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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dollar diplomacy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_diplomatiyas%C4%B1" title="Dollar diplomatiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dollar diplomatiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolarov%C3%A1_diplomacie" title="Dolarová diplomacie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dolarová diplomacie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomyddiaeth_y_Ddoler" title="Diplomyddiaeth y Ddoler – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Diplomyddiaeth y Ddoler" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacia_del_d%C3%B3lar" title="Diplomacia del dólar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diplomacia del dólar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolar_diplomazia" title="Dolar diplomazia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dolar diplomazia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="دیپلماسی دلار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیپلماسی دلار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%AC%EB%9F%AC_%EC%99%B8%EA%B5%90" title="달러 외교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="달러 외교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Դոլարի դիվանագիտություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դոլարի դիվանագիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomasi_dolar" title="Diplomasi dolar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Diplomasi dolar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacie_de_l_d%C3%B3lar" title="Diplomacie de l dólar – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Diplomacie de l dólar" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="ドル外交 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドル外交" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollardiplomati" title="Dollardiplomati – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dollardiplomati" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyplomacja_dolarowa" title="Dyplomacja dolarowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dyplomacja dolarowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacia_do_d%C3%B3lar" title="Diplomacia do dólar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Diplomacia do dólar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Дипломатия доллара – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дипломатия доллара" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="ڊالر سفارتڪاري – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڊالر سفارتڪاري" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollardiplomati" title="Dollardiplomati – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dollardiplomati" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolar_diplomasisi" title="Dolar diplomasisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dolar diplomasisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Дипломатія долара – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дипломатія долара" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%85%83%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="金元外交 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="金元外交" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157919884">.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person{border:4px double #d69d36}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-title{font-size:110%;padding:0;line-height:150%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title-image{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:5px}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title>div{font-size:88%;line-height:normal}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-content{padding:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-navbar{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #d69d36"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color: #002466;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Howard_Taft_as_Chief_Justice_SCOTUS_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/William_Howard_Taft_as_Chief_Justice_SCOTUS_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-William_Howard_Taft_as_Chief_Justice_SCOTUS_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/William_Howard_Taft_as_Chief_Justice_SCOTUS_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-William_Howard_Taft_as_Chief_Justice_SCOTUS_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/William_Howard_Taft_as_Chief_Justice_SCOTUS_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-William_Howard_Taft_as_Chief_Justice_SCOTUS_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4746" data-file-height="5245" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color: #002466;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">William Howard Taft</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft#Early_life_and_education" title="William Howard Taft">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft_family" title="Taft family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Bibliography of William Howard Taft">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft#Legacy_and_historical_view" title="William Howard Taft">Legacy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">27th President of the United States</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Inauguration of William Howard Taft">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Presidency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">timeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_William_Howard_Taft" title="List of executive actions by William Howard Taft">Executive actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_U.S._foreign_policy,_1897%E2%80%931913#Taft_administration" title="History of U.S. foreign policy, 1897–1913">Foreign policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taftian_theory" title="Taftian theory">Taftian theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft#Domestic_policies_and_politics" title="William Howard Taft">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft#Cabinet" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_William_Howard_Taft" title="List of federal judges appointed by William Howard Taft">Judiciary</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dollar diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Adoption" title="Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Income Tax amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payne%E2%80%93Aldrich_Tariff_Act" title="Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act">Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Ship_Act_of_1910" title="Wireless Ship Act of 1910">Wireless Ship Act of 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mann%E2%80%93Elkins_Act" title="Mann–Elkins Act">Mann–Elkins Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Secrets_Act_of_1911" title="Defense Secrets Act of 1911">Defense Secrets Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Act_of_1912" title="Radio Act of 1912">Radio Act of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Economy_and_Efficiency" title="Commission on Economy and Efficiency">Commission on Economy and Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">U.S. occupation of Nicaragua</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Presidential campaigns</div> <ul><li>1908 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>1912 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">10th Chief Justice of the United States</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft#Appointment" title="William Howard Taft">Appointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taft_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court">Supreme Court cases</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Post-presidency</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_National_Historic_Site" title="William Howard Taft National Historic Site">National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft#Declining_health_and_death_(1930)" title="William Howard Taft">Death</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft's signature"><img alt="William Howard Taft's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/William_Howard_Taft_Signature2.svg/150px-William_Howard_Taft_Signature2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/William_Howard_Taft_Signature2.svg/225px-William_Howard_Taft_Signature2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/William_Howard_Taft_Signature2.svg/300px-William_Howard_Taft_Signature2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="103" /></a></span></div> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Seal of the President of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></span></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:William_Howard_Taft_series" title="Template:William Howard Taft series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:William_Howard_Taft_series" title="Template talk:William Howard Taft series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:William_Howard_Taft_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:William Howard Taft series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Dollar diplomacy</b> of the United States, particularly during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">presidency of William Howard Taft</a> (1909–1913) was a form of American foreign policy to minimize the use or threat of military force and instead further its aims in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> through the use of its <a href="/wiki/Economic_power" title="Economic power">economic power</a> by guaranteeing loans made to foreign countries.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <a href="/wiki/1912_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1912 State of the Union Address">message to Congress</a> on 3 December 1912, Taft summarized the policy of Dollar diplomacy: </p> <dl><dd>The diplomacy of the present administration has sought to respond to modern ideas of commercial intercourse. This policy has been characterized as substituting dollars for bullets. It is one that appeals alike to idealistic humanitarian sentiments, to the dictates of sound policy and strategy, and to legitimate commercial aims.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Dollar diplomacy was not new, as the use of diplomacy to promote commercial interest dates from the early years of the Republic. However, under Taft's presidency, the State Department was more active than ever in encouraging and supporting American bankers and industrialists in securing new opportunities abroad. </p><p>The concept is relevant to both <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, where American loans were given in 1913, and Latin America. Latin Americans tend to use the term "dollar diplomacy" disparagingly to show their disapproval of the role that the U.S. government and U.S. corporations have played in using economic, diplomatic and military power to open up foreign markets. When <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> became president in March 1913, he immediately canceled all support for Dollar diplomacy. Historians agree that Taft's Dollar diplomacy was a failure everywhere [citation needed]. In the Far East, it alienated Japan and Russia and created a deep suspicion among the other powers hostile to American motives.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dollar_diplomacy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1909 to 1913, President <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> and Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Philander C. Knox</a> followed a foreign policy characterized as "dollar diplomacy". It was a policy whereby American influence would be exerted primarily by American banks and financial interests, supported in part by diplomats. Taft shared the view held by Knox (a corporate lawyer who was instrumental in founding the giant conglomerate <a href="/wiki/U.S._Steel" title="U.S. Steel">U.S. Steel</a>) that the goal of diplomacy should be to create stability abroad and through this stability promote American commercial interests. Knox felt that not only was the goal of diplomacy to improve financial opportunities, but also to use private capital to further U.S. interests overseas. "Dollar diplomacy" was evident in extensive U.S. interventions in Venezuela, Cuba, and Central America, especially in measures undertaken to safeguard American financial interests and from the United States government in the region. In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, Knox secured the entry of an American banking conglomerate, headed by <a href="/wiki/J.P._Morgan" class="mw-redirect" title="J.P. Morgan">J.P. Morgan</a>, into a European-financed consortium financing the construction of a railway from <a href="/wiki/Huguang" title="Huguang">Huguang</a> to <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a>. In spite of successes, "dollar diplomacy" failed to counteract economic instability and the tide of revolution in