i>Freedom</i></a> from the ship's executive officer (2010)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Diplomats</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">Ambassador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_commissioner" title="High commissioner">High commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_representative" title="Permanent representative">Permanent representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">Nuncio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_mission" title="Head of mission">Head of mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envoy_(title)" title="Envoy (title)">Envoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_chief_of_mission" title="Deputy chief of mission">Deputy chief of mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_(diplomacy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister (diplomacy)">Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resident_minister" title="Resident minister">Resident minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">Papal legate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27affaires" title="Chargé d'affaires">Chargé d'affaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attach%C3%A9" title="Attaché">Attaché</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_attach%C3%A9" title="Cultural attaché">Cultural attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_attach%C3%A9" title="Agricultural attaché">Agricultural attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_attach%C3%A9" title="Science attaché">Science attaché</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diplomats" title="Template:Diplomats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diplomats" title="Template talk:Diplomats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diplomats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diplomats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>military attaché</b> or <b>defence attaché</b> (<b>DA</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes known as a "<b>military diplomat</b>",<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Official" title="Official">official</a> responsible for <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> matters within a <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_mission" title="Diplomatic mission">diplomatic mission</a>, typically an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_mission" title="Diplomatic mission">embassy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are usually high-ranking <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">members of the armed forces</a> who retain their <a href="/wiki/Commission_(document)" title="Commission (document)">commission</a> while being accorded <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">full diplomatic status</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_immunity" title="Diplomatic immunity">immunity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generally, a military attaché serves as a representative of their country's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_defence" title="Ministry of defence">defense establishment</a>, with responsibility over all aspects of bilateral military and defense relations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their main roles include advising diplomatic officials on security matters and gathering <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">intelligence</a> on the host country's armed forces; they may also be tasked with other security issues, such as migration or law enforcement matters.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The duties, qualifications, and management of a military attaché varies between governments. </p><p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Attach%C3%A9" title="Attaché">attaché</a>" is <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and denotes an individual who is assigned ("attached") to a diplomatic mission to fulfill a particular specialized function. Generically, a military or defense attaché may come from any branch of the armed forces, although some governments designate an attaché to represent a specific service branch, such as an air force or naval attaché. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_attach%C3%A9&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a formal diplomatic practice, the defence attaché system is traced to the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> (1618–1648), when French Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Armand Jean du Plessis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Richelieu" title="Duke of Richelieu">First Duke of Richelieu</a> dispatched military officers abroad to liaise with allied powers, monitor military developments and gather intelligence. In the 18th century, DAs were increasingly assigned to embassies, and by the 19th century the practice had become widespread commensurate with the emergence of national defence departments/ministries and the building of colonial empires. The 20th century brought dramatic changes in the number and background of DAs, owing to the growing number of states, the increasingly complex nature of weapons systems, and the enhanced importance of intelligence gathering, particularly during the Cold War. The DA system was formally recognized in the Vienna Convention of 1961, which codified the rights and responsibilities of diplomats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Duties_and_responsibilities">Duties and responsibilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_attach%C3%A9&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Duties and responsibilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>General <a href="/wiki/Edward_Stopford_Claremont" title="Edward Stopford Claremont">Edward Stopford Claremont</a>, served as the first British military attaché (at first described as "military commissioner") based in Paris for 25 years from 1856 to 1881. Though based in the embassy, he was attached to the French army command during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> of 1853–1856 and later campaigns. </p><p>The functions of a military attaché are illustrated by actions of U.S. military attachés in Japan around the time of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Japanese war">Russo-Japanese war</a> of 1904–1905. A series of military officers had been assigned to the American diplomatic mission in Tokyo since 1901, when the U.S. and Japan were co-operating closely in response to the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> of 1899–1901 in China. The military attaché advised the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Japan">United States Ambassador to Japan</a> on military matters, acted as a liaison between <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a>, and gathered and disseminated <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">intelligence</a>. The military attaché's office in Tokyo usually had two assistants and a number of "language officers" who were assigned specifically to learn Japanese while attached to <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> regiments as observers. These "language officers" translated training and technical manuals and reported on conditions in Japanese military units.