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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Ancient period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Medieval period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Modern period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colonial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Colonial era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-colonial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-colonial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Post-colonial era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-colonial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seasons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seasons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Seasons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seasons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Summer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1.1 Summer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monsoon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monsoon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1.2 Monsoon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monsoon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Monsoon_transitional_season" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Monsoon_transitional_season"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1.3 Post-Monsoon transitional season </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Monsoon_transitional_season-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1.4 Winter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Winter_transitional_season" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Winter_transitional_season"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1.5 Post-Winter transitional season </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Winter_transitional_season-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rainfall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rainfall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Rainfall </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rainfall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Wildlife </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Flora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Gender </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Literacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Caste </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Government and politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_set-up" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_set-up"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Administrative set-up </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_set-up-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Industries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remittances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remittances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Remittances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remittances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Railways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hyperloop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hyperloop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Hyperloop </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hyperloop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_Rapid_Transit_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_Rapid_Transit_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Urban Rapid Transit System </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_Rapid_Transit_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colleges_and_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colleges_and_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Colleges and universities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colleges_and_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bhangra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhangra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Bhangra </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhangra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punjabi_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punjabi_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Punjabi folklore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punjabi_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.5 Film industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crafts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crafts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.6 Crafts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crafts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.7 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals_and_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals_and_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.8 Festivals and traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals_and_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Punjab, India</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 119 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-119" aria-hidden="true" > 119 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Punjab (India)" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Indi%C3%AB" title="Punjab, Indië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Punjab, Indië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%90%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%83%E1%89%A5%E1%8D%A3_%E1%88%95%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ፐንጃብ፣ ሕንድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፐንጃብ፣ ሕንድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="पंजाब – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पंजाब" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF)" title="البنجاب (الهند) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البنجاب (الهند)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC,_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4" title="পঞ্জাব, ভাৰত – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পঞ্জাব, ভাৰত" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panyab_(India)" title="Panyab (India) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Panyab (India)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="पंजाब – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पंजाब" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%99ncab_%C5%9Ftat%C4%B1" title="Pəncab ştatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pəncab ştatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8_(%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF)" title="پنجاب (هند) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پنجاب (هند)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Punjab, India" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC,_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4" title="পাঞ্জাব, ভারত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাঞ্জাব, ভারত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(%C3%8Cn-t%C5%8D%CD%98)" title="Punjab (Ìn-tō͘) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Punjab (Ìn-tō͘)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Пенджаб (штат) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пенджаб (штат)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F)" title="Панджаб (Індыя) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Панджаб (Індыя)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="पंजाब – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पंजाब" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Пенджаб (Индия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пенджаб (Индия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D" title="པན་ཇབ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="པན་ཇབ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjab_(India)" title="Panjab (India) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Panjab (India)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjab_(%C3%8Dndia)" title="Panjab (Índia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Panjab (Índia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Punjab" title="State of Punjab – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="State of Punjab" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%88d%C5%BE%C3%A1b_(indick%C3%BD_st%C3%A1t)" title="Paňdžáb (indický stát) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paňdžáb (indický stát)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Punjab (India)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Indien)" title="Punjab (Indien) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Punjab (Indien)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Indien)" title="Punjab (Indien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Punjab (Indien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%95%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%96%DE%A7%DE%84%DE%AA_(%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7)" title="ޕަންޖާބު (އިންޑިޔާ) – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޕަންޖާބު (އިންޑިޔާ)" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4)" title="पञ्जाब (भारत) – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="पञ्जाब (भारत)" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C5%BEab_(India)" title="Pandžab (India) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pandžab (India)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80_(%CE%99%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Παντζάμπ (Ινδία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παντζάμπ (Ινδία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punyab_(India)" title="Punyab (India) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Punyab (India)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan%C4%9Dabo_(Barato)" title="Panĝabo (Barato) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Panĝabo (Barato)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Punjab (India)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8_(%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF)" title="ایالت پنجاب (هند) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایالت پنجاب (هند)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Punjab (India)" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendjab_(Inde)" title="Pendjab (Inde) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pendjab (Inde)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panxab,_India" title="Panxab, India – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Panxab, India" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AC,_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4" title="પંજાબ, ભારત – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પંજાબ, ભારત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="पंजाब – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="पंजाब" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%80%EC%9E%90%EB%B8%8C%EC%A3%BC_(%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84)" title="펀자브주 (인도) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="펀자브주 (인도)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Indiya)" title="Punjab (Indiya) – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Punjab (Indiya)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%A2_(%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3)" title="Փենջաբ (նահանգ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փենջաբ (նահանգ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4)" title="पंजाब (भारत) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पंजाब (भारत)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(indijska_dr%C5%BEava)" title="Punjab (indijska država) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Punjab (indijska država)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC_(%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4)" title="পাঞ্জাব (ভারত) – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="পাঞ্জাব (ভারত)" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Punjab, India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato_Punjab" title="Stato Punjab – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Stato Punjab" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8)" title="Пенджаб (Инди) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Пенджаб (Инди)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BAnjab_(Indlandi)" title="Púnjab (Indlandi) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Púnjab (Indlandi)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Punjab (India)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%92%27%D7%90%D7%91" title="פנג'אב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פנג'אב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪಂಜಾಬ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಂಜಾಬ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Punjab (India)" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="პენჯაბის შტატი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პენჯაბის შტატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8E%D9%86%D9%9B%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8_(%DB%81%D9%90%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="پَنٛجاب (ہِندوستان) – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پَنٛجاب (ہِندوستان)" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Uhindi)" title="Punjab (Uhindi) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Punjab (Uhindi)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Punjab (India)" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengabum_(India)" title="Pengabum (India) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pengabum (India)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pend%C5%BE%C4%81ba_(Indija)" title="Pendžāba (Indija) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pendžāba (Indija)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C5%BEabas_(Indija)" title="Pandžabas (Indija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pandžabas (Indija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandzs%C3%A1b_(India)" title="Pandzsáb (India) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pandzsáb (India)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="पञ्जाब, भारत – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पञ्जाब, भारत" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%9F%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Пенџаб (Индија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пенџаб (Индија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Punjab, India" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D,_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="പഞ്ചാബ്, ഇന്ത്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പഞ്ചാബ്, ഇന്ത്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="पंजाब – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पंजाब" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="პენჯაბიშ შტატი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პენჯაბიშ შტატი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="هند پنجاب – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هند پنجاب" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Punjab (India)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(%C3%89ng-d%C3%B4)" title="Punjab (Éng-dô) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Punjab (Éng-dô)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%B3)" title="Панжаб (Энэтхэг) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Панжаб (Энэтхэг)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Punjab (India)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="पन्जाब, भारत – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पन्जाब, भारत" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="पञ्जाब राज्य, भारत – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पञ्जाब राज्य, भारत" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E5%B7%9E_(%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89)" title="パンジャーブ州 (インド) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パンジャーブ州 (インド)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8)" title="Пенджаб (ХӀинди) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Пенджаб (ХӀинди)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Indien)" title="Punjab (Indien) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Punjab (Indien)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Punjab (India)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjab_i_India" title="Panjab i India – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Panjab i India" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjab_(%C3%8Dndia)" title="Panjab (Índia) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Panjab (Índia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AC,_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A4" title="ପଞ୍ଜାବ, ଭାରତ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପଞ୍ଜାବ, ଭାରତ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjob_(shtat)" title="Panjob (shtat) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Panjob (shtat)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC,_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4" title="ਪੰਜਾਬ, ਭਾਰਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੰਜਾਬ, ਭਾਰਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8_(%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA)" title="پنجاب (بھارت) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پنجاب (بھارت)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%8C_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="پنجاب، هند – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پنجاب، هند" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pend%C5%BCab_(Indie)" title="Pendżab (Indie) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pendżab (Indie)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjabe_(%C3%8Dndia)" title="Panjabe (Índia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Panjabe (Índia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Punjab (India)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Пенджаб (Индия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пенджаб (Индия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="पञ्चापराज्यम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पञ्चापराज्यम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A7%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%BD,_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9B" title="ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Indie" title="Punjab, Indie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Punjab, Indie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BA,_%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="පන්ජාබය, ඉන්දියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පන්ජාබය, ඉන්දියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Punjab, India" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%8C_%DA%80%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="پنجاب، ڀارت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پنجاب، ڀارت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C5%BE%C3%A1b_(indick%C3%BD_%C5%A1t%C3%A1t)" title="Pandžáb (indický štát) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pandžáb (indický štát)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C5%BEab,_Indija" title="Pandžab, Indija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pandžab, Indija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%8C_%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF" title="پەنجاب، ھیند – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەنجاب، ھیند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%9F%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Панџаб (Индија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Панџаб (Индија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C5%BEab_(Indija)" title="Pandžab (Indija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pandžab (Indija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Intia)" title="Punjab (Intia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Punjab (Intia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Indien)" title="Punjab (Indien) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Punjab (Indien)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Punjab, India" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE)" title="பஞ்சாப் (இந்தியா) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பஞ்சாப் (இந்தியா)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D3%99%D0%BD%D2%97%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D2%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Пәнҗаб (Һиндстан) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пәнҗаб (Һиндстан)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D" title="పంజాబ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పంజాబ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A" title="รัฐปัญจาบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐปัญจาบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1_(%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Панҷоб (Ҳиндустон) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Панҷоб (Ҳиндустон)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪಂಜಾಬ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಪಂಜಾಬ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencap,_Hindistan" title="Pencap, Hindistan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pencap, Hindistan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97)" title="Пенджаб (штат Індії) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пенджаб (штат Індії)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%8C_%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="پنجاب، بھارت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پنجاب، بھارت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Punjab (India)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99" title="Punjab, Ấn Độ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Punjab, Ấn Độ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Indya)" title="Punjab (Indya) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Punjab (Indya)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%81%E9%81%AE%E6%99%AE%E9%82%A6" title="旁遮普邦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="旁遮普邦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Punjab (India)" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%81%E9%81%AE%E6%99%AE%E9%82%A6" title="旁遮普邦 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="旁遮普邦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%81%E9%81%AE%E6%99%AE%E9%82%A6" title="旁遮普邦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="旁遮普邦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li 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class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Punjab,_India&params=30.79_N_75.84_E_region:IN-PB_type:adm1st">30°47′N 75°50′E / 30.79°N 75.84°E / 30.79; 75.84</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-indicator-fr-review-status" class="mw-indicator"><indicator name="fr-review-status" class="mw-fr-review-status-indicator" id="mw-fr-revision-toggle">Checked</indicator></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-autoreview" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a 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tabindex="0"></div><div class="cdx-dialog cdx-dialog--horizontal-actions"><header class="cdx-dialog__header cdx-dialog__header--default"><div class="cdx-dialog__header__title-group"><h2 class="cdx-dialog__header__title">Page version status</h2>This is an accepted version of this page</div><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-default cdx-button--weight-quiet
							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Punjab,_India">reviewed</a> on 16 February 2025.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in northwestern India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a state of India. For the geographical region, see <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>. For the province of Pakistan, see <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</a>. For other uses of the name, see <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Punjab (disambiguation)">Punjab (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in North India, India</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Punjab</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">State of Punjab</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid ;width:260px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:2px 0 0 2px"><div style="display:table;background-color:;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Temple,_Amritsar,_Punjab_UNAG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Golden_Temple%2C_Amritsar%2C_Punjab_UNAG.jpg/260px-Golden_Temple%2C_Amritsar%2C_Punjab_UNAG.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Golden_Temple%2C_Amritsar%2C_Punjab_UNAG.jpg/390px-Golden_Temple%2C_Amritsar%2C_Punjab_UNAG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Golden_Temple%2C_Amritsar%2C_Punjab_UNAG.jpg/520px-Golden_Temple%2C_Amritsar%2C_Punjab_UNAG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Virasat-e-Khalsa-Roxy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Virasat-e-Khalsa-Roxy.jpg/129px-Virasat-e-Khalsa-Roxy.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Virasat-e-Khalsa-Roxy.jpg/194px-Virasat-e-Khalsa-Roxy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Virasat-e-Khalsa-Roxy.jpg/258px-Virasat-e-Khalsa-Roxy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9855" data-file-height="5316" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Devi_Talab_Mandir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Devi_Talab_Mandir.jpg/129px-Devi_Talab_Mandir.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Devi_Talab_Mandir.jpg/194px-Devi_Talab_Mandir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Devi_Talab_Mandir.jpg/258px-Devi_Talab_Mandir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="1840" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Fateh_Burj_night.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Fateh_Burj_night.png/129px-Fateh_Burj_night.png" decoding="async" width="129" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Fateh_Burj_night.png/194px-Fateh_Burj_night.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Fateh_Burj_night.png/258px-Fateh_Burj_night.png 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Khalsa_College-Monumentos_de_Amritsar-India16.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Khalsa_College-Monumentos_de_Amritsar-India16.JPG/129px-Khalsa_College-Monumentos_de_Amritsar-India16.JPG" decoding="async" width="129" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Khalsa_College-Monumentos_de_Amritsar-India16.JPG/194px-Khalsa_College-Monumentos_de_Amritsar-India16.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Khalsa_College-Monumentos_de_Amritsar-India16.JPG/258px-Khalsa_College-Monumentos_de_Amritsar-India16.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_of_Jallianwala_Bagh-IMG_6348_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Panorama_of_Jallianwala_Bagh-IMG_6348_%28cropped%29.jpg/129px-Panorama_of_Jallianwala_Bagh-IMG_6348_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Panorama_of_Jallianwala_Bagh-IMG_6348_%28cropped%29.jpg/194px-Panorama_of_Jallianwala_Bagh-IMG_6348_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Panorama_of_Jallianwala_Bagh-IMG_6348_%28cropped%29.jpg/258px-Panorama_of_Jallianwala_Bagh-IMG_6348_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5450" data-file-height="4085" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Qila_Mubarak_In_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Qila_Mubarak_In_2015.jpg/129px-Qila_Mubarak_In_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Qila_Mubarak_In_2015.jpg/194px-Qila_Mubarak_In_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Qila_Mubarak_In_2015.jpg/258px-Qila_Mubarak_In_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div style="font-size:95%">Clockwise from top: <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a>; <a href="/wiki/Devi_Talab_Mandir" title="Devi Talab Mandir">Devi Talab Mandir, Jalandhar</a>; <a href="/wiki/Khalsa_College,_Amritsar" title="Khalsa College, Amritsar">Khalsa College, Amritsar</a>; <a href="/wiki/Qila_Mubarak,_Bathinda" title="Qila Mubarak, Bathinda">Qila Mubarak</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh" title="Jallianwala Bagh">Jallianwala Bagh memorial</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fateh_Burj" title="Fateh Burj">Fateh Burj</a>; <a href="/wiki/Virasat-e-Khalsa" title="Virasat-e-Khalsa">Virasat-e-Khalsa</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Government_Of_Punjab_(Black_On_White).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Punjab"><img alt="Official emblem of Punjab" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_Government_Of_Punjab_%28Black_On_White%29.svg/125px-Seal_of_the_Government_Of_Punjab_%28Black_On_White%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_Government_Of_Punjab_%28Black_On_White%29.svg/188px-Seal_of_the_Government_Of_Punjab_%28Black_On_White%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_Government_Of_Punjab_%28Black_On_White%29.svg/250px-Seal_of_the_Government_Of_Punjab_%28Black_On_White%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1958" data-file-height="2330" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of Punjab">Emblem of Punjab</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Etymology: Land of five rivers</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_mottos" title="List of Indian state mottos">Motto</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"<a href="/wiki/Satyameva_Jayate" title="Satyameva Jayate">Satyameva Jayate</a>"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:IN-PB.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Punjab in India"><img alt="The map of India showing Punjab" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/IN-PB.svg/300px-IN-PB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/IN-PB.svg/450px-IN-PB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/IN-PB.svg/600px-IN-PB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="583" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Punjab in India</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Punjab,_India&params=30.79_N_75.84_E_region:IN-PB_type:adm1st">30°47′N 75°50′E / 30.79°N 75.84°E / 30.79; 75.84</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="height:0px"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Before was</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/East_Punjab" title="East Punjab">East Punjab</a> <a href="/wiki/PEPSU" class="mw-redirect" title="PEPSU">PEPSU</a></td></tr><tr class="[[East Punjab]] [[PEPSU]] mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_foundation_days" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state foundation days">Formation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">26 January 1950</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Largest city</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Punjab,_India" title="List of districts of Punjab, India">23</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Punjab,_India" title="Government of Punjab, India">Government of Punjab</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Punjab,_India" title="List of governors of Punjab, India">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Chand_Kataria" title="Gulab Chand Kataria">Gulab Chand Kataria</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Punjab_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)">Chief minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bhagwant_Mann" title="Bhagwant Mann">Bhagwant Mann</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aam_Aadmi_Party" title="Aam Aadmi Party">AAP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/State_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="State Legislature">State Legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unicameral</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">Assembly</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Legislative_Assembly" title="Punjab Legislative Assembly">Punjab Legislative Assembly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Punjab_Legislative_Assembly" title="Punjab Legislative Assembly">117 seats</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National Parliament</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_Rajya_Sabha#Punjab" title="List of current members of the Rajya Sabha">7 seats</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_18th_Lok_Sabha#Punjab" title="List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha">13 seats</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Court</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Punjab_and_Haryana_High_Court" title="Punjab and Haryana High Court">Punjab and Haryana High Court</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">50,362 km2 (19,445 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_area" title="List of states and union territories of India by area">20th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">300 m (1,000 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (Naina Devi Range)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,000 m (3,000 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (South Western side)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">105 m (344 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2011)<a href="#cite_note-2011_pp_tableA2-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 27,743,338</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population" title="List of states and union territories of India by population">16th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">550/km2 (1,400/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">37.48%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rural<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">62.52%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Language<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Official</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a><a href="#cite_note-2011lang-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Official_scripts_of_the_Indian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Official scripts of the Indian Republic">Official script</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhi script">Gurmukhi script</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-MOSPI-4">[4]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(2021–22)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>6.85 trillion (US$79 billion)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP">16th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>182,500 (US$2,100) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita">19th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:30" title="UTC+05:30">UTC+05:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IN" title="ISO 3166-2:IN">IN-PB</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Regional_Transport_Office_districts_in_India" title="List of Regional Transport Office districts in India">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">PB</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2017–18)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 0.740 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>High<a href="#cite_note-snhdi-gdl-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index">11th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">Literacy</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2011)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 75.84% (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_literacy_rate" title="List of Indian states and union territories by literacy rate">21st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">Sex ratio</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2021)</th><td class="infobox-data">938<a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">♀</a>/1000 <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">♂</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_sex_ratio" title="List of states and union territories of India by sex ratio">25th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://punjab.gov.in">punjab.gov.in</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1141396924">.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-none{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-center{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-title{font-size:120%}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-subheader{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cddeff}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-island{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cef2e0}</style></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Symbols of Punjab</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Government_Of_Punjab_(Black_On_White).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_Government_Of_Punjab_%28Black_On_White%29.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_Government_Of_Punjab_%28Black_On_White%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_Government_Of_Punjab_%28Black_On_White%29.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_Government_Of_Punjab_%28Black_On_White%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_Government_Of_Punjab_%28Black_On_White%29.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_Government_Of_Punjab_%28Black_On_White%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1958" data-file-height="2330" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of Punjab">Emblem of Punjab</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="height:0px"></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_goshawk" title="Eurasian goshawk">Goshawk</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fish</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indus_river_dolphin" title="Indus river dolphin">Indus river dolphin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gladiolus" title="Gladiolus">Gladiolus</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fruit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_orange" title="Mandarin orange">Mandarin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Mammal</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Blackbuck</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dalbergia_sissoo" title="Dalbergia sissoo">Shisham</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">State highway mark</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:SH_IN-PB.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/SH_IN-PB.png/90px-SH_IN-PB.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/SH_IN-PB.png/135px-SH_IN-PB.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/SH_IN-PB.png/180px-SH_IN-PB.png 2x" data-file-width="1538" data-file-height="2048" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">State highway of Punjab <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_highways_in_Punjab" title="List of state highways in Punjab">PB SH1 – PB SH41</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">List of Indian state symbols</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Punjab (<a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>: puñjāba <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi" title="Help:IPA/Punjabi">[pənˈdʒaːb]</a><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/61\/Punjab.ogg\/Punjab.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Punjab.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Punjab.ogg/Punjab.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Punjab.ogg" title="File:Punjab.ogg">ⓘ</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">state</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern India">northwestern India</a>. Forming part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab region</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, the state is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">Indian states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> to the north and northeast, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> to the south and southeast, and <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> to the southwest; by the Indian <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">union territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> to the north and <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a> to the east. To the west, it shares an international border with the identically named <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani province">Pakistani province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>, and as such is sometimes referred to as East Punjab or Indian Punjab for disambiguation purposes.<a href="#cite_note-Borders-8">[8]</a> The state covers an area of 50,362 square kilometres (19,445 square miles), which is 1.53% of India's total geographical area,<a href="#cite_note-censusofficial-9">[9]</a> making it <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_area" title="List of states and union territories of India by area">the 19th-largest Indian state</a> by area out of 28 Indian states (20th largest, if Union Territories are considered). With over 27 million inhabitants, Punjab is <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population" title="List of states and union territories of India by population">the 16th-largest Indian state by population</a>, comprising <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Punjab,_India" title="List of districts of Punjab, India">23 districts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2011_pp_tableA2-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, written in the <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a> script, is the most widely spoken and the official language of the state.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a> The main ethnic group are the <a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> (57.7%) and <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> (38.5%) forming the dominant religious groups.<a href="#cite_note-census2011-11">[11]</a> The state capital, Chandigarh, is a union territory and also the capital of the neighbouring state of <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>. Three tributaries of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> — the <a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beas_River" title="Beas River">Beas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi</a> — flow through Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">history of Punjab</a> has witnessed the migration and settlement of different tribes of people with different cultures and ideas, forming a civilisational melting pot. The ancient <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a> flourished in the region until its decline around 1900 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-:4-13">[13]</a> Punjab was enriched during the height of the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a>, but declined in predominance with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The region formed the frontier of initial empires during antiquity including <a href="/wiki/Alexander%27s_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander's empire">Alexander's</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a> empires.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> It was subsequently conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Harsha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Harsha Empire">Harsha's Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Punjab continued to be settled by nomadic people; including the <a href="/wiki/Huna_people" title="Huna people">Huna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongols</a>. Punjab came under Muslim rule <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1000 CE,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> and was part of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, based on the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Gurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Gurus">Sikh Gurus</a>, emerged between the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">15th and 17th centuries</a>. Conflicts between the Mughals and the later Sikh Gurus precipitated a militarisation of the Sikhs, resulting in the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Confederacy" title="Sikh Confederacy">confederacy</a> after the weakening of the Mughal Empire, which competed for control with the larger <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> This confederacy was united in 1801 by <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharaja Ranjit Singh">Maharaja Ranjit Singh</a>, forming the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The larger Punjab region was annexed by the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> from the Sikh Empire in <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">1849</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of India">independence of India</a> from British rule in 1947, the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab province</a> was <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partitioned</a> along <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">religious lines</a> amidst widespread violence, with the Muslim-majority <a href="/wiki/West_Punjab" title="West Punjab">western portion</a> becoming part of Pakistan and the Hindu- and Sikh-majority <a href="/wiki/East_Punjab" title="East Punjab">east</a> remaining in India, causing a large-scale migration between the two.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Suba_movement" title="Punjabi Suba movement">Punjabi Suba movement</a>, Indian Punjab was <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Reorganisation_Act,_1966" title="Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966">reorganised</a> on the basis of language in 1966,<a href="#cite_note-paul_brass_north_india-25">[25]</a> when its <a href="/wiki/Haryanvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanvi">Haryanvi</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>-speaking areas were carved out as Haryana, <a href="/wiki/Western_Pahari" title="Western Pahari">Pahari</a>-speaking regions attached to Himachal Pradesh and the remaining, mostly Punjabi-speaking areas became the current state of Punjab. A separatist <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgency in Punjab">insurgency</a> occurred in the state during the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Cynthia_Taksal77-26">[26]</a> At present, the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_India" title="Economy of Punjab, India">economy of Punjab</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP">15th-largest state economy</a> in India with <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>8.02 trillion (US$93 billion) in <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> and a per capita GDP of ₹264,000 (US$3,100), ranking <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita">17th among Indian states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MOSPI-4">[4]</a> Since independence, Punjab is predominantly an <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_society" title="Agrarian society">agrarian society</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_territories_by_Human_Development_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index">ninth-highest ranking</a> among Indian states in <a href="/wiki/Human_development_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Human development index">human development index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-snhdi-gdl-5">[5]</a> Punjab has bustling <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Punjab,_India" title="Tourism in Punjab, India">tourism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_popular_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi popular music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">culinary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cinema" title="Punjabi cinema">film</a> industries.