places like <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The US Government felt obligated, through dollar diplomacy, to uphold economic and political stability. Taft's dollar diplomacy not only allowed the United States to gain financially from countries but also restrained other foreign countries from reaping any sort of financial gain. Consequently, when the United States benefited from other countries, other world powers could not reap those same benefits. Overall the "dollar diplomacy" was to encourage and protect trade within Latin America and Asia. Taft maintained an activist approach to foreign policy. On one hand, he was the initiator of what became known as dollar diplomacy, in which the United States used its military might to promote American business interests abroad. Taft defended his dollar diplomacy as an extension of the Monroe Doctrine. Taft was a major supporter of arbitration as the most viable method of settling international disputes. Quickly becoming a world power, America sought to further her influence abroad. President Taft realized that by instituting dollar diplomacy, he would harm the financial interests of other countries, thereby benefiting the United States greatly.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a>, a professor of history at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> has stated that dollar diplomacy was designed to make both people in foreign lands and the American investors prosper.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Americas">Americas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dollar_diplomacy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Outgoing President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> laid the foundation for this approach in 1904 with his <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Corollary" title="Roosevelt Corollary">Roosevelt Corollary</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a> (under which <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marines</a> were frequently sent to <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>) maintaining that if any nation in the Western Hemisphere appeared politically and financially unstable enough to be vulnerable to European control, the United States had the right and obligation to intervene. Taft continued and expanded this policy, starting in Central America, where he justified it as a means to protect the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>. In March 1909, he attempted unsuccessfully to establish control over <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> by buying up its debt to British bankers.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another dangerous new trouble spot was the revolution-riddled Caribbean—now largely dominated by U.S. interests. Hoping to head off trouble, Washington urged U.S. bankers to pump dollars into the financial vacuum in Honduras and <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> to keep out foreign funds. The United States would not permit foreign nations to intervene, and consequently felt obligated to prevent economic and political instability. The State Department persuaded four U.S. banks to refinance Haiti's national debt, setting the stage for further intervention in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Failure_in_East_Asia">Failure in East Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dollar_diplomacy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Failure in East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Chinese_Government_5_%25_Hukuang_Railways_Gold_Loan_1911.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Imperial_Chinese_Government_5_%25_Hukuang_Railways_Gold_Loan_1911.JPG/220px-Imperial_Chinese_Government_5_%25_Hukuang_Railways_Gold_Loan_1911.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Imperial_Chinese_Government_5_%25_Hukuang_Railways_Gold_Loan_1911.JPG/330px-Imperial_Chinese_Government_5_%25_Hukuang_Railways_Gold_Loan_1911.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Imperial_Chinese_Government_5_%25_Hukuang_Railways_Gold_Loan_1911.JPG/440px-Imperial_Chinese_Government_5_%25_Hukuang_Railways_Gold_Loan_1911.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2925" data-file-height="4406" /></a><figcaption>Hukuang loan, issued 15. June 1911</figcaption></figure> <p>In East Asia, dollar diplomacy was the policy of the Taft administration to use American banking power to create a tangible American interest in China that would limit the scope of the other powers, increase the opportunity for American trade and investment, and help maintain the <a href="/wiki/Open_Door_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Door policy">Open Door policy</a> of trading opportunities of all nations. Whereas Theodore Roosevelt wanted to conciliate Japan and help it neutralize Russia, Taft and his Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Philander_Knox" class="mw-redirect" title="Philander Knox">Philander Knox</a> ignored Roosevelt's policy and his advice. Dollar diplomacy was based on the false assumption that American financial interests could mobilize their potential power, and wanted to do so in East Asia. However, the American financial system was not geared to handle international finance, such as loans and large investments, and had to depend primarily on London. The British also wanted an open door in China but were not prepared to support American financial maneuvers. Finally, the other powers held territorial interests, including naval bases and designated geographical areas which they dominated inside China, while the United States refused anything of the kind. Bankers were reluctant, but Taft and Knox kept pushing them. Most efforts were failures until finally, the United States forced its way into the <a href="/wiki/Huguang" title="Huguang">Hukuang</a> international railway loan. The loan was finally made by the so-called <a href="/wiki/China_Consortium" title="China Consortium">China Consortium</a> in 1911 and helped spark a widespread "<a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Movement" title="Railway Protection Movement">Railway Protection Movement</a>" revolt against foreign investment that overthrew the Chinese government. The bonds caused no end of disappointment and trouble. As late as 1983, over 300 American investors tried, unsuccessfully, to force the government of China to redeem the worthless Hukuang bonds.