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> (1904–1905), <a href="/wiki/Military_attach%C3%A9s_and_observers_in_the_Russo-Japanese_War" title="Military attachés and observers in the Russo-Japanese War">military attachés from many Western military organizations</a> served as observers with the land and naval forces of Russia and of Japan. The United States Army detailed eight officers to serve as military attachés with opposing forces in the field; and all served from the start of hostilities in 1904 through the signing of the peace protocols in September 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, the reports of British officers attached to the Japanese forces in the field were combined and published in four volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this conflict, some attachés served primarily in Manchuria, and others served primarily in Tokyo. Some, like Italian naval officer <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Burzagli" title="Ernesto Burzagli">Ernesto Burzagli</a>, saw service both at sea and in Tokyo. </p><p>The agreed conditions that allow military attachés to gather information can be misunderstood with fatal results. United States military attaché Maj. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_D._Nicholson" title="Arthur D. Nicholson">Arthur D. Nicholson</a> was killed on March 24, 1985,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while photographing a military installation in <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> 160 kilometres (100 miles) northwest of Berlin. He was reportedly observing from a point not marked off-limits, though near a place that was. According to Sgt. Jessie Schatz, Nicholson's driver, there were no warning shots and the Soviets refused to give Nicholson medical attention for nearly an hour. His role had been agreed to by the United States and the Soviet Union. Soviet liaison-teams were conducting similar missions in West Germany. These tours had evolved into a legalized form of intelligence-gathering, usually accepted by both sides. The killing became a diplomatic incident. In retaliation, the United States expelled Soviet military attaché Stanislav Gromov, who was selected for his effectiveness in collecting intelligence on the United States for the Soviet Union from his post in Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_attach%C3%A9&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Arms industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Attach%C3%A9_System" title="Defense Attaché System">Defense Attaché System</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_diplomacy" title="Defence diplomacy">Defence diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">Diplomat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_attach%C3%A9s_and_observers_in_the_Russo-Japanese_War" title="Military attachés and observers in the Russo-Japanese War">Military attachés and observers in the Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_attach%C3%A9s_and_war_correspondents_in_the_First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Military attachés and war correspondents in the First World War">Military attachés and war correspondents in the First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_attach%C3%A9" title="Science attaché">Science attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Military_Observer" title="United Nations Military Observer">United Nations Military Observer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_attach%C3%A9&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/38583/dcaf-backgrounder-defence-attaches.pdf">Defence Attachés</a>" <i>Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Prout, John. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/44327004.">THE ORIGINS OF THE MILITARY ATTACHÉ CORPS</a>." <i>American Intelligence Journal</i> 21, no. 1/2 (2002): 47–55. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/attache">ATTACHÉ | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 7, <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Diplomatic_Relations" title="Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations">Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (18 April 1961)</a>: "Subject to the provisions of articles 5, 8, 9 and 11, the sending State may freely appoint the members of the staff of the mission. In the case of military, naval or air attachés, the receiving State may require their names to be submitted beforehand, for its approval."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King's College London: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?coll_id=2651&inst_id=21">US Military Intelligence Reports, Japan, Context</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cullen, Glen T. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cgi-bin/showfile.exe?CISOROOT=/p4013coll2&CISOPTR=606&filename=607.pdf#search=%22military%20attache%3ECISOSEARCHAL%22">"Preparing for battle: Learning Lessons in the US Army during World War I," p. 16.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Command_and_General_Staff_College" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Command and General Staff College">U.S. Army Command and General Staff College</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">_____. (1907). <i>The Russo-Japanese War, Reports from British Officers Attached to the Japanese Forces in the Field</i>, Vol. I; (1908). Vol. II.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDobson2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Dobson, Sebastian, ed. (2000) [1906-1910]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k2ZuAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Russo-Japanese War: Reports from Officers Attached to the Japanese Forces in the Field</i></a>. Modern Asian History Series. Vol. 1 to 3. Ganesha Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781862100145" title="Special:BookSources/9781862100145"><bdi>9781862100145</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russo-Japanese+War%3A+Reports+from+Officers+Attached+to+the+Japanese+Forces+in+the+Field&rft.series=Modern+Asian+History+Series&rft.pub=Ganesha+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781862100145&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk2ZuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+attach%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPear1987" class="citation news cs1">Pear, Robert (September 18, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/18/world/us-serviceman-wounded-by-russian-in-east-germany.html">"U.S. Serviceman Wounded By Russian in East Germany"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2013</span>. <q>[...] the Soviets last shot at an American observer team on March 24, 1985, when Maj. Arthur D. Nicholson Jr., an Army officer, was killed by a Soviet sentry near the East German town of Ludwigslust. Major Nicholson had been observing a Soviet tank shed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+Serviceman+Wounded+By+Russian+in+East+Germany&rft.date=1987-09-18&rft.aulast=Pear&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F09%2F18%2Fworld%2Fus-serviceman-wounded-by-russian-in-east-germany.