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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Derived terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Norse_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Norse_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Old Norse sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Old_Norse_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Old Norse sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Old_Norse_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Meaning_of_the_term_"Æsir"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meaning_of_the_term_"Æsir""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Meaning of the term "Æsir"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meaning_of_the_term_"Æsir"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distinctions_between_"áss",_"goð"_and_"vanr"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinctions_between_"áss",_"goð"_and_"vanr""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Distinctions between "áss", "goð" and "vanr"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinctions_between_"áss",_"goð"_and_"vanr"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_origins_of_a_distinction_with_Vanir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_origins_of_a_distinction_with_Vanir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Proposed origins of a distinction with Vanir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_origins_of_a_distinction_with_Vanir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_beings_referred_to_as_Æsir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_beings_referred_to_as_Æsir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Specific beings referred to as Æsir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_beings_referred_to_as_Æsir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_with_jötnar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_with_jötnar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Relation with jötnar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_with_jötnar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_English_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_English_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Old English sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Old_English_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Old English sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Old_English_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wið_færstice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wið_færstice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Wið færstice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wið_færstice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_A-rune_(ᚫ,_ᚩ_or_ᚬ)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_A-rune_(ᚫ,_ᚩ_or_ᚬ)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The A-rune (ᚫ, ᚩ or ᚬ)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_A-rune_(ᚫ,_ᚩ_or_ᚬ)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Place-names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Place-names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Place-names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Place-names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Primary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Secondary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Æsir</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ase_(mitologie)" title="Ase (mitologie) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ase (mitologie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asen" title="Asen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Asen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92se" title="Ēse – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ēse" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1_(%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="إيسر (أساطير إسكندنافية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيسر (أساطير إسكندنافية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asar" title="Asar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Asar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0" title="ইসির – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইসির" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Асы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Асы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Асы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Асы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Аси – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аси" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86siri" title="Æsiri – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Æsiri" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesed" title="Aesed – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aesed" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansos" title="Ansos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ansos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81sov%C3%A9" title="Ásové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ásové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aser" title="Aser – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aser" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ase" title="Ase – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Ase" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asen_(Mythologie)" title="Asen (Mythologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Asen (Mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aasid" title="Aasid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aasid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%83%CE%AF%CF%81" title="Εσίρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εσίρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Æsir" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azoj" title="Azoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Azoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Æsir" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="آسیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آسیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ases" title="Ases – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ases" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Æsir" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌾𐌿𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌾𐌿𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%8A%A4" title="아스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ասեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ասեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asi" title="Asi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Asi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Æsir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Æsir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asi_(mitologia)" title="Asi (mitologia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Asi (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A8_(%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94)" title="אסיר (מיתולוגיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסיר (מיתולוגיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ასები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ასები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anses" title="Anses – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anses" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80si" title="Āsi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Āsi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asai" title="Asai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Asai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesir" title="Aesir – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Aesir" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81zok" title="Ázok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ázok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Аси – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Аси" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asen_(mythologie)" title="Asen (mythologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Asen (mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E7%A5%9E%E6%97%8F" title="アース神族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アース神族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86ser" title="Æser – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Æser" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86ser" title="Æser – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Æser" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azowie" title="Azowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Azowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesir" title="Aesir – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aesir" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesir" title="Aesir – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aesir" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Асы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Асы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Æsir" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asovia" title="Asovia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Asovia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azi" title="Azi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Azi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Есир – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Есир" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesir" title="Aesir – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aesir" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aasat" title="Aasat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aasat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asagudar" title="Asagudar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Asagudar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Æsir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B8_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8)" title="Аси (боги) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аси (боги)" 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Baldr_dead_by_Eckersberg.jpg/375px-Baldr_dead_by_Eckersberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Baldr_dead_by_Eckersberg.jpg/500px-Baldr_dead_by_Eckersberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3778" data-file-height="2993" /></a><figcaption>Æsir gathered around the body of <a href="/wiki/Baldr" title="Baldr">Baldr</a>. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Christoffer_Wilhelm_Eckersberg" title="Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg">Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg</a> 1817</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Æsir</b> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>; singular: <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">áss</i></span>) or <b>ēse</b> (<a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>; singular: <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">ōs</i></span>) are gods in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Old_Nordic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Nordic religion">Old Nordic religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nordic_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic mythology">mythology</a>, the precise meaning of the term "Æsir" is debated, as it can refer to both the gods in general or specifically to one of the main families of gods, in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a>, with whom they <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir-Vanir_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Æsir-Vanir War">waged war</a>, ultimately leading to a joining of the families. The term can further be used to describe local gods that were believed to live in specific features in the landscape such as <a href="/wiki/Fells" class="mw-redirect" title="Fells">fells</a>. In the Old English <a href="/wiki/Wi%C3%B0_f%C3%A6rstice" title="Wið færstice">Wið færstice</a>, the Ēse are referred to, along with <a href="/wiki/Elves" class="mw-redirect" title="Elves">elves</a>, as harmful beings that could cause a stabbing pain, although exactly how they were conceived of by the author of the text is unclear. </p><p>Words for Æsir feature in many <a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Germanic names</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Oswald_(given_name)" title="Oswald (given name)">Oswald</a> and <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Ásmundr</i></span>, and in some place names in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. They further likely give their name to the <a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)">A-rune</a>, attested in <a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Futhorc" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon Futhorc">Anglo-Saxon Futhorc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86sir&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86sir&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reykjavik_-_Thor-Figur_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Reykjavik_-_Thor-Figur_1.jpg/200px-Reykjavik_-_Thor-Figur_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Reykjavik_-_Thor-Figur_1.jpg/300px-Reykjavik_-_Thor-Figur_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Reykjavik_-_Thor-Figur_1.jpg/400px-Reykjavik_-_Thor-Figur_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Eyrarland_Statue" title="Eyrarland Statue">Eyrarland Statue</a>, typically interpreted as depicting Thor. Thor's riding across the sky is likely reflected in the modern Swedish word for "thunderstorm" - <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">åska</i>, deriving from an earlier form meaning "the driving of the áss".</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern English term "Æsir" is derived from the plural Old Norse term <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">æsir</i></span>, the singular of which is <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">áss</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEáss_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEáss-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>, the term used is the cognate <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">ōs</i></span> (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">ēse</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek20083_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek20083-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200763_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200763-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In continental West Germanic languages, the word is only attested in personal and place names such as Ansila, Ansgeir and Anshram.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek20083_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek20083-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cognate term <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ansis</i></span> was recorded as a Latinised form of an original <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> word by <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a>, in the 6th century CE work <a href="/wiki/Getica" title="Getica">Getica</a>, as a name for <a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">euhemerised</a> semi-divine early <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic rulers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek20083_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek20083-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMierow19153_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMierow19153-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> is reconstructed as *<i><span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">ans</i></span></i>, plural *<i><span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">ensî</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimm25_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimm25-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The corresponding feminine form in Old Norse is <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">ásynja</i></span> (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>:<span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">ásynjur</i></span>), formed by the addition of the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">-ynja</i></span> suffix, denoting a female form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁs-ynja_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁs-ynja-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> word for "female <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">áss</i></span>" is not attested outside Old Norse, and a corresponding West Germanic word would have been separately derived with the feminine suffixes -<i>inī</i> or -<i>injō</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHellquist1922_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellquist1922-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> form is typically reconstructed as <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ansuz" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ansuz">ansuz</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen201330_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroonen201330-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva2006396_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva2006396-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This form of the word is attested in Proto-Germanic during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Imperial Age</a> as a component of the name of the goddess <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">Vih-ansa</i></span> (potentially translating to "Battle-goddess") and probably also in an inscription from around 200 CE on a <a href="/wiki/Vimose_buckle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimose buckle">buckle from Vimose</a> that reads <i>a(n)sau wīja</i> ("I dedicate this to the Æsir").