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Woodrow Wilson became president in March 1913, he immediately canceled all support for Dollar diplomacy. Historians agree that Taft's Dollar diplomacy was a failure everywhere, In the Far East alienated Japan and Russia, and created a deep suspicion among the other powers hostile to American motives.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dollar_diplomacy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt-trap_diplomacy" title="Debt-trap diplomacy">Debt-trap diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_U.S._foreign_policy,_1897%E2%80%931913" title="History of U.S. foreign policy, 1897–1913">History of U.S. foreign policy, 1897–1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dollar_diplomacy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paolo E. Coletta, <i>The Presidency of William Howard Taft</i> (U Press of Kansas 1973) pp 183–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCarl_Cavanagh_HodgeCathal_J._Nolan2007" class="citation book cs1">Carl Cavanagh Hodge; Cathal J. Nolan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qXeRALIwozgC&pg=PA203"><i>U.S. Presidents and Foreign Policy: From 1789 to the Present</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851097906" title="Special:BookSources/9781851097906"><bdi>9781851097906</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Presidents+and+Foreign+Policy%3A+From+1789+to+the+Present&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781851097906&rft.au=Carl+Cavanagh+Hodge&rft.au=Cathal+J.+Nolan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqXeRALIwozgC%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADollar+diplomacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Vinton Scholes and Marie V. Scholes, <i>The Foreign Policies of the Taft Administration</i> (1970) pp 247–248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Martin_CarrollGeorge_C._Herring1996" class="citation book cs1">John Martin Carroll; George C. Herring (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6HiJQUMbNfMC&pg=PA18"><i>Modern American Diplomacy</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. <span class="nowrap">18–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780842025553" title="Special:BookSources/9780842025553"><bdi>9780842025553</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+American+Diplomacy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780842025553&rft.au=John+Martin+Carroll&rft.au=George+C.+Herring&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6HiJQUMbNfMC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADollar+diplomacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Vinton Scholes, and Marie V.Scholes, <i>The Foreign Policies of the Taft Administration, (1970)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrus Veeser, <i>A World Safe For Capitalism. Dollar Diplomacy and America's Rise to Global Power</i> (2002).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas A. Bailey, <i>A Diplomatic History of the American People</i> (1955) p. 530</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/december-3-1912-fourth-annual-message">December 3, 1912: Fourth Annual Message</a> <i>Miller Center</i>, October 20, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter J Hudson, "The National City Bank of New York and Haiti, 1909–1922." <i>Radical History Review</i> 2013.115 (2013): 91–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Thornton, "U.S. Backs China's Move to Reopen 1911 Railroad Bond Case" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1983/08/19/us-backs-chinas-move-to-reopen-1911-railroad-bond-case/a6347d1a-8647-401c-89b9-95d1a7bbd0a5/"><i>Washington Post</i> August 19, 1983.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Vinton Scholes and Marie V.Scholes, <i>The Foreign Policies of the Taft Administration</i> (1970) pp 247–248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Martin_CarrollGeorge_C._Herring1996" class="citation book cs1">John Martin Carroll; George C. Herring (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6HiJQUMbNfMC&pg=PA18"><i>Modern American Diplomacy</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. <span class="nowrap">18–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780842025553" title="Special:BookSources/9780842025553"><bdi>9780842025553</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+American+Diplomacy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780842025553&rft.au=John+Martin+Carroll&rft.au=George+C.+Herring&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6HiJQUMbNfMC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADollar+diplomacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dollar_diplomacy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Dollar-Diplomacy">"Dollar Diplomacy."</a> Encyclopædia Britannica. 2019. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 24 October 2019.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110601021523/http://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/DollarDiplo">"Dollar Diplomacy, 1909–1913"</a> U.S. Department of State. 11 March 2008.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dollar_diplomacy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Challener, Richard D. <i>Admirals, Generals, and American Foreign Policy, 1898–1914</i> (1973) pp 265–363. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.princeton.edu/titles/270.html">online at many schools</a></li> <li>Cohen, Naomi W. "Ambassador Straus in Turkey, 1909–1910: A Note on Dollar Diplomacy." <i>Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i> 45.4 (1959): 632–642.</li> <li>Coletta, Paolo E. <i>The Presidency of William Howard Taft</i> (1973) pp 183–200.</li> <li>Finch, George A. "American Diplomacy and the Financing of China." <i>American Journal of International Law</i> 16.1 (1922): 25–42. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t4ELAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA25">online</a></li> <li>Gould, Lewis L. <i>The William Howard Taft Presidency</i> (U Press of Kansas, 2009), pp 79–92.</li> <li>Rosenberg, Emily S. <i>Financial missionaries to the world: The politics and culture of dollar diplomacy, 1900–1930</i> (Duke UP, 2003).</li> <li>Rosenberg, Emily S. "Revisiting Dollar Diplomacy: Narratives of Money and Manliness." <i>Diplomatic History</i> 22.2 (1998): 155–176.</li> <li>Scholes, Walter Vinton, and Marie V.Scholes, <i>The Foreign Policies of the Taft Administration</i> (1970)</li></ul> <ul><li>Veeser, Cyrus. <i>A World Safe For Capitalism. Dollar Diplomacy and America's Rise to Global Power.