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id="toc-Abbreviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intercalation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intercalation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Intercalation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Intercalation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Intercalation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Intercalation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Julian_calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Julian_calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Julian calendar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Julian_calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revised_Julian_calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revised_Julian_calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Revised Julian calendar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revised_Julian_calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gregorian_calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gregorian_calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Gregorian calendar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gregorian_calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_calendars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_calendars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Other calendars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_calendars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Year_numbering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Year_numbering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Year numbering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Year_numbering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pragmatic_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pragmatic_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pragmatic divisions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pragmatic_divisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pragmatic divisions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pragmatic_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fiscal_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiscal_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Fiscal year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiscal_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Academic year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomical_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomical_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Astronomical years</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Astronomical_years-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Astronomical years subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Astronomical_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Julian_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Julian_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Julian year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Julian_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sidereal,_tropical,_and_anomalistic_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sidereal,_tropical,_and_anomalistic_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sidereal, tropical, and anomalistic years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sidereal,_tropical,_and_anomalistic_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Draconic_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Draconic_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Draconic year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Draconic_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Full_moon_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full_moon_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Full moon cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full_moon_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lunar_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lunar_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Lunar year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lunar_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vague_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vague_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Vague year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vague_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heliacal_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heliacal_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Heliacal year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heliacal_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sothic_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sothic_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7.1</span> <span>Sothic year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sothic_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaussian_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaussian_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Gaussian year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaussian_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Besselian_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Besselian_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9</span> <span>Besselian year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Besselian_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variation_in_the_length_of_the_year_and_the_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variation_in_the_length_of_the_year_and_the_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.10</span> <span>Variation in the length of the year and the day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variation_in_the_length_of_the_year_and_the_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.11</span> <span>Summary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greater_astronomical_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greater_astronomical_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Greater astronomical years</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Greater_astronomical_years-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Greater astronomical years subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Greater_astronomical_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Equinoctial_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equinoctial_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Equinoctial cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equinoctial_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galactic_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galactic_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Galactic year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galactic_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seasonal_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seasonal_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Seasonal year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seasonal_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols_and_abbreviations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols_and_abbreviations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Symbols and abbreviations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Symbols_and_abbreviations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Symbols and abbreviations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Symbols_and_abbreviations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-SI_prefix_multipliers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SI_prefix_multipliers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>SI prefix multipliers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SI_prefix_multipliers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abbreviations_for_"years_ago"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbreviations_for_"years_ago""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Abbreviations for "years ago"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbreviations_for_"years_ago"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Year</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 221 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-221" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">221 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaar" title="Jaar – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jaar" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahr" title="Jahr – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Jahr" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%98%E1%89%B5" title="አመት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አመት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihe" title="Ihe – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ihe" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%93ar" title="Gēar – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Gēar" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%8B%D2%9B%D3%99%D1%81" title="Ашықәс – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ашықәс" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9" title="سنة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سنة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyo" title="Anyo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anyo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%AC%DC%90_(%DC%99%DC%92%DC%A2%DC%90)" title="ܫܢܬܐ (ܙܒܢܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܫܢܬܐ (ܙܒܢܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu" title="Anu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Anu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/An" title="An – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="An" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%B0" title="বছৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বছৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1u" title="Añu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Añu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ary" title="Ary – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ary" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="ЛъагӀел – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ЛъагӀел" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara" title="Mara – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Mara" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0l" title="İl – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İl" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ایل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsa" title="Warsa – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Warsa" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B0" title="বছর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বছর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahun" title="Tahun – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Tahun" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AE" title="Nî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taun" title="Taun – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Taun" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Йыл – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йыл" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Год – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Год" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Год – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Год" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="साल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="साल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taon" title="Taon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Taon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Година – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Година" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joar" title="Joar – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Joar" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B" title="ལོ་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལོ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godina" title="Godina – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Godina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloaz" title="Bloaz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bloaz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Жэл – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Жэл" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Any" title="Any – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Any" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D0%BA" title="Çулталăк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çулталăк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuig" title="Tuig – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tuig" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rok" title="Rok – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rok" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A5kkan" title="Såkkan – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Såkkan" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1o" title="Año – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Año" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gore" title="Gore – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Gore" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annu" title="Annu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Annu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blwyddyn" title="Blwyddyn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Blwyddyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85r" title="År – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="År" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="عام – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عام" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahki" title="Jahki – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Jahki" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahr" title="Jahr – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jahr" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%9Bto" title="Lěto – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Lěto" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="वर्ष – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="वर्ष" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aasta" title="Aasta – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aasta" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Έτος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έτος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/An" title="An – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="An" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B5" title="Ие – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ие" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1o" title="Año – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Año" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaro" title="Jaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1u" title="Añu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Añu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urte" title="Urte – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Urte" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84" title="سال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saal" title="Saal – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Saal" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81r" title="Ár – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ár" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e_(calendrier)" title="Année (calendrier) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Année (calendrier)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jier" title="Jier – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jier" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/An" title="An – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="An" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bliain" title="Bliain – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bliain" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blein" title="Blein – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Blein" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bliadhna" title="Bliadhna – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bliadhna" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ano_(astronom%C3%ADa)" title="Ano (astronomía) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ano (astronomía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83" title="Шу – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Шу" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B4" title="年 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="年" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B7" title="વર્ષ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વર્ષ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8D%82" title="𐌾𐌴𐍂 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌾𐌴𐍂" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngi%C3%A8n" title="Ngièn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngièn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%84" title="년 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="년" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekara" title="Shekara – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Shekara" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makahiki" title="Makahiki – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Makahiki" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB" title="Տարի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տարի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="वर्ष – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वर्ष" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%9Bto" title="Lěto – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Lěto" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godina" title="Godina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Godina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaro" title="Yaro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Yaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year" title="Year – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Year" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawen" title="Tawen – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tawen" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahun" title="Tahun – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tahun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno" title="Anno – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Anno" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annu" title="Annu – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Annu" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%85%E1%91%AD%E1%90%85%E1%96%85" title="ᐅᑭᐅᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐅᑭᐅᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7" title="Аз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Аз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81r" title="Ár – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ár" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno" title="Anno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94" title="שנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taun" title="Taun – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Taun" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%A9na%C9%A3" title="Pɩnaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɩnaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7" title="ವರ್ಷ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವರ್ಷ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Джыл – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Джыл" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="წელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rok" title="Rok – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Rok" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Жыл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жыл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bledhen" title="Bledhen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bledhen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umwaka" title="Umwaka – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Umwaka" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwaka" title="Mwaka – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwaka" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane" title="Lane – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lane" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lannen" title="Lannen – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lannen" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal" title="Sal – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sal" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Жыл – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жыл" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98" title="И – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="И" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann" title="Ann – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ann" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyo" title="Anyo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Anyo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B5" title="ປີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annus" title="Annus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Annus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gads" title="Gads – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gads" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joer" title="Joer – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Joer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Йис – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Йис" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metai" title="Metai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Metai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80nno" title="Ànno – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ànno" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaor" title="Jaor – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Jaor" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuozi" title="Vuozi – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Vuozi" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/nanca" title="nanca – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="nanca" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann" title="Ann – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ann" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89v" title="Év – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Év" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="साल – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="साल" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Година – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Година" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taona" title="Taona – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Taona" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%82" title="വർഷം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വർഷം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau" title="Tau – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tau" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="वर्ष – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वर्ष" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="წანა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="წანა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%87" title="سنه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سنه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahun" title="Tahun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tahun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯆꯩꯍꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯆꯩꯍꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahun" title="Tahun – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Tahun" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%A8ng" title="Nièng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nièng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Киза – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Киза" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Жил – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жил" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%87%E1%80%BA" title="သက္ကရာဇ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သက္ကရာဇ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xihuitl_(cahuitl)" title="Xihuitl (cahuitl) – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Xihuitl (cahuitl)" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yabaki" title="Yabaki – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Yabaki" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaar" title="Jaar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jaar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="वर्ष – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वर्ष" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%81" title="दँ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="दँ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B4" title="年 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="年" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno" title="Anno – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Anno" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE" title="Шо – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Шо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juar" title="Juar – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Juar" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85r" title="År – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="År" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85r" title="År – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="År" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aun" title="Aun – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Aun" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annada" title="Annada – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Annada" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Идалык – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Идалык" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yil" title="Yil – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yil" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2" title="ਸਾਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਾਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%BE%D8%A7" title="ورھا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ورھا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84" title="کال – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کال" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ier" title="Ier – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ier" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainn%C3%A8e" title="Ainnèe – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Ainnèe" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yia" title="Yia – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Yia" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johr" title="Johr – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Johr" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rok" title="Rok – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rok" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ano" title="Ano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%B1l" title="Jıl – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Jıl" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/An" title="An – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="An" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bersh" title="Bersh – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Bersh" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wata" title="Wata – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wata" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Рік – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Рік" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Год – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Год" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Сыл – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сыл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/mihcaan" title="mihcaan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="mihcaan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83" title="वर्षः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वर्षः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annu" title="Annu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Annu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year" title="Year – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Year" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngwaga" title="Ngwaga – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Ngwaga" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viti" title="Viti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Viti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annu" title="Annu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Annu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BA" title="වර්ෂය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වර්ෂය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year" title="Year – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Year" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84" title="سال – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سال" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rok" title="Rok – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rok" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leto" title="Leto – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Leto" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%A3%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Лѣто – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Лѣто" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rok_(czas)" title="Rok (czas) – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Rok (czas)" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanad" title="Sanad – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sanad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%B5" title="ساڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ساڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yari" title="Yari – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Yari" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Година – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Година" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godina" title="Godina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Godina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taun" title="Taun – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Taun" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuosi" title="Vuosi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vuosi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85r" title="År – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="År" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taon" title="Taon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Taon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="ஆண்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆண்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aseggas" title="Aseggas – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aseggas" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB" title="Ел – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ел" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/kawas" title="kawas – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="kawas" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="సంవత్సరం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సంవత్సరం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5" title="ปี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Солҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Солҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C4%B1l" title="Yıl – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yıl" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1lyia%CC%B1" title="A̱lyia̱ – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱lyia̱" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80" title="Ар – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Ар" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Рік – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рік" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84" title="سال – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سال" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%89%D9%84" title="يىل – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يىل" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi" title="Bi – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bi" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/An" title="An – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="An" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voz%27" title="Voz' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Voz'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%83m" title="Năm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Năm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aastak" title="Aastak – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Aastak" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%AAye" title="Anêye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Anêye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B4" title="年 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="年" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joar" title="Joar – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Joar" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuig" title="Tuig – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tuig" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/At" title="At – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="At" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B4" title="年 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="年" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembe" title="Lembe – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Lembe" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A8" title="יאר – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="יאר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cd%C3%BAn" title="Ọdún – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ọdún" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B4" title="年 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="年" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaer" title="Jaer – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Jaer" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Megaannum&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Megaannum</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Time of one planet's orbit around a star</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"12 months" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Months_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="The Twelve Months (disambiguation)">The Twelve Months (disambiguation)</a>.</div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solar_system_orrery_inner_planets.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="see caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Solar_system_orrery_inner_planets.gif/330px-Solar_system_orrery_inner_planets.gif" decoding="async" width="330" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Solar_system_orrery_inner_planets.gif/495px-Solar_system_orrery_inner_planets.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Solar_system_orrery_inner_planets.gif/660px-Solar_system_orrery_inner_planets.gif 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>An animation of the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Solar_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner Solar System">inner Solar System</a> planets' orbit around the Sun. The duration of the year is the time taken to go around the Sun.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>year</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a> taken for <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">astronomical objects</a> to complete one <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a>. For example, a year on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> is the time taken for Earth to revolve around the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>. Generally, a year is taken to mean a <a href="/wiki/Calendar_year" title="Calendar year">calendar year</a>, but the word is also used for periods loosely associated with the calendar or astronomical year, such as the <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_year" title="Seasonal year">seasonal year</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">fiscal year</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Academic_year" title="Academic year">academic year</a>, etc. The term can also be used in reference to any long period or cycle, such as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Year" title="Great Year">Great Year</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">axial tilt</a>, the course of a year sees the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">seasons</a>, marked by changes in <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a>, the hours of <a href="/wiki/Daylight" title="Daylight">daylight</a>, and, consequently, <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">soil fertility</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subpolar_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subpolar climate">subpolar</a> regions around the planet, four seasons are generally recognized: <a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">spring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">summer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">autumn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">winter</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropical</a> regions, several geographical sectors do not present defined seasons; but in the <a href="/wiki/Tropics#Seasons_and_climate" title="Tropics">seasonal tropics</a>, the annual <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry seasons</a> are recognized and tracked. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calendar_year">Calendar year</h2></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Calendar_year" title="Calendar year">calendar year</a> is an approximation of the number of days of the Earth's orbital period, as counted in a given <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">calendar</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>, or modern calendar, presents its calendar year to be either a <a href="/wiki/Common_year" title="Common year">common year</a> of 365 days or a <a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">leap year</a> of 366 days, as do the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendars</a>. For the Gregorian calendar, the average length of the calendar year (the mean year) across the complete leap cycle of 400 years is 365.2425 days (97 out of 400 years are leap years).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abbreviation">Abbreviation</h2></div> <p>In English, the <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_time" title="Unit of time">unit of time</a> for year is commonly abbreviated as "y" or "yr". The symbol "a" (for <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">annus</i>, year) is sometimes used in scientific literature, though its exact duration may be inconsistent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>English <i>year</i> (via <a href="/wiki/West_Saxon_dialect_(Old_English)" class="mw-redirect" title="West Saxon dialect (Old English)">West Saxon</a> <i>ġēar</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɛar/</span>), <a href="/wiki/Anglian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglian dialects">Anglian</a> <i>ġēr</i>) continues <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> <i>*jǣran</i> (<i>*j<a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language#ē₁_and_ē₂" title="Proto-Germanic language">ē₁</a>ran</i>). Cognates are <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <i>Jahr</i>, <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <i>jār</i>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <i>ár</i> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8D%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐌾𐌴𐍂">jer</a></i>, from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> noun <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yeh%E2%82%81-" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yeh₁-">*yeh₁r-om</a></span></span></i> "year, season". Cognates also descended from the same Proto-Indo-European noun (with variation in suffix <a href="/wiki/Ablaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablaut">ablaut</a>) are <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> <i>yārǝ</i> "year", <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὥρα</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">hṓra</i></span>) "year, season, period of time" (whence "<a href="/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">hour</a>"), <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a> <i>jarŭ</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>hornus</i> "of this year".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Annus" class="mw-redirect" title="Annus">annus</a></i></span> (a <a href="/wiki/2nd_declension" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd declension">2nd declension</a> masculine noun; <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">annum</i></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative singular</a>; <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">annī</i></span> is <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> singular and <a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">nominative</a> plural; <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">annō</i></span> the <a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">dative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ablative" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablative">ablative</a> singular) is from a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">PIE</a> noun <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*h₂et-no-</span></span></i>, which also yielded Gothic <i>aþn</i> "year" (only the dative plural <i>aþnam</i> is attested). </p><p>Although most languages treat the word as thematic <i>*yeh₁r-o-</i>, there is evidence for an original derivation with an <i>*-r/n</i> suffix, <i>*yeh₁-ro-</i>. Both Indo-European words for year, <i>*yeh₁-ro-</i> and <i>*h₂et-no-</i>, would then be derived from verbal roots meaning "to go, move", <i>*h₁ey-</i> and <i>*h₂et-</i>, respectively (compare <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a> <i>éti</i> "goes", <i>atasi</i> "thou goest, wanderest"). A number of English words are derived from Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">annus</i></span>, such as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/annual" class="extiw" title="wikt:annual">annual</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/annuity" class="extiw" title="wikt:annuity">annuity</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anniversary" class="extiw" title="wikt:anniversary">anniversary</a>, etc.; <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/per_annum" class="extiw" title="wikt:per annum">per annum</a></i> means "each year", <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">annō Dominī</a></i></span> means "in the year of the Lord". </p><p>The Greek word for "year", <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἔτος</span></span>, is cognate with Latin <i>vetus</i> "old", from the PIE word <i>*wetos-</i> "year", also preserved in this meaning in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">vat-sa-ras</i></span></i> "year" and <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">vat-sa-</i></span></i> "yearling (calf)", the latter also reflected in Latin <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vitulus" class="extiw" title="wikt:vitulus">vitulus</a></i> "bull calf", English <i>wether</i> "ram" (Old English <i>weðer</i>, Gothic <i>wiþrus</i> "lamb"). </p><p>In some languages, it is common to count years by referencing to one season, as in "summers", or "winters", or "harvests". Examples include Chinese <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B4" class="extiw" title="wikt:年">年</a> "year", originally <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A7%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:秂">秂</a>, an ideographic compound of a person carrying a bundle of wheat denoting "harvest". Slavic besides <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/god%D1%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/godъ">godŭ</a></i> "time period; year" uses <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/l%C4%9Bto" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/lěto">lěto</a></i> "summer; year". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intercalation">Intercalation</h2></div> <p>Astronomical years do not have an <a href="/wiki/Integer" title="Integer">integer</a> number of days or lunar months. Any calendar that follows an astronomical year must have a system of <a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(timekeeping)" title="Intercalation (timekeeping)">intercalation</a> such as leap years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Julian_calendar">Julian calendar</h3></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>, the average (mean) length of a year is 365.25 days. In a non-leap year, there are 365 days, in a leap year there are 366 days. A leap year occurs every fourth year during which a leap day is <a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(timekeeping)#Solar_calendars" title="Intercalation (timekeeping)">intercalated</a> into the month of February. The name "Leap Day" is applied to the added day. </p><p>In astronomy, the <a href="/wiki/Julian_year_(astronomy)" title="Julian year (astronomy)">Julian year</a> is a unit of time defined as 365.25 days, each of exactly 86,400 <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">seconds</a> (<a href="/wiki/SI_base_unit" title="SI base unit">SI base unit</a>), totaling exactly 31,557,600 seconds in the Julian astronomical year.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Revised_Julian_calendar">Revised Julian calendar</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised Julian calendar</a>, proposed in 1923 and used in some <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Churches</a>, has 218 leap years every 900 years, for the average (mean) year length of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002365242222200000♠"></span>365.242<span style="margin-left:.25em;">2222</span></span> days, close to the length of the mean tropical year, <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002365242190000000♠"></span>365.242<span style="margin-left:.25em;">19</span></span> days (relative error of 9·10). In the year 2800 CE, the Gregorian and Revised Julian calendars will begin to differ by one calendar day.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gregorian_calendar">Gregorian calendar</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> aims to ensure that the <a href="/wiki/Northward_equinox" class="mw-redirect" title="Northward equinox">northward equinox</a> falls on or shortly before March 21 and hence it follows the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_year" title="Tropical year">northward equinox year</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tropical_year" title="Tropical year">tropical year</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because 97 out of 400 years are leap years, the mean length of the Gregorian calendar year is <span style="white-space:nowrap">365.242<span style="margin-left:0.25em">5</span></span> days; with a relative error below one <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">ppm</a> (8·10) relative to the current length of the mean <a href="/wiki/Tropical_year" title="Tropical year">tropical year</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap">365.242<span style="margin-left:0.25em">189</span></span> days) and even closer to the current <i>March equinox year</i> of <span style="white-space:nowrap">365.242<span style="margin-left:0.25em">374</span></span> days that it aims to match. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_calendars">Other calendars</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar calendar</a></div> <p>Historically, lunisolar calendars intercalated entire <a href="/wiki/Leap_month" class="mw-redirect" title="Leap month">leap months</a> on an observational basis. Lunisolar calendars have mostly fallen out of use except for liturgical reasons (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendars</a>). </p><p>A modern adaptation of the historical <a href="/wiki/Jalali_calendar" title="Jalali calendar">Jalali calendar</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri calendar</a> (1925), is a purely <a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">solar calendar</a> with an irregular pattern of leap days based on observation (or astronomical computation), aiming to place new year (<a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a>) on the day of <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">vernal equinox</a> (for the time zone of <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>), as opposed to using an algorithmic system of leap years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Year_numbering">Year numbering</h2></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">calendar era</a> assigns a <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_number_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal number (linguistics)">cardinal number</a> to each sequential year, using a reference event in the past (called the <a href="/wiki/Epoch" title="Epoch">epoch</a>) as the beginning of the era. </p><p>The Gregorian calendar era is the world's most widely used <a href="/wiki/Civil_calendar" title="Civil calendar">civil calendar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its epoch is a <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus#Anno_Domini" title="Dionysius Exiguus">6th century estimate</a> of the date of birth of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus of Nazareth">Jesus of Nazareth</a>. Two notations are used to indicate year numbering in the Gregorian calendar: the Christian "<a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a>" (meaning "in the year of the Lord"), abbreviated AD; and "<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a>", abbreviated CE, preferred by many of other faiths and none. Year numbers are based on <a href="/wiki/Inclusive_counting" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive counting">inclusive counting</a>, so that there is no "year zero". Years before the epoch are abbreviated BC for <a href="/wiki/Before_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Christ">Before Christ</a> or BCE for <a href="/wiki/Before_the_Common_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Before the Common Era">Before the Common Era</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical year numbering</a>, positive numbers indicate years AD/CE, the number <a href="/wiki/0_(year)" class="mw-redirect" title="0 (year)">0</a> designates 1 BC/BCE, −1 designates 2 BC/BCE, and so on. </p><p>Other eras include that of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe Condita">Ab Urbe Condita</a></i></span> ("from the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">the city</a>), abbreviated AUC; <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></i></span> ("year of the world"), used for the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a> and abbreviated AM; and the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese imperial eras</a>. The Islamic <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">Hijri year</a>, (year of the <a href="/wiki/Hijrah" title="Hijrah">Hijrah</a>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Anno_Hegirae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anno Hegirae">Anno Hegirae</a></i></span> abbreviated AH), is a <a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a> of twelve <a href="/wiki/Lunar_month" title="Lunar month">lunar months</a> and thus is shorter than a solar year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pragmatic_divisions">Pragmatic divisions</h2></div> <p>Financial and scientific calculations often use a <a href="/wiki/365-day_calendar" title="365-day calendar">365-day calendar</a> to simplify daily rates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiscal_year">Fiscal year</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">Fiscal year</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">fiscal year</a> or financial year is a 12-month period used for calculating annual financial statements in businesses and other organizations. In many jurisdictions, regulations regarding accounting require such reports once per twelve months, but do not require that the twelve months constitute a calendar year. </p><p>For example, in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> the fiscal year runs from April 1; in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> it runs from April 1 for purposes of corporation tax and government financial statements, but from April 6 for purposes of personal taxation and payment of state benefits; in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> it runs from July 1; while in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> the fiscal year of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a> runs from October 1. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_year">Academic year</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Academic_year" title="Academic year">Academic year</a></div> <p>An academic year is the annual period during which a student attends an <a href="/wiki/Educational_institution" title="Educational institution">educational institution</a>. The academic year may be divided into <a href="/wiki/Academic_term" title="Academic term">academic terms</a>, such as semesters or quarters. The school year in many countries starts in August or September and ends in May, June or July. In Israel the academic year begins around October or November, aligned with the second month of the Hebrew calendar. </p><p>Some schools in the UK, Canada and the United States divide the academic year into <i>three</i> roughly equal-length terms (called <i>trimesters</i> or <i>quarters</i> in the United States), roughly coinciding with autumn, winter, and spring. At some, a shortened summer session, sometimes considered part of the regular academic year, is attended by students on a voluntary or elective basis. Other schools break the year into <i>two</i> main semesters, a first (typically August through December) and a second semester (January through May). Each of these main semesters may be split in half by mid-term exams, and each of the halves is referred to as a <i>quarter</i> (or <i>term</i> in some countries). There may also be a voluntary summer session or a short January session. </p><p>Some other schools, including some in the United States, have <i>four</i> marking periods. Some schools in the United States, notably <a href="/wiki/Boston_Latin_School" title="Boston Latin School">Boston Latin School</a>, may divide the year into <i>five or more</i> marking periods. Some state in defense of this that there is perhaps a <a href="/wiki/Positive_correlation" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive correlation">positive correlation</a> between report frequency and academic achievement. </p><p>There are typically 180 days of teaching each year in schools in the US, excluding weekends and breaks, while there are 190 days for pupils in state schools in Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, and 200 for pupils in Australia. </p><p>In India the academic year normally starts from June 1 and ends on May 31. Though schools start closing from mid-March, the actual academic closure is on May 31 and in Nepal it starts from July 15.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Schools and universities in Australia typically have academic years that roughly align with the calendar year (i.e., starting in February or March and ending in October to December), as the southern hemisphere experiences summer from December to February. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Astronomical_years">Astronomical years</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_month" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical month">Astronomical month</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Julian_year">Julian year</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Julian_year_(astronomy)" title="Julian year (astronomy)">Julian year (astronomy)</a></div> <p>The Julian year, as used in astronomy and other sciences, is a time unit defined as exactly 365.25 days of 86,400 <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">SI seconds</a> each ("<a href="/wiki/Ephemeris_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephemeris day">ephemeris days</a>"). This is the normal meaning of the unit "year" used in various scientific contexts. The Julian century of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004365250000000000♠"></span>36<span style="margin-left:.25em;">525</span></span> ephemeris days and the Julian millennium of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005365250000000000♠"></span>365<span style="margin-left:.25em;">250</span></span> ephemeris days are used in astronomical calculations. Fundamentally, expressing a time interval in Julian years is a way to precisely specify an amount of time (not how many "real" years), for long time intervals where stating the number of ephemeris days would be unwieldy and unintuitive. By convention, the Julian year is used in the computation of the distance covered by a <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">light-year</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Unified_Code_for_Units_of_Measure" title="Unified Code for Units of Measure">Unified Code for Units of Measure</a> (but not according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Physics" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Physics">International Union of Pure and Applied Physics</a> or the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Geological_Sciences" title="International Union of Geological Sciences">International Union of Geological Sciences</a>, see below), the symbol <i>a</i> (without subscript) always refers to the Julian year, <i>a<sub>j</sub></i>, of exactly <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007315576000000000♠"></span>31<span style="margin-left:.25em;">557</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">600</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">seconds</a>. </p> <dl><dd>365.25 d × <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004864000000000000♠"></span>86<span style="margin-left:.25em;">400</span></span> s = 1 a = 1 a<sub>j</sub> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001315576000000000♠"></span>31.5576</span> <a href="/wiki/Second#SI_multiples" title="Second">Ms</a></dd></dl> <p>The <a href="#SI_prefix_multipliers">SI multiplier prefixes</a> may be applied to it to form "ka", "Ma", etc.<sup id="cite_ref-UCUM_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCUM-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sidereal,_tropical,_and_anomalistic_years"><span id="Sidereal.2C_tropical.2C_and_anomalistic_years"></span>Sidereal, tropical, and anomalistic years</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sidereal_year" title="Sidereal year">Sidereal year</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_year" title="Tropical year">Tropical year</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">The relations among these are considered more fully in <a href="/wiki/Axial_precession_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Axial precession (astronomy)">Axial precession (astronomy)</a>.</div> <p>Each of these three years can be loosely called an <i>astronomical year</i>. </p><p>The sidereal year is the time taken for the Earth to complete one revolution of its <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a>, as measured against a fixed frame of reference (such as the fixed stars, Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sidera</i></span>, singular <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sidus</i></span>). Its average duration is <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002365256363004000♠"></span>365.256<span style="margin-left:.25em;">363</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">004</span></span> days (365 d 6 h 9 min 9.76 s) (at the epoch <a href="/wiki/J2000.0" class="mw-redirect" title="J2000.0">J2000.0</a> = January 1, 2000, 12:00:00 <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Time" title="Terrestrial Time">TT</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today the mean tropical year is defined as the period of time for the mean <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic_longitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecliptic longitude">ecliptic longitude</a> of the Sun to increase by 360 degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the Sun's ecliptic longitude is measured with respect to the equinox,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the tropical year comprises a complete cycle of the seasons and is the basis of <a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">solar calendars</a> such as the internationally used <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>. The modern definition of mean tropical year differs from the actual time between passages of, e.g., the northward equinox, by a minute or two, for several reasons explained below. Because of the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Axial_precession_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Axial precession (astronomy)">axial precession</a>, this year is about 20 minutes shorter than the sidereal year. The mean tropical year is approximately 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 45 seconds, using the modern definition<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ( = 365.24219 d × 86 400 s). The length of the tropical year varies a bit over thousands of years because the rate of axial precession is not constant. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Anomalistic"></span>The anomalistic year is the time taken for the Earth to complete one revolution with respect to its <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">apsides</a>. The orbit of the Earth is elliptical; the extreme points, called apsides, are the <a href="/wiki/Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">perihelion</a>, where the Earth is closest to the Sun, and the <a href="/wiki/Aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphelion">aphelion</a>, where the Earth is farthest from the Sun. The anomalistic year is usually defined as the time between perihelion passages. Its average duration is 365.259636 days (365 d 6 h 13 min 52.6 s) (at the epoch J2011.0).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Draconic_year">Draconic year <span class="anchor" id="Draconitic_year"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Draconic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Draconic period">Draconic period</a></div> <p>The draconic year, draconitic year, eclipse year, or ecliptic year is the time taken for the Sun (as seen from the Earth) to complete one revolution with respect to the same <a href="/wiki/Lunar_node" title="Lunar node">lunar node</a> (a point where the Moon's orbit intersects the ecliptic). The year is associated with <a href="/wiki/Eclipse" title="Eclipse">eclipses</a>: these occur only when both the Sun and the Moon are near these nodes; so eclipses occur within about a month of every half eclipse year. Hence there are two <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_season" title="Eclipse season">eclipse seasons</a> every eclipse year. The average duration of the eclipse year is </p> <dl><dd><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002346620075883000♠"></span>346.620<span style="margin-left:.25em;">075</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">883</span></span> days (346 d 14 h 52 min 54 s) (at the epoch J2000.0).