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek20083_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek20083-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">ansuz</i></span> is in turn is typically derived from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> *<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h%E2%82%82ems-" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂ems-">h₂ems-u-</a></i>, making the terms closely related to <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">ásura</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a>: <i lang="ae" dir="rtl">ahura</i> ("god" or "lord") and <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a>: <i lang="hit">ḫāši⁠</i> ("to give birth" or "to beget").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen201330_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroonen201330-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative is that the terms for "Æsir" are related to <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ansaz" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ansaz">ans-</a></i></span> ("beam" or "post"), the ancestor of <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: <i lang="non">áss</i> ("the main beam of a house").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek20083_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek20083-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEáss_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEáss-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this case, the name would likely have originated due to the equation of gods and <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic_wooden_cult_figurines_of_Central_and_Northern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe">carved posts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek20083_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek20083-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saxo_Grammaticus" title="Saxo Grammaticus">Saxo Grammaticus</a> proposed that the term "Æsir" instead derives from "<span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Ásiamenn</i></span> ("Asians"), and the idea that the gods originated in Asia, later migrating into <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>. This is however not supported by modern scholars and attributed to medieval scholarship on the matter and an attempt to connect the Scandinavian peoples with <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> rather than a reflection of actual Germanic mythology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek20083_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek20083-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derived_terms">Derived terms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86sir&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Derived terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Áss</i></span> is further found in Old Norse compound nouns such as <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Asbr%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Asbrú">Asbrú</a></i></span> ("Æsir's bridge"), <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81sgar%C3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ásgarð">Ásgarð</a></i></span> ("home" or "enclosure of the Æsir"), <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">ásmegin</i></span> ("strength of the Æsir") and the <a href="/wiki/Names_for_Thor" class="mw-redirect" title="Names for Thor">names for Thor</a> <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Asa-Þórr</i></span> ("Æsir-Thor") and <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Asabragr</i></span> ("Æsir-lord").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek200819_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200819-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindow2002_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotz1984190–191_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotz1984190–191-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only modern word that is derived from terms for <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">æsir</i></span>, other than <a href="/wiki/Learned_borrowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Learned borrowing">learned borrowings</a> from medieval languages is <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">åska</i>, meaning "thunderstorm", which is derived from earlier <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">åsekja</i></span> ("the driving of the áss"), which would derive from the reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Old East Norse">Old East Norse</a>:<span title="Old Norse-language text">*<i lang="non">ās-ækia</i></span>. This is likely in reference to the belief in thunderstorms originating from Thor's riding across the skies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotz1984190–191_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotz1984190–191-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHellquist1922_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellquist1922-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Terms for Æsir form parts of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic names">Germanic names</a> in multiple Germanic languages. Examples of this include <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: <i lang="ang">Ósbeorn</i>, <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang"><a href="/wiki/Oslac" title="Oslac">Óslác</a></i></span>, <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Ósweald</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oswald_(given_name)" title="Oswald (given name)">Oswald</a>) and their corresponding Old Norse equivalents, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Ásbjörn</i></span>, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Áslákr</i></span> and <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Ásvaldr</i></span>. Other examples include <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: <i lang="ang">Óswine</i> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: <i lang="non">Ásmundr</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETichy_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETichy-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsuwaldaz_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsuwaldaz-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Norse">Proto-Norse</a> personal names feature <span title="Germanic languages collective text">*<i lang="gem">ansuz</i></span> such as <span title="Germanic languages collective text"><i lang="gem">Ansugastiz</i></span>, <span title="Germanic languages collective text"><i lang="gem">Ansugīslaz</i></span> and <span title="Germanic languages collective text">*<i lang="gem">Ansulaibaz</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikstrand20091013_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVikstrand20091013-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Old_Norse_sources">Old Norse sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86sir&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Old Norse sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meaning_of_the_term_"Æsir""><span id="Meaning_of_the_term_.22.C3.86sir.22"></span>Meaning of the term "Æsir"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86sir&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Meaning of the term "Æsir""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Distinctions_between_"áss",_"goð"_and_"vanr""><span id="Distinctions_between_.22.C3.A1ss.22.2C_.22go.C3.B0.22_and_.22vanr.22"></span>Distinctions between "áss", "goð" and "vanr"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86sir&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Distinctions between "áss", "goð" and "vanr""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vanir#Rudolf_Simek's_"Vanir_Obituary"" title="Vanir">Vanir § Rudolf Simek's "Vanir