</i> (Columbia University Press, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/dh/article/22/2/155/407212">online</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Diplomacy" title="Template:Diplomacy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diplomacy" title="Template talk:Diplomacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diplomacy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diplomacy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diplomacy_and_diplomats313" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomats</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomatic<br /> leader titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multilateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_representative" title="Permanent representative">Permanent representative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_representative_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent representative to the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambassador-at-large" title="Ambassador-at-large">Ambassador-at-large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resident_Representative" title="Resident Representative">Resident representative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bilateral-national</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">Ambassador</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_commissioner_(Commonwealth)" title="High commissioner (Commonwealth)">High commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">Nuncio</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27affaires" title="Chargé d'affaires">Chargé d'affaires</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_mission" title="Head of mission">Head of mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_chief_of_mission" title="Deputy chief of mission">Deputy chief of mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bilateral-subnational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">Consul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bilateral-insular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resident_minister" title="Resident minister">Resident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resident_commissioner" title="Resident commissioner">Resident commissioner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envoy_(title)" title="Envoy (title)">Envoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent-general" title="Agent-general">Agent-general</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By portfolio (<a href="/wiki/Attach%C3%A9" title="Attaché">Attaché</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_attach%C3%A9" title="Agricultural attaché">Agricultural attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_de_mission" title="Chargé de mission">Chargé de mission</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conseiller_charg%C3%A9_des_investissements" title="Conseiller chargé des investissements">Conseiller chargé des investissements</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_attach%C3%A9" title="Cultural attaché">Cultural attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_attach%C3%A9" title="Military attaché">Military attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_attach%C3%A9" title="Science attaché">Science attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_commissioner" title="Trade commissioner">Trade commissioner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_courier" title="Diplomatic courier">Diplomatic courier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Messenger" title="King's Messenger">King's Messenger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_foreign_affairs" title="Ministry of foreign affairs">Foreign minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary" title="Plenipotentiary">Plenipotentiary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diplomats" title="Template:Diplomats">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_nunciature" title="Apostolic nunciature">Apostolic nunciature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consular_corps" title="Consular corps">Consular corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate" title="Consulate">Consulate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_facto_embassy" title="De facto embassy"><i>De facto</i> embassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_corps" title="Diplomatic corps">Diplomatic corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Diplomatic_Corps" title="African Diplomatic Corps">African Diplomatic Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_mission" title="Diplomatic mission">Diplomatic mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_commissioner" title="High commissioner">High commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legation" title="Legation">Legation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protecting_power" title="Protecting power">Protecting power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_mandate" title="Exclusive mandate">Exclusive mandate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caviar_diplomacy" title="Caviar diplomacy">Caviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkbook_diplomacy" title="Checkbook diplomacy">Checkbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compellence" title="Compellence">Coercive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diplomacy" title="Commercial diplomacy">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diplomacy" title="Cultural diplomacy">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_diplomacy" title="Culinary diplomacy">Culinary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_diplomacy" title="Defence diplomacy">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt-trap_diplomacy" title="Debt-trap diplomacy">Debt-trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_diplomacy" title="Digital diplomacy">Digital</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_diplomacy" title="Economic diplomacy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_diplomacy" title="Energy diplomacy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freelance_diplomacy" title="Freelance diplomacy">Freelance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_spectrum_diplomacy" title="Full spectrum diplomacy">Full-spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_diplomacy" title="Guerrilla diplomacy">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage_diplomacy" title="Hostage diplomacy">Hostage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_diplomacy" title="Iron diplomacy">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_diplomacy" title="Medical