<a href="#cite_note-Punjabi_culture-27">[27]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Punjab#Etymology" title="Punjab">Punjab § Etymology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">History of Punjab</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (region)">Punjab (region)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_period">Ancient period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient period">edit</a>]</div> The Punjab region is noted as the site of one of the earliest urban societies, the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a> that flourished from about 3000 B.C. and declined rapidly 1,000 years later, following the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migrations" title="Indo-Aryan migrations">Indo-Aryan migrations</a> that overran the region in waves between 1500 and 500 B.C.<a href="#cite_note-:9-28">[28]</a> Frequent intertribal wars stimulated the growth of larger groupings ruled by chieftains and kings, who ruled local kingdoms known as <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-28">[28]</a> The rise of kingdoms and dynasties in Punjab is chronicled in the ancient Hindu epics, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-28">[28]</a> The epic battles described in the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> are chronicled as being fought in what is now the state of Haryana and historic Punjab. The <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandharas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trigartas" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigartas">Trigartas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_in_Indian_epic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Andhra in Indian epic literature">Andhra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pauravas" title="Pauravas">Pauravas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahlikas" title="Bahlikas">Bahlikas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bactrian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactrian people">Bactrian</a> settlers of the Punjab), <a href="/wiki/Yaudheya" title="Yaudheya">Yaudheyas</a>, and others sided with the <a href="/wiki/Kauravas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauravas">Kauravas</a> in the great battle fought at <a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra" title="Kurukshetra">Kurukshetra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> According to Dr Fauja Singh and Dr. L. M. Joshi: "There is no doubt that the Kambojas, Daradas, Kaikayas, Andhra, Pauravas, Yaudheyas, Malavas, Saindhavas, and Kurus had jointly contributed to the heroic tradition and composite culture of ancient Punjab."<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The bulk of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> was composed in the Punjab region between circa 1500 and 1200 BC,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> while later Vedic scriptures were composed more eastwards, between the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> rivers. The <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">historical Vedic religion</a> constituted the religious ideas and practices in Punjab during the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a> (1500–500 BCE), centred primarily in the worship of <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Michaels-legacy-35">[i]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1500-1200_BCE_Rigveda,_manuscript_page_sample_i,_Mandala_1,_Hymn_1_(Sukta_1),_Adhyaya_1,_lines_1.1.1_to_1.1.9,_Sanskrit,_Devanagari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/1500-1200_BCE_Rigveda%2C_manuscript_page_sample_i%2C_Mandala_1%2C_Hymn_1_%28Sukta_1%29%2C_Adhyaya_1%2C_lines_1.1.1_to_1.1.9%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/300px-1500-1200_BCE_Rigveda%2C_manuscript_page_sample_i%2C_Mandala_1%2C_Hymn_1_%28Sukta_1%29%2C_Adhyaya_1%2C_lines_1.1.1_to_1.1.9%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/1500-1200_BCE_Rigveda%2C_manuscript_page_sample_i%2C_Mandala_1%2C_Hymn_1_%28Sukta_1%29%2C_Adhyaya_1%2C_lines_1.1.1_to_1.1.9%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/450px-1500-1200_BCE_Rigveda%2C_manuscript_page_sample_i%2C_Mandala_1%2C_Hymn_1_%28Sukta_1%29%2C_Adhyaya_1%2C_lines_1.1.1_to_1.1.9%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/1500-1200_BCE_Rigveda%2C_manuscript_page_sample_i%2C_Mandala_1%2C_Hymn_1_%28Sukta_1%29%2C_Adhyaya_1%2C_lines_1.1.1_to_1.1.9%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/600px-1500-1200_BCE_Rigveda%2C_manuscript_page_sample_i%2C_Mandala_1%2C_Hymn_1_%28Sukta_1%29%2C_Adhyaya_1%2C_lines_1.1.1_to_1.1.9%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2791" data-file-height="1150" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> is the oldest Hindu text that originated in the Punjab region.</figcaption></figure> The earliest known notable local king of this region was known as <a href="/wiki/King_Porus" class="mw-redirect" title="King Porus">King Porus</a>, who fought the famous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hydaspes" title="Battle of the Hydaspes">Battle of the Hydaspes</a> against <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. His kingdom spanned between rivers Hydaspes (<a href="/wiki/Jhelum_River" title="Jhelum River">Jhelum</a>) and Acesines (<a href="/wiki/Chenab_River" title="Chenab River">Chenab</a>); <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> had held the territory to contain almost 300 cities.<a href="#cite_note-:6-36">[35]</a> He (alongside <a href="/wiki/Abisares" title="Abisares">Abisares</a>) had a hostile relationship with the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a> which was ruled by his extended family.<a href="#cite_note-:6-36">[35]</a> When the armies of Alexander crossed Indus in its eastward migration, probably in <a href="/wiki/Udabhandapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Udabhandapura">Udabhandapura</a>, he was greeted by the-then ruler of Taxila, <a href="/wiki/Taxiles" title="Taxiles">Omphis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-36">[35]</a> Omphis had hoped to force both Porus and Abisares into submission leveraging the might of Alexander's forces and diplomatic missions were mounted, but while Abisares accepted the submission, Porus refused.<a href="#cite_note-:6-36">[35]</a> This led Alexander to seek a face-off with Porus.<a href="#cite_note-:6-36">[35]</a> Thus began the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BC; the exact site remains unknown.<a href="#cite_note-:6-36">[35]</a> The battle is thought to have resulted in a decisive <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> victory; however, A. B. Bosworth warns against an uncritical reading of Greek sources who were exaggerative.<a href="#cite_note-:6-36">[35]</a> Alexander later founded two cities—<a href="/wiki/Nicaea,_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaea, Punjab">Nicaea</a> at the site of victory and <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Bucephalous" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandria Bucephalous">Bucephalous</a> at the battle-ground, in memory of <a href="/wiki/Bucephalus" title="Bucephalus">his horse</a>, who died soon after the battle.<a href="#cite_note-:6-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[a]</a> Later, <a href="/wiki/Tetradrachm" title="Tetradrachm">tetradrachms</a> would be minted depicting Alexander on horseback, armed with a sarissa and attacking a pair of Indians on an elephant.<a href="#cite_note-:6-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> Porus refused to surrender and wandered about atop an elephant, until he was wounded and his force routed.<a href="#cite_note-:6-36">[35]</a> When asked by Alexander how he wished to be treated, Porus replied "Treat me as a king would treat another king".<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> Despite the apparently one-sided results, Alexander was impressed by Porus and chose to not depose him.<a href="#cite_note-:7-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy200423–28-42">[40]</a> Not only was his territory reinstated but also expanded with Alexander's forces annexing the territories of Glausaes, who ruled the area northeast of Porus' kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-:7-40">[38]</a> After Alexander's death in 323 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Perdiccas" title="Perdiccas">Perdiccas</a> became the regent of his empire, and after Perdiccas's murder in 321 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Antipater" title="Antipater">Antipater</a> became the new regent.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus</a>, Antipater recognised Porus's authority over the territories along the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Eudemus_(general)" title="Eudemus (general)">Eudemus</a>, who had served as Alexander's <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satrap</a> in the Punjab region, treacherously killed Porus.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> The battle is historically significant because it resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> of ancient Greek political and cultural influences to the Indian subcontinent, yielding works such as <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a>, which continued to have an impact for the ensuing centuries. The region was then divided between the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a> in 302 B.C.E. <a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a> <a href="/wiki/Soter" title="Soter">Soter</a> conquered Punjab and made <a href="/wiki/Sagala" title="Sagala">Sagala</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a>) the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hazel_2013-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ahir_1971-46">[44]</a> Menander is noted for having become a patron and convert to <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> and he is widely regarded as the greatest of the Indo-Greek kings.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> Greek influence in the region ended around 12 B.C.E. when the Punjab fell under the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanians</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medieval period">edit</a>]</div> Following the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a> at the beginning of the 8th century, <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> armies of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> penetrated into South Asia introducing <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> into Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-oxford2-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> In the ninth century, the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis">Hindu Shahi</a> dynasty emerged in the Punjab, ruling much of Punjab and eastern Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-:9-28">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> in the tenth century overthrew the Hindu Shahis and consequently ruled for 157 years, gradually declining as a power until the <a href="/wiki/Ghurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid">Ghurid</a> conquest of <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Muhammad of Ghor</a> in 1186, deposing the last Ghaznavid ruler <a href="/wiki/Khusrau_Malik" title="Khusrau Malik">Khusrau Malik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> Following the death of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Muhammad of Ghor</a> in 1206, the Ghurid state fragmented and was replaced in northern India by the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>. The Delhi Sultanate ruled the Punjab for the next three hundred years, led by five unrelated dynasties, the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalajis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaqs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodis</a>. A significant event in the late 15th century Punjab was the formation of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[ii]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200612–13-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal19986-53">[50]</a> The history of the Sikh faith is closely associated with the history of Punjab and the socio-political situation in the north-west of the Indian subcontinent in the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nesbitt2005-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nirbhai_Singh_1990_1–3-56">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Opinderjit_Kaur_Takhar_2016_147-57">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg/220px-Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg/330px-Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg/440px-Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Maharaja Ranjit Singh</a> listening to <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> being recited near the <a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple,_Amritsar" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Temple, Amritsar">Golden Temple, Amritsar</a>. Painting by <a href="/wiki/August_Schoefft" title="August Schoefft">August Schoefft</a> (1850)</figcaption></figure> The hymns composed by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a> were later collected in the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a>, the central religious scripture of the Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> The religion developed and evolved in times of <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution#Persecutions_of_Sikhs" title="Religious persecution">religious persecution</a>, gaining converts from both Hinduism and Islam.<a href="#cite_note-Singh2008-59">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal rulers</a> of India tortured and executed two of the Sikh gurus—<a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a> (1563–1605) and <a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a> (1621–1675)—after <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion#Islam" title="Forced conversion">they refused to convert to Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pashauraarjan-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> The persecution of Sikhs triggered the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699 as an order to protect the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience" title="Freedom of conscience">freedom of conscience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">religion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pashauraarjan-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gandhi-65">[62]</a> with members expressing the qualities of a <a href="/wiki/Sant_Sipahi" title="Sant Sipahi">Sant-Sipāhī</a> ('saint-soldier').<a href="#cite_note-Chanchreek_2007_142-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dugga_2001_33-67">[64]</a> The lifetime of Guru Nanak coincided with the conquest of northern India by <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a> and establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>. Jahangir ordered the execution of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjun_Dev" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Arjun Dev">Guru Arjun Dev</a>, while in Mughal custody, for supporting his son <a href="/wiki/Khusrau_Mirza" title="Khusrau Mirza">Khusrau Mirza</a>'s rival claim to the throne.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> Guru Arjan Dev's death led to the sixth Guru <a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a> to declare sovereignty in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a> and the establishment of a fort to defend <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>. Jahangir then jailed Guru Hargobind at <a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a>, but released him after a number of years when he no longer felt threatened. The succeeding son of Jahangir, <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a>, took offence at Guru Hargobind's declaration and after a series of assaults on Amritsar, forced the Sikhs to retreat to the <a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik Hills</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJestice2004345–346-69">[66]</a> The ninth Guru, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a>, moved the Sikh community to <a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib" title="Anandpur Sahib">Anandpur</a> and travelled extensively to visit and preach in defiance of <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>, who attempted to install <a href="/wiki/Ramraiya" title="Ramraiya">Ram Rai</a> as new guru. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern period">edit</a>]</div> The Mughals came to power in the early sixteenth century and gradually expanded to control all of the Punjab from their capital at <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>. As Mughal power weakened, Afghan rulers took control of the region.<a href="#cite_note-:9-28">[28]</a> Contested by <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a> and Afghans, the region was the center of the growing influence of the Sikhs, who expanded and established the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a> in 1799 as the Mughals and Afghans weakened.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cis-Sutlej_states" title="Cis-Sutlej states">Cis-Sutlej states</a> were a group of states in modern Punjab and <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> states lying between the Sutlej River on the north, the Himalayas on the east, the Yamuna River and <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> District on the south, and <a href="/wiki/Sirsa_district" title="Sirsa district">Sirsa district</a> on the west. These states were ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Confederacy" title="Sikh Confederacy">Sikh Confederacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> The empire existed from 1799, when <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, to 1849, when it was defeated and conquered in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a>. It was forged on the foundations of the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> from a collection of autonomous <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikh</a> <a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">misls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition_1911_Page_892-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grewal2-73">[70]</a> At its peak in the 19th century, the Empire extended from the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a> in the west to western <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> in the east, and from <a href="/wiki/Mithankot" title="Mithankot">Mithankot</a> in the south to <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> in the north. It was divided into four provinces: <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, in Punjab, which became the Sikh capital; <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>, also in Punjab; <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>; and Kashmir from 1799 to 1849. Religiously diverse, with an estimated population of 3.5 million in 1831 (making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1800" title="List of countries by population in 1800">19th most populous country at the time</a>),<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA2-74">[71]</a> it was the last major region of the Indian subcontinent to <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">be annexed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. The Sikh Empire spanned a total of over 200,000 sq mi (520,000 km2) at its zenith.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_India_1823.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Map_of_India_1823.jpg/220px-Map_of_India_1823.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Map_of_India_1823.jpg/330px-Map_of_India_1823.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Map_of_India_1823.jpg/440px-Map_of_India_1823.jpg 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></figcaption></figure> After Ranjit Singh's death in 1839, the empire was severely weakened by internal divisions and political mismanagement. This opportunity was used by the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> to launch the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh Wars</a>. The country was finally annexed and dissolved at the end of the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849 into separate <a href="/wiki/Princely_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely states">princely states</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(British_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (British India)">province of Punjab</a>. Eventually, a Lieutenant Governorship was established in Lahore as a direct representative of <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hibb_19802-78">[75]</a>: 221  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colonial_era">Colonial era</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Colonial era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjab_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Punjab_1909.jpg/220px-Punjab_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Punjab_1909.jpg/330px-Punjab_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Punjab_1909.jpg/440px-Punjab_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">British Punjab Province</a>, before 1947</figcaption></figure> The Punjab was annexed by the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> in 1849. Although nominally part of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a> it was administratively independent. During the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>, apart from <a href="/wiki/Rai_Ahmad_Khan_Kharal" title="Rai Ahmad Khan Kharal">Revolt led by Ahmed Khan Kharal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murree_rebellion_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="Murree rebellion of 1857">Murree rebellion of 1857</a>, the Punjab remained relatively peaceful.<a href="#cite_note-auto12-79">[76]</a> In 1858, under the terms of the Queen's Proclamation issued by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, the Punjab came under the direct rule of Britain. Colonial rule had a profound impact on all areas of Punjabi life. Economically it transformed the Punjab into the richest farming area of India, socially it sustained the power of large landowners and politically it encouraged cross-communal co-operation among land owning groups.<a href="#cite_note-Punjab_and_the_Raj,_1849-1947-80">[77]</a> The Punjab also became the major centre of recruitment into the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Indian Army</a>. By patronising influential local allies and focusing administrative, economic and constitutional policies on the rural population, the British ensured the loyalty of its large rural population.<a href="#cite_note-Punjab_and_the_Raj,_1849-1947-80">[77]</a> Administratively, colonial rule instated a system of bureaucracy and measure of the law. The 'paternal' system of the ruling elite was replaced by 'machine rule' with a system of laws, codes, and procedures. For purposes of control, the British established new forms of communication and transportation, including post systems, railways, roads, and telegraphs. The creation of <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Canal_Colonies" title="Punjab Canal Colonies">Canal Colonies</a> in western Punjab between 1860 and 1947 brought 14 million acres of land under cultivation, and revolutionised agricultural practices in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Punjab_and_the_Raj,_1849-1947-80">[77]</a> To the agrarian and commercial class was added a professional middle class that had risen the social ladder through the use of the English education, which opened up new professions in law, government, and medicine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal1990131-81">[78]</a> Despite these developments, colonial rule was marked by exploitation of resources. For the purpose of exports, the majority of external trade was controlled by British export banks. The Imperial government exercised control over the finances of Punjab and took the majority of the income for itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal1990128–129-82">[79]</a> In 1919, <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Dyer" title="Reginald Dyer">Reginald Dyer</a> ordered his troops to fire on a crowd of demonstrators, mostly Sikhs in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala massacre</a> fuelled the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-28">[28]</a> Nationalists declared the independence of India from Lahore in 1930 but were quickly suppressed.<a href="#cite_note-:9-28">[28]</a> The struggle for Indian independence witnessed competing and conflicting interests in the Punjab. When the Second World War broke out, nationalism in British India had already divided into religious movements.<a href="#cite_note-:9-28">[28]</a> The landed elites of the Muslim, Hindu and Sikh communities had loyally collaborated with the British since annexation, supported the <a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Punjab)" title="Unionist Party (Punjab)">Unionist Party</a> and were hostile to the Congress party led independence movement.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated542-83">[80]</a> Among the peasantry and urban middle classes, the Hindus were the most active <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">National Congress</a> supporters, the Sikhs flocked to the <a href="/wiki/Akali_movement" title="Akali movement">Akali movement</a> while the Muslims eventually supported the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated542-83">[80]</a> Many Sikhs and other minorities supported the Hindus, who promised a secular multicultural and multireligious society. In March 1940, the All-India Muslim League passed the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a>, demanding the creation of a separate state from Muslim majority areas in British India. This triggered bitter protests by the Hindus and Sikhs in Punjab, who could not accept living in a Muslim Islamic state.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> After the partition of the subcontinent had been decided, special meetings of the Western and Eastern Section of the Legislative Assembly were held on 23 June 1947 to decide whether or not the Province of the Punjab be partitioned. After voting on both sides, partition was decided and the existing Punjab Legislative Assembly was also divided into <a href="/wiki/West_Punjab" title="West Punjab">West Punjab</a> <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_Punjab" title="East Punjab">East Punjab</a> Legislative Assembly. This last Assembly before independence, held its last sitting on 4 July 1947.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> During this period, the British granted separate independence to India and Pakistan, setting off massive communal violence as Punjabi Muslims fled to Pakistan and Hindu and Sikh Punjabis fled east to India.<a href="#cite_note-:9-28">[28]</a> The Sikhs later demanded a Punjabi-speaking Punjab state with an autonomous Sikh government.<a href="#cite_note-:9-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-colonial_era">Post-colonial era</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-colonial era">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">colonial era</a>, the various districts and princely states that made up <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab Province</a> were religiously eclectic, each containing significant populations of <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Muslims" title="Punjabi Muslims">Punjabi Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Hindus" title="Punjabi Hindus">Punjabi Hindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Sikhs" title="Punjabi Sikhs">Punjabi Sikhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Christians" title="Punjabi Christians">Punjabi Christians</a>, along with other ethnic and religious minorities. However, a major consequence of independence and the partition of Punjab Province in 1947 was the sudden shift towards religious homogeneity occurred in all districts across province and region owing to the new international border that cut through the subdivision. The demographic shift was captured when comparing decadal census data taken in 1941 and 1951 respectively, and was primarily due to wide scale migration but also caused by large-scale <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution#Religious_cleansing" title="Religious persecution">religious cleansing</a> riots which were witnessed across the region at the time. According to historical demographer <a href="/wiki/Tim_Dyson" title="Tim Dyson">Tim Dyson</a>, in the eastern regions of Punjab that ultimately became Indian Punjab following independence, districts that were 66% Hindu in 1941 became 80% Hindu in 1951; those that were 20% Sikh became 50% Sikh in 1951. Conversely, in the western regions of Punjab that ultimately became <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Pakistani Punjab</a>, all districts became almost exclusively Muslim by 1951.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson2018188–189-86">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_border_at_Wagah_-_evening_flag_lowering_ceremony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/International_border_at_Wagah_-_evening_flag_lowering_ceremony.jpg/220px-International_border_at_Wagah_-_evening_flag_lowering_ceremony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/International_border_at_Wagah_-_evening_flag_lowering_ceremony.jpg/330px-International_border_at_Wagah_-_evening_flag_lowering_ceremony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/International_border_at_Wagah_-_evening_flag_lowering_ceremony.jpg/440px-International_border_at_Wagah_-_evening_flag_lowering_ceremony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wagah_Border" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagah Border">Wagah Border</a>, situated between <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, became the main border crossing after <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition of Punjab">partition of Punjab</a> and is known for its <a href="/wiki/Wagah_border_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagah border ceremony">elaborate ceremony</a>.</figcaption></figure> Following independence, several small Punjabi princely states, including Patiala, <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Accession" title="Instrument of Accession">acceded</a> to the Union of India and were united into the <a href="/wiki/PEPSU" class="mw-redirect" title="PEPSU">PEPSU</a>. In 1956 this was integrated with the state of East Punjab to create a new, enlarged Indian state called simply "Punjab". Punjab Day is celebrated across the state on 1 November every year marking the formation of a Punjabi language speaking state under the Punjab Reorganisation Act (1966).<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> In 1966, following Hindu and Sikh Punjabi demands, the Indian government divided Punjab into the state of Punjab and the Hindi majority-speaking states of <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-28">[28]</a> During the 1960s, Punjab was known for its prosperity within India, largely due to its fertile lands and industrious inhabitants. However, a significant portion of the Sikh community felt a sense of disparity from the central government of India. The roots of such grievances stretched back several decades, with the primary issue revolving around the distribution of water from the trio of rivers – Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej – that flowed across the Punjabi territory.<a href="#cite_note-:5-89">[86]</a> Although Punjab had these waterways running across its lands, it was lawfully granted only a quarter of the water, precisely 24%, as per the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_River_Water_Disputes_Act" title="Interstate River Water Disputes Act">Inter-State Water Disputes Act</a>. The rest, a staggering 76%, was assigned to Rajasthan and Haryana. To many Punjabis, especially the farming community who heavily depended on these waters for irrigation, this allocation seemed inequitable. The water distribution was a significant contributing factor to the growing sense of disgruntlement against the central government.<a href="#cite_note-:5-89">[86]</a> The seeds of discontent further sprouted with the advent of the Green Revolution during the 1960s. This initiative sought to boost agricultural output by introducing high-yield seed varieties, and enhancing the use of fertilisers and irrigation. In the midst of this transformative phase, Punjab became known as India's "food basket", contributing considerably to the nation's agricultural production. Yet, the financial profits garnered from this agricultural surge weren't fairly distributed.<a href="#cite_note-:8-90">[87]</a> The majority of the gains were hoarded by landowners, who typically owned large plots and were best positioned to exploit the emerging technologies and farming practices. The working class and economically underprivileged segments of society, who often toiled as labourers on these farms, were left with only minor benefits. This uneven distribution of wealth conflicted sharply with Sikh religious customs, which preached economic justice and fair wealth distribution.<a href="#cite_note-:10-91">[88]</a> The Green Revolution dealt a severe blow to Punjab's small farmers. The larger landowners, with their access to abundant resources and capital, were well-suited to adopt the agricultural innovations brought by the Revolution. This situation sparked further resentment among small farmers, many of whom were forced to relinquish their lands, unable to compete, thereby intensifying the economic chasm.<a href="#cite_note-:5-89">[86]</a> Beyond the farming sector, Punjab lacked substantial employment opportunities. An excessive focus on agriculture resulted in the state's industrial sector's neglect, leaving it notably underdeveloped. This skewed concentration on agriculture meant that many economically challenged peasants, without feasible employment alternatives, felt cornered and disgruntled.<a href="#cite_note-:8-90">[87]</a> Even the affluent landowners, the initial beneficiaries of the Green Revolution, felt the economic pinch due to soaring prices of farming inputs like fertilisers and pesticides, and the dearth of essential resources like electricity and water.<a href="#cite_note-:10-91">[88]</a> Although the Green Revolution was primarily conceived to amplify productivity, it couldn't sustain this increased output over a prolonged period. The introduction of novel crop varieties led to a decline in genetic diversity, thus introducing a new ecological risk. Furthermore, these new crops demanded more water and were highly dependent on chemical fertilisers, both of which had deleterious environmental consequences. Overuse of water led to groundwater resource depletion, and heavy chemical usage adversely affected soil and water systems, further undermining long-term productivity.<a href="#cite_note-:5-89">[86]</a> From 1981 to 1995 the state suffered a 14-year-long <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Punjab,_India" title="Insurgency in Punjab, India">insurgency</a>. Problems began due to disputes between Punjabi Sikhs and the central government of the Republic of India. Tensions escalated throughout the early 1980s and eventually culminated with <a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a> in 1984; an Indian Army operation aimed at the dissident Sikh community of Punjab. Shortly thereafter, Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Indira_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Indira Gandhi">assassinated</a> by two of her Sikh bodyguards. The decade that followed was noted for widespread inter-communal violence and accusations of genocide on the Sikh community by the Indian government.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> Punjab is in northwestern India and has a total area of 50,362 square kilometres (19,445 sq mi). Punjab is bordered by Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab province</a> on the west, <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> on the north, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> on the northeast and <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> on the south.<a href="#cite_note-Borders-8">[8]</a> Most of Punjab lies in a fertile, alluvial plain with perennial rivers and an extensive irrigation canal system.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-93">[90]</a> A belt of undulating <a href="/wiki/Shiwalik_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiwalik Hills">hills</a> extends along the northeastern part of the state at the foot of the Himalayas. Its average elevation is 300 metres (980 ft) above sea level, with a range from 180 metres (590 ft) in the southwest to more than 500 metres (1,600 ft) around the northeast border. The southwest of the state is semi-arid, eventually merging into the <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a>. Of the five Punjab rivers, three—Sutlej, Beas and Ravi—flow through the Indian state. The Sutlej and Ravi define parts of the international border with Pakistan. The soil characteristics are influenced to a limited extent by the topography, vegetation and parent rock. The variation in soil profile characteristics are much more pronounced because of the regional climatic differences.<a href="#cite_note-Soil_Types-94">[91]</a> Punjab is divided into three distinct regions on the basis of soil types: southwestern, central, and eastern. Punjab falls under <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_hazard_zoning_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquake hazard zoning of India">seismic zones</a> II, III, and IV. Zone II is considered a low-damage risk zone; zone III is considered a moderate-damage risk zone; and zone IV is considered a high-damage risk zone.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjab_Monsoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Punjab_Monsoon.jpg/220px-Punjab_Monsoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Punjab_Monsoon.jpg/330px-Punjab_Monsoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Punjab_Monsoon.jpg/440px-Punjab_Monsoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Agricultural fields of Punjab during the monsoon</figcaption></figure> The geography and <a href="/wiki/Subtropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropic">subtropical</a> latitudinal location of Punjab lead to large variations in temperature from month to month. Even though only limited regions experience temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F), ground frost is commonly found in the majority of Punjab during the winter season. The temperature rises gradually with high <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a> and overcast skies. However, the rise in temperature is steep when the sky is clear and humidity is low.<a href="#cite_note-auto-96">[93]</a> The maximum temperatures usually occur in mid-May and June. The temperature remains above 40 °C (104 °F) in the entire region during this period. Ludhiana recorded the highest maximum temperature at 46.1 °C (115.0 °F) with Patiala and Amritsar recording 45.5 °C (113.9 °F). The maximum temperature during the summer in Ludhiana remains above 41 °C (106 °F) for a duration of one and a half months. These areas experience the lowest temperatures in January. The sun rays are oblique during these months and the cold winds control the temperature at daytime.<a href="#cite_note-auto-96">[93]</a> Punjab experiences its minimum temperature from December to February. The lowest temperature was recorded at Amritsar (0.2 °C (32.4 °F)) and Ludhiana stood second with 0.5 °C (32.9 °F). The minimum temperature of the region remains below 5 °C (41 °F) for almost two months during the winter season. The highest minimum temperature of these regions in June is more than the daytime maximum temperatures experienced in January and February. Ludhiana experiences minimum temperatures above 27 °C (81 °F) for more than two months. The annual average temperature in the entire state is approximately 21 °C (70 °F). Further, the mean monthly temperature range varies between 9 °C (48 °F) in July to approximately 18 °C (64 °F) in November.<a href="#cite_note-auto-96">[93]</a> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amritsar_weatherbox" title="Template:Amritsar weatherbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amritsar_weatherbox" title="Template talk:Amritsar weatherbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amritsar_weatherbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amritsar weatherbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Sri_Guru_Ram_Das_Ji_International_Airport" title="Sri Guru Ram Das Ji International Airport">Amritsar Airport</a> (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1947–present)</div> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8 (80.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2 (90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2 (97.2) </td> <td style="background: #DB0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.1 (111.4) </td> <td style="background: #A50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.0 (118.4) </td> <td style="background: #A80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.8 (118.0) </td> <td style="background: #C60000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.6 (114.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0500; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.7 (105.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF0600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.6 (105.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.3 (100.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.2 (93.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5 (83.3) </td> <td style="background: #A50000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">48.0 (118.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7 (72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1 (79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.4 (90.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF0600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.6 (105.1) </td> <td style="background: #D50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.5 (112.1) </td> <td style="background: #D40000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.6 (112.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF0B00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.8 (103.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0 (98.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.4 (97.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.3 (95.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4 (86.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2 (77.4) </td> <td style="background: #C60000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">45.6 (114.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7 (63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7 (71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0 (80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4 (93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF0E00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.4 (102.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.9 (102.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0 (95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.1 (93.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9 (93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0 (89.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0 (80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9 (69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4E00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">30.1 (86.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 (51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4 (57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0 (66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4 (77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7 (87.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.8 (89.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3 (86.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.7 (85.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2 (82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1 (75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1 (64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6 (54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">22.9 (73.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 (38.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 (44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 (52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6 (61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9 (71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7 (76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7 (78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3 (77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7 (72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4 (61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 (48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6 (40.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.7 (60.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.3 (31.5) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 (36.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 (43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 (51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6 (61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7 (67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8 (71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7 (71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5 (65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 (53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 (41.4) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 (32.9) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−0.7 (30.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.9 (26.8) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.6 (27.3) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 (35.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 (43.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 (49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2 (64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8 (65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0 (55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 (45.1) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6 (30.9) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.6 (25.5) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−3.6 (25.