</dd></dl> <p>This term is sometimes erroneously used for the draconic or nodal period of <a href="/wiki/Lunar_precession" title="Lunar precession">lunar precession</a>, that is the period of a complete revolution of the Moon's ascending node around the ecliptic: <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001186128159320000♠"></span>18.612<span style="margin-left:.25em;">815</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">932</span></span> Julian years (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003679833101900000♠"></span>6<span style="margin-left:.25em;">798</span>.331<span style="margin-left:.25em;">019</span></span> days; at the epoch J2000.0). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full_moon_cycle">Full moon cycle</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Full_moon_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Full moon cycle">full moon cycle</a> is the time for the Sun (as seen from the Earth) to complete one revolution with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Perigee" class="mw-redirect" title="Perigee">perigee</a> of the Moon's orbit. This period is associated with the apparent size of the <a href="/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">full moon</a>, and also with the varying duration of the <a href="/wiki/Month" title="Month">synodic month</a>. The duration of one full moon cycle is: </p> <dl><dd><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002411784430290000♠"></span>411.784<span style="margin-left:.25em;">430</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">29</span></span> days (411 days 18 hours 49 minutes 35 seconds) (at the epoch J2000.0).</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lunar_year">Lunar year</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lunar_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar year">lunar year</a> comprises twelve full cycles of the phases of the Moon, as seen from Earth. It has a duration of approximately 354.37 days. <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> use this for celebrating their <a href="/wiki/Muslim_holidays" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim holidays">Eids</a> and for marking the start of the fasting month of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>. A Muslim calendar year is based on the lunar cycle. The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Jewish calendar</a> is also essentially lunar, except that an intercalary lunar month is added once every two or three years, in order to keep the calendar synchronized with the solar cycle as well. Thus, a lunar year on the Jewish (Hebrew) calendar consists of either twelve or thirteen lunar months. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vague_year">Vague year</h3></div> <p>The vague year, from <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">annus vagus</i></span> or wandering year, is an integral approximation to the year equaling 365 days, which wanders in relation to more exact years. Typically the vague year is divided into 12 <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/schematic" class="extiw" title="wikt:schematic">schematic</a> months of 30 days each plus 5 <a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(timekeeping)" title="Intercalation (timekeeping)">epagomenal</a> days. The vague year was used in the calendars of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_calendar" title="Egyptian calendar">Ancient Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian calendar">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenia</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerica</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztecs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haab%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Haab'">Maya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is still used by many Zoroastrian communities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heliacal_year">Heliacal year</h3></div> <p>A heliacal year is the interval between the <a href="/wiki/Heliacal_rising" title="Heliacal rising">heliacal risings</a> of a star. It differs from the <a href="/wiki/Sidereal_year" title="Sidereal year">sidereal year</a> for stars away from the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a> due mainly to the <a href="/wiki/Precession_of_the_equinoxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Precession of the equinoxes">precession of the equinoxes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sothic_year">Sothic year</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sothic_cycle" title="Sothic cycle">Sothic year</a> is the heliacal year, the interval between heliacal risings, of the star <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a>. It is currently less than the <a href="#Sidereal,_tropical,_and_anomalistic_years">sidereal year</a> and its duration is very close to the Julian year of 365.25 days. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaussian_year">Gaussian year</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gaussian_year" title="Gaussian year">Gaussian year</a> is the sidereal year for a planet of negligible mass (relative to the Sun) and unperturbed by other planets that is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Gaussian_gravitational_constant" title="Gaussian gravitational constant">Gaussian gravitational constant</a>. Such a planet would be slightly closer to the Sun than Earth's mean distance. Its length is: </p> <dl><dd><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002365256898300000♠"></span>365.256<span style="margin-left:.25em;">8983</span></span> days (365 d 6 h 9 min 56 s).</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Besselian_year">Besselian year</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Besselian_epoch#Besselian_years" class="mw-redirect" title="Besselian epoch">Besselian year</a> is a tropical year that starts when the (fictitious) mean Sun reaches an ecliptic longitude of 280°. This is currently on or close to January 1. It is named after the 19th-century German astronomer and mathematician <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Bessel">Friedrich Bessel</a>. The following equation can be used to compute the current Besselian epoch (in years):<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>B = 1900.0 + (Julian date<sub>TT</sub> − <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006241502031352000♠"></span>2<span style="margin-left:.25em;">415</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">020</span>.313<span style="margin-left:.25em;">52</span></span>) / <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002365242198781000♠"></span>365.242<span style="margin-left:.25em;">198</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">781</span></span></dd></dl> <p>The TT subscript indicates that for this formula, the Julian date should use the <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Time" title="Terrestrial Time">Terrestrial Time</a> scale, or its predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Ephemeris_time" title="Ephemeris time">ephemeris time</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variation_in_the_length_of_the_year_and_the_day">Variation in the length of the year and the day</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Year" title="Special:EditPage/Year">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/%CE%94T_(timekeeping)" title="ΔT (timekeeping)">ΔT (timekeeping)</a></div> <p>The exact length of an astronomical year changes over time. </p> <ul><li>The positions of the equinox and solstice points with respect to the apsides of Earth's orbit change: the equinoxes and solstices move westward relative to the stars because of <a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">precession</a>, and the apsides move in the other direction because of the long-term effects of gravitational pull by the other planets. Since the speed of the Earth varies according to its position in its orbit as measured from its perihelion, Earth's speed when in a solstice or equinox point changes over time: if such a point moves toward perihelion, the interval between two passages decreases a little from year to year; if the point moves towards aphelion, that period increases a little from year to year. So a "tropical year" measured from one passage of the northward ("vernal") equinox to the next, differs from the one measured between passages of the southward ("autumnal") equinox. The average over the full orbit does not change because of this, so the length of the average tropical year does not change because of this second-order effect.</li> <li>Each planet's movement is perturbed by the gravity of every other planet. This leads to short-term fluctuations in its speed, and therefore its period from year to year. Moreover, it causes long-term changes in its orbit, and therefore also long-term changes in these periods.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal drag">Tidal drag</a> between the Earth and the Moon and Sun increases the length of the day and of the month (by transferring angular momentum from the rotation of the Earth to the revolution of the Moon); since the apparent mean solar day is the unit with which we measure the length of the year in civil life, the length of the year appears to decrease. The rotation rate of the Earth is also changed by factors such as <a href="/wiki/Post-glacial_rebound" title="Post-glacial rebound">post-glacial rebound</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>.</li></ul> <p>Numerical value of year variation<br /> Mean year lengths in this section are calculated for 2000, and differences in year lengths, compared to 2000, are given for past and future years. In the tables a day is 86,400 SI seconds long.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table border="1" class="wikitable"> <caption>Mean year lengths for 2000 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type of year</th> <th>Days</th> <th>Hours</th> <th>Minutes</th> <th>Seconds </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tropical_year" title="Tropical year">Tropical</a></td> <td>365</td> <td>5</td> <td>48</td> <td>45 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_year" title="Sidereal year">Sidereal</a></td> <td>365</td> <td>6</td> <td>9</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Anomalistic</td> <td>365</td> <td>6</td> <td>13</td> <td>53 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eclipse</td> <td>346</td> <td>14</td> <td>52</td> <td>55 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="1" class="wikitable"> <caption>Year length difference from 2000 <br />(seconds; positive when length for tabulated year is greater than length in 2000) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Tropical</th> <th>Sidereal</th> <th>Anomalistic</th> <th>Eclipse </th></tr> <tr> <td>−4000</td> <td>−8</td> <td>−45</td> <td>−15</td> <td>−174 </td></tr> <tr> <td>−2000</td> <td>4</td> <td>−19</td> <td>−11</td> <td>−116 </td></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>7</td> <td>−4</td> <td>−5</td> <td>−57 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4000</td> <td>−14</td> <td>−3</td> <td>5</td> <td>54 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6000</td> <td>−35</td> <td>−12</td> <td>10</td> <td>104 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summary">Summary</h3></div> <p>Some of the year lengths in this table are in average <a href="/wiki/Solar_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar day">solar days</a>, which are slowly getting longer (at a rate that cannot be exactly predicted in advance) and are now around 86,400.002 <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">SI seconds</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Days </th> <th scope="col">Year type </th></tr> <tr> <td>346.62</td> <td>Draconic, also called eclipse </td></tr> <tr> <td>354.37</td> <td>Lunar </td></tr> <tr> <td>365</td> <td>Solar days: vague, and a <a href="/wiki/Common_year" title="Common year">common year</a> in many <a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">solar calendars</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002365242190000000♠"></span>365.242<span style="margin-left:.25em;">19</span></span></td> <td>Tropical, also called solar, averaged and then rounded for epoch <a href="/wiki/J2000.0" class="mw-redirect" title="J2000.0">J2000.0</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002365242500000000♠"></span>365.2425</span></td> <td>Gregorian, solar days averaged over the 400-year cycle </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002365250000000000♠"></span>365.25</span></td> <td>Julian, solar days averaged over the four-year cycle </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002365256360000000♠"></span>365.256<span style="margin-left:.25em;">36</span></span></td> <td>Sidereal, for epoch <a href="/wiki/J2000.0" class="mw-redirect" title="J2000.0">J2000.0</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002365259636000000♠"></span>365.259<span style="margin-left:.25em;">636</span></span></td> <td>Anomalistic, averaged and then rounded for epoch J2011.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>366</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a> in many <a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">solar calendars</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An average Gregorian year may be said to be 365.2425 <a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">days</a> (52.1775 <a href="/wiki/Week" title="Week">weeks</a>, and if an hour is defined as one twenty-fourth of a day, <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003876582000000000♠"></span>8<span style="margin-left:.25em;">765</span>.82</span> <a href="/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">hours</a>, <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005525949199999999♠"></span>525<span style="margin-left:.25em;">949</span>.2</span> <a href="/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">minutes</a> or <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007315569520000000♠"></span>31<span style="margin-left:.25em;">556</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">952</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">seconds</a>). Note however that in absolute time the average Gregorian year is not adequately defined unless the period of the averaging (start and end dates) is stated, because each period of 400 years is longer (by more than 1000 seconds) than the preceding one as the rotation of the Earth slows. In this calendar, a common year is 365 days (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003876000000000000♠"></span>8760</span> hours, <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005525600000000000♠"></span>525<span style="margin-left:.25em;">600</span></span> minutes or <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007315360000000000♠"></span>31<span style="margin-left:.25em;">536</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span></span> seconds), and a leap year is 366 days (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003878400000000000♠"></span>8784</span> hours, <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005527040000000000♠"></span>527<span style="margin-left:.25em;">040</span></span> minutes or <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007316224000000000♠"></span>31<span style="margin-left:.25em;">622</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">400</span></span> seconds). The 400-year civil cycle of the Gregorian calendar has <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005146097000000000♠"></span>146<span style="margin-left:.25em;">097</span></span> days and hence exactly <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004208710000000000♠"></span>20<span style="margin-left:.25em;">871</span></span> weeks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greater_astronomical_years">Greater astronomical years</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equinoctial_cycle">Equinoctial cycle</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Year" title="Great Year">Great Year</a>, or equinoctial cycle, corresponds to a complete revolution of the equinoxes around the ecliptic. Its length is about 25,700 years.