diplomacy">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_diplomacy" title="Migration diplomacy">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_diplomacy" title="New diplomacy">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panda_diplomacy" title="Panda diplomacy">Panda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_diplomacy" title="Bamboo diplomacy">Bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradiplomacy" title="Paradiplomacy">Paradiplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parley" title="Parley">Parley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage_diplomacy" title="Pilgrimage diplomacy">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_diplomacy" title="Preventive diplomacy">Preventive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_diplomacy" title="Science diplomacy">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_diplomacy" title="Shuttle diplomacy">Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadium_diplomacy" title="Stadium diplomacy">Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_II_diplomacy" title="Track II diplomacy">Track II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_warrior_diplomacy" title="Wolf warrior diplomacy">Wolf warrior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consular_assistance" title="Consular assistance">Consular assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consular_immunity" title="Consular immunity">Consular immunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_credence" title="Letter of credence">Diplomatic accreditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_bag" title="Diplomatic bag">Diplomatic bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_cable" title="Diplomatic cable">Diplomatic cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_credence" title="Letter of credence">Diplomatic credentials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history" title="Diplomatic history">Diplomatic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_illness" title="Diplomatic illness">Diplomatic illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_immunity" title="Diplomatic immunity">Diplomatic immunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_law" title="Diplomatic law">Diplomatic law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_service" title="Diplomatic service">Diplomatic service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform" title="Diplomatic uniform">Diplomatic uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_(diplomacy)" title="Protocol (diplomacy)">Protocol</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Persona_non_grata" title="Persona non grata">Persona non grata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">Soft power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_credence" title="Letter of credence">Letter of credence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter of protest">Letter of protest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">Development aid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_development_aid_agencies" title="List of development aid agencies">Agencies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_delegation" title="Parliamentary delegation">Parliamentary delegation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summit_(meeting)" title="Summit (meeting)">Summit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary_Conference" title="Plenipotentiary Conference">Plenipotentiary Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">Twin towns and sister cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Diplomacy" title="Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy">Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Diplomacy" title="Category:Diplomacy"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Diplomacy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Diplomacy"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="William_Howard_Taft1340" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:William_Howard_Taft" title="Template:William Howard Taft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:William_Howard_Taft" title="Template talk:William Howard Taft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:William_Howard_Taft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:William Howard Taft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="William_Howard_Taft1340" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States#List_of_chief_justices" title="Chief Justice of the United States">10th</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a> (1921–1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">27th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1909–1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Cuba" title="List of colonial governors of Cuba">3rd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Cuba" title="President of Cuba">Provisional Governor of Cuba</a> (1904)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War#Secretary_of_War_(1789–1947)" title="United States Secretary of War">42nd</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Secretary of War</a> (1904–1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines#Insular_Government_(1901–1935)" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Governor-General of the Philippines</a> (1901–1904)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States#List_of_solicitors_general" title="Solicitor General of the United States">6th</a> <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States" title="Solicitor General of the United States">Solicitor General of the United States</a> (1890–1892)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft#Presidency_(1909–1913)" title="William Howard Taft">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">timeline)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Inauguration of William Howard Taft">1909 inauguration</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dollar diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Adoption" title="Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Income Tax amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payne%E2%80%93Aldrich_Tariff_Act" title="Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act">Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeks_Act" title="Weeks Act">Weeks Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Corrupt_Practices_Act" title="Federal Corrupt Practices Act">Federal Corrupt Practices Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Ship_Act_of_1910" title="Wireless