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #D6FFD6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1 (1.07) </td> <td style="background: #BDFFBD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.8 (1.57) </td> <td style="background: #CEFFCE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6 (1.28) </td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9 (0.86) </td> <td style="background: #E0FFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8 (0.82) </td> <td style="background: #82FF82; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.9 (3.19) </td> <td style="background: #00EF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">181.6 (7.15) </td> <td style="background: #03FF03; color:#000000;" class="notheme">168.9 (6.65) </td> <td style="background: #73FF73; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.7 (3.57) </td> <td style="background: #ECFFEC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 (0.48) </td> <td style="background: #F6FFF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 (0.23) </td> <td style="background: #F4FFF4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 (0.27) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">689.2 (27.13) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1 </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1 </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 </td> <td style="background: #CFCFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) (at 17:30 <a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>) </th> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">50 </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #3838FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">52 </td> <td style="background: #3434FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #3434FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">53 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 (44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3 (55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0 (57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0 (59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5 (67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0 (77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6 (78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5 (74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3 (64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 (53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 (46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.9 (60.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">181.7 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">192.7 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">219.4 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">265.0 </td> <td style="background: #EDED08; color:#000000;" class="notheme">294.7 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">269.0 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">215.5 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">227.7 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">240.8 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">253.2 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">220.1 </td> <td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">182.2 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,762 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department" title="India Meteorological Department">India Meteorological Department</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMDcityextremes2-99">[96]</a> Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> (sun 1971–1990)<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020);<a href="#cite_note-TCC-102">[99]</a> Weather Atlas<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ludhiana_weatherbox" title="Template:Ludhiana weatherbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ludhiana_weatherbox" title="Template talk:Ludhiana weatherbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ludhiana_weatherbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ludhiana weatherbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana_Airport" title="Ludhiana Airport">Ludhiana Airport</a> (1991–2020, extremes 1868–present)</div> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2 (84.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3 (91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF0200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.1 (106.0) </td> <td style="background: #BF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.1 (115.0) </td> <td style="background: #A10000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.3 (118.9) </td> <td style="background: #A60000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.9 (118.2) </td> <td style="background: #A80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.8 (118.0) </td> <td style="background: #D70000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.4 (111.9) </td> <td style="background: #FC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.7 (107.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.0 (104.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.8 (96.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4 (84.9) </td> <td style="background: #A10000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">48.3 (118.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9 (64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8 (71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3 (81.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.8 (94.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0 (102.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.0 (100.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.1 (93.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4 (92.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1 (91.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.9 (89.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1 (80.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9 (69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">29.9 (85.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 (43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 (47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0 (55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2 (64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5 (74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1 (79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6 (79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9 (78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5 (74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3 (63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 (52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 (44.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.2 (63.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2 (28.0) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.1 (30.0) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 (34.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 (44.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 (53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0 (64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4 (63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0 (64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2 (59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 (47.1) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 (32.5) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.1 (30.0) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−2.2 (28.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #D5FFD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0 (1.10) </td> <td style="background: #C3FFC3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2 (1.43) </td> <td style="background: #D6FFD6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0 (1.06) </td> <td style="background: #E4FFE4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5 (0.69) </td> <td style="background: #DFFFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2 (0.83) </td> <td style="background: #78FF78; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.4 (3.44) </td> <td style="background: #00BA00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">217.1 (8.55) </td> <td style="background: #00E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">187.2 (7.37) </td> <td style="background: #29FF29; color:#000000;" class="notheme">138.4 (5.45) </td> <td style="background: #E2FFE2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8 (0.74) </td> <td style="background: #F8FFF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 (0.15) </td> <td style="background: #F2FFF2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 (0.34) </td> <td style="background: #9AFF9A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">791.1 (31.15) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1 </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1 </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 </td> <td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) (at 17:30 <a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>) </th> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48 </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">50 </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">50 </td> <td style="background: #1111FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #3434FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">53 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 (46) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 (54) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15 (59) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16 (61) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19 (66) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23 (73) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26 (79) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26 (79) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24 (75) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19 (66) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13 (55) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 (50) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">18 (64) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department" title="India Meteorological Department">India Meteorological Department</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a>Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Weather Atlas<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seasons">Seasons</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Seasons">edit</a>]</div> Punjab experiences three main seasons. They are: <ul><li>Summer (mid-April to the end of June)</li> <li>Monsoon (early July to the end of September)</li> <li>Winter (early December to the end of February).<a href="#cite_note-auto-96">[93]</a></li></ul> Apart from these three, the state experiences transitional seasons like: <ul><li>Pre-summer season (March to mid-April): This is the period of transition between winter and summer.</li> <li>Post-<a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> season (September to end of November): This is the period of transition between monsoon and winter seasons.<a href="#cite_note-auto-96">[93]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Summer">Summer</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Summer">edit</a>]</div> Punjab starts experiencing mildly hot temperatures in February. The actual summer season commences in mid-April and the heat continues until the end of August. High temperatures between May and August hover between 40 and 47 °C. The area experiences atmospheric pressure variations during the summer months. The atmospheric pressure of the region remains around 987 millibar during February and it reaches 970 millibar in June.<a href="#cite_note-auto-96">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Monsoon">Monsoon</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Monsoon">edit</a>]</div> Punjab's rainy season begins in the first week of July as monsoon currents generated in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> bring rain to the region. The monsoon lasts up to mid-September.<a href="#cite_note-auto-96">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Post-Monsoon_transitional_season">Post-Monsoon transitional season</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Post-Monsoon transitional season">edit</a>]</div> The monsoon begins to reduce by the second week of September. This brings a gradual change in climate and temperature. The time between October and November is the transitional period between monsoon and winter seasons. Weather during this period is generally temperate and dry.<a href="#cite_note-auto-96">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Winter">Winter</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Winter">edit</a>]</div> Temperature variation is minimal in January. The mean night and day temperatures fall to 5 °C (41 °F) and 12 °C (54 °F), respectively.<a href="#cite_note-auto-96">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Post-Winter_transitional_season">Post-Winter transitional season</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Post-Winter transitional season">edit</a>]</div> The effects of winter diminish by the first week of March. The hot summer season commences in mid-April. This period is marked by occasional showers with hail storms and <a href="/wiki/Squalls" class="mw-redirect" title="Squalls">squalls</a> that cause extensive damage to crops. The winds remain dry and warm during the last week of March, commencing the harvest period.<a href="#cite_note-auto-96">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rainfall">Rainfall</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rainfall">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Monsoon Rainfall</li></ul> Monsoon season provides most of the rainfall for the region. Punjab receives rainfall from the monsoon current of the Bay of Bengal. This monsoon current enters the state from the southeast in the first week of July.<a href="#cite_note-auto-96">[93]</a> <ul><li>Winter Rainfall</li></ul> The winter season remains very cool with temperatures falling below freezing at some places. Winter also brings in some western disturbances.<a href="#cite_note-auto-96">[93]</a> Rainfall in the winter provides relief to the farmers as some of the winter crops in the region of Shivalik Hills are entirely dependent on this rainfall. As per meteorological statistics, the sub-Shivalik area receives more than 100 millimetres (3.9 in) of rainfall in the winter months.<a href="#cite_note-auto-96">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Wildlife">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agriculture_in_Punjab_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Agriculture_in_Punjab_India.jpg/220px-Agriculture_in_Punjab_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Agriculture_in_Punjab_India.jpg/330px-Agriculture_in_Punjab_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Agriculture_in_Punjab_India.jpg/440px-Agriculture_in_Punjab_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Agriculture in Punjab</figcaption></figure> The fauna of the area is rich, with 396 types of birds, 214 kinds of <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a>, 55 varieties of fish, 20 types of reptiles, and 19 kinds of mammals. The state of Punjab has large wetland areas, bird sanctuaries that house numerous species of birds, and many zoological parks. Wetlands include the national wetland <a href="/wiki/Harike_Wetland" title="Harike Wetland">Hari-Ke-Pattan</a>, the wetland of <a href="/wiki/Kanjli_Wetland" title="Kanjli Wetland">Kanjli</a>, and the wetlands of Kapurthala Sutlej. Wildlife sanctuaries include the Harike in the district of Tarn Taran Sahib, the Zoological Park in Rupnagar, Chhatbir Bansar Garden in Sangrur, <a href="/wiki/Aam_Khas_Bagh" title="Aam Khas Bagh">Aam Khas Bagh</a> in Sirhind, Amritsar's famous <a href="/wiki/Ram_Bagh_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Bagh Palace">Ram Bagh Palace</a>, Shalimar Garden in Kapurthala, and the famous Baradari Garden in the city of Patiala.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flora">Flora</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Flora">edit</a>]</div> Punjab has the lowest forest cover as a percentage of land area of <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover_by_state_in_India" title="Forest cover by state in India">any Indian state</a>, with 3.6% of its total area under forest cover as of 2017.<a href="#cite_note-:22-109">[106]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green Revolution</a>, large tracts of jungles were cut-down in the state to make room for agriculture and forested areas were also cleared for road infrastructure and residential homes.<a href="#cite_note-:22-109">[106]</a> Various NGOs are working towards afforestation and reforestation of the state by launching educational drives, planting saplings, working towards regulatory changes, and pressuring organisations to follow environmental laws.<a href="#cite_note-:22-109">[106]</a> One NGO, EcoSikh, has planted over 100 forests, composed of native plant species, in the state using the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Akira_Miyawaki" title="Akira Miyawaki">Miyawaki methodology</a> that are named 'Guru Nanak Sacred Forests'.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> Native plant species are facing the risk of extirpation from the state but planting mini-forests throughout the land can help prevent this from occurring.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> Prior to the Green Revolution, <a href="/wiki/Butea_monosperma" title="Butea monosperma">Butea monosperma</a> (known as 'dhak' in Punjabi) trees were found in abundance in the state.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fauna">Fauna</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Fauna">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inlaid_stone_art_(jaratkari)_from_the_walls_of_the_Golden_Temple_shrine_in_Amritsar_depicting_a_predatory_cat_hunting_an_antelope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Inlaid_stone_art_%28jaratkari%29_from_the_walls_of_the_Golden_Temple_shrine_in_Amritsar_depicting_a_predatory_cat_hunting_an_antelope.jpg/220px-Inlaid_stone_art_%28jaratkari%29_from_the_walls_of_the_Golden_Temple_shrine_in_Amritsar_depicting_a_predatory_cat_hunting_an_antelope.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Inlaid_stone_art_%28jaratkari%29_from_the_walls_of_the_Golden_Temple_shrine_in_Amritsar_depicting_a_predatory_cat_hunting_an_antelope.jpg/330px-Inlaid_stone_art_%28jaratkari%29_from_the_walls_of_the_Golden_Temple_shrine_in_Amritsar_depicting_a_predatory_cat_hunting_an_antelope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Inlaid_stone_art_%28jaratkari%29_from_the_walls_of_the_Golden_Temple_shrine_in_Amritsar_depicting_a_predatory_cat_hunting_an_antelope.jpg/440px-Inlaid_stone_art_%28jaratkari%29_from_the_walls_of_the_Golden_Temple_shrine_in_Amritsar_depicting_a_predatory_cat_hunting_an_antelope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="887" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art" title="Sikh art">Inlaid stone art</a> (jaratkari) from the walls of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a> shrine in Amritsar depicting a predatory cat hunting a blackbuck antelope</figcaption></figure> A few of the rivers in Punjab have crocodiles, including reintroduced <a href="/wiki/Gharial" title="Gharial">gharials</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Beas_River" title="Beas River">Beas River</a> after half a century of their extirpation from the state.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indus_river_dolphin" title="Indus river dolphin">Indus river dolphins</a> can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Harike_Wetland" title="Harike Wetland">Harike Wetland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> The extraction of silk from silkworms is another industry that flourishes in the state. Production of bee honey is done in some parts of Punjab. The southern plains are desert land; hence, camels can be seen. <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Buffaloes</a> graze around the banks of rivers. The northeastern part is home to animals like horses. Wildlife sanctuaries have many more species of wild animals like the otter, wild boar, wildcat, fruit bat, hog deer, flying fox, squirrel, and mongoose. Naturally formed forests can be seen in the Shivalik ranges in the districts of Ropar, Gurdaspur and Hoshiarpur. Patiala is home to the Bir forest while the wetlands area in Punjab is home to the Mand forest.<a href="#cite_note-auto13-119">[116]</a> The local subspecies of blackbuck, A. c. rajputanae, is facing the risk of <a href="/wiki/Extirpation" class="mw-redirect" title="Extirpation">extirpation</a> from the state.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> Botanical gardens exist throughout Punjab. There is a zoological park and a tiger safari park, as well as three parks dedicated to deer.<a href="#cite_note-auto13-119">[116]</a> The state bird is the <a href="/wiki/Northern_goshawk" title="Northern goshawk">northern goshawk (baz)</a> (Accipiter gentilis),<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> the state animal is the <a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">blackbuck</a> (Antilope cervicapra), the state aquatic animal is <a href="/wiki/Indus_river_dolphin" title="Indus river dolphin">Indus river dolphin</a> (Platanista minor), and the state tree is the shisham (<a href="/wiki/Dalbergia_sissoo" title="Dalbergia sissoo">Dalbergia sissoo</a>).<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB2-124">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Punjab_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Punjab (India)">Demographics of Punjab (India)</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Punjab_and_Chandigarh_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Punjab and Chandigarh by population">List of cities in Punjab and Chandigarh by population</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Population Growth</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1881</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,607,699</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1891</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,497,685</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1901</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,679,645</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1911</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,830,507</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−11.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">7,262,881</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+6.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">8,123,076</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1941</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,757,161</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+20.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,160,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−6.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">11,135,069</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+21.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">13,551,060</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+21.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">16,788,915</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+23.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">20,281,969</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+20.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">24,358,999</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+20.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">27,743,338</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.9%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="/wiki/Census_of_India" title="Census of India">Census of India</a><a href="#cite_note-Punjab1881-128">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-Punjab1891-132">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-Punjab1901-134">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-Punjab1911-137">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-Punjab1921-139">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-Punjab1931-141">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-Punjab1941-143">[h]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[134]</a></td></tr></tbody></table>Punjab is home to 2.3% of India's population; with a density of 551 persons per km2. According to the provisional results of the <a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 national census</a>, Punjab has a population of 27,743,338, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population" title="List of states and union territories of India by population">16th</a> most populated state in India. Of which male and female are 14,639,465 and 13,103,873 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Dashboard-145">[135]</a> 32% of Punjab's population consists of <a href="/wiki/Dalits" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalits">Dalits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[136]</a> In the state, the rate of population growth is 13.9% (2011), lower than national average. According to the nation family health survey 2019–21, total fertility rate of Punjab was 1.6 children per women.<a href="#cite_note-147">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[138]</a> Out of total population, 37.5% people live in urban regions. The total figure of population living in urban areas is 10,399,146 of which 5,545,989 are males and while remaining 4,853,157 are females. The urban population in the last 10 years has increased by 37.5%. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Percentage of rural and urban population in Punjab<a href="#cite_note-auto2-149">[139]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Rural % </th> <th>Urban % </th></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>62.51%</td> <td>37.49% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>66.08%</td> <td>33.92% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991</td> <td>70.45%</td> <td>29.55% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981</td> <td>72.32%</td> <td>27.68% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971</td> <td>76.27%</td> <td>23.73% </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Numbers of rural and urban population in Punjab<a href="#cite_note-auto2-149">[139]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Rural (in millions) </th> <th>Urban (in millions) </th> <th>Total (in millions) </th></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>17.32</td> <td>10.3</td> <td>27.70 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>16.10</td> <td>8.26</td> <td>24.36 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991</td> <td>14.29</td> <td>5.99</td> <td>20.28 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981</td> <td>12.14</td> <td>4.65</td> <td>16.79 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971</td> <td>10.33</td> <td>3.22</td> <td>13.55 </td></tr></tbody></table> The table below gives the <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> (persons per square kilometre) of Punjab through the years.<a href="#cite_note-DemographyData-150">[140]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Population density of Punjab by year<a href="#cite_note-DemographyData-150">[140]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Density (persons per square kilometre) </th></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>551 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>484 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991</td> <td>403 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981</td> <td>333 </td></tr></tbody></table> The table below shows the population density by district in Punjab, according to the 2011 census.<a href="#cite_note-DemographyData-150">[140]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Population density of districts of Punjab – census 2011<a href="#cite_note-DemographyData-150">[140]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sr. No.</th> <th>District</th> <th>Density (persons per square kilometre) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Ludhiana</td> <td>978 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Amritsar</td> <td>928 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>SAS Nagar</td> <td>909 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Jalandhar</td> <td>836 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Gurdaspur</td> <td>647 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Patiala</td> <td>570 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Fatehgarh Sahib</td> <td>509 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Rupnagar</td> <td>505 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Kapurthala</td> <td>499 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>SBS Nagar</td> <td>478 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>Hoshiarpur</td> <td>469 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>Tarn Taran</td> <td>464 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>Sangrur</td> <td>457 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>Moga</td> <td>444 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>Faridkot</td> <td>424 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>Bathinda</td> <td>414 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td>Barnala</td> <td>402 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>Ferozepur</td> <td>382 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>Mansa</td> <td>350 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>Sri Muktsar Sahib</td> <td>348 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Punjab</td> <td>551 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender">Gender</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Gender">edit</a>]</div> There has been a constant decline in the <a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">sex ratio</a> of the state. The sex ratio in Punjab was 895 females per 1000 males, which was below the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_sex_ratio" title="List of states and union territories of India by sex ratio">national average</a> of 940. In June 2023, state government under <a href="/wiki/Aam_Aadmi_Party" title="Aam Aadmi Party">Aam Aadmi Party</a> announced that all women on the birth of a second girl child will receive 6000 rupees.<a href="#cite_note-151">[141]</a> The table below shows the sex ratio of the districts in 2011, in descending order.<a href="#cite_note-152">[142]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Sex ratio by districts (2011) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sr. No. </th> <th>District </th> <th>Sex ratio </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Hoshiarpur</td> <td>961 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar</td> <td>954 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Jalandhar</td> <td>915 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Rupnagar</td> <td>915 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Kapurthala</td> <td>912 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Tarn Taran</td> <td>900 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Muktsar</td> <td>896 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Gurdaspur</td> <td>895 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Moga</td> <td>893 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Firozpur</td> <td>893 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>Patiala</td> <td>891 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>Faridkot</td> <td>890 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>Amritsar</td> <td>889 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>Sangrur</td> <td>885 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>Mansa</td> <td>883 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>Mohali</td> <td>879 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td>Barnala</td> <td>876 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>Ludhiana</td> <td>873 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>Fatehgarh Sahib</td> <td>871 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>Bathinda</td> <td>868 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literacy">Literacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Literacy">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Literacy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy rate">literacy rate</a> rose to 75.84% as per 2011 population census, which was only slightly higher than the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_literacy_rate" title="List of Indian states and union territories by literacy rate">national average</a> of 74.04%. Of that, male literacy stands at 80.4% while female literacy is at 70.7%. In actual numbers, total literates in Punjab stands at 18,707,137 of which males were 10,436,056 and females were 8,271,081. The median number of years of schooling completed in the state was 6.5 for females and 7.8 for males, as of 2011.<a href="#cite_note-153">[143]</a> The table given below shows the literacy rate by district for year 2011 in descending order.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-154">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto8-155">[145]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Literacy rate by districts – 2011 census<a href="#cite_note-auto7-154">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto8-155">[145]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sr. No. </th> <th>District </th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Hoshiarpur</td> <td>84.59% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Mohali</td> <td>83.80% </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Jalandhar</td> <td>82.48% </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Ludhiana</td> <td>82.20% </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Rupnagar</td> <td>82.19% </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Gurdaspur</td> <td>79.95% </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar</td> <td>79.78% </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Fatehgarh Sahib</td> <td>79.35% </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Kapurthala</td> <td>79.07% </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Amritsar</td> <td>76.27% </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>Patiala</td> <td>75.28% </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>Moga</td> <td>70.68% </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>Faridkot</td> <td>69.55% </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>Firozpur</td> <td>68.92% </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>Bathinda</td> <td>68.28% </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>Sangrur</td> <td>67.99% </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td>Barnala</td> <td>67.82% </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>Tarn Taran</td> <td>67.81% </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>Muktsar</td> <td>65.81% </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>Mansa</td> <td>61.83% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Grey; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 687.15418461364px; border-left-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 134.06260318686px; border-left-color:Pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Pink"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Languages of Punjab, India (First Language) (2011)<a href="#cite_note-auto4-156">[146]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> (89.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> (7.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Others (2.3%)</div> </div> </div></div> <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> is the native and sole official language of Punjab and as of the 2011 census, is spoken as first language by 24.9 million people, or roughly 90% of the state's population.<a href="#cite_note-2011lang-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> is spoken by 2.18 million, or 7.9% of the population, <a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a> has 234,000 speakers (or 0.8%), while the remaining 413,000 (or 1.5%) spoke other languages.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-156">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caste">Caste</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Caste">edit</a>]</div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Violet; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 524.21835811132px; border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 219.63310880999px; border-left-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:67.995337872242px 73.325534622256px 0 0; border-top-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 46.291232890772px 100px 0; border-right-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Castes of Punjab (2011) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled Castes">Scheduled Castes</a> (31.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Forward_caste" title="Forward caste">Upper Castes</a> (UC) (30%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Other_Backward_Class" title="Other Backward Class">Other Backward Classes</a> (OBC or BC) (31.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Religious minorities (3.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Rai_Sikh" title="Rai Sikh">Rai Sikhs</a> (3%)</div> </div> </div></div> The <a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 Census of India</a> found <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled Castes">Scheduled Castes</a> to account for 31.9% of the state's population.<a href="#cite_note-157">[147]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Other_Backward_Class" title="Other Backward Class">Other Backward Classes</a> have 31.3% population in Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-158">[148]</a> The exact population of <a href="/wiki/Forward_caste" title="Forward caste">Forward castes</a> is not known as their data from <a href="/wiki/Socio_Economic_and_Caste_Census_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011">Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011</a> is not made public as of 2019.<a href="#cite_note-159">[149]</a> According to the 2011 census, 73.33% of scheduled caste people reside in rural areas and 26.67% in urban areas of Punjab. Punjab accounts for 4.3% of the SC population of the country, despite having only 2.3% of the total population. The population growth rate of SC population between 2001 and 2011 was 26.06%, compared to 13.89% for the state as a whole. Literacy rate among SCs was 64.81%, compared to 75.84% of the state as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-160">[150]</a> As per <a href="/wiki/National_Family_Health_Survey" title="National Family Health Survey">National Family Health Survey</a> (NFHS-4, 2015–16), the <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant mortality rate">infant mortality rate</a> was 40 per 1000 live births before the age of one year for <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled castes">scheduled castes</a>, compared to 29 per 1000 births for the state as a whole. The infant mortality rate for <a href="/wiki/Other_Backward_Castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Other Backward Castes">Other Backward Castes</a> (OBC) was 21 per 1000 live births and 22 per 1000 for those who are not from SC and OBC classes. Although the prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Anaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaemia">anaemia</a> (low levels of haemoglobin in the blood) has been found quite high among all population groups in Punjab, it was still higher among the SC population than other groups. For the women between the ages of 15 and 49 years, the prevalence of anaemia among SC women was 56.9%, compared to 53.5% for the state as a whole. Among the children between the ages of 6 and 59 months, the rate of anaemia for SC children was 60%, compared to 56.9% for the state as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-160">[150]</a> Below is the list of districts according to the percentage of their SC population, according to 2011 census.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-160">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto5-161">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[153]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Scheduled Caste population by district (2011)<a href="#cite_note-auto5-161">[151]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sr. No. </th> <th>District </th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar</td> <td>42.51% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Muktsar</td> <td>42.31% </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Fazilka</td> <td>42.27% </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Firozpur</td> <td>42.07% </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Jalandhar</td> <td>38.95% </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Faridkot</td> <td>38.92% </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Moga</td> <td>36.50% </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Hoshiarpur</td> <td>35.14% </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Kapurthala</td> <td>33.94% </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Tarn Taran</td> <td>33.71% </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>Mansa</td> <td>33.63% </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>Bathinda</td> <td>32.44% </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>Barnala</td> <td>32.24% </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>Fatehgarh Sahib</td> <td>32.07% </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>Amritsar</td> <td>30.95% </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>Pathankot</td> <td>30.60% </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td>Sangrur</td> <td>27.89% </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>Ludhiana</td> <td>26.39% </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>Rupnagar</td> <td>25.42% </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>Patiala</td> <td>24.55% </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td>Gurdaspur</td> <td>23.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td>SAS Nagar</td> <td>21.74% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Punjab" title="Religion in the Punjab">Religion in the Punjab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Punjab,_India" title="Demographics of Punjab, India">Demographics of Punjab, India</a></div> Punjab has the largest population of <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> in India and is the only state where Sikhs form a majority, numbering around 16 million forming 57.7% of the state population.<a href="#cite_note-census2011-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> is the second largest religion in the Indian state of Punjab numbering around 10.68 million and forming 38.5% of the state's population and a majority in <a href="/wiki/Doaba" title="Doaba">Doaba</a> region. <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is followed by 535,489 accounting 1.9% of the population and are mainly concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Malerkotla" title="Malerkotla">Malerkotla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qadian" title="Qadian">Qadian</a>. Other smaller segments of religions existing in Punjab are <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> practised by 1.3%, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> practised by 0.2%, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> practised by 0.1% and others 0.3%. Sikhs form a majority in 17 districts out of the total 23 districts while Hindus form the majority in 5 districts, namely, <a href="/wiki/Pathankot_district" title="Pathankot district">Pathankot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar_district" title="Jalandhar district">Jalandhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur_district" title="Hoshiarpur district">Hoshiarpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fazilka_district" title="Fazilka district">Fazilka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Bhagat_Singh_Nagar_district" title="Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district">Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar</a> districts.