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galactic_year">Galactic year</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a> is the time it takes Earth's <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> to revolve once around the <a href="/wiki/Galactic_Center" title="Galactic Center">Galactic Center</a>. It comprises roughly 230 million Earth years.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seasonal_year">Seasonal year</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_year" title="Seasonal year">Seasonal year</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Effect_of_Sun_angle_on_climate" title="Effect of Sun angle on climate">Effect of Sun angle on climate</a></div> <p>A seasonal year is the time between successive recurrences of a seasonal event such as the flooding of a river, the migration of a species of bird, the flowering of a species of plant, the first frost, or the first scheduled game of a certain sport. All of these events can have wide variations of more than a <a href="/wiki/Month" title="Month">month</a> from year to year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols_and_abbreviations">Symbols and abbreviations</h2></div> <p>A common symbol for the year as a <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_time" title="Unit of time">unit of time</a> is "a", taken from the Latin word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">annus</i></span>. For example, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> (NIST) <i>Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)</i> supports the symbol "a" as the unit of time for a year.<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In English, the abbreviations "y" or "yr" are more commonly used in non-scientific literature.<sup id="cite_ref-How_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some <a href="/wiki/Earth_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth sciences">Earth sciences</a> branches (<a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">paleontology</a>), "<a href="/wiki/Kyr" title="Kyr">kyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">myr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byr" class="mw-redirect" title="Byr">byr</a>" (thousands, millions, and billions of years, respectively) and similar abbreviations are used to denote intervals of time remote from the present.<sup id="cite_ref-AGUStyle_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGUStyle-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Strat_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strat-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> the abbreviations kyr, Myr and Gyr are in common use for kiloyears, megayears and gigayears.<sup id="cite_ref-MNRAS_Style_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNRAS_Style-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AAS_Style_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAS_Style-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Unified_Code_for_Units_of_Measure" title="Unified Code for Units of Measure">Unified Code for Units of Measure</a> (UCUM) disambiguates the varying symbologies of ISO 1000, ISO 2955 and ANSI X3.50 by using:<sup id="cite_ref-UCUM_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCUM-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>a<sub>t</sub> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002365242190000000♠"></span>365.242<span style="margin-left:.25em;">19</span></span> days for the mean tropical year;</dd> <dd>a<sub>j</sub> = 365.25 days for the mean Julian year;</dd> <dd>a<sub>g</sub> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002365242500000000♠"></span>365.2425</span> days for the mean <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorian year">Gregorian year</a>;</dd></dl> <p>In the UCUM, the symbol "a", without any qualifier, equals 1 a<sub>j</sub>. The UCUM also minimizes confusion with <i><a href="/wiki/Hectare#Are" title="Hectare">are</a></i>, a unit of area, by using the abbreviation "ar". </p><p>Since 1989, the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> (IAU) recognizes the symbol "a" rather than "yr" for a year, notes the different kinds of year, and recommends adopting the Julian year of 365.25 days, unless otherwise specified (IAU <i>Style Manual</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IAU_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAU-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1987, the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Physics" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Physics">International Union of Pure and Applied Physics</a> (IUPAP) notes "a" as the general symbol for the time unit year (<a href="/wiki/IUPAP_Red_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAP Red Book">IUPAP <i>Red Book</i></a>).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1993, the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> (IUPAC) <a href="/wiki/IUPAC_Green_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC Green Book"><i>Green Book</i></a> also uses the same symbol "a", notes the difference between Gregorian year and Julian year, and adopts the former (a=365.2425 days),<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also noted in the <a href="/wiki/IUPAC_Gold_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC Gold Book">IUPAC <i>Gold Book</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gold_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gold-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, the IUPAC and the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Geological_Sciences" title="International Union of Geological Sciences">International Union of Geological Sciences</a> jointly recommended defining the "annus", with symbol "a", as the length of the tropical year in the year 2000:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>a = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007315569254450000♠"></span>31<span style="margin-left:.25em;">556</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">925</span>.445</span> seconds (approximately <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002365242192650000♠"></span>365.242<span style="margin-left:.25em;">192</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">65</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ephemeris_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephemeris day">ephemeris days</a>)</dd></dl> <p>This differs from the above definition of 365.25 days by about 20 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">parts per million</a>. The joint document says that definitions such as the Julian year "bear an inherent, pre-programmed obsolescence because of the variability of Earth's orbital movement", but then proposes using the length of the tropical year as of 2000 AD (specified down to the millisecond), which suffers from the same problem.<sup id="cite_ref-Biever-war_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biever-war-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The tropical year oscillates with time by more than a minute.) </p><p>The notation has proved controversial as it conflicts with an earlier convention among geoscientists to use "a" specifically for "years ago" (e.g. 1 Ma for 1 million years ago), and "y" or "yr" for a one-year time period.<sup id="cite_ref-Biever-war_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biever-war-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iupac2011_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iupac2011-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this historical practice does not comply with the NIST <i>Guide</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> considering the unacceptability of mixing information concerning the <a href="/wiki/Physical_quantity" title="Physical quantity">physical quantity</a> being measured (in this case, time intervals or points in time) with the units and also the unacceptability of using abbreviations for units. Furthermore, according to the <a href="/wiki/UK_Metric_Association" title="UK Metric Association">UK Metric Association</a> (UKMA), language-independent symbols are more universally understood (UKMA <i>Style guide</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-UK_Metric_Association_2017_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK_Metric_Association_2017-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SI_prefix_multipliers">SI prefix multipliers</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(time)" title="Orders of magnitude (time)">Orders of magnitude (time)</a></div> <p>For the following, there are alternative forms that elide the consecutive vowels, such as <i>kilannus</i>, <i>megannus</i>, etc. The exponents and exponential notations are typically used for calculating and in displaying calculations, and for conserving space, as in tables of data. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Units of time with SI prefixes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="120pt">Symbol</th> <th>Definition</th> <th>Common scientific uses and notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Kiloannus"></span><span class="anchor" id="Kiloannus"></span> ka (for <i>kiloannus</i>)</td> <td>One <a href="/wiki/Thousand" class="mw-redirect" title="Thousand">thousand</a> or 10<sup>3</sup> years, also known as a <a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">millennium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> and calendar uses.</td> <td>Geology, paleontology, and <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Period_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (geology)">periods</a>, where a non−<a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a> technique such as <a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">ice core</a> dating, <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">dendrochronology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium-thorium_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium-thorium dating">uranium-thorium dating</a> or <a href="/wiki/Varve" title="Varve">varve</a> analysis is used as the primary method for age determination. If age is determined primarily by radiocarbon dating, then the age should be expressed in either radiocarbon or calendar (calibrated) years <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Megaannus"></span><span class="anchor" id="Megaannus"></span> Ma (for <i>megaannus</i>)</td> <td>One <a href="/wiki/Million" class="mw-redirect" title="Million">million</a> or 10<sup>6</sup> years.</td> <td>Geology, paleontology, and <a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">celestial mechanics</a>. In astronomical applications, the year used is the Julian year of precisely 365.25 days. In geology and paleontology, the year is not so precise and varies depending on the author. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Gigaannus"></span><span class="anchor" id="Gigaannus"></span> Ga (for <i>gigaannus</i>)</td> <td>One <a href="/wiki/1000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000 (number)">billion</a> or 10<sup>9</sup> years.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">Cosmology</a> and geology<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">the formation of the Earth</a> occurred approximately 4.54 Ga (4.54 billion years) ago and the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_universe" title="Age of the universe">age of the universe</a> is approximately 13.8 Ga. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Teraannus"></span><span class="anchor" id="Teraannus"></span> Ta (for <i>teraannus</i>)</td> <td>One <a href="/wiki/1000000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000000 (number)">trillion</a> or 10<sup>12</sup> years</td> <td>An extremely long unit of time, about 70 times as long as the age of the universe. It is the same order of magnitude as the expected life span of a small <a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">red dwarf</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Petaannus"></span><span class="anchor" id="Petaannus"></span> Pa (for <i>petaannus</i>)</td> <td>One <a href="/wiki/10%5E15" class="mw-redirect" title="10^15">quadrillion</a> or 10<sup>15</sup> years.</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclide" title="Nuclide">nuclide</a> <a href="/wiki/Cadmium-113" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium-113">cadmium-113</a> is about 8 Pa.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This symbol coincides with that for the <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">pascal</a> without a multiplier prefix, but context will normally be sufficient to distinguish long time periods from pressure values. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Exaannus"></span><span class="anchor" id="Exaannus"></span> Ea (for <i>exaannus</i>)</td> <td>One <a href="/wiki/Quintillion" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintillion">quintillion</a> or 10<sup>18</sup> years.</td> <td>The half-life of <a href="/wiki/Tungsten-180" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten-180">tungsten-180</a> is 1.8 Ea.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abbreviations_for_"years_ago""><span id="Abbreviations_for_.22years_ago.22"></span>Abbreviations for "years ago"</h3></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Abbreviations_yr_and_ya"></span><span class="anchor" id="years_ago"></span><span class="anchor" id="kya"></span><span class="anchor" id="Mya"></span><span class="anchor" id="Bya"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a></div> <p>In geology and paleontology, a distinction sometimes is made between abbreviation "yr" for <i>years</i> and "ya" for <i>years ago</i>, combined with prefixes for thousand, million, or billion.<sup id="cite_ref-AGUStyle_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGUStyle-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASC_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASC-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In archaeology, dealing with more recent periods, normally expressed dates, e.g. "10,000 BC", may be used as a more traditional form than <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a> ("BP"). </p><p>These abbreviations include: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><span class="anchor" id="mya"></span>Non-SI<br />abbreviations </th> <th rowspan="2">Short for </th> <th rowspan="2">SI-prefixed<br />equivalent </th> <th rowspan="2">Definition </th> <th colspan="2">Examples </th></tr> <tr> <th>Event </th> <th>Time </th></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Kyr" title="Kyr">kyr</a></div></td> <td>kilo years</td> <td>ka</td> <td>Thousand years</td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">myr</a><br />Myr</div></td> <td>million years<br />Mega years</td> <td>Ma</td> <td>Million years</td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Billion_years" class="mw-redirect" title="Billion years">byr</a><br />Gyr</div></td> <td>billion years<br />Giga years</td> <td>Ga</td> <td>Billion years<br />(<a href="/wiki/Long_and_short_scales" title="Long and short scales">thousand million</a> years)</td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">kya</div></td> <td>kilo years ago</td> <td></td> <td>Time ago in ka</td> <td> <ul><li>Appearance of <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-Africa_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Out-of-Africa migration">Out-of-Africa migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <p>Around 200 kya<br />Around 60 kya<br />Around 20 kya<br />Around 10 kya </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">mya<br />Mya</div></td> <td>million years ago<br />Mega years ago</td> <td></td> <td>Time ago in Ma</td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunhes%E2%80%93Matuyama_reversal" title="Brunhes–Matuyama reversal">Last geomagnetic reversal</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The (<a href="/wiki/Eemian_Stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Eemian Stage">Eemian Stage</a>) <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a> started</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> started</li></ul> </td> <td>5.3 to 2.6 mya<br />0.78 mya<br />0.13 mya<br />0.01 mya </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">bya<br />Gya</div></td> <td>billion years ago<br />giga years ago</td> <td></td> <td>Time ago in Ga</td> <td> <ul><li>Oldest <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryotes</a></li> <li>Formation of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a></li></ul> </td> <td>2 bya<br />4.5 bya<br />13.8 bya </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Use of "mya" and "bya" is deprecated in modern geophysics, the recommended usage being "Ma" and "Ga" for dates <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a>, but "m.y." for the durations of epochs.