Ship Act of 1910">Wireless Ship Act of 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apportionment_Act_of_1911" title="Apportionment Act of 1911">Apportionment Act of 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_Fur_Seal_Convention_of_1911" title="North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911">North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mann%E2%80%93Elkins_Act" title="Mann–Elkins Act">Mann–Elkins Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Act_of_1912" title="Radio Act of 1912">Radio Act of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Secrets_Act_of_1911" title="Defense Secrets Act of 1911">Defense Secrets Act of 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchot%E2%80%93Ballinger_controversy" title="Pinchot–Ballinger controversy">Pinchot–Ballinger controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Economy_and_Efficiency" title="Commission on Economy and Efficiency">Commission on Economy and Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">U.S. occupation of Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">United States Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_first_pitch#Presidential_first_pitches" title="Ceremonial first pitch">Ceremonial first pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1912 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft#Inauguration_and_appointments" title="William Howard Taft">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_William_Howard_Taft" title="List of federal judges appointed by William Howard Taft">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_William_Howard_Taft#United_States_Supreme_Court_Justices" title="List of federal judges appointed by William Howard Taft">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oval_Office#Taft_Oval_Office:_1909–33" title="Oval Office">First Oval Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidential transition of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson transition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chief Justice,<br />Supreme Court</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft#Chief_Justice_(1921–1930)" title="William Howard Taft">Supreme Court career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1925" title="Judiciary Act of 1925">Judiciary Act of 1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">Creation of the Supreme Court Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taft_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court">Taft Court cases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other actions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taft_Commission" title="Taft Commission">Taft Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government of the Philippine Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Philippines Civil Governor, 1901–1904</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Katsura_agreement" title="Taft–Katsura agreement">Taft–Katsura agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Occupation_of_Cuba#Occupation" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Occupation of Cuba">1906–1909 Occupation of Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_to_Enforce_Peace" title="League to Enforce Peace">League to Enforce Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_War_Labor_Board_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="National War Labor Board (1918–1919)">National War Labor Board</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft#Early_life_and_education" title="William Howard Taft">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_National_Historic_Site" title="William Howard Taft National Historic Site">Birthplace, home, and historic site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace">Malacañang Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodbury_Point" title="Woodbury Point">Woodbury Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft_Bridge" title="Taft Bridge">Taft Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Bibliography of William Howard Taft">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_President_Taft" title="SS President Taft">SS <i>President Taft</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft,_Montana" title="Taft, Montana">Taft, Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_High_School_(New_York_City)" title="William Howard Taft High School (New York City)">High school (New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_High_School_(Chicago)" title="William Howard Taft High School (Chicago)">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_Charter_High_School" title="William Howard Taft Charter High School">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_High_School_(San_Antonio)" title="William Howard Taft High School (San Antonio)">San Antonio)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908 Republican National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908 U.S. presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 Republican National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912 U.S. presidential election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taft_family" title="Taft family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Herron_Taft" title="Helen Herron Taft">Helen Herron Taft</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert Alphonso Taft</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Taft_Manning" title="Helen Taft Manning">Helen Taft Manning</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Phelps_Taft_II" title="Charles Phelps Taft II">Charles Phelps Taft II</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_III" title="William Howard Taft III">William Howard Taft III</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Taft_Jr." title="Robert Taft Jr.">Robert Alphonso Taft Jr.