<a href="#cite_note-164">[154]</a> <div style="overflow-x:auto; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding-left: 0.1em; padding-right: 0.1em"> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Religion in Punjab, India (1881–2011) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religious</a> group </th> <th colspan="2">1881<a href="#cite_note-punjab1881-125">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-punjab1881B-126">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-punjab1881C-127">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shakargarh1881-165">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Punjab1881-128">[b]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1891<a href="#cite_note-punjab1891-129">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-punjab1891B-130">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-punjab1891C-131">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shakargarh1891-166">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-Punjab1891-132">[c]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1901<a href="#cite_note-punjab1901-133">[128]</a>: 34 <a href="#cite_note-Punjab1901-134">[d]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1911<a href="#cite_note-punjab1911-135">[129]</a>: 27 <a href="#cite_note-punjab1911B-136">[130]</a>: 27 <a href="#cite_note-Punjab1911-137">[e]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1921<a href="#cite_note-punjab1921-138">[131]</a>: 29 <a href="#cite_note-Punjab1921-139">[f]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1931<a href="#cite_note-punjab1931-140">[132]</a>: 277 <a href="#cite_note-Punjab1931-141">[g]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1941<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndia._Census_Commissioner194142-142">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Punjab1941-143">[h]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2001<a href="#cite_note-religion2001-167">[157]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2011<a href="#cite_note-religion2011-168">[158]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/15px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/23px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/30px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a><a href="#cite_note-ad-dharmi-169">[i]</a> </td> <td>2,839,995 </td> <td>42.98% </td> <td>3,345,813 </td> <td>44.62% </td> <td>3,278,620 </td> <td>42.69% </td> <td>2,383,954 </td> <td>34.9% </td> <td>2,462,215 </td> <td>33.9% </td> <td>2,351,417 </td> <td>28.95% </td> <td>2,597,038 </td> <td>26.62% </td> <td>8,997,942 </td> <td>36.94% </td> <td>10,678,138 </td> <td>38.49% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/15px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/23px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/30px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a> </td> <td>2,440,888 </td> <td>36.94% </td> <td>2,800,928 </td> <td>37.36% </td> <td>2,898,114 </td> <td>37.74% </td> <td>2,515,774 </td> <td>36.83% </td> <td>2,686,598 </td> <td>36.99% </td> <td>3,072,619 </td> <td>37.83% </td> <td>3,748,410 </td> <td>38.42% </td> <td>382,045 </td> <td>1.57% </td> <td>535,489 </td> <td>1.93% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/15px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/23px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/30px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a> </td> <td>1,311,139 </td> <td>19.84% </td> <td>1,332,177 </td> <td>17.77% </td> <td>1,479,072 </td> <td>19.26% </td> <td>1,883,572 </td> <td>27.58% </td> <td>2,043,520 </td> <td>28.14% </td> <td>2,610,810 </td> <td>32.14% </td> <td>3,281,341 </td> <td>33.63% </td> <td>14,592,387 </td> <td>59.91% </td> <td>16,004,754 </td> <td>57.69% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/15px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/23px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/30px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1934" /></a> </td> <td>10,463 </td> <td>0.16% </td> <td>11,591 </td> <td>0.15% </td> <td>12,306 </td> <td>0.16% </td> <td>11,951 </td> <td>0.17% </td> <td>11,030 </td> <td>0.15% </td> <td>12,262 </td> <td>0.15% </td> <td>12,480 </td> <td>0.13% </td> <td>39,276 </td> <td>0.16% </td> <td>45,040 </td> <td>0.16% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/15px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/23px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/30px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a> </td> <td>5,160 </td> <td>0.08% </td> <td>7,092 </td> <td>0.09% </td> <td>11,415 </td> <td>0.15% </td> <td>35,125 </td> <td>0.51% </td> <td>59,363 </td> <td>0.82% </td> <td>75,809 </td> <td>0.93% </td> <td>103,477 </td> <td>1.06% </td> <td>292,800 </td> <td>1.2% </td> <td>348,230 </td> <td>1.26% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Faravahar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/15px-Faravahar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/23px-Faravahar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/30px-Faravahar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="300" /></a> </td> <td>22 </td> <td>0.0003% </td> <td>80 </td> <td>0.001% </td> <td>108 </td> <td>0.001% </td> <td>131 </td> <td>0.002% </td> <td>138 </td> <td>0.002% </td> <td>145 </td> <td>0.002% </td> <td>90 </td> <td>0.001% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/15px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/23px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/30px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>3 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>17 </td> <td>0.0002% </td> <td>10 </td> <td>0.0001% </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>41,487 </td> <td>0.17% </td> <td>33,237 </td> <td>0.12% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/15px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/23px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>6 </td> <td>0.0001% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>25 </td> <td>0.0003% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Others<a href="#cite_note-170">[j]</a> </td> <td>31 </td> <td>0.0005% </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0.0001% </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>14,296 </td> <td>0.15% </td> <td>8,594 </td> <td>0.04% </td> <td>98,450 </td> <td>0.35% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total Population </th> <th>6,607,699 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>7,497,685 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>7,679,645 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>6,830,507 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>7,262,881 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>8,123,076 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>9,757,161 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>24,358,999 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>27,743,338 </th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" 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style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 408.60449103999px; border-left-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:46.459477906003px 88.552339961751px 0 0; border-top-color:gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:gold"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Punjab, India (2011)<a href="#cite_note-census2011-11">[11]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> (57.69%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (38.49%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (1.93%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (1.26%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> (0.16%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (0.12%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Others/not stated (0.35%)</div> </div> </div></div>The table below shows the literacy rate by religion in Punjab, according to 2001 census.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-171">[159]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Literacy rate by religion in Punjab – Census 2001<a href="#cite_note-auto6-171">[159]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sr. No. </th> <th>Religion </th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Jains</td> <td>95.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Hindus</td> <td>74.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Buddhists</td> <td>72.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Sikhs</td> <td>67.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Christians</td> <td>54.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Muslims</td> <td>51.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>All religious groups</td> <td>69.7% </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:205px;max-width:205px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Temple_Amritsar.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Golden_Temple_Amritsar.jpeg/203px-Golden_Temple_Amritsar.jpeg" decoding="async" width="203" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Golden_Temple_Amritsar.jpeg/305px-Golden_Temple_Amritsar.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Golden_Temple_Amritsar.jpeg/406px-Golden_Temple_Amritsar.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Durgiana_Temple,_Amritsar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Durgiana_Temple%2C_Amritsar.jpg/181px-Durgiana_Temple%2C_Amritsar.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Durgiana_Temple%2C_Amritsar.jpg/272px-Durgiana_Temple%2C_Amritsar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Durgiana_Temple%2C_Amritsar.jpg/362px-Durgiana_Temple%2C_Amritsar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Durgiana_Temple" title="Durgiana Temple">Durgiana Temple</a></div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> shrine, <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a> (<a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</a>), is in the city of Amritsar, which houses the <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Gurdwara_Parbandhak_Committee" title="Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee">Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee</a>, the topmost Sikh religious body. The <a href="/wiki/Sri_Akal_Takht_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Akal Takht Sahib">Sri Akal Takht Sahib</a>, which is within the Golden Temple complex, is the highest temporal seat of Sikhs. Of the five Takhts (Temporal Seats of religious authority) of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, three are in Punjab. These are Sri Akal Takht Sahib, <a href="/wiki/Damdama_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib" title="Anandpur Sahib">Anandpur Sahib</a>. At least one Sikh <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a> can be found in almost every village in the state, as well as in the towns and cities (in various architectural styles and sizes). <a href="/wiki/Mandir" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandir">Hindu Mandirs</a> can be found all over Punjab with the <a href="/wiki/Durgiana_Temple" title="Durgiana Temple">Shri Durgiana Mandir</a> in Amritsar, and the <a href="/wiki/Devi_Talab_Mandir" title="Devi Talab Mandir">Shri Devi Talab Mandir</a> in Jalandhar visited by many pilgrims every year. A segment of <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Hindus" title="Punjabi Hindus">Punjabi Hindus</a> exhibit <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">syncretic religious traditions</a> in spiritual kinship with Sikhism. This not only includes veneration of the Sikh Gurus in private practice but also visit to Sikh Gurdwaras in addition to Hindu Mandirs.<a href="#cite_note-172">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Punjab,_India" title="Special:EditPage/Punjab, India">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assembly_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Assembly_09.jpg/220px-Assembly_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Assembly_09.jpg/330px-Assembly_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Assembly_09.jpg/440px-Assembly_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Legislative_Assembly" title="Punjab Legislative Assembly">Punjab Legislative Assembly</a> building</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Punjab,_India" title="Politics of Punjab, India">Politics of Punjab, India</a>; <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Punjab,_India" title="Government of Punjab, India">Government of Punjab, India</a>; <a href="/wiki/Greater_Punjab_Movement,_India" title="Greater Punjab Movement, India">Greater Punjab Movement, India</a>; <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Legislative_Assembly" title="Punjab Legislative Assembly">Punjab Legislative Assembly</a>; and <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Punjab,_India" title="List of districts of Punjab, India">List of districts of Punjab, India</a></div> Punjab is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy. Each of the states of India possesses a parliamentary system of government, with a ceremonial state <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Punjab,_India" title="List of governors of Punjab, India">Governor</a>, appointed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a> on the advice of the central government. The head of government is an indirectly elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Punjab,_India" title="List of chief ministers of Punjab, India">Chief Minister</a> who is vested with most of the executive powers. The term length of the government is five years. The state legislature, the <a href="/wiki/Vidhan_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vidhan Sabha">Vidhan Sabha</a>, is the unicameral <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Legislative_Assembly" title="Punjab Legislative Assembly">Punjab Legislative Assembly</a>, with 117 members elected from single-seat constituencies.<a href="#cite_note-173">[161]</a> The capital of Punjab is <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, which also serves as the capital of <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> and is thus administered separately as a <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">union territory</a> of India. The judicial branch of the state government is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_and_Haryana_High_Court" title="Punjab and Haryana High Court">Punjab and Haryana High Court</a> in Chandigarh.<a href="#cite_note-174">[162]</a> The three major political parties in the state are the <a href="/wiki/Aam_Aadmi_Party,_Punjab" title="Aam Aadmi Party, Punjab">Aam Aadmi Party</a>, a centrist to left-wing party, the <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal" title="Shiromani Akali Dal">Shiromani Akali Dal</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a> <a href="/wiki/Punjabiyat" title="Punjabiyat">Punjabiyat</a> party and the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee">Indian National Congress</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideology of the Indian National Congress">centrist</a> <a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">catch-all</a> party.<a href="#cite_note-175">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/President%27s_rule" title="President's rule">President's rule</a> has been imposed in Punjab eight times so far, since 1950, for different reasons. In terms of the absolute number of days, Punjab was under the President's rule for 3,510 days, which is approximately 10 years. Much of this was in the 80s during the height of militancy in Punjab. Punjab was under the President's rule for five continuous years from 1987 to 1992. Punjab state law and order is maintained by <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Police_(India)" title="Punjab Police (India)">Punjab Police</a>. Punjab police is headed by its DGP, Dinkar Gupta,<a href="#cite_note-176">[164]</a> and has 70,000 employees. It manages state affairs through 22 district heads known as SSP. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_set-up">Administrative set-up</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Administrative set-up">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjab_district_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Punjab_district_map.png/220px-Punjab_district_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Punjab_district_map.png/330px-Punjab_district_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Punjab_district_map.png/440px-Punjab_district_map.png 2x" data-file-width="2467" data-file-height="2741" /></a><figcaption>Districts of Punjab along with their headquarters</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Administrative_division_of_Punjab.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Administrative_division_of_Punjab.png/220px-Administrative_division_of_Punjab.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Administrative_division_of_Punjab.png/330px-Administrative_division_of_Punjab.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Administrative_division_of_Punjab.png/440px-Administrative_division_of_Punjab.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>Administrative divisions of Punjab</figcaption></figure> Punjab has 23 districts, which are geographically classified into <a href="/wiki/Majha" title="Majha">Majha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malwa_(Punjab)" title="Malwa (Punjab)">Malwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doaba" title="Doaba">Doaba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puadh" title="Puadh">Puadh</a> regions, as under: – <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Majha" title="Majha">Majha</a> (4) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amritsar_district" title="Amritsar district">Amritsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathankot_district" title="Pathankot district">Pathankot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarn_Taran_district" title="Tarn Taran district">Tarn Taran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doaba" title="Doaba">Doaba</a> (4) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur_district" title="Hoshiarpur district">Hoshiarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalandhar_district" title="Jalandhar district">Jalandhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_district" title="Kapurthala district">Kapurthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Bhagat_Singh_Nagar_district" title="Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district">Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwa_(Punjab)" title="Malwa (Punjab)">Malwa</a> (12) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnala_district" title="Barnala district">Barnala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathinda_district" title="Bathinda district">Bathinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firozpur_district" title="Firozpur district">Firozpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazilka_district" title="Fazilka district">Fazilka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faridkot_district" title="Faridkot district">Faridkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludhiana_district" title="Ludhiana district">Ludhiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moga_district" title="Moga district">Moga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malerkotla_district" title="Malerkotla district">Malerkotla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansa_district,_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansa district, Punjab">Mansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Muktsar_Sahib_district" title="Sri Muktsar Sahib district">Sri Muktsar Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patiala_district" title="Patiala district">Patiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangrur_district" title="Sangrur district">Sangrur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puadh" title="Puadh">Puadh</a> (3) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahibzada_Ajit_Singh_Nagar_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar district">SAS Nagar (Mohali)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupnagar_district" title="Rupnagar district">Rupnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatehgarh_Sahib_district" title="Fatehgarh Sahib district">Fatehgarh Sahib</a></li></ul></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 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.sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Punjabi_culture" title="Category:Punjabi culture">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:145%;font-weight:heavy;"><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:1.0em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" title="Punjab region"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Punjabi_example.svg/85px-Punjabi_example.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Punjabi_example.svg/128px-Punjabi_example.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Punjabi_example.svg/170px-Punjabi_example.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_folklore" title="Punjabi folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi dialects">Dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_nationalism" title="Punjabi nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_diaspora" title="Punjabi diaspora">Diaspora</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis_in_Afghanistan" title="Punjabis in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Punjabis" title="British Punjabis">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> North America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Canadians" title="Punjabi Canadians">Canada</a></li></ul> Oceania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Australians" title="Punjabi Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_New_Zealanders" title="Punjabi New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Malaysians" title="Punjabi Malaysians">Malaysia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Punjab">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_clothing" title="Punjabi clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Punjab" title="Folk dances of Punjab">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_festivals" title="Punjabi festivals">Festivals</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_fairs_and_festivals_in_Punjab,_India" title="List of fairs and festivals in Punjab, India">India</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_festivals_(Pakistan)" title="Punjabi festivals (Pakistan)">Pakistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_literature" title="Punjabi literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Punjabi_media" title="List of Punjabi media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Punjab" title="Music of Punjab">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Punjab" title="Religion in the Punjab">Religion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Folk_practices_in_Punjab" title="Folk practices in Punjab">Folk religion</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Muslims" title="Punjabi Muslims">Islam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Sikhs" title="Punjabi Sikhs">Sikhism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Hindus" title="Punjabi Hindus">Hinduism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Christians" title="Punjabi Christians">Christianity</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Kabaddi" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi Kabaddi">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Punjabi-language_television_channels" title="List of Punjabi-language television channels">Television</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Regions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Majha" title="Majha">Majha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwa_(Punjab)" title="Malwa (Punjab)">Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doaba" title="Doaba">Doaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puadh" title="Puadh">Puadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagar tract">Bagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothohar_Plateau" title="Pothohar Plateau">Pothwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derajat" title="Derajat">Derajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatiore" title="Bhatiore">Bhatiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiana" title="Bhattiana">Bhattiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhachh" title="Chhachh">Chhachh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachhi_(Punjab)" title="Kachhi (Punjab)">Kachhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doab#The_Punjab_Doabs" title="Doab">Doabs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sindh_Sagar_Doab" title="Sindh Sagar Doab">Sindh Sagar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chaj_Doab" title="Chaj Doab">Chaj</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rachna_Doab" title="Rachna Doab">Rachna</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bari_Doab" class="mw-redirect" title="Bari Doab">Bari</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bist_Doab" class="mw-redirect" title="Bist Doab">Bist</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Region" title="Bar Region">Bars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sandal_Bar" title="Sandal Bar">Sandal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kirana_Bar" title="Kirana Bar">Kirana</a> • <a href="/wiki/Neeli_Bar" title="Neeli Bar">Neeli</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ganji_Bar" title="Ganji Bar">Ganji</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gondal_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gondal Bar">Gondal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jungle_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungle Bar">Jungle</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #0047AB;border-bottom:1px solid #0047AB;font-size:95%;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Punjab" title="Portal:Punjab"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png/50px-Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png/75px-Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png/100px-Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="527" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Punjab" title="Portal:Punjab">Punjab portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Punjabis" title="Template:Punjabis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Punjabis" title="Template talk:Punjabis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Punjabis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Punjabis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> These districts are officially divided among 5 administrative divisions: Faridkot, Ferozepur, Jalandhar, Patiala and Ropar(created on 31 December 2010, which was a part of Patiala Division earlier).<a href="#cite_note-177">[165]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Administrative Divisions and Corresponding Districts of Punjab </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>S. No. </th> <th>Name of the Division </th> <th>No. of districts </th> <th>Name of the Districts </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>Faridkot </td> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bathinda_district" title="Bathinda district">Bathinda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faridkot_district" title="Faridkot district">Faridkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mansa_district,_India" title="Mansa district, India">Mansa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>Ferozepur </td> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fazilka_district" title="Fazilka district">Fazilka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firozpur_district" title="Firozpur district">Ferozepur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moga_district" title="Moga district">Moga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Muktsar_Sahib_district" title="Sri Muktsar Sahib district">Sri Muktsar Sahib</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>Jalandhar </td> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amritsar_district" title="Amritsar district">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur_district" title="Hoshiarpur district">Hoshiarpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar_district" title="Jalandhar district">Jalandhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_district" title="Kapurthala district">Kapurthala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pathankot_district" title="Pathankot district">Pathankot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarn_Taran_district" title="Tarn Taran district">Tarn Taran</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>Patiala </td> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barnala_district" title="Barnala district">Barnala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatehgarh_Sahib_district" title="Fatehgarh Sahib district">Fatehgarh Sahib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana_district" title="Ludhiana district">Ludhiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malerkotla_district" title="Malerkotla district">Malerkotla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patiala_district" title="Patiala district">Patiala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sangrur_district" title="Sangrur district">Sangrur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>Ropar </td> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rupnagar_district" title="Rupnagar district">Rupnagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohali_district" title="Mohali district">SAS Nagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Bhagat_Singh_Nagar_district" title="Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district">SBS Nagar</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Each district is under the administrative control of a <a href="/wiki/Deputy_commissioner#India" title="Deputy commissioner">Deputy Commissioner</a> (DC), an <a href="/wiki/Indian_Administrative_Service" title="Indian Administrative Service">IAS</a> officer. The DC functions as the <a href="/wiki/District_collector" class="mw-redirect" title="District collector">Collector</a> for land revenue administration and as the <a href="/wiki/District_magistrate" title="District magistrate">District Magistrate</a> (DM) for maintaining law and order in the district. The DC is assisted by Additional Deputy Commissioners (ADCs) at collectorate. The districts are subdivided into subdivisions and tehsils, headed by <a href="/wiki/Sub-divisional_magistrate" title="Sub-divisional magistrate">Sub-divisional magistrates</a> (SDMs) and Tehsildars. The districts are subdivided into 93 <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">tehsils</a>, which have fiscal and administrative powers over settlements within their borders, including maintenance of local land records comes under the administrative control of a <a href="/wiki/Tehsildar" title="Tehsildar">Tehsildar</a>. Each Tehsil consists of blocks which are total 150 in number. These blocks consist of <a href="/wiki/Revenue_Village" title="Revenue Village">Revenue Villages</a>. There are total number of revenue villages in the state is 12,278. There are 23 <a href="/wiki/District_council_(India)" title="District council (India)">Zila Parishads</a>, 136 <a href="/wiki/Municipal_governance_in_India" title="Municipal governance in India">Municipal Committees</a> and 22 Improvement Trusts looking after 143 towns and 14 <a href="/wiki/Cities_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities in India">cities</a> of Punjab. The local government institutions such as <a href="/wiki/Panchayati_raj" title="Panchayati raj">Panchayats</a> lookafter the governance of rural areas and <a href="/wiki/Municipal_governance_in_India" title="Municipal governance in India">municipalities</a> lookafter the governance of urban areas. The capital city of the state is <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a> and largest city of the state is <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a>. Out of total population of Punjab, 37.48% people live in urban regions. The absolute urban population living in urban areas is 10,399,146 of which 5,545,989 are males and while remaining 4,853,157 are females. The urban population in the last 10 years has increased by 37.48%. The major cities are <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohali" title="Mohali">Mohali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patiala" title="Patiala">Patiala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bathinda" title="Bathinda">Bathinda</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Punjab (India)">Economy of Punjab (India)</a> and <a href="/wiki/E-governance_in_Punjab" title="E-governance in Punjab">E-governance in Punjab</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Measurement_of_land_in_Punjab" title="Measurement of land in Punjab">Measurement of land in Punjab</a></div> Punjab's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> is <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>5.42 trillion (US$63 billion).<a href="#cite_note-MOSPI-4">[4]</a> Punjab is one of the most fertile regions in India. The region is ideal for wheat-growing. <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a>, sugar cane, <a href="/wiki/Fruits" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruits">fruits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetables">vegetables</a> are also grown. Indian Punjab is called the "Granary of India" or "India's bread-basket".<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-178">[166]</a> It produces 10.26% of India's cotton, 19.5% of India's wheat, and 11% of India's rice. The <a href="/wiki/Firozpur" title="Firozpur">Firozpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fazilka" title="Fazilka">Fazilka</a> Districts are the largest producers of wheat and rice in the state. In worldwide terms, Indian Punjab produces 2% of the world's cotton, 2% of its wheat and 1% of its rice.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-178">[166]</a> Punjab ranked first in GDP per capita among Indian states in 1981 and fourth in 2001, but has experienced slower growth than the rest of India, having the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP_per_capita#Historical_NSDP_per_capita_of_Indian_states" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita">second-slowest GDP per capita</a> growth rate of all Indian states and UTs between 2000 and 2010, behind only <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Manipur" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Manipur">Manipur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-185">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Cotton_Farm_(South-West_Punjab).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/A_Cotton_Farm_%28South-West_Punjab%29.jpg/350px-A_Cotton_Farm_%28South-West_Punjab%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/A_Cotton_Farm_%28South-West_Punjab%29.jpg/525px-A_Cotton_Farm_%28South-West_Punjab%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/A_Cotton_Farm_%28South-West_Punjab%29.jpg/700px-A_Cotton_Farm_%28South-West_Punjab%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9583" data-file-height="3364" /></a><figcaption>A Cotton Farm of District <a href="/wiki/Fazilka_district" title="Fazilka district">Fazilka</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Agri_Export_Corporation" title="Punjab Agri Export Corporation">Punjab Agri Export Corporation</a></div> Punjab's economy has been primarily agriculture-based since the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green Revolution</a> due to the presence of abundant water sources and fertile soils;<a href="#cite_note-186">[174]</a> most of the state lies in a fertile alluvial plain with many rivers and an extensive irrigation canal system.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-93">[90]</a> The largest cultivated crop is <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>. Other important crops are <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_millet" title="Pearl millet">pearl millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a>. Rice and wheat are doublecropped in Punjab with rice stalks being burned off over millions of acres prior to the planting of wheat. This widespread practice is polluting and wasteful.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian12712-187">[175]</a> Despite covering only 1.53%<a href="#cite_note-censusofficial-9">[9]</a> of its geographical area, Punjab makes up for about 15–20%<a href="#cite_note-:1-188">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[179]</a> of India's wheat production, around 12%<a href="#cite_note-192">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[183]</a> of its rice production, and around 5%<a href="#cite_note-:1-188">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[186]</a> of its milk production, being known as <a href="/wiki/Breadbasket#Asia" title="Breadbasket">India's breadbasket</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-Know_Punjab-200">[188]</a> About 80%<a href="#cite_note-Taylor,_S._2007-201">[189]</a>-95%<a href="#cite_note-202">[190]</a> of Punjab's agricultural land is owned by its <a href="/wiki/Jat_Sikh" title="Jat Sikh">Jat Sikh</a> community despite it only forming 21%<a href="#cite_note-India_Today_2012-203">[191]</a> of the state's population.<a href="#cite_note-204">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[194]</a> In Punjab the consumption of fertiliser per hectare is 223.46 kg as compared to 90 kg nationally. The state has been awarded the National Productivity Award for agriculture extension services for ten years, from 1991 to 1992 to 1998–99 and from 2001 to 2003–04. In recent years a drop in productivity has been observed, mainly due to falling fertility of the soil. This is believed to be due to excessive use of fertilisers and pesticides over the years. Another worry is the rapidly falling water table on which almost 90% of the agriculture depends; alarming drops have been witnessed in recent years. By some estimates, groundwater is falling by a meter or more per year.<a href="#cite_note-207">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[196]</a> According to the India State Hunger Index 2019–20, Punjab falls under the "Moderate" hunger category in India.<a href="#cite_note-209">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industries">Industries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Industries">edit</a>]</div> Other major industries include <a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">financial services</a>, the manufacturing of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific instruments">scientific instruments</a>, agricultural goods, electrical goods, <a href="/wiki/Machine_tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine tools">machine tools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles">textiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sewing_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Sewing machines">sewing machines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports goods">sports goods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fertilisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilisers">fertilisers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bicycles" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicycles">bicycles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garments" class="mw-redirect" title="Garments">garments</a>, and the processing of <a href="/wiki/Pine_oil" title="Pine oil">pine oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Know_Punjab-200">[188]</a> Minerals and energy resources also contribute to Punjab's economy to a much lesser extent. Punjab has the largest number of steel <a href="/wiki/Rolling_(metalworking)" title="Rolling (metalworking)">rolling</a> mill plants in India, which are in "Steel Town"—<a href="/wiki/Mandi_Gobindgarh" title="Mandi Gobindgarh">Mandi Gobindgarh</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Fatehgarh_Sahib_district" title="Fatehgarh Sahib district">Fatehgarh Sahib district</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remittances">Remittances</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Remittances">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_diaspora" title="Punjabi diaspora">Punjab also has a large diaspora</a> that is mostly settled in the <a href="/wiki/British_Punjabis" title="British Punjabis">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Canadians" title="Punjabi Canadians">Canada</a>, numbers about 3 million, and sends back billions of USD in <a href="/wiki/Remittances_to_India" title="Remittances to India">remittances</a> to the state, playing a major role in its economy.<a href="#cite_note-210">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Roadways" title="Punjab Roadways">Punjab Roadways</a> and <a href="/wiki/PEPSU_Road_Transport_Corporation" title="PEPSU Road Transport Corporation">PEPSU Road Transport Corporation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Air">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Guru_Ram_Dass_Jee_International_Airport,_Amritsar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sri_Guru_Ram_Dass_Jee_International_Airport%2C_Amritsar.jpg/220px-Sri_Guru_Ram_Dass_Jee_International_Airport%2C_Amritsar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sri_Guru_Ram_Dass_Jee_International_Airport%2C_Amritsar.jpg/330px-Sri_Guru_Ram_Dass_Jee_International_Airport%2C_Amritsar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sri_Guru_Ram_Dass_Jee_International_Airport%2C_Amritsar.jpg/440px-Sri_Guru_Ram_Dass_Jee_International_Airport%2C_Amritsar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Guru_Ram_Dass_Ji_International_Airport_in_Amritsar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sri Guru Ram Dass Ji International Airport in Amritsar (page does not exist)">Sri Guru Ram Dass Ji International Airport in Amritsar</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Guru_Ram_Das_Ji_International_Airport" title="Sri Guru Ram Das Ji International Airport">Sri Guru Ram Das Ji International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, is the Primary Hub Airport and Gateway to Punjab, as the airport serves direct connectivity to key cities around the world, including <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> among others. Punjab has six civil airports including two international airports: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Guru_Ram_Das_Ji_International_Airport" title="Sri Guru Ram Das Ji International Airport">Amritsar International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh_Airport" title="Chandigarh Airport">Chandigarh Airport</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mohali" title="Mohali">Mohali</a>; and four domestic airports: <a href="/wiki/Bathinda_Airport" title="Bathinda Airport">Bathinda Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pathankot_Airport" title="Pathankot Airport">Pathankot Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adampur_Airport" title="Adampur Airport">Adampur Airport</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana_Airport" title="Ludhiana Airport">Ludhiana Airport</a>. Apart from these 6 airports, there are 2 airfields at Beas (<a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Patiala" title="Patiala">Patiala</a> which do not serve any commercial flight operations, as of now. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railways">Railways</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Railways">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LDH_PF4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/LDH_PF4.JPG/220px-LDH_PF4.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/LDH_PF4.JPG/330px-LDH_PF4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/LDH_PF4.JPG/440px-LDH_PF4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5834" data-file-height="3870" /></a><figcaption>View of Ludhiana railway station</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Railways" title="Indian Railways">Indian Railways</a>' <a href="/wiki/Northern_Railway_zone" title="Northern Railway zone">Northern Railway</a> line runs through the state connecting most of the major towns and cities. The <a href="/wiki/Shatabdi_Express" title="Shatabdi Express">Shatabdi Express</a>, India's fastest series of train connects <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> to <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a> covering total distance of 449 km. <a href="/wiki/Amritsar_Junction_railway_station" title="Amritsar Junction railway station">Amritsar Junction railway station</a> is the busiest junction of the state. <a href="/wiki/Bathinda_Junction_railway_station" title="Bathinda Junction railway station">Bathinda Junction</a> holds the record of maximum railway lines from a railway junction in Asia. Punjab's major railway stations are Amritsar Junction (ASR), <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana_Junction_railway_station" title="Ludhiana Junction railway station">Ludhiana Junction</a> (LDH), <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar_Cantonment_railway_station" title="Jalandhar Cantonment railway station">Jalandhar Cantonment</a> (JRC), <a href="/wiki/Firozpur_Cantonment_railway_station" title="Firozpur Cantonment railway station">Firozpur Cantonment</a> (FZR), <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar_City_Junction_railway_station" title="Jalandhar City Junction railway station">Jalandhar City Junction</a> (JUC), <a href="/wiki/Pathankot_Junction_railway_station" title="Pathankot Junction railway station">Pathankot Junction</a> (PTK) and <a href="/wiki/Patiala_railway_station" title="Patiala railway station">Patiala railway station</a> (PTA). The railway stations of <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> is included in the Indian Railways list of 50 world-class railway stations.<a href="#cite_note-211">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hyperloop">Hyperloop</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Hyperloop">edit</a>]</div> Punjab Government have signed a <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding" title="Memorandum of understanding">memorandum of understanding</a> with <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Hyperloop_One" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Hyperloop One">Virgin Hyperloop One</a> to explore the feasibility of running a <a href="/wiki/Hyperloop" title="Hyperloop">Hyperloop</a> between <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a> which could decrease the travel time between 2 cities from five hours by road to less than 30 minutes. It will have stops in <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Roads">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISBT_Amritsar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/ISBT_Amritsar.jpg/220px-ISBT_Amritsar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/ISBT_Amritsar.jpg/330px-ISBT_Amritsar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/ISBT_Amritsar.jpg/440px-ISBT_Amritsar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Amritsar Inter State Bus Stand</figcaption></figure> All the cities and towns of Punjab are connected by four-lane <a href="/wiki/National_highways_of_India" title="National highways of India">national highways</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Road" title="Grand Trunk Road">Grand Trunk Road</a>, also known as "NH1", connects <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> to <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, passing through <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</a>. National highways passing through the state are ranked the best in the country[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] with widespread road networks that serve isolated towns as well as the border region. Amritsar and Ludhiana are among several Indian cities that have the highest accident rates in India.<a href="#cite_note-Dipak_K_DashDipak_K_Dash_2015-213">[201]</a> The following expressways will pass through Punjab: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delhi%E2%80%93Amritsar%E2%80%93Katra_Expressway" title="Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway">Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway</a> from <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> to <a href="/wiki/Katra,_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Katra, Jammu and Kashmir">Katra</a> (National Expressway 5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritsar%E2%80%93Jamnagar_Expressway" title="Amritsar–Jamnagar Expressway">Amritsar–Jamnagar Expressway</a> from <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jamnagar" title="Jamnagar">Jamnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathankot%E2%80%93Ajmer_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathankot–Ajmer Expressway">Pathankot–Ajmer Expressway</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pathankot" title="Pathankot">Pathankot</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ajmer" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a></li></ul> </div> The following national highways connect major towns, cities and villages: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_1_(India,_old_numbering)" title="National Highway 1 (India, old numbering)">National Highway 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_10_(India,_old_numbering)" title="National Highway 10 (India, old numbering)">National Highway 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_15_(India)(old_numbering)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highway 15 (India)(old numbering)">National Highway 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_1A_(India,_old_numbering)" title="National Highway 1A (India, old numbering)">National Highway 1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_54_(India)(old_numbering)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highway 54 (India)(old numbering)">National Highway 54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_20_(India)(old_numbering)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highway 20 (India)(old numbering)">National Highway 20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_21_(India)(old_numbering)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highway 21 (India)(old numbering)">National Highway 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_22_(India)(old_numbering)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highway 22 (India)(old numbering)">National Highway 22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_64_(India)(old_numbering)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highway 64 (India)(old numbering)">National Highway 64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_70_(India,_old_numbering)" title="National Highway 70 (India, old numbering)">National Highway 70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_71_(India,_old_numbering)" title="National Highway 71 (India, old numbering)">National Highway 71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_95_(India)(old_numbering)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highway 95 (India)(old numbering)">National Highway 95</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_Rapid_Transit_System">Urban Rapid Transit System</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Urban Rapid Transit System">edit</a>]</div> There are also a <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">bus rapid transit</a> system <a href="/wiki/Amritsar_BRTS" class="mw-redirect" title="Amritsar BRTS">Amritsar BRTS</a> in the holy city of Amritsar, popularly known as 'Amritsar MetroBus'<a href="#cite_note-214">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Punjab,_India" title="Special:EditPage/Punjab, India">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Punjab_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Punjab (India)">Education in Punjab (India)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Punjab_School_Education_Board" title="Punjab School Education Board">Punjab School Education Board</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="List of institutions of higher education in Punjab">List of institutions of higher education in Punjab</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools">Schools</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Schools">edit</a>]</div> Primary and Secondary education is mainly affiliated to <a href="/wiki/Punjab_School_Education_Board" title="Punjab School Education Board">Punjab School Education Board</a>. Punjab is served by several institutions of <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a>, including 23 universities that provide undergraduate and postgraduate courses in all the major arts, humanities, science, engineering, law, medicine, veterinary science, and business. Reading and writing <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a> is compulsory until <a href="/wiki/Matriculation" title="Matriculation">matriculation</a> for every student<a href="#cite_note-215">[203]</a> failing which the schools attract fine or cancellation of licence.