<sup id="cite_ref-AGUStyle_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGUStyle-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Strat_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strat-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <i>ad hoc</i> distinction between "absolute" time and time intervals is somewhat controversial amongst members of the Geological Society of America.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical year numbering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century" title="Century">Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decade" title="Decade">Decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch" title="Epoch">Epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">ISO 8601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List of calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(time)" title="Orders of magnitude (time)">Orders of magnitude (time)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_time" title="Unit of time">Unit of time</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a>, s.v. 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(2010).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/models/constants.html">IERS EOP PC Useful constants.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029154942/http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/models/constants.html">Archived</a> October 29, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards, E.G. (2013). Calendars. In S.E. Urban & P.K. Seidelmann (Eds.), <i>Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac</i> (3rd ed.). Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books. p. 586.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/asa_glossary#longitude-ecliptic">"longitude, ecliptic"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230908233641/https://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/asa_glossary#longitude-ecliptic">Archived</a> from the original on September 8, 2023,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=longitude%2C+ecliptic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faa.usno.navy.mil%2Ffaq%2Fasa_glossary%23longitude-ecliptic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYear" class="Z3988"></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/asa_glossary#dynamical-equinox">"dynamical equinox"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230908233641/https://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/asa_glossary#dynamical-equinox">Archived</a> from the original on September 8, 2023,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=dynamical+equinox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faa.usno.navy.mil%2Ffaq%2Fasa_glossary%23dynamical-equinox&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYear" class="Z3988"></span> (c. 2022). In "Glossary", <i>The Astronomical Almanac Online</i>. United States Naval Observatory.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/asa_glossary">"Glossary"</a>. <i>Astronomical Applications Department</i>. United States Naval Observatory. c. 2022. s.v. year, tropical. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230908233641/https://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/asa_glossary">Archived</a> from the original on September 8, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Astronomical+Applications+Department&rft.atitle=Glossary&rft.pages=s.v.+year%2C+tropical&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faa.usno.navy.mil%2Ffaq%2Fasa_glossary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Astronomical Almanac for the Year 2011</i>. Washington and Taunton: <a href="/wiki/US_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="US Government Printing Office">US Government Printing Office</a> and the <a href="/wiki/UK_Hydrographic_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Hydrographic Office">UK Hydrographic Office</a>. 2009. pp. A1, C2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronomical+Almanac+for+the+Year+2011&rft.place=Washington+and+Taunton&rft.pages=A1%2C+C2&rft.pub=US+Government+Printing+Office+and+the+UK+Hydrographic+Office&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mayacalendar.com/descripcion.html">Calendar Description and Coordination</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426010158/http://www.mayacalendar.com/descripcion.html">Archived</a> April 26, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Maya World Studies Center</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Astronomical Almanac for the Year 2010</i>. Washington and Taunton: U.S. Government Printing Office and the U.K. Hydrographic Office. 2008. p. B3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronomical+Almanac+for+the+Year+2010&rft.place=Washington+and+Taunton&rft.pages=B3&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office+and+the+U.K.+Hydrographic+Office&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Naval_Observatory_Nautical_Almanac_Office_and_Her_Majesty's_Nautical_Almanac_Office2010" class="citation book cs1">U.S. Naval Observatory Nautical Almanac Office and Her Majesty's Nautical Almanac Office (2010). <i>Astronomical Almanac for the year 2011</i>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. C2, L8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronomical+Almanac+for+the+year+2011&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=C2%2C+L8&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2010&rft.au=U.S.+Naval+Observatory+Nautical+Almanac+Office+and+Her+Majesty%27s+Nautical+Almanac+Office&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonBretagnonChaprontChapront-Touzé1994" class="citation journal cs1">Simon, J.L.; Bretagnon, P.; Chapront, J.; Chapront-Touzé, M.; Francou, G.; Laskar, J. (February 1994). "Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets". <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. <b>282</b> (2): 663–683. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994A&A...282..663S">1994A&A...282..663S</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=Numerical+expressions+for+precession+formulae+and+mean+elements+for+the+Moon+and+planets&rft.volume=282&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=663-683&rft.date=1994-02&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994A%26A...282..663S&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=J.L.&rft.au=Bretagnon%2C+P.&rft.au=Chapront%2C+J.&rft.au=Chapront-Touz%C3%A9%2C+M.&rft.au=Francou%2C+G.&rft.au=Laskar%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaff1985" class="citation book cs1">Taff, Lawrence G. (1985). <i>Celestial Mechanics: A Computational Guide for the Practitioner</i>. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-89316-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-89316-5"><bdi>978-0-471-89316-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celestial+Mechanics%3A+A+Computational+Guide+for+the+Practitioner&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-471-89316-5&rft.aulast=Taff&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYear" class="Z3988"></span> Values in tables agree closely for 2000, and depart by as much as 44 seconds for the years furthest in the past or future; the expressions are simpler than those recommended in the <i>Astronomical Almanac for the Year 2011</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeidelmann2013" class="citation book cs1">Seidelmann, P. 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C</a></i>. <b>67</b> (1): 014310. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-ex/0211013">nucl-ex/0211013</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PhRvC..67a4310D">2003PhRvC..67a4310D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevC.67.014310">10.1103/PhysRevC.67.014310</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6733875">6733875</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Rev.+C&rft.atitle=%CE%B1+activity+of+natural+tungsten+isotopes&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=014310&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fnucl-ex%2F0211013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6733875%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevC.67.014310&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003PhRvC..67a4310D&rft.au=F.A.+Danevich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASC-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASC_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth_American_Commission_on_Stratigraphic_Nomenclature" class="citation web cs1">North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Info/NACSN/Code2/code2.html#Article13">"North American Stratigraphic Code (Article 13 (c))"</a>. <q>(c) Convention and abbreviations. – The age of a stratigraphic unit or the time of a geologic event, as commonly determined by numerical dating or by reference to a calibrated time-scale, may be expressed in years before the present. The unit of time is the modern year as presently recognized worldwide. Recommended (but not mandatory) abbreviations for such ages are SI (International System of Units) multipliers coupled with "a" for annus: ka, Ma, and Ga for kilo-annus (10<sup>3</sup> years), Mega-annus (10<sup>6</sup> years), and Giga-annus (10<sup>9</sup> years), respectively. Use of these terms after the age value follows the convention established in the field of C-14 dating. The "present" refers to AD 1950, and such qualifiers as "ago" or "before the present" are omitted after the value because measurement of the duration from the present to the past is implicit in the designation. In contrast, the duration of a remote interval of geologic time, as a number of years, should not be expressed by the same symbols. Abbreviations for numbers of years, without reference to the present, are informal (e.g., y or yr for years; my, m.y., or m.yr. for millions of years; and so forth, as preference dictates). For example, boundaries of the Late Cretaceous Epoch currently are calibrated at 63 Ma and 96 Ma, but the interval of time represented by this epoch is 33 m.y.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+American+Stratigraphic+Code+%28Article+13+%28c%29%29&rft.au=North+American+Commission+on+Stratigraphic+Nomenclature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngmdb.usgs.gov%2FInfo%2FNACSN%2FCode2%2Fcode2.html%23Article13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClement2004" class="citation journal cs1">Clement, Bradford M. (April 8, 2004). "Dependence of the duration of geomagnetic polarity reversals on site latitude". <i>Nature</i>. <b>428</b> (6983): 637–640. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Natur.428..637C">2004Natur.428..637C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature02459">10.1038/nature02459</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15071591">15071591</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4356044">4356044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Dependence+of+the+duration+of+geomagnetic+polarity+reversals+on+site+latitude&rft.volume=428&rft.issue=6983&rft.pages=637-640&rft.date=2004-04-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature02459&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4356044%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15071591&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Natur.428..637C&rft.aulast=Clement&rft.aufirst=Bradford+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160616100504/https://www.geosociety.org/TimeUnits/">"Time Units"</a>. Geological Society of America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geosociety.org/TimeUnits/">the original</a> on June 16, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Time+Units&rft.pub=Geological+Society+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geosociety.org%2FTimeUnits%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1987" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, Julius Thomas (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timefamiliarstra0000fras"><i>Time, the Familiar Stranger</i></a></span> (illustrated ed.). Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988tfs..book.....F">1988tfs..book.....F</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87023-576-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87023-576-4"><bdi>978-0-87023-576-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15790499">15790499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time%2C+the+Familiar+Stranger&rft.place=Amherst&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15790499&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988tfs..book.....F&rft.isbn=978-0-87023-576-4&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Julius+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftimefamiliarstra0000fras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYear" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitrow2003" class="citation book cs1">Whitrow, Gerald James (2003). <i>What is Time?</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860781-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860781-6"><bdi>978-0-19-860781-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/265440481">265440481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Time%3F&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F265440481&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860781-6&rft.aulast=Whitrow&rft.aufirst=Gerald+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYear" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past" title="Past">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">Measurement</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Time_standard" title="Time standard">standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chronometry" title="Chronometry">Chronometry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Time" title="International Atomic Time">TAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_time" title="Unit of time">Unit of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(time)" title="Orders of magnitude (time)">Orders of magnitude (time)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/System_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="System of measurement">Measurement<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_six-hour_clock" title="Italian six-hour clock">Italian six-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_six-hour_clock" title="Thai six-hour clock">Thai six-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">12-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_hour" title="Relative hour">Relative hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">Daylight saving time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_timekeeping" title="Traditional Chinese timekeeping">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">Decimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal_time" title="Hexadecimal time">Hexadecimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_time" title="Metric time">Metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_timekeeping" title="Roman timekeeping">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">Sidereal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar#Systems" title="Calendar">Main types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu Panchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock#Types" title="Clock">Main