</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Taft" title="Seth Taft">Seth Taft</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonso_Taft" title="Alphonso Taft">Alphonso Taft</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Taft" title="Louise Taft">Louise Taft</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Phelps_Taft" title="Charles Phelps Taft">Charles Phelps Taft</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Waters_Taft" title="Henry Waters Taft">Henry Waters Taft</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Dutton_Taft" title="Horace Dutton Taft">Horace Dutton Taft</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Rawson_Taft" title="Peter Rawson Taft">Peter Rawson Taft</a> (paternal grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Possum" title="Billy Possum">Billy Possum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Wayne" title="Pauline Wayne">Pauline Wayne</a> (cow)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Backstairs_at_the_White_House" title="Backstairs at the White House">Backstairs at the White House</a></i> (1979 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_(miniseries)" title="Theodore Roosevelt (miniseries)">Theodore Roosevelt</a></i> (2022 miniseries)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">← Theodore Roosevelt</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:William_Howard_Taft" title="Category:William Howard Taft">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_intervention_in_Latin_America259" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_intervention_in_Latin_America" title="Template:United States intervention in Latin America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_intervention_in_Latin_America" title="Template talk:United States intervention in Latin America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_intervention_in_Latin_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States intervention in Latin America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_intervention_in_Latin_America259" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latin America–United States relations">United States intervention in Latin America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a> (1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platt_Amendment" title="Platt Amendment">Platt Amendment</a> (1901–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Corollary" title="Roosevelt Corollary">Roosevelt Corollary</a>/<a href="/wiki/Big_stick_ideology" title="Big stick ideology">Big stick ideology</a> (1904)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dollar diplomacy</a> (1909–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbor policy</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> (1846–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Border_War_(1910%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Border War (1910–1919)">Mexican Border War</a> (1910–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_the_Mexican_Revolution" title="United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution">United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution</a> (1916–1919)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overt actions<br /> and occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Government_of_Cuba" title="Military Government of Cuba">First Occupation of Cuba</a> (1898–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Panama_from_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Separation of Panama from Colombia">Separation of Panama from Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Bunau-Varilla_Treaty" title="Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty">Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Cuba" title="Provisional Government of Cuba">Second Occupation of Cuba</a> (1906–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">Occupation of Nicaragua</a> (1912–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Government_of_Veracruz" title="Military Government of Veracruz">Occupation of Veracruz</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">Occupation of Haiti</a> (1915–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Government_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Military Government of Santo Domingo">Occupation of the Dominican Republic</a> (1916–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Intervention" title="Sugar Intervention">Sugar Intervention</a> (1917–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Operation Power Pack</a> (1965–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy" title="Operation Uphold Democracy">Operation Uphold Democracy</a> (1994–1995)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert actions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_PBFortune" title="Operation PBFortune">Operation PBFortune</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_PBHistory" title="Operation PBHistory">Operation PBHistory</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mongoose" title="Operation Mongoose">Operation Mongoose</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Brother_Sam" title="Operation Brother Sam">Operation Brother Sam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_FUBELT" title="Project FUBELT">Project FUBELT</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Bolivian coup d'état">1971 Bolivian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banzer_Plan" title="Banzer Plan">Banzer Plan</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a> (1975–1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Charly" title="Operation Charly">Operation Charly</a> (1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change_in_Latin_America" title="United States involvement in regime change in Latin America">United States involvement in regime change in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a> (1979–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._United_States" title="Nicaragua v. United States">Nicaragua's case against the United States</a> (1986)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">Foreign policy of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latin America–United States relations">Latin America–United States relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox387" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3395797#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10637784">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dollar_diplomacy&oldid=1270129220">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dollar_diplomacy&oldid=1270129220</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_diplomacy" title="Category:Types of diplomacy">Types of diplomacy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States%E2%80%93South_American_relations" title="Category:United States–South American relations">United States–South American relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Category:Presidency of William Howard Taft">Presidency of William Howard Taft</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Imperialism" title="Category:Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 January 2025, at 01:55<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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