<a href="#cite_note-216">[204]</a> The table below shows the district level <a href="/wiki/Student_teacher_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Student teacher ratio">teacher to pupil ratio</a> from class 1 to 5 in Punjab, as of 2017.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-217">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[208]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>District-wise Teacher-Pupil Ratio of Class 1 to 5 in 2017 (As on 30 September)<a href="#cite_note-auto3-217">[205]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sr. No.</th> <th>District</th> <th>Ratio </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Hoshiarpur</td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Rupnagar</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Fatehgarh Sahib</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>SAS Nagar</td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>SBS Nagar</td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Gurdaspur</td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Pathankot</td> <td>19 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Kapurthala</td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Faridkot</td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Sri Muktsar Sahib</td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>Jalandhar</td> <td>21 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>Sangrur</td> <td>21 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>Patiala</td> <td>22 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>Ludhiana</td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>Bathinda</td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>Barnala</td> <td>26 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td>Fazilka</td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>Amritsar</td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>Ferozpur</td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>Mansa</td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td>Moga</td> <td>31 </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td>Taran taran</td> <td>46 </td></tr></tbody></table> The table below shows the average population per school in each district of Punjab as of 2011 census and the total number of schools as of 2017. This includes government schools, affiliated schools, recognised and aided schools.<a href="#cite_note-papers.ssrn.com-221">[209]</a> Note:- Pathankot and Fazilka were part of Gurdaspur and Ferozepur respectively, before 2011, so separate data for them regarding the average population per school is not available. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>District-wise average price per school as of 2011 census and total number of schools as of 2017<a href="#cite_note-papers.ssrn.com-221">[209]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sr. No.</th> <th>District</th> <th>Average population per school (2011)</th> <th>Total number of schools (2017) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>SBS Nagar</td> <td>2,251</td> <td>272 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Kapurthala</td> <td>2,433</td> <td>335 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Fatehgarh Sahib</td> <td>2,480</td> <td>242 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Gurdaspur</td> <td>2,582</td> <td>637 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Pathankot</td> <td>----</td> <td>193 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Hoshiarpur</td> <td>2,584</td> <td>614 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Moga</td> <td>2,613</td> <td>381 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Faridkot</td> <td>2,616</td> <td>236 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Rupnagar</td> <td>2,706</td> <td>253 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Sangrur</td> <td>2,908</td> <td>569 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Sri Muktsar Sahib</td> <td>2,918</td> <td>309 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>Mansa</td> <td>2,937</td> <td>262 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>Ferozpur</td> <td>3,023</td> <td>419 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Fazilka</td> <td>----</td> <td>252 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>Patiala</td> <td>3,251</td> <td>583 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>Barnala</td> <td>3,403</td> <td>175 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>Jalandhar</td> <td>3,476</td> <td>631 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>Bathinda</td> <td>3,533</td> <td>393 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td>Amritsar</td> <td>3,722</td> <td>669 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>Ludhiana</td> <td>3,770</td> <td>928 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>SAS Nagar</td> <td>3,812</td> <td>261 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>Taran taran</td> <td>4,373</td> <td>372 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges_and_universities">Colleges and universities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Colleges and universities">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Agricultural_University" title="Punjab Agricultural University">Punjab Agricultural University</a> is a leading institution globally for the study of agriculture and played a significant role in Punjab's <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a> in the 1960s–70s. Alumni of the <a href="/wiki/Panjab_University,_Chandigarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Panjab University, Chandigarh">Panjab University, Chandigarh</a> include <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Gobind Khorana</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a> <a href="/wiki/Nobel_laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureate">nobel laureate</a>. One of the oldest institutions of medical education is the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Medical_College,_Ludhiana" title="Christian Medical College, Ludhiana">Christian Medical College, Ludhiana</a>, which has existed since 1894.<a href="#cite_note-222">[210]</a> There is an existing gap in education between men and women, particularly in rural areas of Punjab. Of a total of 1 million 300 thousand students enrolled in grades five to eight, only 44% are women.<a href="#cite_note-223">[211]</a> Punjab has 23 universities, of which ten are private, 9 are state, one is central and three are <a href="/wiki/Deemed_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Deemed universities">deemed universities</a>. Punjab has 104,000 (104,000) engineering seats.<a href="#cite_note-Service2-224">[212]</a> Punjab is also increasingly becoming known for education of yoga and naturopathy, with its student slowly adopting these as their career. The Board of Naturopathy and Yoga Science (BNYS) is located in the state.<a href="#cite_note-225">[213]</a> Regional College Dinanagar is the first college to be opened in Dinanagar Town.<a href="#cite_note-226">[214]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Khalsa_College-Monumentos_de_Amritsar-India16.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Khalsa College, Amritsar"><img alt="Khalsa College, Amritsar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Khalsa_College-Monumentos_de_Amritsar-India16.JPG/338px-Khalsa_College-Monumentos_de_Amritsar-India16.JPG" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Khalsa_College-Monumentos_de_Amritsar-India16.JPG/507px-Khalsa_College-Monumentos_de_Amritsar-India16.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Khalsa_College-Monumentos_de_Amritsar-India16.JPG/675px-Khalsa_College-Monumentos_de_Amritsar-India16.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Khalsa_College,_Amritsar" title="Khalsa College, Amritsar">Khalsa College, Amritsar</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Guru_Nanak_Dev_University3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Ranjit Singh Block at Guru Nanak Dev University"><img alt="The Ranjit Singh Block at Guru Nanak Dev University" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Guru_Nanak_Dev_University3.jpg/300px-Guru_Nanak_Dev_University3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Guru_Nanak_Dev_University3.jpg/451px-Guru_Nanak_Dev_University3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Guru_Nanak_Dev_University3.jpg/600px-Guru_Nanak_Dev_University3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a> Block at <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Dev_University" title="Guru Nanak Dev University">Guru Nanak Dev University</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:PUP_GGSB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guru Gobind Singh Bhawan at Punjabi University"><img alt="Guru Gobind Singh Bhawan at Punjabi University" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/PUP_GGSB.jpg/300px-PUP_GGSB.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/PUP_GGSB.jpg/451px-PUP_GGSB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/PUP_GGSB.jpg/600px-PUP_GGSB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a> Bhawan at <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_University" title="Punjabi University">Punjabi University</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Punjab,_India" title="Health in Punjab, India">Health in Punjab, India</a></div> According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) data from 2015–16, the rate <a href="/wiki/Stunted_growth" title="Stunted growth">stunting</a> (low height for age) for children between the ages of 0–59 months was 26%, which was lower than the national average of 38%. As of 2015–16, 56.6% children between the ages of 0–57 months were said to be having some degree of <a href="/wiki/Anaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaemia">anaemia</a> in Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-227">[215]</a> According to the national family health survey of 2020–21, anaemia rate increased to 71.1%.<a href="#cite_note-NFHS2019-21-228">[216]</a> According to the National Family Health Survey 2020–21, the percentage of people in Punjab above the age of 15 who consume <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> was 22.8% for men and 0.3% for women. The rate of <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> usage in the same age group was 12.9% for men and 0.4% for women. According to the same report, the percentage of males in the age group of 15–49 who were <a href="/wiki/Obese" class="mw-redirect" title="Obese">obese</a> or <a href="/wiki/Overweight" title="Overweight">overweight</a> was 32.2% in 2020–21, which an increase from the 27.8% in 2015–16. For women in the same age group, the number in 2020–21 was 40.8% which was an increase from 31.3% in 2015–16. Moreover, according to the same report, 63.1% of the men and 72.8% of the women have high risk <a href="/wiki/Waist-to-hip_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Waist-to-hip ratio">waist-to-hip ratio</a>, as of 2020–21.<a href="#cite_note-NFHS2019-21-228">[216]</a> The table below shows the district wise number of registered doctors and other registered medical personnel in Punjab, in year 2018.<a href="#cite_note-Doc_1968_to_2018-229">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nurse_1968_to_2018-230">[218]</a> Note:- The ranks of the districts in this table are in the descending order of the number of registered doctors. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>District wise number of registered doctors and other medical personnel in Punjab, in year 2018<a href="#cite_note-Doc_1968_to_2018-229">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nurse_1968_to_2018-230">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[219]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sr. No.</th> <th>District</th> <th>Doctors</th> <th>Nurses</th> <th>Midwives </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Ludhiana</td> <td>4,989</td> <td>10,904</td> <td>8,121 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Amritsar</td> <td>4,141</td> <td>6,531</td> <td>4,018 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Patiala</td> <td>3,935</td> <td>3,279</td> <td>1,963 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Jalandhar</td> <td>3,268</td> <td>5,119</td> <td>4,081 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Hoshiarpur</td> <td>1,640</td> <td>3,944</td> <td>2,806 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Sangrur</td> <td>1,286</td> <td>2,567</td> <td>3,374 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Gurdaspur</td> <td>1,058</td> <td>6,118</td> <td>6,472 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Ferozpur</td> <td>1,036</td> <td>4,459</td> <td>3,096 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Bathinda</td> <td>898</td> <td>2,104</td> <td>2,774 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Rupnagar</td> <td>864</td> <td>2,409</td> <td>2,159 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>Kapurthala</td> <td>737</td> <td>2,165</td> <td>766 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>SAS Nagar</td> <td>545</td> <td>2,790</td> <td>1,788 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>Faridkot</td> <td>499</td> <td>2,997</td> <td>3,037 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>Mansa</td> <td>325</td> <td>2,616</td> <td>3,424 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>Moga</td> <td>312</td> <td>3,172</td> <td>2,084 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>Sri Muktsar Sahib</td> <td>283</td> <td>2,648</td> <td>839 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td>SBS Nagar</td> <td>262</td> <td>2,516</td> <td>383 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>Barnala</td> <td>200</td> <td>2,037</td> <td>825 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>Fatehgarh Sahib</td> <td>198</td> <td>2,064</td> <td>306 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>Fazilka</td> <td>162</td> <td>460</td> <td>987 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td>Pathankot</td> <td>145</td> <td>50</td> <td>120 </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td>Tarn Taran</td> <td>84</td> <td>3,378</td> <td>2,370 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Outside State Territory</td> <td>630</td> <td>2,855</td> <td>989 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Punjab</td> <td>29,772</td> <td>77,182</td> <td>56,782 </td></tr></tbody></table> The table below shows the population served per doctor, per <a href="/wiki/Nurse" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurse">nurse</a> and per <a href="/wiki/Midwife" title="Midwife">midwife</a> by districts of Punjab, in the year 2018.<a href="#cite_note-Paramedical-232">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-Population_served_by_Docs-233">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pop_served_by_Nurses-234">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pop_served_by_Midwives-235">[223]</a> Note:- The ranks of the districts in the table are in the ascending order of the population served per doctor. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Population served per doctor, per nurse and per midwife in districts of Punjab, in year 2018<a href="#cite_note-Paramedical-232">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-Population_served_by_Docs-233">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pop_served_by_Nurses-234">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pop_served_by_Midwives-235">[223]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sr. No.</th> <th>District</th> <th>Doctor</th> <th>Nurse</th> <th>Midwife </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Faridkot</td> <td>499</td> <td>224</td> <td>225 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Patiala</td> <td>551</td> <td>161</td> <td>1,172 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Amritsar</td> <td>661</td> <td>424</td> <td>689 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Jalandhar</td> <td>729</td> <td>465</td> <td>5,943 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Ludhiana</td> <td>780</td> <td>357</td> <td>506 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Rupnagar</td> <td>844</td> <td>302</td> <td>340 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Bathinda</td> <td>898</td> <td>744</td> <td>585 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Hoshiarpur</td> <td>1,017</td> <td>423</td> <td>654 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Gurdaspur</td> <td>1,058</td> <td>284</td> <td>280 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Ferozpur</td> <td>1,083</td> <td>251</td> <td>377 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>Kapurthala</td> <td>1,171</td> <td>398</td> <td>1,226 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>Sangrur</td> <td>1,404</td> <td>703</td> <td>558 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>Mansa</td> <td>2,073</td> <td>319</td> <td>2,376 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>SAS Nagar</td> <td>2,264</td> <td>442</td> <td>739 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>SBS Nagar</td> <td>2,408</td> <td>250</td> <td>2,183 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>Barnala</td> <td>3,212</td> <td>320</td> <td>714 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td>Fatehgarh Sahib</td> <td>3,286</td> <td>315</td> <td>2,745 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>Moga</td> <td>3,456</td> <td>339</td> <td>318 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>Sri Muktsar Sahib</td> <td>3,561</td> <td>380</td> <td>1,375 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>Pathankot</td> <td>4,943</td> <td>14,336</td> <td>7,389 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td>Fazilka</td> <td>7,089</td> <td>2,496</td> <td>1,258 </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td>Tarn Taran</td> <td>15,210</td> <td>378</td> <td>568 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Punjab</td> <td>522</td> <td>1,234</td> <td>950 </td></tr></tbody></table> The table given below shows the population served per doctor in Punjab, by years.<a href="#cite_note-Population_served_by_Docs-233">[221]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Population served per doctor in Punjab, by years<a href="#cite_note-Population_served_by_Docs-233">[221]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Population</th> <th>Year</th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>522</td> <td>2000</td> <td>1,490 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>1,170</td> <td>1999</td> <td>1,485 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>1,250</td> <td>1998</td> <td>1,483 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>1,225</td> <td>1997</td> <td>1,472 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>1,316</td> <td>1996</td> <td>1,499 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>1,263</td> <td>1995</td> <td>1,487 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>1,388</td> <td>1994</td> <td>1,501 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td>1,468</td> <td>1993</td> <td>1,608 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td>1,489</td> <td>1992</td> <td>1,481 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002</td> <td>1,324</td> <td>1991</td> <td>1,514 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>1,472</td> <td>1990</td> <td>1,589 </td></tr></tbody></table> The table below shows the district wise population served per bed.<a href="#cite_note-Bed_1968_to_2018-236">[224]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Population served per bed in districts of Punjab, in year 2018<a href="#cite_note-Bed_1968_to_2018-236">[224]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sr. No.</th> <th>District</th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Faridkot</td> <td>800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Amritsar</td> <td>822 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Patiala</td> <td>941 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Hoshiarpur</td> <td>1,051 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>SBS Nagar</td> <td>1,101 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Rupnagar</td> <td>1,103 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Kapurthala</td> <td>1,141 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Fatehgarh Sahib</td> <td>1,218 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Barnala</td> <td>1,262 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Tarn Taran</td> <td>1,402 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>Jalandhar</td> <td>1,411 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>Sri Muktsar Sahib</td> <td>1,427 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>Gurdaspur</td> <td>1,437 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>Mansa</td> <td>1,523 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>Sangrur</td> <td>1,612 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>Pathankot</td> <td>1,694 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td>Ferozpur</td> <td>1,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>Moga</td> <td>1,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>SAS Nagar</td> <td>1,704 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>Fazilka</td> <td>1,709 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td>Bathinda</td> <td>1,927 </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td>Ludhiana</td> <td>2,397 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Punjab</td> <td>1,338 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Punjabi_media" title="List of Punjabi media">List of Punjabi media</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Punjabi-language_newspapers" title="List of Punjabi-language newspapers">List of Punjabi-language newspapers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Punjabi-language_television_channels" title="List of Punjabi-language television channels">List of Punjabi-language television channels</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Daily_Ajit" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Ajit">Daily Ajit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagbani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagbani">Jagbani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Tribune" title="Punjabi Tribune">Punjabi Tribune</a> are the largest-selling Punjabi newspapers while <a href="/wiki/The_Tribune_(Chandigarh)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tribune (Chandigarh)">The Tribune</a> is most selling English newspaper. A vast number of weekly, biweekly and monthly magazines are under publication in Punjabi. Other main newspapers are <a href="/wiki/Daily_Punjab_Times" title="Daily Punjab Times">Daily Punjab Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rozana_Spokesman" title="Rozana Spokesman">Rozana Spokesman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nawan_Zamana" title="Nawan Zamana">Nawan Zamana</a>, etc. <a href="/wiki/Doordarshan" title="Doordarshan">Doordarshan</a> is the broadcaster of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> and its channel <a href="/wiki/DD_Punjabi" title="DD Punjabi">DD Punjabi</a> is dedicated to Punjabi. Prominent private <a href="/wiki/List_of_Punjabi-language_television_channels" title="List of Punjabi-language television channels">Punjabi channels</a> include news channels like <a href="/wiki/BBC_Punjabi" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC Punjabi">BBC Punjabi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-237">[225]</a> <a href="/wiki/ABP_Sanjha" title="ABP Sanjha">ABP Sanjha</a>,<a href="#cite_note-238">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/Channel_Punjabi" title="Channel Punjabi">Global Punjab TV</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Punjabi_news-239">[227]</a> News18 Punjab-Haryana-Himachal,<a href="#cite_note-240">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zee_Punjab_Haryana_Himachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Zee Punjab Haryana Himachal">Zee Punjab Haryana Himachal</a>, <a href="/wiki/PTC_News" title="PTC News">PTC News</a> and entertainment channels like <a href="/wiki/Zee_Punjabi" title="Zee Punjabi">Zee Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATN_GET_Punjabi" class="mw-redirect" title="ATN GET Punjabi">GET Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATN_Alpha_ETC_Punjabi" class="mw-redirect" title="ATN Alpha ETC Punjabi">ETC Punjabi</a>, Chardikla Time TV, <a href="/wiki/PTC_Punjabi" title="PTC Punjabi">PTC Punjabi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colours_Punjabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colours Punjabi (page does not exist)">Colours Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATN_JUS_Punjabi" class="mw-redirect" title="ATN JUS Punjabi">JUS Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATN_MH_1" class="mw-redirect" title="ATN MH 1">MH1</a> and <a href="/wiki/9x_Tashan" class="mw-redirect" title="9x Tashan">9x Tashan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[229]</a> Punjab has witnessed a growth in FM radio channels, mainly in the cities of Jalandhar, Patiala and Amritsar, which has become hugely popular. There are government radio channels like <a href="/wiki/Akashvani_(radio_broadcaster)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akashvani (radio broadcaster)">All India Radio, Jalandhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bathinda" title="Bathinda">Bathinda</a> and <a href="/wiki/AIR_FM_Gold" title="AIR FM Gold">FM Gold Ludhiana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[230]</a> Private radio channels include <a href="/wiki/Radio_Mirchi" title="Radio Mirchi">Radio Mirchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/BIG_FM_92.7" class="mw-redirect" title="BIG FM 92.7">BIG FM 92.7</a>, 94.3 My FM, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Mantra" title="Radio Mantra">Radio Mantra</a> and many more. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjabi_jutti_at_Dilli_Haat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Punjabi_jutti_at_Dilli_Haat.jpg/220px-Punjabi_jutti_at_Dilli_Haat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Punjabi_jutti_at_Dilli_Haat.jpg/330px-Punjabi_jutti_at_Dilli_Haat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Punjabi_jutti_at_Dilli_Haat.jpg/440px-Punjabi_jutti_at_Dilli_Haat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2909" data-file-height="2251" /></a><figcaption>Punjabi <a href="/wiki/Jutti" title="Jutti">jutti</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_culture" title="Punjabi culture">Punjabi culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi people">Punjabi people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_festivals" title="Punjabi festivals">Punjabi festivals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_clothing" title="Punjabi clothing">Punjabi clothing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Tamba_and_Kurta" title="Punjabi Tamba and Kurta">Punjabi Tamba and Kurta</a></div> The culture of Punjab has many elements including <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Punjab" title="Music of Punjab">music</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Bhangra_(music)" title="Bhangra (music)">bhangra</a>, an extensive religious and non-religious <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi dance">dance tradition</a>, a long <a href="/wiki/List_of_Punjabi_language_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Punjabi language poets">history of poetry</a> in the Punjabi language, a significant <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Punjab">Punjabi film industry</a> that dates back to before Partition, a vast range of <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">cuisine</a>, which has become widely popular abroad, and a number of seasonal and harvest festivals such as <a href="/wiki/Lohri" title="Lohri">Lohri</a>,<a href="#cite_note-243">[231]</a> <a href="/wiki/Basant_Kite_Festival_(Punjab)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basant Kite Festival (Punjab)">Basant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teeyan" title="Teeyan">Teeyan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-244">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[234]</a> all of which are celebrated in addition to the religious festivals of India. A <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Kisse" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi Kisse">kissa</a> is a Punjabi language oral story-telling tradition that has a mixture of origins ranging from the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CITEREFFarinaMir-247">[235]</a> <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_wedding_traditions" title="Punjabi wedding traditions">Punjabi wedding traditions</a> and ceremonies are a strong reflection of Punjabi culture. Marriage ceremonies are known for their rich rituals, songs, dances, food and dresses, which have evolved over many centuries.<a href="#cite_note-248">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhangra">Bhangra</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Bhangra">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Punjab" title="Folk dances of Punjab">Folk dances of Punjab</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjabi_Dance_-_Opening_Ceremony_-_Wiki_Conference_India_-_CGC_-_Mohali_2016-08-05_6392.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Punjabi_Dance_-_Opening_Ceremony_-_Wiki_Conference_India_-_CGC_-_Mohali_2016-08-05_6392.JPG/220px-Punjabi_Dance_-_Opening_Ceremony_-_Wiki_Conference_India_-_CGC_-_Mohali_2016-08-05_6392.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Punjabi_Dance_-_Opening_Ceremony_-_Wiki_Conference_India_-_CGC_-_Mohali_2016-08-05_6392.JPG/330px-Punjabi_Dance_-_Opening_Ceremony_-_Wiki_Conference_India_-_CGC_-_Mohali_2016-08-05_6392.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Punjabi_Dance_-_Opening_Ceremony_-_Wiki_Conference_India_-_CGC_-_Mohali_2016-08-05_6392.JPG/440px-Punjabi_Dance_-_Opening_Ceremony_-_Wiki_Conference_India_-_CGC_-_Mohali_2016-08-05_6392.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Bhangra</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bhangra_(dance)" title="Bhangra (dance)">Bhangra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>: ਭੰਗੜਾ (<a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a>); pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi" title="Help:IPA/Punjabi">[pə̀ŋɡᵊ.ɽäː]</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Giddha" title="Giddha">Giddha</a> are forms of dance and music that originated in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Book_Company-250">[238]</a> Bhangra dance began as a folk dance conducted by <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi people">Punjabi</a> farmers to celebrate the coming of the harvest season. The specific moves of Bhangra reflect the manner in which villagers farmed their land. This hybrid dance became Bhangra. The <a href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Punjab" title="Folk dances of Punjab">folk dance</a> has been popularised in the western world by <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi people">Punjabis</a> in England, Canada and the US where competitions are held.<a href="#cite_note-251">[239]</a> It is seen in the West as an expression of <a href="/wiki/South_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian">South Asian</a> culture as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-Ashgate-252">[240]</a> Today, Bhangra dance survives in different forms and styles all over the globe – including pop music, film <a href="/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">soundtracks</a>, collegiate competitions and cultural shows. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punjabi_folklore">Punjabi folklore</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Punjabi folklore">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_folklore" title="Punjabi folklore">Punjabi folklore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_instruments_of_Punjab" title="Folk instruments of Punjab">Folk instruments of Punjab</a></div> The folk heritage of the Punjab reflects its thousands of years of history. While <a href="/wiki/Majhi_dialect" title="Majhi dialect">Majhi</a> is considered to be the standard dialect of <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a>, there are a number of <a href="/wiki/Dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects">Punjabi dialects</a> through which the people communicate. These include <a href="/wiki/Malwai_dialect" title="Malwai dialect">Malwai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doabi_dialect" title="Doabi dialect">Doabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puadhi_dialect" title="Puadhi dialect">Puadhi</a>. The songs, ballads, epics and romances are generally written and sung in these dialects. There are a number of folk tales that are popular in Punjab. These are the folk tales of <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Sahiban" title="Mirza Sahiban">Mirza Sahiban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heer_Ranjha" title="Heer Ranjha">Heer Ranjha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sohni_Mahiwal" title="Sohni Mahiwal">Sohni Mahiwal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sassi_Punnun" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassi Punnun">Sassi Punnun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagga_Jatt" title="Jagga Jatt">Jagga Jatt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dulla_Bhatti" title="Dulla Bhatti">Dulla Bhatti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puran_Bhagat" title="Puran Bhagat">Puran Bhagat</a>, Jeona Maud etc. The mystic folk songs and religious songs include the Shalooks of <a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Sikh gurus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baba_Farid" title="Baba Farid">Baba Farid</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-253">[241]</a> The most famous of the romantic love songs are Mayhiah, Dhola and Boliyan.<a href="#cite_note-254">[242]</a> Punjabi romantic dances include <a href="/wiki/Dhamaal" title="Dhamaal">Dhamaal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhangra_(dance)" title="Bhangra (dance)">Bhangra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giddha" title="Giddha">Giddha</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhola_(dance)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhola (dance) (page does not exist)">Dhola</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sammi_(dance)" title="Sammi (dance)">Sammi</a> and some other local folk dances.<a href="#cite_note-255">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_literature" title="Punjabi literature">Punjabi literature</a></div> Most early Punjabi literary works are in verse form, with prose not becoming more common until later periods. Throughout its history, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_literature" title="Punjabi literature">Punjabi literature</a> has sought to inform and inspire, educate and entertain. The Punjabi language is written in several different scripts, of which the <a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gurmukh%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhī">Gurmukhī</a> scripts are the most commonly used.<a href="#cite_note-256">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Punjab" title="Music of Punjab">Music of Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Punjab" title="Folk music of Punjab">Folk music of Punjab</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bhangra_(music)" title="Bhangra (music)">Bhangra (music)</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Punjab" title="Folk music of Punjab">Punjabi Folk Music</a> is the traditional music on the traditional musical instruments of Punjab region.<a href="#cite_note-257">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhangra_(music)" title="Bhangra (music)">Bhangra music of Punjab</a> is famous throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-Punjabi_culture-27">[27]</a> Punjabi music has a diverse style of <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, ranging from folk and Sufi to classical, notably the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_gharana" title="Punjab gharana">Punjab gharana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patiala_gharana" title="Patiala gharana">Patiala gharana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_industry">Film industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Film industry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Punjab">Cinema of Punjab</a></div> Punjab is home to the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Punjab">Punjabi film industry</a>, often colloquially referred to as 'Pollywood'.<a href="#cite_note-262">[250]</a> It is known for being the fastest growing film industry in India. It is based mainly around <a href="/wiki/Mohali" title="Mohali">Mohali</a> city. According to MP <a href="/wiki/Manish_Tewari" title="Manish Tewari">Manish Tewari</a>, the government is planning to build a film city in Mohali.<a href="#cite_note-263">[251]</a> The first Punjabi film was made in 1936. Since the 2000s Punjabi cinema has seen a revival with more releases every year with bigger budgets, homegrown stars, and Bollywood actors of Punjabi descent taking part.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crafts">Crafts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Crafts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjabi_culture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Punjabi culture.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a5/Punjabi_culture.jpg/220px-Punjabi_culture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a5/Punjabi_culture.jpg/330px-Punjabi_culture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a5/Punjabi_culture.jpg/440px-Punjabi_culture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Punjabi women using a traditional method of <a href="/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)" title="Spinning (textiles)">spinning</a></figcaption></figure> The city of <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> is home to the craft of brass and copper <a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">metalwork</a> done by the <a href="/wiki/Thathera#UNESCO_Listing_and_Government_Programs" title="Thathera">Thatheras of Jandiala Guru</a>, which is enlisted on the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">List of Intangible Cultural Heritage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-264">[252]</a> Years of neglect had caused this craft to die out, and the listing prompted the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Punjab,_India" title="Government of Punjab, India">Government of Punjab</a> to undertake a craft revival effort under Project Virasat.<a href="#cite_note-265">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dhabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi dhabha">Punjabi dhabha</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veg_Punjabi_Thaali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Veg_Punjabi_Thaali.jpg/220px-Veg_Punjabi_Thaali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Veg_Punjabi_Thaali.jpg/330px-Veg_Punjabi_Thaali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Veg_Punjabi_Thaali.jpg/440px-Veg_Punjabi_Thaali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="707" /></a><figcaption>Vegetarian Punjabi Thaali</figcaption></figure> One of the main features of Punjabi cuisine is its diverse range of dishes.<a href="#cite_note-267">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[256]</a> Home cooked and restaurant cuisine sometimes vary in taste. Restaurant style uses large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">ghee</a>. Some food items are eaten on a daily basis while some delicacies are cooked only on special occasions.<a href="#cite_note-269">[257]</a> There are many regional dishes that are famous in some regions only. Many dishes are exclusive to Punjab, including <a href="/wiki/Sarson_Da_Saag" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarson Da Saag">Sarson Da Saag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tandoori_chicken" title="Tandoori chicken">Tandoori chicken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shami_kebab" title="Shami kebab">Shami kebab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makki_di_roti" class="mw-redirect" title="Makki di roti">makki di roti</a>, etc.<a href="#cite_note-270">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals_and_traditions">Festivals and traditions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Festivals and traditions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sikh_festivals" title="List of Sikh festivals">List of Sikh festivals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_festivals" title="Punjabi festivals">Punjabi festivals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals_in_Punjab" title="List of Hindu festivals in Punjab">List of Hindu festivals in Punjab</a></div> Punjabis celebrate a number of festivals, which have taken a semi-secular meaning and are regarded as cultural festivals by people of all religions. Some of the festivals are <a href="/wiki/Bandi_Chhor_Divas" title="Bandi Chhor Divas">Bandi Chhor Divas (Diwali)</a>,<a href="#cite_note-271">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[260]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mela_Maghi" title="Mela Maghi">Mela Maghi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-273">[261]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a>,<a href="#cite_note-274">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[263]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rakhri" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakhri">Rakhri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lohri" title="Lohri">Lohri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurpurb" title="Gurpurb">Gurpurb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Ravidass_Jayanti" title="Guru Ravidass Jayanti">Guru Ravidass Jayanti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teeyan" title="Teeyan">Teeyan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basant_Kite_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Basant Kite Festival">Basant Kite Festival</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Punjab,_India" title="Sports in Punjab, India">Sports in Punjab, India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kabaddi.....JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Kabaddi.....JPG/220px-Kabaddi.....JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Kabaddi.....JPG/330px-Kabaddi.....JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Kabaddi.....JPG/440px-Kabaddi.....JPG 2x" data-file-width="3381" data-file-height="1726" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Kabaddi" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi Kabaddi">Kabbadi (Circle Style)</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LightsMohali.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/LightsMohali.png/220px-LightsMohali.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/LightsMohali.png/330px-LightsMohali.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/LightsMohali.png/440px-LightsMohali.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/PCA_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="PCA Stadium">PCA Stadium</a> under lights at <a href="/wiki/Mohali" title="Mohali">Mohali</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Kabaddi" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi Kabaddi">Kabbadi (Circle Style)</a>, a team contact sport originated in rural Punjab is recognised as the state game.<a href="#cite_note-276">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[265]</a> <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">Field hockey</a> is also a popular sport in the state.<a href="#cite_note-278">[266]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kila_Raipur_Sports_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Kila Raipur Sports Festival">Kila Raipur Sports Festival</a>, popularly known as the Rural Olympics, is held annually in <a href="/wiki/Kila_Raipur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kila Raipur">Kila Raipur</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a>). Competition is held for major Punjabi rural sports, include cart-race, rope pulling. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Punjab,_India" title="Government of Punjab, India">Punjab government</a> organises <a href="/wiki/World_Kabaddi_League" title="World Kabaddi League">World Kabaddi League</a>,<a href="#cite_note-279">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[268]</a> <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Games" title="Punjab Games">Punjab Games</a> and annual <a href="/wiki/Kabaddi_World_Cup_(Circle_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabaddi World Cup (Circle style)">Kabaddi World Cup</a> for Circle Style Kabbadi in which teams from countries like Argentina, Canada, Denmark, England, India, Iran, Kenya, Pakistan, Scotland, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, Spain and United States participated. A major <a href="/wiki/C.B.S.E" class="mw-redirect" title="C.B.S.E">C.B.S.E</a> event C.B.S.E Cluster Athlectics also held in Punjab at Sant Baba Bhag Singh University.<a href="#cite_note-281">[269]</a> The Punjab state basketball team won the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="National Basketball Championship">National Basketball Championship</a> on many occasions, most recently in 2019 and 2020.