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+attach%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055008/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1985-04-27/news/8501160711_1_soviet-military-attache-soviet-sentry-jessie-schatz">"U.S. Expels Soviet Attache In Retaliation For Shooting"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a></i>. April 27, 1985. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1985-04-27/news/8501160711_1_soviet-military-attache-soviet-sentry-jessie-schatz">the original</a> on September 21, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2013</span>. <q>A U.S. official said that Gromov was selected for expulsion on the advice of the Pentagon, which described him as 'very active' in collecting defense information for the Soviets.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Press+International&rft.atitle=U.S.+Expels+Soviet+Attache+In+Retaliation+For+Shooting&rft.date=1985-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.sun-sentinel.com%2F1985-04-27%2Fnews%2F8501160711_1_soviet-military-attache-soviet-sentry-jessie-schatz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+attach%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_attach%C3%A9&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Military_attach%C3%A9s" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Military attachés"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Military attachés</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Craig, Gordon A. "Military diplomats in the Prussian and German service: the attachés, 1816-1914." <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> (1949): 65-94. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2144182">online</a></li> <li>Cullen, Glen T. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/p4013coll2&CISOPTR=606&CISOBOX=1&REC=11">"Preparing for battle: Learning Lessons in the US Army during World War I."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304123253/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2Fp4013coll2&CISOPTR=606&CISOBOX=1&REC=11">Archived</a> 2009-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Command_and_General_Staff_College" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Command and General Staff College">U.S. Army Command and General Staff College</a> (<a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Command_and_General_Staff_College" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Command and General Staff College">CGSC</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070630034956/http://cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil/carl/contentdm/home.htm">Combined Arms Research Library</a>.</li> <li>_____, Office of the Chief of Staff, Second (military) Information Division. (1906). <i>Reports of the Military Observers attached to the Armies in Manchuria during the Russo-Japanese War</i>, Vol. I; (1907). Vol. II. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.</li> <li>Hadley, Tim. <i>Military Diplomacy in the Dual Alliance: German Military Attaché Reporting from Vienna, 1879–1914</i> (Lexington Books, 2015).</li> <li>Prout, John. "The origins of the military attaché corps." <i>American Intelligence Journal</i> (2002): 47-55. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44327004">online</a></li> <li>Sisemore, James D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/p4013coll2&CISOPTR=113">"The Russo-Japanese War, Lessons Not Learned."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304123247/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2Fp4013coll2&CISOPTR=113">Archived</a> 2009-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> CGSC.</li> <li>_____. (1907). <i>The Russo-Japanese War, Reports from British Officers Attached to the Japanese Forces in the Field</i>, Vol. I; (1908). Vol. II. London: General Staff.</li> <li>Trumpener, Ulrich. "The Service Attachés and Military Plenipotentiaries of Imperial Germany, 1871–1918." <i>The International History Review</i> 9#4 (1987): 621-638. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462">The Service Attachés and Military Plenipotentiaries of Imperial Germany, 1871–1918</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diplomacy" title="Template:Diplomacy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diplomacy" title="Template talk:Diplomacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diplomacy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diplomacy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diplomacy_and_diplomats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomats</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomatic<br /> leader titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multilateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_representative" title="Permanent representative">Permanent representative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_representative_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent representative to the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambassador-at-large" title="Ambassador-at-large">Ambassador-at-large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resident_Representative" title="Resident Representative">Resident representative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bilateral-national</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">Ambassador</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_commissioner_(Commonwealth)" title="High commissioner (Commonwealth)">High commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">Nuncio</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27affaires" title="Chargé d'affaires">Chargé d'affaires</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_mission" title="Head of mission">Head of mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_chief_of_mission" title="Deputy chief of mission">Deputy chief of mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bilateral-subnational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">Consul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bilateral-insular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resident_minister" title="Resident