types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock">astronomical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrarium" title="Astrarium">astrarium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum clock">quantum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">hourglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_watch" title="Mechanical watch">mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopwatch" title="Stopwatch">stopwatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_clock" title="Cuckoo clock">Cuckoo clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_clock" title="Digital clock">Digital clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clock" title="Grandfather clock">Grandfather clock</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">History</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_time_measurement_inventions" title="Timeline of time measurement inventions">Timeline</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomical chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periodization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_series_and_B_series" title="A series and B series">A series and B series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-theory_of_time" title="B-theory of time">B-theory of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronocentrism" title="Chronocentrism">Chronocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(philosophy)" title="Duration (philosophy)">Duration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurantism" title="Endurantism">Endurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">Eternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdurantism" title="Perdurantism">Perdurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_presentism" title="Philosophical presentism">Presentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">Temporal finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_parts" title="Temporal parts">Temporal parts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unreality_of_Time" title="The Unreality of Time">The Unreality of Time</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Time_in_religion" title="Category:Time in religion">Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_in_religion_and_mythology" title="Template:Time in religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dreaming" title="The Dreaming">Dreamtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81la" title="Kāla">Kāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_and_fate_deities" title="Time and fate deities">Time and fate deities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father_Time" title="Father Time">Father Time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_time" title="Wheel of time">Wheel of time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time_perception" title="Time perception">Human experience</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Time-use_research" title="Time-use research">use of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronemics" title="Chronemics">Chronemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_time" title="Generation time">Generation time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_chronometry" title="Mental chronometry">Mental chronometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">time signature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosy_retrospection" title="Rosy retrospection">Rosy retrospection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_management" title="Time management">Time management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yesterday_(time)" title="Yesterday (time)">Yesterday</a> – <a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Today</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tomorrow_(time)" title="Tomorrow (time)">Tomorrow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Time in <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geological time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronozone" title="Chronozone">chron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eon_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eon (geology)">eon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era (geology)">era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological period">period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time" title="Absolute space and time">Absolute space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_of_time" title="Arrow of time">Arrow of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronon" title="Chronon">Chronon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinate_time" title="Coordinate time">Coordinate time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant" title="Instant">Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Theory of relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_translation_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Time translation symmetry">Time translation symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-symmetry" title="T-symmetry">Time reversal symmetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Other fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">Circadian rhythms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_clock" title="Chemical clock">Clock reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_geography" title="Time geography">Time geography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moment_(unit)" title="Moment (unit)">Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_time" title="System time">System time</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tempus_fugit" title="Tempus fugit">Tempus fugit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_capsule" title="Time capsule">Time capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_immemorial" title="Time immemorial">Time immemorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Time" title="Category:Time">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Time" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Time">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_measurement_and_standards" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_measurement_and_standards" title="Template:Time measurement and standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_measurement_and_standards" title="Template talk:Time measurement and standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_measurement_and_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time measurement and standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_measurement_and_standards" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time measurement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time_standard" title="Time standard">standards</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronometry" title="Chronometry">Chronometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(time)" title="Orders of magnitude (time)">Orders of magnitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_metrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Time metrology">Metrology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">Coordinated Universal Time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UTC_offset" title="UTC offset">offset</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94T_(timekeeping)" title="ΔT (timekeeping)">ΔT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DUT1" title="DUT1">DUT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Earth_Rotation_and_Reference_Systems_Service" title="International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service">International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-1" title="ISO 31-1">ISO 31-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">ISO 8601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Time" title="International Atomic Time">International Atomic Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">12-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barycentric_Coordinate_Time" title="Barycentric Coordinate Time">Barycentric Coordinate Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barycentric_Dynamical_Time" title="Barycentric Dynamical Time">Barycentric Dynamical Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_time" title="Civil time">Civil time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">Daylight saving time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_Coordinate_Time" title="Geocentric Coordinate Time">Geocentric Coordinate Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Date_Line" title="International Date Line">International Date Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IERS_Reference_Meridian" title="IERS Reference Meridian">IERS Reference Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_second" title="Leap second">Leap second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">Solar time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Time" title="Terrestrial Time">Terrestrial Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/180th_meridian" title="180th meridian">180th meridian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass"><img alt="template illustration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg/75px-Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg/113px-Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg/150px-Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1637" data-file-height="3819" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone"><img alt="template illustration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png/75px-Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png/113px-Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png/150px-Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="1007" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeris_time" title="Ephemeris time">Ephemeris time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">Greenwich Mean Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_meridian" title="Prime meridian">Prime meridian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">Time in physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time" title="Absolute space and time">Absolute space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronon" title="Chronon">Chronon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous signal">Continuous signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinate_time" title="Coordinate time">Coordinate time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_decade" title="Cosmological decade">Cosmological decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_time_and_continuous_time" title="Discrete time and continuous time">Discrete time and continuous time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Theory of relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_dilation" title="Time dilation">Time dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_time_dilation" title="Gravitational time dilation">Gravitational time dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-translation_symmetry" title="Time-translation symmetry">Time-translation symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-symmetry" title="T-symmetry">T-symmetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">Horology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrarium" title="Astrarium">Astrarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">Atomic clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complication_(horology)" title="Complication (horology)">Complication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">History of timekeeping devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">Hourglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">Marine chronometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_sandglass" title="Marine sandglass">Marine sandglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_clock" title="Radio clock">Radio clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">Watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stopwatch" title="Stopwatch">stopwatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">Water clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">Sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialing_scales" title="Dialing scales">Dialing scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equation_of_time" title="Equation of time">Equation of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sundials" title="History of sundials">History of sundials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema_for_horizontal_dials" title="Schema for horizontal dials">Sundial markup schema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a> (lunar Hijri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominical_letter" title="Dominical letter">Dominical letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epact" title="Epact">Epact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">Equinox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(timekeeping)" title="Intercalation (timekeeping)">Intercalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_day" title="Julian day">Julian day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">Solstice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_year" title="Tropical year">Tropical year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determination_of_the_day_of_the_week" title="Determination of the day of the week">Weekday determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_days_of_the_week" title="Names of the days of the week">Weekday names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology and geology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">International Commission on Stratigraphy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomical chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_timescale" title="Nuclear timescale">Nuclear timescale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">Precession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">Sidereal time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_time" title="Unit of time">units of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instant" title="Instant">Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flick_(time)" title="Flick (time)">Flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shake_(unit)" title="Shake (unit)">Shake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiffy_(time)" title="Jiffy (time)">Jiffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">Minute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moment_(unit)" title="Moment (unit)">Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">Hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Week" title="Week">Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortnight" title="Fortnight">Fortnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Month" title="Month">Month</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympiad" title="Olympiad">Olympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustrum" title="Lustrum">Lustrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decade" title="Decade">Decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century" title="Century">Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeculum" title="Saeculum">Saeculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">Millennium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(philosophy)" title="Duration (philosophy)">Duration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_chronometry" title="Mental chronometry">Mental chronometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">Decimal time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_time" title="Metric time">Metric time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_time" title="System time">System time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_metrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Time metrology">Time metrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_value_of_money" title="Time value of money">Time value of money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timekeeper" title="Timekeeper">Timekeeper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output 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