<a href="#cite_note-282">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Monuments_of_National_Importance_in_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Monuments of National Importance in Punjab">List of Monuments of National Importance in Punjab</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Punjab,_India" title="Tourism in Punjab, India">Tourism in Punjab, India</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Amritsar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism in Amritsar">Tourism in Amritsar</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harminder_sahib5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Harminder_sahib5.jpg/220px-Harminder_sahib5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Harminder_sahib5.jpg/330px-Harminder_sahib5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Harminder_sahib5.jpg/440px-Harminder_sahib5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> is a major pilgrimage site in Punjab and is also widely visited for its unique architecture</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MotiBaghPalace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MotiBaghPalace.jpg/220px-MotiBaghPalace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MotiBaghPalace.jpg/330px-MotiBaghPalace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MotiBaghPalace.jpg/440px-MotiBaghPalace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moti_Bagh_Palace" title="Moti Bagh Palace">Moti Bagh Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Patiala" title="Patiala">Patiala</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durgiana_Temple.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Durgiana_Temple.JPG/220px-Durgiana_Temple.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Durgiana_Temple.JPG/330px-Durgiana_Temple.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Durgiana_Temple.JPG/440px-Durgiana_Temple.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Durgiana_Temple" title="Durgiana Temple">Durgiana Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a></figcaption></figure> Tourism in Indian Punjab centres around the historic palaces, battle sites, and the great <a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Sikh architecture</a> of the state and the surrounding region.<a href="#cite_note-284">[272]</a> Examples include various sites of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a>, the ancient <a href="/wiki/Qila_Mubarak,_Bathinda" title="Qila Mubarak, Bathinda">fort of Bathinda</a>, the architectural monuments of <a href="/wiki/Kapurthala" title="Kapurthala">Kapurthala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patiala" title="Patiala">Patiala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, the modern capital designed by <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-285">[273]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Golden Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> is one of the major tourist destinations of Punjab and indeed India, attracting more visitors than the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a> Bluelist 2008 has voted the Harmandir Sahib as one of the world's best spiritual sites.<a href="#cite_note-286">[274]</a> Moreover, there is a rapidly expanding array of international hotels in the holy city at Heritage Walk Amritsar that can be booked for overnight stays. <a href="/wiki/Devi_Talab_Mandir" title="Devi Talab Mandir">Devi Talab Mandir</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</a>. This temple is devoted to <a href="/wiki/Goddess_Durga" class="mw-redirect" title="Goddess Durga">Goddess Durga</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[275]</a> and is believed to be at least 200 years old. Another main tourist destination is religious and historic city of Sri <a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib" title="Anandpur Sahib">Anandpur Sahib</a> where large number of tourists come to see the <a href="/wiki/Virasat-e-Khalsa" title="Virasat-e-Khalsa">Virasat-e-Khalsa</a> (Khalsa Heritage Memorial Complex) and also take part in <a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a> festival. <a href="/wiki/Kila_Raipur_Sports_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Kila Raipur Sports Festival">Kila Raipur Sports Festival</a> is also popular tourist attraction in <a href="/wiki/Kila_Raipur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kila Raipur">Kila Raipur</a> near <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-288">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[278]</a> Shahpur kandi fort, <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Sagar_Dam" title="Ranjit Sagar Dam">Ranjit Sagar</a> lake and Sikh Temple in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Muktsar_Sahib" title="Sri Muktsar Sahib">Sri Muktsar Sahib</a> are also popular attractions in <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>. Punjab also has the world's first museum based on the Indian Partition of 1947, in Amritsar, called the <a href="/wiki/Partition_Museum" title="Partition Museum">Partition Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">History of Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Punjab_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people from Punjab (India)">List of people from Punjab (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_nationalism" title="Punjabi nationalism">Punjabi nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Punjab_Movement,_India" title="Greater Punjab Movement, India">Greater Punjab Movement, India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Light_Infantry" title="Sikh Light Infantry">Sikh Light Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Regiment_(India)" title="Punjab Regiment (India)">Punjab Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Regiment" title="Sikh Regiment">Sikh Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_culture" title="Punjabi culture">Punjabi culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of India">Provinces of India</a> (British)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Punjab,_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Punjab, India">COVID-19 pandemic in Punjab, India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panjab_Digital_Library" title="Panjab Digital Library">Panjab Digital Library</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Michaels-legacy-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Michaels-legacy_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichaels2004">Michaels (2004</a>, p. 38) harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFMichaels2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>): "The legacy of the Vedic religion in Hinduism is generally overestimated. The influence of the mythology is indeed great, but the religious terminology changed considerably: all the key terms of Hinduism either do not exist in Vedic or have a completely different meaning. The religion of the Veda does not know the ethicised migration of the soul with retribution for acts (karma), the cyclical destruction of the world, or the idea of salvation during one's lifetime (jivanmukti; moksa; nirvana); the idea of the world as illusion (maya) must have gone against the grain of ancient India, and an omnipotent creator god emerges only in the late hymns of the Rigveda. Nor did the Vedic religion know a caste system, the burning of widows, the ban on remarriage, images of gods and temples, Puja worship, Yoga, pilgrimages, vegetarianism, the holiness of cows, the doctrine of stages of life (asrama), or knew them only at their inception. Thus, it is justified to see a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions." <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJamisonWitzel1992" class="citation web cs1">Jamison, Stephanie; Witzel, Michael (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/vedica.pdf">"Vedic Hinduism"</a> (PDF). Harvard University. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vedic+Hinduism&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Jamison&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft.au=Witzel%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.fas.harvard.edu%2F~witzel%2Fvedica.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988">: "... to call this period Vedic Hinduism is a contradictio in terminis since Vedic religion is very different from what we generally call Hindu religion – at least as much as Old Hebrew religion is from medieval and modern Christian religion. However, Vedic religion is treatable as a predecessor of Hinduism." See also <a href="#CITEREFHalbfass1991">Halbfass 1991</a>, pp. 1–2 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHalbfass1991 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> "Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikh originated in India."<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorenoColino2010" class="citation book cs1">Moreno, Luis; Colino, César (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N5lpveRnSxEC&pg=PA207">Diversity and Unity in Federal Countries</a>. McGill Queen University Press. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-9087-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-9087-8"><bdi>978-0-7735-9087-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927082837/https://books.google.com/books?id=N5lpveRnSxEC&pg=PA207#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diversity+and+Unity+in+Federal+Countries&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=McGill+Queen+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-9087-8&rft.aulast=Moreno&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft.au=Colino%2C+C%C3%A9sar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN5lpveRnSxEC%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Craterus supervised the construction. These cities are yet to be identified. </li> <li id="cite_note-Punjab1881-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Punjab1881_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Punjab1881_128-1">b</a> 1881 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jalandhar_district" title="Jalandhar district">Jalandhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana_district" title="Ludhiana district">Ludhiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firozpur_district" title="Firozpur district">Firozpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amritsar_district" title="Amritsar district">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur_district" title="Hoshiarpur district">Hoshiarpur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur</a> (minus <a href="/wiki/Shakargarh_Tehsil" title="Shakargarh Tehsil">Shakargarh Tehsil</a>)), and <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_State" title="Kapurthala State">Kapurthala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malerkotla_State" title="Malerkotla State">Malerkotla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faridkot_State" title="Faridkot State">Faridkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patiala_State" title="Patiala State">Patiala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nabha_State" title="Nabha State">Nabha</a>) which are in the region that comprises the contemporary state of Punjab, India. See 1881 census data here:<a href="#cite_note-punjab1881-125">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-punjab1881B-126">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-punjab1881C-127">[124]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Punjab1891-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Punjab1891_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Punjab1891_132-1">b</a> 1891 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jalandhar_district" title="Jalandhar district">Jalandhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana_district" title="Ludhiana district">Ludhiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firozpur_district" title="Firozpur district">Firozpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amritsar_district" title="Amritsar district">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur_district" title="Hoshiarpur district">Hoshiarpur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur</a> (minus <a href="/wiki/Shakargarh_Tehsil" title="Shakargarh Tehsil">Shakargarh Tehsil</a>)), and <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_State" title="Kapurthala State">Kapurthala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malerkotla_State" title="Malerkotla State">Malerkotla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faridkot_State" title="Faridkot State">Faridkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patiala_State" title="Patiala State">Patiala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nabha_State" title="Nabha State">Nabha</a>) which are in the region that comprises the contemporary state of Punjab, India. See 1891 census data here:<a href="#cite_note-punjab1891-129">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-punjab1891B-130">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-punjab1891C-131">[127]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Punjab1901-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Punjab1901_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Punjab1901_134-1">b</a> 1901 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jalandhar_district" title="Jalandhar district">Jalandhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana_district" title="Ludhiana district">Ludhiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firozpur_district" title="Firozpur district">Firozpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amritsar_district" title="Amritsar district">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur_district" title="Hoshiarpur district">Hoshiarpur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur</a> (minus <a href="/wiki/Shakargarh_Tehsil" title="Shakargarh Tehsil">Shakargarh Tehsil</a>)), and <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_State" title="Kapurthala State">Kapurthala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malerkotla_State" title="Malerkotla State">Malerkotla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faridkot_State" title="Faridkot State">Faridkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patiala_State" title="Patiala State">Patiala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nabha_State" title="Nabha State">Nabha</a>) which are in the region that comprises the contemporary state of Punjab, India. See 1901 census data here:<a href="#cite_note-punjab1901-133">[128]</a>: 34  </li> <li id="cite_note-Punjab1911-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Punjab1911_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Punjab1911_137-1">b</a> 1911 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jalandhar_district" title="Jalandhar district">Jalandhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana_district" title="Ludhiana district">Ludhiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firozpur_district" title="Firozpur district">Firozpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amritsar_district" title="Amritsar district">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur_district" title="Hoshiarpur district">Hoshiarpur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur</a> (minus <a href="/wiki/Shakargarh_Tehsil" title="Shakargarh Tehsil">Shakargarh Tehsil</a>)), and <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_State" title="Kapurthala State">Kapurthala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malerkotla_State" title="Malerkotla State">Malerkotla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faridkot_State" title="Faridkot State">Faridkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patiala_State" title="Patiala State">Patiala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nabha_State" title="Nabha State">Nabha</a>) which are in the region that comprises the contemporary state of Punjab, India. See 1911 census data here:<a href="#cite_note-punjab1911-135">[129]</a>: 27 <a href="#cite_note-punjab1911B-136">[130]</a>: 27  </li> <li id="cite_note-Punjab1921-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Punjab1921_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Punjab1921_139-1">b</a> 1921 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jalandhar_district" title="Jalandhar district">Jalandhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana_district" title="Ludhiana district">Ludhiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firozpur_district" title="Firozpur district">Firozpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amritsar_district" title="Amritsar district">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur_district" title="Hoshiarpur district">Hoshiarpur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur</a> (minus <a href="/wiki/Shakargarh_Tehsil" title="Shakargarh Tehsil">Shakargarh Tehsil</a>)), and <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_State" title="Kapurthala State">Kapurthala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malerkotla_State" title="Malerkotla State">Malerkotla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faridkot_State" title="Faridkot State">Faridkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patiala_State" title="Patiala State">Patiala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nabha_State" title="Nabha State">Nabha</a>) which are in the region that comprises the contemporary state of Punjab, India. See 1921 census data here:<a href="#cite_note-punjab1921-138">[131]</a>: 29  </li> <li id="cite_note-Punjab1931-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Punjab1931_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Punjab1931_141-1">b</a> 1931 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jalandhar_district" title="Jalandhar district">Jalandhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana_district" title="Ludhiana district">Ludhiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firozpur_district" title="Firozpur district">Firozpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amritsar_district" title="Amritsar district">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur_district" title="Hoshiarpur district">Hoshiarpur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur</a> (minus <a href="/wiki/Shakargarh_Tehsil" title="Shakargarh Tehsil">Shakargarh Tehsil</a>)), and <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_State" title="Kapurthala State">Kapurthala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malerkotla_State" title="Malerkotla State">Malerkotla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faridkot_State" title="Faridkot State">Faridkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patiala_State" title="Patiala State">Patiala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nabha_State" title="Nabha State">Nabha</a>) which are in the region that comprises the contemporary state of Punjab, India. See 1931 census data here:<a href="#cite_note-punjab1931-140">[132]</a>: 277  </li> <li id="cite_note-Punjab1941-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Punjab1941_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Punjab1941_143-1">b</a> 1941 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jalandhar_district" title="Jalandhar district">Jalandhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana_district" title="Ludhiana district">Ludhiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firozpur_district" title="Firozpur district">Firozpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amritsar_district" title="Amritsar district">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur_district" title="Hoshiarpur district">Hoshiarpur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur</a> (minus <a href="/wiki/Shakargarh_Tehsil" title="Shakargarh Tehsil">Shakargarh Tehsil</a>)), and <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_State" title="Kapurthala State">Kapurthala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malerkotla_State" title="Malerkotla State">Malerkotla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faridkot_State" title="Faridkot State">Faridkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patiala_State" title="Patiala State">Patiala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nabha_State" title="Nabha State">Nabha</a>) which are in the region that comprises the contemporary state of Punjab, India. See 1941 census data here:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndia._Census_Commissioner194142-142">[133]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ad-dharmi-169"><a href="#cite_ref-ad-dharmi_169-0">^</a> 1931–1941 census: Including <a href="/wiki/Ad-Dharmi" title="Ad-Dharmi">Ad-Dharmis</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribals</a>, others, or not stated. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://punjab.gov.in/know-punjab/">"Know Punjab – Government of Punjab, India"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210713061012/https://punjab.gov.in/know-punjab/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Know+Punjab+%E2%80%93+Government+of+Punjab%2C+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpunjab.gov.in%2Fknow-punjab%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011_pp_tableA2-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2011_pp_tableA2_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011_pp_tableA2_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_punjab.html">"Area, population, decennial growth rate and density for 2001 and 2011 at a glance for Punjab and the districts: provisional population totals paper 1 of 2011: Punjab"</a>. Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107060612/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_punjab.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2012. 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Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-923-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-923-2"><bdi>978-0-89281-923-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+India&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-89281-923-2&rft.aulast=Dani%C3%A9lou&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistoryofin00dani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._C._Majumdar" title="R. C. Majumdar">Majumdar, R. C.</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC">Ancient India</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0436-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0436-4"><bdi>978-81-208-0436-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+India&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0436-4&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXNxiN5tzKOgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohan2010" class="citation book cs1">Mohan, R. T. (2010). Afghanistan Revisited: The Brahmana Hindu Shahis of Afghanistan and the Punjab ( C.840.-1026 CE). MLBD.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+Revisited%3A+The+Brahmana+Hindu+Shahis+of+Afghanistan+and+the+Punjab+%28+C.840.-1026+CE%29&rft.pub=MLBD&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Mohan&rft.aufirst=R.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapidus2014" class="citation book cs1">Lapidus, I. M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkJpBAAAQBAJ">A History of Islamic Societies</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-99150-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-99150-6"><bdi>978-1-139-99150-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927082336/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkJpBAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Islamic+Societies&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-139-99150-6&rft.aulast=Lapidus&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZkJpBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayapalan2001" class="citation book cs1">Jayapalan, N. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC">History of India</a>. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-928-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-928-1"><bdi>978-81-7156-928-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927082336/https://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+India&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distributors+%28P%29+Limited&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7156-928-1&rft.aulast=Jayapalan&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6L6avTlqJNYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> —<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/mughals/">The Islamic World to 1600: Rise of the Great Islamic Empires (The Mughal Empire)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927121217/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/mughals/">Archived</a> 27 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mughal-dynasty">"Mughal Dynasty"</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224114251/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mughal-dynasty">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Mughal+Dynasty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FMughal-dynasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotdar1938" class="citation book cs1">Potdar, Datto Vaman (1938). All India Modern History Congress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+India+Modern+History+Congress&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Potdar&rft.aufirst=Datto+Vaman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton2014" class="citation book cs1">Melton, J. G. (2014). Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-026-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-026-3"><bdi>978-1-61069-026-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faiths+Across+Time%3A+5%2C000+Years+of+Religious+History&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-026-3&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJestice2004" class="citation book cs1">Jestice, Phyllis (2004). Holy people of the world: a cross-cultural encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-355-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-355-1"><bdi>978-1-57607-355-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57407318">57407318</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+people+of+the+world%3A+a+cross-cultural+encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57407318&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-355-1&rft.aulast=Jestice&rft.aufirst=Phyllis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatif1964" class="citation book cs1">Latif, Syad Muhammad (1964). The History of Punjab from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time. Eurasia Publishing House. p. 283.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Punjab+from+the+Remotest+Antiquity+to+the+Present+Time&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Eurasia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Latif&rft.aufirst=Syad+Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatia1998" class="citation book cs1">Bhatia, Sardar Singh (1998). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Volume IV. Punjabi University. p. 396.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism%2C+Volume+IV&rft.pages=396&rft.pub=Punjabi+University&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Bhatia&rft.aufirst=Sardar+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrewalJohnson1990" class="citation book cs1">Grewal, J. S.; Johnson, Gordon (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNuPAQAACAAJ">The Sikhs of the Punjab</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26884-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26884-4"><bdi>978-0-521-26884-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164803/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNuPAQAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+of+the+Punjab&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26884-4&rft.aulast=Grewal&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZNuPAQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham1853" class="citation book cs1">Cunningham, Joseph (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cunninghamshisto00cunnuoft">Cunningham's history of the Sikhs</a>. Retrieved 24 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cunningham%27s+history+of+the+Sikhs&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcunninghamshisto00cunnuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2009" class="citation journal cs1">Talbot, Ian (2009). "Partition of India: The Human Dimension". Cultural and Social History. 6 (4): 403–410. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2752%2F147800409X466254">10.2752/147800409X466254</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147110854">147110854</a>. <q>The number of casualties remains a matter of dispute, with figures being claimed that range from 200,000 to 2 million victims</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+and+Social+History&rft.atitle=Partition+of+India%3A+The+Human+Dimension&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E403-%3C%2Fspan%3E410&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2752%2F147800409X466254&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147110854%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Costa2011" class="citation book cs1">D'Costa, Bina (2011). Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia. Routledge. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415565660" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415565660"><bdi>978-0415565660</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationbuilding%2C+Gender+and+War+Crimes+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0415565660&rft.aulast=D%27Costa&rft.aufirst=Bina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButalia2000" class="citation book cs1">Butalia, Urvashi (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/b/butalia-silence.html">The Other Side of Silence: Voices From the Partition of India</a>. Duke University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325043612/https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/b/butalia-silence.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Side+of+Silence%3A+Voices+From+the+Partition+of+India&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Butalia&rft.aufirst=Urvashi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2Ffirst%2Fb%2Fbutalia-silence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSikand2004" class="citation book cs1">Sikand, Yoginder (2004). Muslims in India Since 1947: Islamic Perspectives on Inter-Faith Relations. Routledge. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134378258" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134378258"><bdi>978-1134378258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+India+Since+1947%3A+Islamic+Perspectives+on+Inter-Faith+Relations&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1134378258&rft.aulast=Sikand&rft.aufirst=Yoginder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/a-heritage-all-but-erased/">"A heritage all but erased"</a>. The Friday Times. 25 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220424215718/https://www.thefridaytimes.com/2015/12/25/a-heritage-all-but-erased/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Friday+Times&rft.atitle=A+heritage+all+but+erased&rft.date=2015-12-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefridaytimes.com%2Ftft%2Fa-heritage-all-but-erased%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-paul_brass_north_india-25"><a href="#cite_ref-paul_brass_north_india_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrass2005" class="citation book cs1">Brass, Paul R. (2005). Language, Religion and Politics in North India. iUniverse. p. 326. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-34394-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-34394-2"><bdi>978-0-595-34394-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+Religion+and+Politics+in+North+India&rft.pages=326&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-595-34394-2&rft.aulast=Brass&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cynthia_Taksal77-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Cynthia_Taksal77_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahmood1996" class="citation book cs1">Mahmood, Cynthia Keppley (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FqvTRUrwt2UC">Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812215922" title="Special:BookSources/9780812215922"><bdi>9780812215922</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409094156/https://books.google.com/books?id=FqvTRUrwt2UC">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+for+Faith+and+Nation%3A+Dialogues+with+Sikh+Militants&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780812215922&rft.aulast=Mahmood&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+Keppley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFqvTRUrwt2UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Punjabi_culture-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Punjabi_culture_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Punjabi_culture_27-1">b</a> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/how-punjab-became-home-to-indias-biggest-non-film-music-industry/articleshow/64898701.cms">"How Punjab became home to India's largest non-film music industry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a>. 8 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210811104433/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/how-punjab-became-home-to-indias-biggest-non-film-music-industry/articleshow/64898701.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Punjab+became+home+to+India%27s+largest+non-film+music+industry&rft.pub=The+Economic+Times&rft.date=2018-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fmagazines%2Fpanache%2Fhow-punjab-became-home-to-indias-biggest-non-film-music-industry%2Farticleshow%2F64898701.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tbsnews.net/glitz/why-punjabi-music-so-euphonic-76528">"Why Punjabi music is so euphonic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Standard" title="Business Standard">Business Standard</a>. 3 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200702213321/https://tbsnews.net/glitz/why-punjabi-music-so-euphonic-76528">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Punjabi+music+is+so+euphonic&rft.pub=Business+Standard&rft.date=2020-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftbsnews.net%2Fglitz%2Fwhy-punjabi-music-so-euphonic-76528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tbsnews.net/glitz/why-punjabi-music-so-euphonic-76528">"Everyone's a rockstar in Mohali, the city at the heart of a Punjabi music boom"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>. 8 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200702213321/https://tbsnews.net/glitz/why-punjabi-music-so-euphonic-76528">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Everyone%27s+a+rockstar+in+Mohali%2C+the+city+at+the+heart+of+a+Punjabi+music+boom&rft.pub=Hindustan+Times&rft.date=2019-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftbsnews.net%2Fglitz%2Fwhy-punjabi-music-so-euphonic-76528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717144150/http://www.filmfed.org/downloads/Language-wise-Region-2018-19-26062019.pdf">"Indian Films by Language"</a> (PDF). Film Federation of India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filmfed.org/downloads/Language-wise-Region-2018-19-26062019.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+Films+by+Language&rft.pub=Film+Federation+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmfed.org%2Fdownloads%2FLanguage-wise-Region-2018-19-26062019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/trying-to-get-film-city-for-chandigarh-soon-kirron-kher-114082500941_1.html">"Kirron Kher tries to get film city for Chandigarh"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141113120346/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/trying-to-get-film-city-for-chandigarh-soon-kirron-kher-114082500941_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kirron+Kher+tries+to+get+film+city+for+Chandigarh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fpti-stories%2Ftrying-to-get-film-city-for-chandigarh-soon-kirron-kher-114082500941_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/trying-to-get-film-city-for-chandigarh-soon-kirron-kher_160718.html">"Kirron Kher is trying to bring a film city to Chandigarh"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151031081944/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/trying-to-get-film-city-for-chandigarh-soon-kirron-kher_160718.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kirron+Kher+is+trying+to+bring+a+film+city+to+Chandigarh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzeenews.india.com%2Fentertainment%2Fcelebrity%2Ftrying-to-get-film-city-for-chandigarh-soon-kirron-kher_160718.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.desiblitz.com/content/globalisation-bhangra-music">"The Globalisation of Bhangra Music"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910160719/http://www.desiblitz.com/content/globalisation-bhangra-music">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Globalisation+of+Bhangra+Music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.desiblitz.com%2Fcontent%2Fglobalisation-bhangra-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/The-Bhangra-Breakdown-June-2014-Edition/articleshow/38063724.cms">"The Bhangra Breakdown – June 2014 Edition"</a>. June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128115332/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/The-Bhangra-Breakdown-June-2014-Edition/articleshow/38063724.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Bhangra+Breakdown+%E2%80%93+June+2014+Edition&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fpunjabi%2Fmusic%2FThe-Bhangra-Breakdown-June-2014-Edition%2Farticleshow%2F38063724.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_28-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_28-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_28-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_28-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_28-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_28-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_28-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2012" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&pg=PA257">Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 257–259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-659-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-659-1"><bdi>978-1-59884-659-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927082336/https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&pg=PA257">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+South+Asia+and+the+Pacific%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E257-%3C%2Fspan%3E259&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-659-1&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DabNDLZQ6quYC%26pg%3DPA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Buddha Parkash, Evolution of Heroic Tradition in Ancient Panjab, p 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Joshi, L. M., and Fauja Singh. History of Panjab, Vol I. p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Gavin (13 July 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anintroductiontohinduismgavinfloodd.oupseeotherbooks_355_z/page/37/mode/2up">An Introduction to Hinduism</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0"><bdi>978-0-521-43878-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996-07-13&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43878-0&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanintroductiontohinduismgavinfloodd.oupseeotherbooks_355_z%2Fpage%2F37%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler1874" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, James Talboys (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xSFGIqjWG14C&q=punjab">The History of India from the Earliest Ages: Hindu Buddhist Brahmanical revival</a>. N. Trübner. p. 330. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003135341/https://books.google.com/books?id=xSFGIqjWG14C&q=punjab">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022. <q>The Punjab, to say the least, was less Brahmanical. It was an ancient centre of the worship of Indra, who was always regarded as an enemy by the Bráhmans; and it was also a stronghold of Buddhism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+India+from+the+Earliest+Ages%3A+Hindu+Buddhist+Brahmanical+revival&rft.pages=330&rft.pub=N.+Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=James+Talboys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxSFGIqjWG14C%26q%3Dpunjab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2013" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, W. W. (5 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vdv7AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA80">The Indian Empire: Its People, History and Products</a>. Routledge. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-38301-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-38301-4"><bdi>978-1-136-38301-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221128002436/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vdv7AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA80">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022. <q>In the settlements of the Punjab, Indra thus advanced to the first place among the Vedic divinities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Empire%3A+Its+People%2C+History+and+Products&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft.isbn=978-1-136-38301-4&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=W.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVdv7AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirdee2018" class="citation book cs1">Virdee, Pippa (February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WYJIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24">From the Ashes of 1947</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42811-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42811-8"><bdi>978-1-108-42811-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164803/https://books.google.com/books?id=WYJIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023. <q>The Rig Veda and the Upanishads, which belonged to the Vedic religion, were a precursor of Hinduism, both of which were composed in Punjab.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Ashes+of+1947&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018-02&rft.isbn=978-1-108-42811-8&rft.aulast=Virdee&rft.aufirst=Pippa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWYJIDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_36-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_36-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_36-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_36-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_36-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_36-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_36-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1993" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, Albert Brian (1993). "The campaign of the Hydaspes". Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great. Cambridge University Press. pp. 125–130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+campaign+of+the+Hydaspes&rft.btitle=Conquest+and+Empire%3A+The+Reign+of+Alexander+the+Great&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E130&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=Albert+Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt2003" class="citation book cs1">Holt, Frank Lee (2003). Alexander the Great and the mystery of the elephant medallions. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great+and+the+mystery+of+the+elephant+medallions&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Frank+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Rogers, p.200 </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1993" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, Albert Brian (1993). "From the Hydaspes to the Southern Ocean". Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+the+Hydaspes+to+the+Southern+Ocean&rft.btitle=Conquest+and+Empire%3A+The+Reign+of+Alexander+the+Great&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=Albert+Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnson2013" class="citation book cs1">Anson, Edward M. (2013). Alexander the Great: Themes and Issues. Bloomsbury. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441193797" title="Special:BookSources/9781441193797"><bdi>9781441193797</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great%3A+Themes+and+Issues&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781441193797&rft.aulast=Anson&rft.aufirst=Edward+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy200423–28-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy200423–28_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoy2004">Roy 2004</a>, pp. 23–28. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRoy2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeckel2006" class="citation book cs1">Heckel, Waldemar (2006). Who's Who in the Age of Alexander the Great: Prosopography of Alexander's Empire. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405112109" title="Special:BookSources/9781405112109"><bdi>9781405112109</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+the+Age+of+Alexander+the+Great%3A+Prosopography+of+Alexander%27s+Empire&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781405112109&rft.aulast=Heckel&rft.aufirst=Waldemar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Irfan_Habib" title="Irfan Habib">Irfan Habib</a>; Vivekanand Jha (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nUvGQgAACAAJ">Mauryan India</a>. A People's History of India. Aligarh Historians Society / <a href="/wiki/Tulika_Books" title="Tulika Books">Tulika Books</a>. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85229-92-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85229-92-8"><bdi>978-81-85229-92-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mauryan+India&rft.series=A+People%27s+History+of+India&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Aligarh+Historians+Society+%2F+Tulika+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-85229-92-8&rft.au=Irfan+Habib&rft.au=Vivekanand+Jha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnUvGQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hazel_2013-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Hazel_2013_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazel2013" class="citation book cs1">Hazel, John (2013). Who's Who in the Greek World. Routledge. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134802241" title="Special:BookSources/9781134802241"><bdi>9781134802241</bdi></a>. <q>Menander king in India, known locally as Milinda, born at a village named Kalasi near Alasanda (Alexandria-in-the-Caucasus), and who was himself the son of a king. After conquering the Punjab, where he made Sagala his capital, he made an expedition across northern India and visited Patna, the capital of the Mauraya empire, though he did not succeed in conquering this land as he appears to have been overtaken by wars on the north-west frontier with Eucratides.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+the+Greek+World&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781134802241&rft.aulast=Hazel&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahir_1971-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Ahir_1971_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhir1971" class="citation book cs1">Ahir, D. C. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.49756">Buddhism in the Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh</a>. Maha Bodhi Society of India. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1288206">1288206</a>. <q>Demetrius died in 166 B.C., and Apollodotus, who was a near relation of the King died in 161 B.C. After his death, Menander carved out a kingdom in Punjab. Thus from 161 B.C. onward Menander was the ruler of Punjab till his death in 145 B.C. or 130 B.C.