minister">Resident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resident_commissioner" title="Resident commissioner">Resident commissioner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envoy_(title)" title="Envoy (title)">Envoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent-general" title="Agent-general">Agent-general</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By portfolio (<a href="/wiki/Attach%C3%A9" title="Attaché">Attaché</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_attach%C3%A9" title="Agricultural attaché">Agricultural attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_de_mission" title="Chargé de mission">Chargé de mission</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conseiller_charg%C3%A9_des_investissements" title="Conseiller chargé des investissements">Conseiller chargé des investissements</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_attach%C3%A9" title="Cultural attaché">Cultural attaché</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_attach%C3%A9" title="Science attaché">Science attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_commissioner" title="Trade commissioner">Trade commissioner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_courier" title="Diplomatic courier">Diplomatic courier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Messenger" title="King's Messenger">King's Messenger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_foreign_affairs" title="Ministry of foreign affairs">Foreign minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary" title="Plenipotentiary">Plenipotentiary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diplomats" title="Template:Diplomats">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_nunciature" title="Apostolic nunciature">Apostolic nunciature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consular_corps" title="Consular corps">Consular corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate" title="Consulate">Consulate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_facto_embassy" title="De facto embassy"><i>De facto</i> embassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_corps" title="Diplomatic corps">Diplomatic corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Diplomatic_Corps" title="African Diplomatic Corps">African Diplomatic Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_mission" title="Diplomatic mission">Diplomatic mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_commissioner" title="High commissioner">High commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legation" title="Legation">Legation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protecting_power" title="Protecting power">Protecting power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_mandate" title="Exclusive mandate">Exclusive mandate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caviar_diplomacy" title="Caviar diplomacy">Caviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkbook_diplomacy" title="Checkbook diplomacy">Checkbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compellence" title="Compellence">Coercive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diplomacy" title="Commercial diplomacy">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diplomacy" title="Cultural diplomacy">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_diplomacy" title="Culinary diplomacy">Culinary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_diplomacy" title="Defence diplomacy">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt-trap_diplomacy" title="Debt-trap diplomacy">Debt-trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_diplomacy" title="Digital diplomacy">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_diplomacy" title="Dollar diplomacy">Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_diplomacy" title="Economic diplomacy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_diplomacy" title="Energy diplomacy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freelance_diplomacy" title="Freelance diplomacy">Freelance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_spectrum_diplomacy" title="Full spectrum diplomacy">Full-spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_diplomacy" title="Guerrilla diplomacy">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage_diplomacy" title="Hostage diplomacy">Hostage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_diplomacy" title="Iron diplomacy">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_diplomacy" title="Medical diplomacy">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_diplomacy" title="Migration diplomacy">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_diplomacy" title="New diplomacy">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panda_diplomacy" title="Panda diplomacy">Panda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_diplomacy" title="Bamboo diplomacy">Bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradiplomacy" title="Paradiplomacy">Paradiplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parley" title="Parley">Parley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage_diplomacy" title="Pilgrimage diplomacy">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_diplomacy" title="Preventive diplomacy">Preventive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_diplomacy" title="Science diplomacy">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_diplomacy" title="Shuttle diplomacy">Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadium_diplomacy" title="Stadium diplomacy">Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_II_diplomacy" title="Track II diplomacy">Track II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_warrior_diplomacy" title="Wolf warrior diplomacy">Wolf warrior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consular_assistance" title="Consular assistance">Consular assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consular_immunity" title="Consular immunity">Consular immunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_credence" title="Letter of credence">Diplomatic accreditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_bag" title="Diplomatic bag">Diplomatic bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_cable" title="Diplomatic cable">Diplomatic cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_credence" title="Letter of credence">Diplomatic credentials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history" title="Diplomatic history">Diplomatic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_illness" 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<li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Diplomacy" title="Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy">Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Diplomacy" title="Category:Diplomacy"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" 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