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+the+Punjab%2C+Haryana%2C+and+Himachal+Pradesh&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Maha+Bodhi+Society+of+India&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1288206&rft.aulast=Ahir&rft.aufirst=D.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.gov.ignca.49756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Menander-Indo-Greek-king">"Menander | Indo-Greek king"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220521113834/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Menander-Indo-Greek-king">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Menander+%7C+Indo-Greek+king&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FMenander-Indo-Greek-king&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxford2-48"><a href="#cite_ref-oxford2_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamboFarhadian2014" class="citation book cs1">Rambo, Lewis R.; Farhadian, Charles E. (6 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U03gAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA490">The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 489–491. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971354-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971354-7"><bdi>978-0-19-971354-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927082337/https://books.google.com/books?id=U03gAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA490#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2022. <q>First, Islam was introduced into the southern Punjab in the opening decades of the eighth century. By the sixteenth century, Muslims were the majority in the region and an elaborate network of mosques and mausoleums marked the landscape. Local converts constituted the majority of this Muslim community, and as far for the mechanisms of conversion, the sources of the period emphasize the recitation of the Islamic confession of faith (shahada), the performance of the circumsicion (indri vaddani), and the ingestion of cow-meat (bhas khana).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Religious+Conversion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E489-%3C%2Fspan%3E491&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014-03-06&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971354-7&rft.aulast=Rambo&rft.aufirst=Lewis+R.&rft.au=Farhadian%2C+Charles+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU03gAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChhabra1968" class="citation book cs1">Chhabra, G. S. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vF9DAAAAYAAJ">Advanced History of the Punjab: Guru and post-Guru period upto Ranjit Singh</a>. New Academic Publishing Company. p. 37. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927082337/https://books.google.com/books?id=vF9DAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+History+of+the+Punjab%3A+Guru+and+post-Guru+period+upto+Ranjit+Singh&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=New+Academic+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Chhabra&rft.aufirst=G.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvF9DAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehta1979" class="citation book cs1">Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&pg=PA76">Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India</a>. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-207-0617-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-207-0617-0"><bdi>978-81-207-0617-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927082342/https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&pg=PA76#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Study+in+the+History+of+Medieval+India&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-81-207-0617-0&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Jaswant+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiUk5k5AN54sC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200612–13-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200612–13_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh2006">Singh 2006</a>, pp. 12–13. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSingh2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal19986-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrewal19986_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrewal1998">Grewal 1998</a>, p. 6. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGrewal1998 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Almasy, Steve. 2018 [2012]. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition-m.cnn.com/2012/08/05/us/religion-what-is-a-sikh/index.html">Who are Sikhs and what do they believe?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326043425/https://edition-m.cnn.com/2012/08/05/us/religion-what-is-a-sikh/index.html">Archived</a> 26 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" <a href="/wiki/CNN_International" title="CNN International">CNN International</a>. US: <a href="/wiki/Turner_Broadcasting_System" title="Turner Broadcasting System">Turner Broadcasting System</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nesbitt2005-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Nesbitt2005_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNesbitt2005" class="citation book cs1">Nesbitt, Eleanor M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fvTK_CfkeasC">Sikhism: a very short introduction</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 21–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280601-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280601-7"><bdi>978-0-19-280601-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927082839/https://books.google.com/books?id=fvTK_CfkeasC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+a+very+short+introduction&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280601-7&rft.aulast=Nesbitt&rft.aufirst=Eleanor+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfvTK_CfkeasC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nirbhai_Singh_1990_1–3-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Nirbhai_Singh_1990_1–3_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1990" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Nirbhai (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philosophyofsikh0000nirb/page/n26">Philosophy of Sikhi: Reality and Its Manifestations</a>. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers. pp. 1–3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+Sikhi%3A+Reality+and+Its+Manifestations&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Nirbhai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphilosophyofsikh0000nirb%2Fpage%2Fn26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Opinderjit_Kaur_Takhar_2016_147-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Opinderjit_Kaur_Takhar_2016_147_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakhar2016" class="citation book cs1">Takhar, Opinderjit Kaur (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UaeoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT147">Sikh Identity: An Exploration of Groups Among Sikhs</a>. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-90010-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-90010-2"><bdi>978-1-351-90010-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Identity%3A+An+Exploration+of+Groups+Among+Sikhs&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+England&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-351-90010-2&rft.aulast=Takhar&rft.aufirst=Opinderjit+Kaur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUaeoDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1991" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Khushwant (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3i_htgAACAAJ">A History of the Sikhs: Vol. 1. 1469–1839</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Sikhs%3A+Vol.+1.+1469%E2%80%931839&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3i_htgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh2008-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Singh2008_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pritam (2008). Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-04945-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-04945-5"><bdi>978-1-134-04945-5</bdi></a>. <q>A large number of Hindu and Muslim peasants converted to Sikhism from conviction, fear, economic motives, or a combination of the three (Khushwant Singh 1999: 106; Ganda Singh 1935: 73).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federalism%2C+Nationalism+and+Development%3A+India+and+the+Punjab+Economy&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+England&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-134-04945-5&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pritam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pashauraarjan-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pashauraarjan_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pashauraarjan_60-1">b</a> Pashaura Singh (2005), Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan, Journal of Punjab Studies, 12(1), pp. 29–62 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghFenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ">The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 236–238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8"><bdi>978-0-19-969930-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230811005306/https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E236-%3C%2Fspan%3E238&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969930-8&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pashaura&rft.au=Fenech%2C+Louis+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8I0NAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenech2001" class="citation journal cs1">Fenech, Louis E. (2001). "Martyrdom and the Execution of Guru Arjan in Early Sikh Sources". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 121 (1): 20–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F606726">10.2307/606726</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/606726">606726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Martyrdom+and+the+Execution+of+Guru+Arjan+in+Early+Sikh+Sources&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F606726&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F606726%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenech1997" class="citation journal cs1">Fenech, Louis E. (1997). "Martyrdom and the Sikh Tradition". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 117 (4): 623–642. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F606445">10.2307/606445</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/606445">606445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Martyrdom+and+the+Sikh+Tradition&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E623-%3C%2Fspan%3E642&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F606445&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F606445%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLeod1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Hewat_McLeod" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hewat McLeod">McLeod, Hew</a> (1999). "Sikhs and Muslims in the Punjab". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 22 (sup001): 155–165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00856408708723379">10.1080/00856408708723379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asia%3A+Journal+of+South+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Sikhs+and+Muslims+in+the+Punjab&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=sup001&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E165&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00856408708723379&rft.aulast=McLeod&rft.aufirst=Hew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gandhi-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Gandhi_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2008" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Surjit Singh (1 February 2008). History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–1708. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers. pp. 676–677. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0857-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0857-8"><bdi>978-81-269-0857-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Sikh+Gurus+Retold%3A+1606%E2%80%931708&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E676-%3C%2Fspan%3E677&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers&rft.date=2008-02-01&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0857-8&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Surjit+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chanchreek_2007_142-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Chanchreek_2007_142_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanchreek2007" class="citation book cs1">Chanchreek, Jain (2007). Encyclopaedia of Great Festivals. Shree Publishers. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8329-191-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8329-191-0"><bdi>978-81-8329-191-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Great+Festivals&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Shree+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-8329-191-0&rft.aulast=Chanchreek&rft.aufirst=Jain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dugga_2001_33-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Dugga_2001_33_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDugga2001" class="citation book cs1">Dugga, Kartar (2001). Maharaja Ranjit Singh: The Last to Lay Arms. Abhinav Publications. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-410-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-410-3"><bdi>978-81-7017-410-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maharaja+Ranjit+Singh%3A+The+Last+to+Lay+Arms&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-410-3&rft.aulast=Dugga&rft.aufirst=Kartar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenechMcLeod2014" class="citation book cs1">Fenech, Louis E; McLeod, W.H. (11 June 2014). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism (3 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442236011" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442236011"><bdi>978-1442236011</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=162&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014-06-11&rft.isbn=978-1442236011&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E&rft.au=McLeod%2C+W.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJestice2004345–346-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJestice2004345–346_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJestice2004">Jestice 2004</a>, pp. 345–346. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDE822/">"Ranjit Singh: A Secular Sikh Sovereign by K.S. Duggal. (Date:1989. ISBN 8170172446)"</a>. Exoticindiaart.com. 3 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226032504/https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDE822/%20/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ranjit+Singh%3A+A+Secular+Sikh+Sovereign+by+K.S.+Duggal.+%28Date%3A1989.+ISBN+8170172446%29&rft.pub=Exoticindiaart.com&rft.date=2015-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exoticindiaart.com%2Fbook%2Fdetails%2FIDE822%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2014" class="citation web cs1">Gupta, Hari Ram (14 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280260">"History of Sikhs 1739–1768"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Sikhs+1739%E2%80%931768&rft.date=2014-08-14&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Hari+Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.280260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition_1911_Page_892-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition_1911_Page_892_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ranjit_Singh">"Ranjit Singh" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 892.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ranjit+Singh&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=892&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grewal2-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Grewal2_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrewal1990" class="citation book cs1">Grewal, J. S. (1990). "6: The Sikh empire (1799–1849)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC">The Sikhs of the Punjab</a>. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-63764-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-63764-3"><bdi>0-521-63764-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927082839/https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6%3A+The+Sikh+empire+%281799%E2%80%931849%29&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+of+the+Punjab&rft.series=The+New+Cambridge+History+of+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-521-63764-3&rft.aulast=Grewal&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2_nryFANsoYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA2-74"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA2_74-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Amarinder_Singh" title="Amarinder Singh">Amarinder Singh</a>'s The Last Sunset: The Rise and Fall of the Lahore Durbar </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManning2020" class="citation book cs1">Manning, Stephen (30 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sNveDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9">Bayonet to Barrage Weaponry on the Victorian Battlefield</a>. Pen & Sword Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781526777249" title="Special:BookSources/9781526777249"><bdi>9781526777249</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164802/https://books.google.com/books?id=sNveDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. <q>The Sikh kingdom expanded from Tibet in the east to Kashmir in the west and from Sind in the south to the Khyber Pass in the north, an area of 200,000 square miles</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bayonet+to+Barrage+Weaponry+on+the+Victorian+Battlefield&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Books+Limited&rft.date=2020-09-30&rft.isbn=9781526777249&rft.aulast=Manning&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsNveDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarczewski2016" class="citation book cs1">Barczewski, Stephanie (22 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ixd8CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89">Heroic Failure and the British</a>. Yale University Press. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300186819" title="Special:BookSources/9780300186819"><bdi>9780300186819</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164802/https://books.google.com/books?id=ixd8CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. <q>..the Sikh state encompassed over 200,000 square miles (518,000 sq km)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heroic+Failure+and+the+British&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016-03-22&rft.isbn=9780300186819&rft.aulast=Barczewski&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dixd8CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhilani1972" class="citation book cs1">Khilani, N. M. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fGEDAAAAMAAJ&q=punjab+of+over+200,000+square+miles+khilnani">British power in the Punjab, 1839–1858</a>. Asia Publishing House. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780210271872" title="Special:BookSources/9780210271872"><bdi>9780210271872</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405041653/https://books.google.com/books?id=fGEDAAAAMAAJ&q=punjab+of+over+200,000+square+miles+khilnani">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. <q>..into existence a kingdom of the Punjab of over 200,000 square miles</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+power+in+the+Punjab%2C+1839%E2%80%931858&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Asia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780210271872&rft.aulast=Khilani&rft.aufirst=N.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfGEDAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dpunjab%2Bof%2Bover%2B200%2C000%2Bsquare%2Bmiles%2Bkhilnani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hibb_19802-78"><a href="#cite_ref-hibb_19802_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibbert1980" class="citation book cs1">Hibbert, Christopher (1980). The great mutiny: India 1857. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-004752-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-004752-3"><bdi>978-0-14-004752-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+great+mutiny%3A+India+1857&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-14-004752-3&rft.aulast=Hibbert&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto12-79"><a href="#cite_ref-auto12_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArielliCollins2012" class="citation book cs1">Arielli, N.; Collins, B. (28 November 2012). Transnational Soldiers: Foreign Military Enlistment in the Modern Era. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137296634" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137296634"><bdi>978-1137296634</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transnational+Soldiers%3A+Foreign+Military+Enlistment+in+the+Modern+Era&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012-11-28&rft.isbn=978-1137296634&rft.aulast=Arielli&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Collins%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Punjab_and_the_Raj,_1849-1947-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Punjab_and_the_Raj,_1849-1947_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Punjab_and_the_Raj,_1849-1947_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Punjab_and_the_Raj,_1849-1947_80-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot1988" class="citation book cs1">Talbot, Ian (1988). Punjab and the Raj, 1849–1947. Riverdale Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0913215287" title="Special:BookSources/0913215287"><bdi>0913215287</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punjab+and+the+Raj%2C+1849%E2%80%931947&rft.pub=Riverdale+Company&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0913215287&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal1990131-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrewal1990131_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrewal1990">Grewal 1990</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal1990128–129-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrewal1990128–129_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrewal1990">Grewal 1990</a>, pp. 128–129. </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated542-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated542_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated542_83-1">b</a> Pritam Singh, Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy, Routledge, 19 February 2008, p.54 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanKudaisya2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tan_Tai_Yong" title="Tan Tai Yong">Tan, Tai Yong</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gyanesh_Kudaisya" title="Gyanesh Kudaisya">Kudaisya, Gyanesh</a> (2005) [First published in 2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O5zEtBxk72wC&pg=PA100">The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia</a>. Routledge. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28908-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28908-5"><bdi>978-0-415-28908-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128115331/https://books.google.com/books?id=O5zEtBxk72wC&pg=PA100">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2016. <q>In March 1930 the All-India Muslim League passed its famous Lahore Resolution, demanding the creation of a separate state from Muslim majority areas in India ... [it] sparked off an enormous furore amongst the Sikhs in the Punjab ... the professed intention of the Muslim League to impose a Muslim state on the Punjab (a Muslim majority province) was anathema to the Sikhs ... Sikhs launched a virulent campaign against the Lahore Resolution.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aftermath+of+Partition+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-28908-5&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Tai+Yong&rft.au=Kudaisya%2C+Gyanesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO5zEtBxk72wC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pap.gov.pk/uploads/previous_members/S-1946-1947.htm">"Punjab Legislative Assembly 1946"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170207162416/http://www.pap.gov.pk/uploads/previous_members/S-1946-1947.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Punjab+Legislative+Assembly+1946&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pap.gov.pk%2Fuploads%2Fprevious_members%2FS-1946-1947.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson2018188–189-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson2018188–189_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyson2018">Dyson 2018</a>, pp. 188–189. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDyson2018 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Tribune_News2018" class="citation web cs1">The Tribune News (2 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/punjab-day-celebrated/677569.html">"Punjab Day celebrated"</a>. The Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191104135205/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/punjab-day-celebrated/677569.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=Punjab+Day+celebrated&rft.date=2018-11-02&rft.au=The+Tribune+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Fludhiana%2Fpunjab-day-celebrated%2F677569.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao2019" class="citation web cs1">Rao, Madhu (1 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatvnews.com/fyi/rajyotsava-indian-states-formation-day-november-1-560506">"Formation day: These Indian states were formed on November 1"</a>. India TV. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210930235413/https://www.indiatvnews.com/fyi/rajyotsava-indian-states-formation-day-november-1-560506">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+TV&rft.atitle=Formation+day%3A+These+Indian+states+were+formed+on+November+1&rft.date=2019-11-01&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Madhu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatvnews.com%2Ffyi%2Frajyotsava-indian-states-formation-day-november-1-560506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_89-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_89-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJetly2008" class="citation journal cs1">Jetly, Rajshree (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41421658">"THE KHALISTAN MOVEMENT IN INDIA: The Interplay of Politics and State Power"</a>. International Review of Modern Sociology. 34 (1): 61–75. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0973-2047">0973-2047</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41421658">41421658</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409031644/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41421658">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+Modern+Sociology&rft.atitle=THE+KHALISTAN+MOVEMENT+IN+INDIA%3A+The+Interplay+of+Politics+and+State+Power&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41421658%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0973-2047&rft.aulast=Jetly&rft.aufirst=Rajshree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41421658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJodhka2001" class="citation journal cs1">Jodhka, Surinder S. (2001). Purewal, Shinder; Puri, H. K.; Judge, P. S.; Shekhon, J. S.; Singh, Gurharpal; Singh, Pritam; Thandi, Shinder Singh (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4410511">"Looking Back at the Khalistan Movement: Some Recent Researches on Its Rise and Decline"</a>. Economic and Political Weekly. 36 (16): 1311–1318. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9976">0012-9976</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4410511">4410511</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230518002114/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4410511">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Looking+Back+at+the+Khalistan+Movement%3A+Some+Recent+Researches+on+Its+Rise+and+Decline&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1311-%3C%2Fspan%3E1318&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4410511%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0012-9976&rft.aulast=Jodhka&rft.aufirst=Surinder+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4410511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_91-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirajDashtiAhmad2023" class="citation journal cs1">Siraj, Dr Uzma; Dashti, Dr Asghar Ali; Ahmad, Dr Mamnoon (19 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/15253">"The Transformation Of Ethno-Nationalist Movements Into Secessionist Movements: A Case Study Of The Khalistan Movement"</a>. Journal of Positive School Psychology: 743–752. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2717-7564">2717-7564</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230518004853/https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/15253">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2023. 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Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215183441/https://www.britannica.com/place/India/Sikh-separatism">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Sikh+separatism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FIndia%2FSikh-separatism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_93-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111106125012/http://punjabgovt.gov.in/StateProfile.aspx">"State Profile – About Punjab"</a>. Punjab Government. 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Retrieved 1 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=%27Nanak+jungles%27+to+increase+state%27s+green+cover&rft.date=2019-07-01&rft.aulast=Banerji&rft.aufirst=Aparna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Farchive%2Fpunjab%2F-nanak-jungles-to-increase-state-s-green-cover-795601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2019" class="citation news cs1">Sharma, Seema (22 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/punjabs-native-tree-species-disappearing-from-forest-areas-expert/articleshow/68505578.cms">"Punjab's native tree species disappearing from forest areas: Expert"</a>. The Times of India. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257">0971-8257</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230501204622/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/punjabs-native-tree-species-disappearing-from-forest-areas-expert/articleshow/68505578.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Punjab%27s+native+tree+species+disappearing+from+forest+areas%3A+Expert&rft.date=2019-03-22&rft.issn=0971-8257&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Seema&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchandigarh%2Fpunjabs-native-tree-species-disappearing-from-forest-areas-expert%2Farticleshow%2F68505578.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZutshi2018" class="citation news cs1">Zutshi, Minna (23 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/ludhiana/ludhiana-s-dhak-forest-a-treat-for-nature-lovers-593519">"Ludhiana's Dhak Forest a treat for nature lovers"</a>. The Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230501210332/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/ludhiana/ludhiana-s-dhak-forest-a-treat-for-nature-lovers-593519">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=Ludhiana%27s+Dhak+Forest+a+treat+for+nature+lovers&rft.date=2018-05-23&rft.aulast=Zutshi&rft.aufirst=Minna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Farchive%2Fludhiana%2Fludhiana-s-dhak-forest-a-treat-for-nature-lovers-593519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/24-gharials-released-into-beas-346745">"24 gharials released into Beas"</a>. The Tribune. 6 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230501195135/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/24-gharials-released-into-beas-346745">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=24+gharials+released+into+Beas&rft.date=2021-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Fpunjab%2F24-gharials-released-into-beas-346745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2020" class="citation web cs1">Gupta, Vivek (7 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://india.mongabay.com/2020/12/gharials-bounce-back-in-punjab-but-the-real-test-is-breeding/">"Gharials bounce back in Punjab but the real test is breeding"</a>. Mongabay-India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230501195136/https://india.mongabay.com/2020/12/gharials-bounce-back-in-punjab-but-the-real-test-is-breeding/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mongabay-India&rft.atitle=Gharials+bounce+back+in+Punjab+but+the+real+test+is+breeding&rft.date=2020-12-07&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Vivek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findia.mongabay.com%2F2020%2F12%2Fgharials-bounce-back-in-punjab-but-the-real-test-is-breeding%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasudeva2021" class="citation news cs1">Vasudeva, Vikas (18 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/reintroduced-gharials-thriving-in-beas-reserve-experts/article37986822.ece">"Reintroduced gharials thriving in Beas reserve: experts"</a>. The Hindu. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230501195135/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/reintroduced-gharials-thriving-in-beas-reserve-experts/article37986822.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Reintroduced+gharials+thriving+in+Beas+reserve%3A+experts&rft.date=2021-12-18&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Vasudeva&rft.aufirst=Vikas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fsci-tech%2Fenergy-and-environment%2Freintroduced-gharials-thriving-in-beas-reserve-experts%2Farticle37986822.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuri2022" class="citation web cs1">Puri, Gurbax (16 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/harike-an-abode-for-birds-rare-indus-dolphins-386808">"Tarn Taran diary: Harike, an abode for birds, rare Indus dolphins"</a>. The Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230501193456/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/harike-an-abode-for-birds-rare-indus-dolphins-386808">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=Tarn+Taran+diary%3A+Harike%2C+an+abode+for+birds%2C+rare+Indus+dolphins&rft.date=2022-04-16&rft.aulast=Puri&rft.aufirst=Gurbax&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Famritsar%2Fharike-an-abode-for-birds-rare-indus-dolphins-386808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto13-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto13_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto13_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoveredindia.com/punjab/the-green-granary-of-india/flora-and-fauna-of-punjab.htm">"Animals and Birds in Punjab"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151210182308/http://www.discoveredindia.com/punjab/the-green-granary-of-india/flora-and-fauna-of-punjab.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Animals+and+Birds+in+Punjab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoveredindia.com%2Fpunjab%2Fthe-green-granary-of-india%2Fflora-and-fauna-of-punjab.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasuluSrinivasulu2012" class="citation book cs1">Srinivasulu, C.; Srinivasulu, Bhargavi (2012). South Asian mammals: their diversity, distribution, and status. New York, NY: Springer. p. 364. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-3449-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-3449-8"><bdi>978-1-4614-3449-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/794056010">794056010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+mammals%3A+their+diversity%2C+distribution%2C+and+status&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=364&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F794056010&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-3449-8&rft.aulast=Srinivasulu&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Srinivasulu%2C+Bhargavi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._N._PandeyG._K._Kulkarni2006" class="citation book cs1">B. 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Corp. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-313-0042-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-313-0042-0"><bdi>81-313-0042-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/297209812">297209812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biodiversity+and+environment&rft.btitle=National+Symposium+on+Recent+Advances+in+Animal+Research+with+Special+Emphasis+on+Invertebrates&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=A+P+H+Pub.+Corp&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F297209812&rft.isbn=81-313-0042-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasudeva2019" class="citation news cs1">Vasudeva, Vikas (17 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/caught-down-the-wire-punjabs-blackbuck-fight-for-existence/article26297808.ece">"Caught down the wire: Punjab's blackbuck fight for existence"</a>. The Hindu. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230313193614/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/caught-down-the-wire-punjabs-blackbuck-fight-for-existence/article26297808.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Caught+down+the+wire%3A+Punjab%27s+blackbuck+fight+for+existence&rft.date=2019-02-17&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Vasudeva&rft.aufirst=Vikas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fsci-tech%2Fenergy-and-environment%2Fcaught-down-the-wire-punjabs-blackbuck-fight-for-existence%2Farticle26297808.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/lost-in-flight-state-bird-of-punjab-missing-from-the-state/story-SRHFwdiPKInSobd1xHoulL.html">"Lost in flight: State bird of Punjab missing from the state!"</a>. Hindustan Times. 14 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114050205/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/lost-in-flight-state-bird-of-punjab-missing-from-the-state/story-SRHFwdiPKInSobd1xHoulL.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Lost+in+flight%3A+State+bird+of+Punjab+missing+from+the+state%21&rft.date=2017-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fpunjab%2Flost-in-flight-state-bird-of-punjab-missing-from-the-state%2Fstory-SRHFwdiPKInSobd1xHoulL.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB2-124"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB2_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111106125012/http://punjabgovt.gov.in/StateProfile.aspx">"State Profile – About Punjab"</a>. Punjab Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://punjabgovt.gov.in/StateProfile.aspx">the original</a> on 6 November 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+Profile+%E2%80%93+About+Punjab&rft.pub=Punjab+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpunjabgovt.gov.in%2FStateProfile.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-punjab1881-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-punjab1881_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-punjab1881_125-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057656">"Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. I."</a> 1881. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057656">saoa.crl.25057656</a>. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1881+Report+on+the+Census+of+the+Panj%C3%A1b+Taken+on+the+17th+of+February+1881%2C+vol.+I.&rft.date=1881&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25057656%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25057656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-punjab1881B-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-punjab1881B_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-punjab1881B_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057657">"Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II"</a>. 1881. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057657">saoa.crl.25057657</a>. 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Retrieved 12 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.gov.in&rft.atitle=District_wise+Population+served+per+Nurse+in+Punjab+from+1968+to+2018+%28April+to+March%29&rft.date=2022-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpunjab.data.gov.in%2Fresource%2Fdistrictwise-population-served-nurse-punjab-1968-2018-april-march&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pop_served_by_Midwives-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pop_served_by_Midwives_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pop_served_by_Midwives_235-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://punjab.data.gov.in/resource/districtwise-population-served-midwife-punjab-1968-2018-april-march">"District_wise Population served per Midwife in Punjab from 1968 to 2018 (April to March)"</a>. data.gov.in. 21 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230812124529/https://punjab.data.gov.in/resource/districtwise-population-served-midwife-punjab-1968-2018-april-march">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.gov.in&rft.atitle=District_wise+Population+served+per+Midwife+in+Punjab+from+1968+to+2018+%28April+to+March%29&rft.date=2022-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpunjab.data.gov.in%2Fresource%2Fdistrictwise-population-served-midwife-punjab-1968-2018-april-march&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bed_1968_to_2018-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bed_1968_to_2018_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bed_1968_to_2018_236-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://punjab.data.gov.in/resource/district-wise-population-served-bed-punjab-1968-2018-april-march">"District-wise Population served per bed in Punjab from 1968 to 2018 (April to March)"</a>. data.gov.in. 21 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230812144847/https://punjab.data.gov.in/resource/district-wise-population-served-bed-punjab-1968-2018-april-march">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.gov.in&rft.atitle=District-wise+Population+served+per+bed+in+Punjab+from+1968+to+2018+%28April+to+March%29&rft.date=2022-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpunjab.data.gov.in%2Fresource%2Fdistrict-wise-population-served-bed-punjab-1968-2018-april-march&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-41360801">"BBC launches new Indian services"</a>. 2 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210930235413/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-41360801">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BBC+launches+new+Indian+services&rft.date=2017-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-41360801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/news-broadcasting/anns-abp-sanjha-bbc-global-news-india-granted-tv-channel-licences-by-mib-190410">"ANN's ABP Sanjha, BBC Global News India granted TV channel licences by MIB"</a>. Indian Television Dot Com. 10 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211001000918/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/news-broadcasting/anns-abp-sanjha-bbc-global-news-india-granted-tv-channel-licences-by-mib-190410">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+Television+Dot+Com&rft.atitle=ANN%27s+ABP+Sanjha%2C+BBC+Global+News+India+granted+TV+channel+licences+by+MIB&rft.date=2019-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiantelevision.com%2Ftelevision%2Ftv-channels%2Fnews-broadcasting%2Fanns-abp-sanjha-bbc-global-news-india-granted-tv-channel-licences-by-mib-190410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Punjabi_news-239"><a href="#cite_ref-Punjabi_news_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151225163130/http://www.globalpunjabtv.com/Default/AboutUs">"About Us"</a>. Punjabi News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpunjabtv.com/Default/AboutUs">the original</a> on 25 December 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.pub=Punjabi+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalpunjabtv.com%2FDefault%2FAboutUs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/news-broadcasting/network18-to-launch-news18-bharat-180414">"Network18 to launch News18 Bharat"</a>. Indian Television Dot Com. 14 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210929194037/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/news-broadcasting/network18-to-launch-news18-bharat-180414">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+Television+Dot+Com&rft.atitle=Network18+to+launch+News18+Bharat&rft.date=2018-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiantelevision.com%2Ftelevision%2Ftv-channels%2Fnews-broadcasting%2Fnetwork18-to-launch-news18-bharat-180414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/music-and-youth/itv-network-readies-punjabi-music-channel-180524">"ITV Network readies Punjabi music channel"</a>. Indian Television Dot Com. 24 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210930040555/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/music-and-youth/itv-network-readies-punjabi-music-channel-180524">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+Television+Dot+Com&rft.atitle=ITV+Network+readies+Punjabi+music+channel&rft.date=2018-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiantelevision.com%2Ftelevision%2Ftv-channels%2Fmusic-and-youth%2Fitv-network-readies-punjabi-music-channel-180524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/ludhiana-becomes-first-city-punjab-get-fm-radio-channel">"FM Gold Ludhiana"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170121234744/http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/ludhiana-becomes-first-city-punjab-get-fm-radio-channel">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=FM+Gold+Ludhiana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radioandmusic.com%2Fcontent%2Feditorial%2Fnews%2Fludhiana-becomes-first-city-punjab-get-fm-radio-channel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lohrifestival.org/harvest-festival-of-punjab.html">"Harvest Festival of Punjab, Harvest Festival Lohri, Cultural Festival of India, Harvest Festival in India"</a>. Lohrifestival.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100709202800/http://www.lohrifestival.org/harvest-festival-of-punjab.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harvest+Festival+of+Punjab%2C+Harvest+Festival+Lohri%2C+Cultural+Festival+of+India%2C+Harvest+Festival+in+India&rft.pub=Lohrifestival.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lohrifestival.org%2Fharvest-festival-of-punjab.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brantnews.com/news-story/5680153-sikh-festival-celebrates-women-and-girls">"Sikh festival celebrates women and girls"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170714102644/https://www.brantnews.com/news-story/5680153-sikh-festival-celebrates-women-and-girls/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sikh+festival+celebrates+women+and+girls&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brantnews.com%2Fnews-story%2F5680153-sikh-festival-celebrates-women-and-girls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kamloopsthisweek.com/celebrate-mothers-again">"Celebrate mothers again"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128115331/http://www.kamloopsthisweek.com/celebrate-mothers-again/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Celebrate+mothers+again&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kamloopsthisweek.com%2Fcelebrate-mothers-again&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appeal-democrat.com/news/girl-power-on-display-at-teeyan-da-mela-festival/article_cdc6df48-319f-11e4-aee5-0017a43b2370.html">"Girl power on display at Teeyan da Mela festival"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211003085738/https://www.appeal-democrat.com/news/girl-power-on-display-at-teeyan-da-mela-festival/article_cdc6df48-319f-11e4-aee5-0017a43b2370.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Girl+power+on+display+at+Teeyan+da+Mela+festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.appeal-democrat.com%2Fnews%2Fgirl-power-on-display-at-teeyan-da-mela-festival%2Farticle_cdc6df48-319f-11e4-aee5-0017a43b2370.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFFarinaMir-247"><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFFarinaMir_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMir" class="citation web cs1">Mir, Farina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/depts/cdeisi/abstracts.html">"Representations of Piety and Community in Late-nineteenth-century Punjabi Qisse"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070812143426/http://www.unc.edu/depts/cdeisi/abstracts.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Representations+of+Piety+and+Community+in+Late-nineteenth-century+Punjabi+Qisse&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.aulast=Mir&rft.aufirst=Farina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unc.edu%2Fdepts%2Fcdeisi%2Fabstracts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/was-it-a-sikh-wedding-for-shahid-kapoor-and-mira-rajput-view-pic">"was-it-a-sikh-wedding"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224234905/http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/was-it-a-sikh-wedding-for-shahid-kapoor-and-mira-rajput-view-pic/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=was-it-a-sikh-wedding&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bollywoodlife.com%2Fnews-gossip%2Fwas-it-a-sikh-wedding-for-shahid-kapoor-and-mira-rajput-view-pic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/sikh-groom-thrown-from-horse-during-wedding-procession-in-surrey-1.3162639">"Sikh groom thrown from horse during wedding procession in Surrey"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161226230027/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/sikh-groom-thrown-from-horse-during-wedding-procession-in-surrey-1.3162639">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sikh+groom+thrown+from+horse+during+wedding+procession+in+Surrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fbritish-columbia%2Fsikh-groom-thrown-from-horse-during-wedding-procession-in-surrey-1.3162639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Royal_Book_Company-250"><a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Book_Company_250-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rRYZAQAAIAAJ&q=bhangra+pakistan">Pakistan almanac, Volumes 2001–2002</a>. Royal Book Company. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511203833/http://books.google.com/books?id=rRYZAQAAIAAJ&q=bhangra+pakistan&dq=bhangra+pakistan&lr=&cd=1">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2007. <q>Bhangra refers to both a traditional dance and a form of music invented in the 1980s. Bhangra, the Punjabi folk dance that has become popular all over the world. Punjabi folk songs have been integral part of fertile provinces</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+almanac%2C+Volumes+2001%E2%80%932002&rft.pub=Royal+Book+Company&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrRYZAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dbhangra%2Bpakistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhangra.org/about/bhangra-history/">Bhangra History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101217192946/http://www.bhangra.org/about/bhangra-history/">Archived</a> 17 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Bhangra.org. Retrieved on 18 January 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashgate-252"><a href="#cite_ref-Ashgate_252-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sMnZAAAAMAAJ&q=bhangra+pakistan">Social control and deviance: a South Asian community in Scotland</a>. Ashgate. 1 January 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781840145885" title="Special:BookSources/9781840145885"><bdi>9781840145885</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511203826/http://books.google.com/books?id=sMnZAAAAMAAJ&q=bhangra+pakistan&dq=bhangra+pakistan&lr=&cd=12">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2007. <q>The whole institution of the Bhangra and its related processes are clearly an expression of Indian/Pakistan culture in a Western setting.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+control+and+deviance%3A+a+South+Asian+community+in+Scotland&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.isbn=9781840145885&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsMnZAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dbhangra%2Bpakistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080920082514/http://www.punjabilok.com/pakistan/pak_punjab.htm">Pakistan Punjab</a>, Punjabilok.com; retrieved 18 January 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190506131449/http://tns.thenews.com.pk/talking-punjabi/">"Talking Punjabi"</a>. TNS – The News on Sunday. 28 April 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tns.thenews.com.pk/talking-punjabi/">the original</a> on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TNS+%E2%80%93+The+News+on+Sunday&rft.atitle=Talking+Punjabi&rft.date=2019-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftns.thenews.com.pk%2Ftalking-punjabi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2017" class="citation book cs1">Roy, AnjaliGera (5 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tCgxDwAAQBAJ&q=Dhamaal+Bhangra+Giddha+Dhola+Sammi&pg=PT199">Bhangra Moves: From Ludhiana to London and Beyond</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351573993" title="Special:BookSources/9781351573993"><bdi>9781351573993</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927083346/https://books.google.com/books?id=tCgxDwAAQBAJ&q=Dhamaal+Bhangra+Giddha+Dhola+Sammi&pg=PT199#v=snippet&q=Dhamaal%20Bhangra%20Giddha%20Dhola%20Sammi&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhangra+Moves%3A+From+Ludhiana+to+London+and+Beyond&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-07-05&rft.isbn=9781351573993&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=AnjaliGera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtCgxDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DDhamaal%2BBhangra%2BGiddha%2BDhola%2BSammi%26pg%3DPT199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/punjab-storybooks-syllables-that-bind-5432998/">"Syllables that Bind"</a>. The Indian Express. 4 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210929192534/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/punjab-storybooks-syllables-that-bind-5432998/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Syllables+that+Bind&rft.date=2018-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Flifestyle%2Fbooks%2Fpunjab-storybooks-syllables-that-bind-5432998%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deccanherald.com/content/489064/punjabi-folk-mingles-age-music.html">"Punjabi folk mingles with new-age music"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128115331/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/489064/punjabi-folk-mingles-age-music.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Punjabi+folk+mingles+with+new-age+music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2F489064%2Fpunjabi-folk-mingles-age-music.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/923357/revisiting-punjabi-classics">"Revisiting Punjabi classics"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150728033156/http://tribune.com.pk/story/923357/revisiting-punjabi-classics/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Revisiting+Punjabi+classics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F923357%2Frevisiting-punjabi-classics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065550/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/entertainment/10-Jul-2015/tappa-gift-to-punjab-s-classical-music">"Tappa – gift to Punjab's classical music"</a>. 10 July 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/entertainment/10-Jul-2015/tappa-gift-to-punjab-s-classical-music">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tappa+%E2%80%93+gift+to+Punjab%27s+classical+music&rft.date=2015-07-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytimes.com.pk%2Fentertainment%2F10-Jul-2015%2Ftappa-gift-to-punjab-s-classical-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/punjab-s-forgotten-notes-of-history/61985.html">"Strange as it may sound, all art forms need political support to grow. The communal upheaval that engulfed the Punjab region in 1947 forced migration of the well-established Muslim artistes from this region. This resulted in i mpoverishment of the rich traditions of classical music"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150711175704/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/punjab-s-forgotten-notes-of-history/61985.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Strange+as+it+may+sound%2C+all+art+forms+need+political+support+to+grow.+The+communal+upheaval+that+engulfed+the+Punjab+region+in+1947+forced+migration+of+the+well-established+Muslim+artistes+from+this+region.+This+resulted+in+i+mpoverishment+of+the+rich+traditions+of+classical+music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Fcomment%2Fpunjab-s-forgotten-notes-of-history%2F61985.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505114133/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/A-Classical-Rendition-you-Cannot-Miss/2015/07/17/article2923952.ece">"A Classical Rendition you Cannot Miss"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/A-Classical-Rendition-you-Cannot-Miss/2015/07/17/article2923952.ece">the original</a> on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Classical+Rendition+you+Cannot+Miss&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fcities%2Fhyderabad%2FA-Classical-Rendition-you-Cannot-Miss%2F2015%2F07%2F17%2Farticle2923952.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/trying-to-get-film-city-for-chandigarh-soon-kirron-kher-114082500941_1.html">""Pollywood Directory". The directory has the contact and other details of those related to Punjabi film industry. It is an initiative to organise Punjabi Cinema"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141113120346/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/trying-to-get-film-city-for-chandigarh-soon-kirron-kher-114082500941_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22Pollywood+Directory%22.+The+directory+has+the+contact+and+other+details+of+those+related+to+Punjabi+film+industry.+It+is+an+initiative+to+organise+Punjabi+Cinema.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fpti-stories%2Ftrying-to-get-film-city-for-chandigarh-soon-kirron-kher-114082500941_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/mohali-to-get-electronic-and-film-city-mp-manish-tewari/story-l239P8JsgdT0W8mZE3HoMJ.html">"Mohali to get electronic and film city: MP Manish Tewari"</a>. Hindustan Times. 9 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211116104225/https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/mohali-to-get-electronic-and-film-city-mp-manish-tewari/story-l239P8JsgdT0W8mZE3HoMJ.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Mohali+to+get+electronic+and+film+city%3A+MP+Manish+Tewari&rft.date=2020-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fchandigarh%2Fmohali-to-get-electronic-and-film-city-mp-manish-tewari%2Fstory-l239P8JsgdT0W8mZE3HoMJ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-brass-and-copper-craft-of-utensil-making-among-the-thatheras-of-jandiala-guru-punjab-india-00845">"UNESCO – Traditional brass and copper craft of utensil making among the Thatheras of Jandiala Guru, Punjab, India"</a>. ich.unesco.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211007132215/https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-brass-and-copper-craft-of-utensil-making-among-the-thatheras-of-jandiala-guru-punjab-india-00845">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ich.unesco.org&rft.atitle=UNESCO+%E2%80%93+Traditional+brass+and+copper+craft+of+utensil+making+among+the+Thatheras+of+Jandiala+Guru%2C+Punjab%2C+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2FRL%2Ftraditional-brass-and-copper-craft-of-utensil-making-among-the-thatheras-of-jandiala-guru-punjab-india-00845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRana2018" class="citation news cs1">Rana, Yudhvir (22 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amritsar/ignored-for-years-local-craft-may-soon-find-place-in-luxury-hotels/articleshow/64701026.cms">"Ignored for years, local craft may soon find place in luxury hotels"</a>. The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210316053812/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amritsar/ignored-for-years-local-craft-may-soon-find-place-in-luxury-hotels/articleshow/64701026.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Ignored+for+years%2C+local+craft+may+soon+find+place+in+luxury+hotels&rft.date=2018-06-22&rft.aulast=Rana&rft.aufirst=Yudhvir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Famritsar%2Fignored-for-years-local-craft-may-soon-find-place-in-luxury-hotels%2Farticleshow%2F64701026.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/alchemy-of-art-thathera-community-artisans-5662778/">"Alchemy of Art"</a>. The Indian Express. 7 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210929192536/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/alchemy-of-art-thathera-community-artisans-5662778/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Alchemy+of+Art&rft.date=2019-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Flifestyle%2Fart-and-culture%2Falchemy-of-art-thathera-community-artisans-5662778%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philly.com/philly/food/20150531_LaBan_review_Dana_MandiI_Punjabi_cuisine.html">"Inside humble trappings, vivid expressions of Punjabi cuisine"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907183449/http://www.philly.com/philly/food/20150531_LaBan_review_Dana_MandiI_Punjabi_cuisine.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Inside+humble+trappings%2C+vivid+expressions+of+Punjabi+cuisine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philly.com%2Fphilly%2Ffood%2F20150531_LaBan_review_Dana_MandiI_Punjabi_cuisine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://food.ndtv.com/lists/10-best-punjabi-recipes-724174">"10 Best Punjabi Recipes"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170624133927/http://food.ndtv.com/lists/10-best-punjabi-recipes-724174">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=10+Best+Punjabi+Recipes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffood.ndtv.com%2Flists%2F10-best-punjabi-recipes-724174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://food.ndtv.com/lists/10-best-punjabi-recipes-724174">"13 Best Punjabi Recipes | Easy Punjabi Recipes"</a>. NDTV Food. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211111031825/https://food.ndtv.com/lists/10-best-punjabi-recipes-724174">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NDTV+Food&rft.atitle=13+Best+Punjabi+Recipes+%7C+Easy+Punjabi+Recipes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffood.ndtv.com%2Flists%2F10-best-punjabi-recipes-724174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/sarson-da-saag-on-the-menu/article4873153.ece">"Eating Out Park Plaza brings you the hearty Punjabi flavours at its ongoing food festival"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128115331/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/sarson-da-saag-on-the-menu/article4873153.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Eating+Out+Park+Plaza+brings+you+the+hearty+Punjabi+flavours+at+its+ongoing+food+festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Fmetroplus%2FFood%2Fsarson-da-saag-on-the-menu%2Farticle4873153.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rupinder-mohan-singh/reflecting-on-bandi-chhor_b_2123876.html?ir=India&adsSiteOverride=in">"Bandi Chhor Divas Reflection: A Lesson In Selflessness"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128115331/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rupinder-mohan-singh/reflecting-on-bandi-chhor_b_2123876.html?ir=India&adsSiteOverride=in">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bandi+Chhor+Divas+Reflection%3A+A+Lesson+In+Selflessness&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Frupinder-mohan-singh%2Freflecting-on-bandi-chhor_b_2123876.html%3Fir%3DIndia%26adsSiteOverride%3Din&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilfordrecorder.co.uk/news/sikhs_celebrate_diwali_and_bandi_chhor_divas_at_ilford_gurdwara_1_3820255">"Sikhs celebrate Diwali and Bandi Chhor Divas at Ilford gurdwara"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151029114756/http://www.ilfordrecorder.co.uk/news/sikhs_celebrate_diwali_and_bandi_chhor_divas_at_ilford_gurdwara_1_3820255">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sikhs+celebrate+Diwali+and+Bandi+Chhor+Divas+at+Ilford+gurdwara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilfordrecorder.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fsikhs_celebrate_diwali_and_bandi_chhor_divas_at_ilford_gurdwara_1_3820255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150721032248/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bathinda/maghi-mela-four-political-parties-erect-stages-to-hold-conferences/article1-1306444.aspx">"Maghi Mela: Four political parties erect stages to hold conferences"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/bathinda/maghi-mela-four-political-parties-erect-stages-to-hold-conferences/article1-1306444.aspx">the original</a> on 21 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Maghi+Mela%3A+Four+political+parties+erect+stages+to+hold+conferences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fbathinda%2Fmaghi-mela-four-political-parties-erect-stages-to-hold-conferences%2Farticle1-1306444.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/hola-mohalla-2015-facts-history-rituals-surrounding-sikh-festival-photos-1838872">"Hola Mohalla 2015: Facts, History, Rituals Surrounding The Sikh Festival"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150824233011/http://www.ibtimes.com/hola-mohalla-2015-facts-history-rituals-surrounding-sikh-festival-photos-1838872">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hola+Mohalla+2015%3A+Facts%2C+History%2C+Rituals+Surrounding+The+Sikh+Festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Fhola-mohalla-2015-facts-history-rituals-surrounding-sikh-festival-photos-1838872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zeenews.india.com/news/punjab/thousands-converge-in-punjab-for-hola-mohalla_1557293.html">"Thousands converge in Punjab for Hola Mohalla"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150731185007/http://zeenews.india.com/news/punjab/thousands-converge-in-punjab-for-hola-mohalla_1557293.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Thousands+converge+in+Punjab+for+Hola+Mohalla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzeenews.india.com%2Fnews%2Fpunjab%2Fthousands-converge-in-punjab-for-hola-mohalla_1557293.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afaqs.com/news/company_briefs/?id=57212_Circle+Style+Kabaddi+in+a+new+avatar+-+World-wide+Kabaddi+League">"Circle Style Kabaddi in a new avatar – World-wide Kabaddi League"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128115331/http://www.afaqs.com/news/company_briefs/?id=57212_Circle+Style+Kabaddi+in+a+new+avatar+-+World-wide+Kabaddi+League">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Circle+Style+Kabaddi+in+a+new+avatar+%E2%80%93+World-wide+Kabaddi+League&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afaqs.com%2Fnews%2Fcompany_briefs%2F%3Fid%3D57212_Circle%2BStyle%2BKabaddi%2Bin%2Ba%2Bnew%2Bavatar%2B-%2BWorld-wide%2BKabaddi%2BLeague&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sport/kabaddi-player-alleges-punjab-police-pushed-him-into-drugs/99617.html">"Kabaddi player alleges Punjab Police pushed him into drugs"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150819071519/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sport/kabaddi-player-alleges-punjab-police-pushed-him-into-drugs/99617.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kabaddi+player+alleges+Punjab+Police+pushed+him+into+drugs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Fsport%2Fkabaddi-player-alleges-punjab-police-pushed-him-into-drugs%2F99617.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150502230214/http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/punjab-women-enter-semifinals-of-national-hockey-championship/article1-1343137.aspx">"Punjab women enter semi-finals of National Hockey Championship"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/punjab-women-enter-semifinals-of-national-hockey-championship/article1-1343137.aspx">the original</a> on 2 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Punjab+women+enter+semi-finals+of+National+Hockey+Championship&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fchandigarh%2Fpunjab-women-enter-semifinals-of-national-hockey-championship%2Farticle1-1343137.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstpost.com/sports/world-kabaddi-league-announces-team-franchise-names-logos-1634393.html">"World Kabaddi League announces team franchise names and logos"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140729025216/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/world-kabaddi-league-announces-team-franchise-names-logos-1634393.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World+Kabaddi+League+announces+team+franchise+names+and+logos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Fsports%2Fworld-kabaddi-league-announces-team-franchise-names-logos-1634393.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/world-kabaddi-league-launched/article6246251.ece">"the World Kabaddi League (WKL) was launched with the promoters – Punjab Deputy Chief Minister Sukhbir Singh Badal is the president of the league while former India hockey captain Pargat Singh is the league commissioner – unveiling the eight teams, their owners and marquee players"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128115331/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/world-kabaddi-league-launched/article6246251.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=the+World+Kabaddi+League+%28WKL%29+was+launched+with+the+promoters+%E2%80%93+Punjab+Deputy+Chief+Minister+Sukhbir+Singh+Badal+is+the+president+of+the+league+while+former+India+hockey+captain+Pargat+Singh+is+the+league+commissioner+%E2%80%93+unveiling+the+eight+teams%2C+their+owners+and+marquee+players.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fsport%2Fother-sports%2Fworld-kabaddi-league-launched%2Farticle6246251.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news18.com/news/india/sierra-leone-england-win-in-kabbadi-world-cup-654278.html">"Sierra Leone, England win in Kabbadi World Cup"</a>. News18. 4 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210930015736/https://www.news18.com/news/india/sierra-leone-england-win-in-kabbadi-world-cup-654278.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News18&rft.atitle=Sierra+Leone%2C+England+win+in+Kabbadi+World+Cup&rft.date=2013-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fsierra-leone-england-win-in-kabbadi-world-cup-654278.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatange2019" class="citation news cs1">Matange, Yash (21 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://in.nba.com/news/70th-senior-national-basketball-championship-ludhiana-punjab-india-groups-fixtures-and-schedule/1i1y449r7thlb1f7sjladbwllz">"70th Senior National Basketball Championship, Ludhiana: Groups, Fixtures, and Schedule"</a>. NBA.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928225108/https://in.nba.com/news/70th-senior-national-basketball-championship-ludhiana-punjab-india-groups-fixtures-and-schedule/1i1y449r7thlb1f7sjladbwllz">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBA.com&rft.atitle=70th+Senior+National+Basketball+Championship%2C+Ludhiana%3A+Groups%2C+Fixtures%2C+and+Schedule&rft.date=2019-12-21&rft.aulast=Matange&rft.aufirst=Yash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fin.nba.com%2Fnews%2F70th-senior-national-basketball-championship-ludhiana-punjab-india-groups-fixtures-and-schedule%2F1i1y449r7thlb1f7sjladbwllz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaik2020" class="citation news cs1">Naik, Shivani (9 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/hoop-and-the-hype-basketball-nationals-india-players-6206984/">"Hoop and the hype: Meet the promising basketball talent knocking on Team India doors"</a>. The Indian Express. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210929162924/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/hoop-and-the-hype-basketball-nationals-india-players-6206984/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Hoop+and+the+hype%3A+Meet+the+promising+basketball+talent+knocking+on+Team+India+doors&rft.date=2020-01-09&rft.aulast=Naik&rft.aufirst=Shivani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fsports%2Fsport-others%2Fhoop-and-the-hype-basketball-nationals-india-players-6206984%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717101812/http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/world-heritage-day-places-to-visit-in-punjab/article1-1338517.aspx">"World Heritage Day: 8 places to visit in Punjab"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/world-heritage-day-places-to-visit-in-punjab/article1-1338517.aspx">the original</a> on 17 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World+Heritage+Day%3A+8+places+to+visit+in+Punjab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fchandigarh%2Fworld-heritage-day-places-to-visit-in-punjab%2Farticle1-1338517.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapsofindia.com/stateprofiles/punjab/">Punjab</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100408204307/http://www.mapsofindia.com/stateprofiles/punjab/">Archived</a> 8 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Mapsofindia.com; retrieved 18 January 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080202051110/http://www.ptinews.com/pti/ptisite.nsf/0/03d3a18aa4bdceae6525738e00199bff?OpenDocument">Lonely Planet tips Mumbai as a must-see destination in 2008</a>. ptinews.com, 9 November 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhaskar.com/news/PUN-JAL-OMC-story-on-devi-talab-mandir-5139654-PHO.html">"सुदर्शन चक्र ने किए थे देवी सती के 51 टुकड़े, यहां भी कटकर गिरा शरीर का भाग"</a>. Dainik Bhaskar. 12 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914170402/http://www.bhaskar.com/news/PUN-JAL-OMC-story-on-devi-talab-mandir-5139654-PHO.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dainik+Bhaskar&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F+%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+51+%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%2C+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97&rft.date=2015-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhaskar.com%2Fnews%2FPUN-JAL-OMC-story-on-devi-talab-mandir-5139654-PHO.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/pictures-displayed-at-media-centre-attract-visitors-to-kila-raipur-games/story-WcETpdlvj9DbxBdci7rKwO.html">"Pictures displayed at media centre attract visitors to 'Kila Raipur' games"</a>. Hindustan Times. 2 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308133538/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/pictures-displayed-at-media-centre-attract-visitors-to-kila-raipur-games/story-WcETpdlvj9DbxBdci7rKwO.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Pictures+displayed+at+media+centre+attract+visitors+to+%27Kila+Raipur%27+games&rft.date=2014-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fpunjab%2Fpictures-displayed-at-media-centre-attract-visitors-to-kila-raipur-games%2Fstory-WcETpdlvj9DbxBdci7rKwO.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ludhiana/kila-raipur-sports-festival-begins-today/">"Kila Raipur sports festival begins today"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151020001021/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ludhiana/kila-raipur-sports-festival-begins-today/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kila+Raipur+sports+festival+begins+today&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fcities%2Fludhiana%2Fkila-raipur-sports-festival-begins-today%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/community/kila-raipur-sports-festival-concludes/36826.html">"Kila Raipur sports festival concludes"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128115331/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/community/kila-raipur-sports-festival-concludes/36826.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kila+Raipur+sports+festival+concludes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Fpunjab%2Fcommunity%2Fkila-raipur-sports-festival-concludes%2F36826.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/partition-museum-to-ink-pact-with-manchester-museum/story-Hxc1q5a2CJ6Pn3Ah1FNxVK.html">"Amritsar-based Partition Museum to ink pact with Manchester Museum"</a>. Hindustan Times. 6 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211107183652/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/partition-museum-to-ink-pact-with-manchester-museum/story-Hxc1q5a2CJ6Pn3Ah1FNxVK.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Amritsar-based+Partition+Museum+to+ink+pact+with+Manchester+Museum&rft.date=2019-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fpartition-museum-to-ink-pact-with-manchester-museum%2Fstory-Hxc1q5a2CJ6Pn3Ah1FNxVK.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em"> <ul><li>Radhika Chopra. Militant and Migrant: The Politics and Social History of Punjab (2011)</li> <li>Harnik Deol. Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab (Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia) (2000)</li> <li>Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, Encyclopedia of Jalandhar, Sikh University Press, Brussels, Belgium (2005)</li> <li>Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, SIKH HISTORY in 10 volumes, Sikh University Press, Brussels, Belgium (2010–11)</li> <li>J. S. Grewal. The Sikhs of the Punjab (<a href="/wiki/The_New_Cambridge_History_of_India" title="The New Cambridge History of India">The New Cambridge History of India</a>) (1998)</li> <li>J. S. Grewal. Social and Cultural History of the Punjab: Prehistoric, Ancient and Early Medieval (2004)</li> <li>Nazer Singh. Delhi and Punjab: Essays in history and historiography (1995)</li> <li>Tai Yong Tan. The Garrison State: Military, Government and Society in Colonial Punjab, 1849–1947 (Sage Series in Modern Indian History) (2005)</li> <li>J. C. Aggarwal and S. P. Agrawal, eds. Modern History of Punjab: Relevant Select Documents (1992)</li> <li>R. M. Chopra, The Legacy of The Punjab, 1997, Punjabee Bradree, Calcutta.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuhair_KashmeriBrian_McAndrew2005" class="citation cs2">Zuhair Kashmeri; Brian McAndrew (6 September 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4nCgC4o3eoIC">Soft Target: The Real Story Behind the Air India Disaster – Second Edition</a>, James Lorimer & Company, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55-028904-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55-028904-6"><bdi>978-1-55-028904-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soft+Target%3A+The+Real+Story+Behind+the+Air+India+Disaster+%E2%80%93+Second+Edition&rft.pub=James+Lorimer+%26+Company&rft.date=2005-09-06&rft.isbn=978-1-55-028904-6&rft.au=Zuhair+Kashmeri&rft.au=Brian+McAndrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4nCgC4o3eoIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndia._Census_Commissioner1941" class="citation report cs1">India. Census Commissioner (1941). Punjab (Report). Census of India, 1941. Vol. VI. Delhi. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215541">saoa.crl.28215541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Punjab&rft.place=Delhi&rft.series=Census+of+India%2C+1941&rft.date=1941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.28215541%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=India.+Census+Commissioner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Punjab, India at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Punjab,_India" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Punjab, 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Punjab,_India" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Punjab, India">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Punjab,_India" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Punjab, India">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Punjab,_India" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Punjab, India">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Punjab,_India" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Punjab, India">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Punjab,_India" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Punjab, India">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" class="extiw" title="voy:Punjab (India)">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Government</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.punjabgovt.gov.in/">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.punjabtourism.gov.in/">Official Tourism Site of Punjab, India</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>General information</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=Punjab">Punjab, India</a> web resources provided by GovPubs at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado Boulder Libraries">University of Colorado Boulder Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/483563">Punjab, India</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1942686">Punjab, India</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Punjab,_India32" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Punjab,_India32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Punjab, India</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (Pakistan)">Punjab</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" />Punjab<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, capital</td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a></td> <td></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Punjab,_India388" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Punjab,_India" title="Template:Punjab, India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Punjab,_India" title="Template talk:Punjab, India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Punjab,_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Punjab, India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Punjab,_India388" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Punjab, India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Punjab,_India" title="Category:Punjab, India">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Punjab,_India" title="Demographics of Punjab, India">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_India" title="Economy of Punjab, India">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Punjab,_India" title="Education in Punjab, India">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porus" title="Porus">King Porus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Punjab,_India" title="Tourism in Punjab, India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Punjab" title="Music of Punjab">Music</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Punjab_in_India.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Punjab_in_India.png/50px-Punjab_in_India.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Punjab_in_India.png/75px-Punjab_in_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Punjab_in_India.png/100px-Punjab_in_India.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="231" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Punjab,_India" title="Government of Punjab, India">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Legislative_Assembly" title="Punjab Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Punjab,_India" title="List of chief ministers of Punjab, India">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Punjab,_India" title="List of governors of Punjab, India">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Bhavan,_Punjab" title="Raj Bhavan, Punjab">Raj Bhavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Police_(India)" title="Punjab Police (India)">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_culture" title="Punjabi culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cinema" title="Punjabi cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Punjab" title="Folk dances of Punjab">Folk dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhangra_(dance)" title="Bhangra (dance)">Bhangra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giddha" title="Giddha">Giddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aawat_pauni" title="Aawat pauni">Aawat pauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipri_dance_(Punjab)" title="Tipri dance (Punjab)">Tipri dance (Punjab)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_folklore" title="Punjabi folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_practices_in_Punjab" title="Folk practices in Punjab">Folk practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanjhi" title="Sanjhi">Sanjhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gogaji" title="Gogaji">Gogaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhapar_Mela" title="Chhapar Mela">Chhapar Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhi_Sarwar_(saint)" title="Sakhi Sarwar (saint)">Sakhi Sarwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_fasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi fasts">Punjabi fasts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Punjab" title="Music of Punjab">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhangra_(music)" title="Bhangra (music)">Bhangra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Punjab" title="Folk music of Punjab">Folk music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_clothing" title="Punjabi clothing">Dress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salwar" title="Salwar">Salwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_ghagra_suit" title="Punjabi ghagra suit">Punjabi ghagra suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patiala_salwar" title="Patiala salwar">Patiala salwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Tamba_and_Kurta" title="Punjabi Tamba and Kurta">Punjabi Tamba and Kurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulkari" title="Phulkari">Phulkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutti" title="Jutti">Jutti</a></li></ul></li> <li>Calendars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_calendar" title="Punjabi calendar">Punjabi calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Bikrami calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fairs_and_festivals_in_Punjab,_India" title="List of fairs and festivals in Punjab, India">Fairs and festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_festivals" title="Punjabi festivals">Punjabi festivals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lohri" title="Lohri">Lohri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basant_(festival)" title="Basant (festival)">Basant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghi" title="Maghi">Maghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeyan" title="Teeyan">Teeyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakhri" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakhri">Rakhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Religious festivals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals_in_Punjab" title="List of Hindu festivals in Punjab">Hindu festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sikh_festivals" title="List of Sikh festivals">Sikh festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_sports_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi sports (India)">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi_in_India" title="Kabaddi in India">Kabaddi in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qila_Raipur_Sports_Festival" title="Qila Raipur Sports Festival">Qila Raipur Sports Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_kabaddi" title="Punjabi kabaddi">Punjabi kabaddi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_nationalism" title="Punjabi nationalism">Punjabi nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Suba_movement" title="Punjabi Suba movement">Punjabi Suba movement</a></li></ul></li> <li>Folk arts and crafts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chowk_poorana" title="Chowk poorana">Chowk poorana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulkari" title="Phulkari">Phulkari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Patiala</li> <li>Rupnagar</li> <li>Jalandhar</li> <li>Faridkot</li> <li>Firozpur</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Punjab,_India" title="List of districts of Punjab, India">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohali_district" title="Mohali district">SAS Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritsar_district" title="Amritsar district">Sri Amritsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnala_district" title="Barnala district">Barnala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathinda_district" title="Bathinda district">Bathinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faridkot_district" title="Faridkot district">Faridkot </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatehgarh_Sahib_district" title="Fatehgarh Sahib district">Fatehgarh Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazilka_district" title="Fazilka district">Fazilka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firozpur_district" title="Firozpur district">Firozpur </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur_district" title="Hoshiarpur district">Hoshiarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalandhar_district" title="Jalandhar district">Jalandhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_district" title="Kapurthala district">Kapurthala </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludhiana_district" title="Ludhiana district">Ludhiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansa_district,_India" title="Mansa district, India">Mansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moga_district" title="Moga district">Moga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathankot_district" title="Pathankot district">Pathankot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patiala_district" title="Patiala district">Patiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Muktsar_Sahib_district" title="Sri Muktsar Sahib district">Sri Muktsar Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupnagar_district" title="Rupnagar district">Rupnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangrur_district" title="Sangrur district">Sangrur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Bhagat_Singh_Nagar_district" title="Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district">Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarn_Taran_district" title="Tarn Taran district">Tarn Taran Sahib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Chandigarh_and_Punjab,_India_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Chandigarh and Punjab, India by population">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patiala" title="Patiala">Patiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathinda" title="Bathinda">Bathinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur" title="Hoshiarpur">Hoshiarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohali" title="Mohali">Mohali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batala" title="Batala">Batala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathankot" title="Pathankot">Pathankot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moga,_Punjab" title="Moga, Punjab">Moga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_and_union_territories_of_India446" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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union territories of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capitals in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_states_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Proposed states and union territories of India">Proposed states and union territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_Indian_regions" title="Category:Historical Indian regions">Historical Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidencies_of_British_India" title="Category:Presidencies of British India">British Provinces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_Government_Of_Punjab_%28Black_On_White%29.svg/16px-Seal_of_the_Government_Of_Punjab_%28Black_On_White%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_Government_Of_Punjab_%28Black_On_White%29.svg/24px-Seal_of_the_Government_Of_Punjab_%28Black_On_White%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_Government_Of_Punjab_%28Black_On_White%29.svg/32px-Seal_of_the_Government_Of_Punjab_%28Black_On_White%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1958" data-file-height="2330" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Punjab_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Punjab (India)">Punjab (India)</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/21px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/42px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22424#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/123122085">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1202652/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4044457-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50000530">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36526940">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130379&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX461589">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007554965605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/8df37637-2eb2-424b-9e1d-c90586509826">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA12805187?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027623971">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&oldid=1276080070">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&oldid=1276080070</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Punjab,_India" title="Category:Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:North_India" title="Category:North India">North India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Category:States and union territories of India">States and union territories of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1956" title="Category:States and territories established in 1956">States and territories established in 1956</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1956_establishments_in_India" title="Category:1956 establishments in India">1956 establishments in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Punjabi-speaking_countries_and_territories" title="Category:Punjabi-speaking countries and territories">Punjabi-speaking countries and territories</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using 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