Obituary"</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%86sir-Vanir_war_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%C3%86sir-Vanir_war_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/300px-%C3%86sir-Vanir_war_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%C3%86sir-Vanir_war_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/450px-%C3%86sir-Vanir_war_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%C3%86sir-Vanir_war_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/600px-%C3%86sir-Vanir_war_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1126" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>Óðinn throws his spear in the Æsir-Vanir war, illustration by <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Fr%C3%B8lich" title="Lorenz Frølich">Lorenz Frølich</a> (1895)</figcaption></figure> <p>It has been proposed that in Old Norse poetry, the term "<span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">áss</i></span>" was typically chosen over "<span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">goð</i></span>" for metrical reasons, fitting better with the required alliteration or rhyme, rather than so as to create a semantic distinction between the two terms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrog2021150-151_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrog2021150-151-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following from this, it has been argued that the term "<span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">æsir</i></span>" acts as a synonym to "<span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">goð</i></span>" and is inclusive of <a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Njörðr">Njörðr</a> and his descendants, typically referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a>. Examples of this are seen in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eulur" class="mw-redirect" title="Þulur">þulur</a>, where Njöðr and <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a> are listed in the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">ása <a href="/wiki/Heiti" title="Heiti">heiti</a></i></span> ("Poetic equivalents for áss") and <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a> in that for the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">ásunjur</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrog2021150-151_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrog2021150-151-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main tales that present the Æsir and Vanir as distinct family groups are those concerning the <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir-Vanir_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Æsir-Vanir war">Æsir-Vanir war</a>, which are contained within <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1" title="Völuspá">Völuspá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ynglinga_saga" title="Ynglinga saga">Ynglinga saga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A1ldskaparm%C3%A1l" title="Skáldskaparmál">Skáldskaparmál</a>. This conflict between the gods occurred long in the past and in Ynglinga saga ends with the exchange of Hœnir and Mímir from the Æsir with as hostages <a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Njörðr">Njörðr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kvasir" title="Kvasir">Kvasir</a> from the Vanir. Skáldskaparmal alternatively says that at the end of the war, the two groups mixed their spit in a vat and created Kvasir from it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2008352–353_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2008352–353-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inclusion of gods typically referred to as Vanir as Æsir is that the Vanir may have been seen as fully integrated into the Æsir after the resolution of this war between the two groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2008_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proposed_origins_of_a_distinction_with_Vanir">Proposed origins of a distinction with Vanir</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86sir&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Proposed origins of a distinction with Vanir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the inclusion to some extent of the Vanir within the wider group of Æsir, some scholars have argued that some differences between the two groups remain, such as the Vanir appearing to have mainly been connected with cultivation and fertility and the Æsir with power and war. Conversely, it has been argued that this division of domains is not reflected in the sources, with the Vanir being instead more associated with kingship and the Æsir with creation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrog2021143_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrog2021143-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One idea is that the Vanir (and the fertility cult associated with them) may be more archaic than that of the more warlike Æsir, such that the mythical war may mirror a half-remembered religious conflict. This argument was first suggested by Wilhelm Mannhardt in 1877 (as described in Dumézil, xxiii and Munch, 288). On a similar note, <a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a> argues that the Æsir and the Vanir represent the displacement of an indigenous group by a tribe of warlike Indo-European invaders as part of her <a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGimbutasDexter2001_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimbutasDexter2001-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another historical theory is that the inter-pantheon interaction may be an <a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">apotheosisation</a> of the conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sabines" title="Sabines">Sabines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975161_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975161-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the difference between their roles and emphases, some scholars have speculated that the interactions between the Æsir and the Vanir reflect the types of interaction that were occurring between social classes (or clans) within Norse society at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumézil19733–4,_18_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumézil19733–4,_18-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975159–162_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975159–162-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, the noted comparative religion scholar <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a> speculated that this conflict is actually a later version of an <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">Indo-European myth</a> concerning the conflict between and eventual integration of a pantheon of sky/warrior/ruler gods and a pantheon of earth/economics/fertility gods, with no strict historical antecedents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEliade1996Section_II_(30)_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade1996Section_II_(30)-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975162_"In_one_civilization,_and_at_one_time,_the_specialized_gods_of_fertility_might_predominate,_and_in_another_the_warrior_or_the_god-king._The_highest_god_owes_his_position_to_those_who_worship_him,_and_if_they_are_farmers,_he_will_be_a_god_of_fertility,_or_one_of_the_Vanir"_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975162_"In_one_civilization,_and_at_one_time,_the_specialized_gods_of_fertility_might_predominate,_and_in_another_the_warrior_or_the_god-king._The_highest_god_owes_his_position_to_those_who_worship_him,_and_if_they_are_farmers,_he_will_be_a_god_of_fertility,_or_one_of_the_Vanir"-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Specific_beings_referred_to_as_Æsir"><span id="Specific_beings_referred_to_as_.C3.86sir"></span>Specific beings referred to as Æsir</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86sir&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Specific beings referred to as Æsir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">List of Germanic deities</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sn%C3%A6fellsj%C3%B6kull_in_the_Morning_(7622876302).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sn%C3%A6fellsj%C3%B6kull_in_the_Morning_%287622876302%29.jpg/300px-Sn%C3%A6fellsj%C3%B6kull_in_the_Morning_%287622876302%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sn%C3%A6fellsj%C3%B6kull_in_the_Morning_%287622876302%29.jpg/450px-Sn%C3%A6fellsj%C3%B6kull_in_the_Morning_%287622876302%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sn%C3%A6fellsj%C3%B6kull_in_the_Morning_%287622876302%29.jpg/600px-Sn%C3%A6fellsj%C3%B6kull_in_the_Morning_%287622876302%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6fellsj%C3%B6kull" title="Snæfellsjökull">Snæfell</a> in Iceland, where according to <a href="/wiki/Bar%C3%B0ar_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Barðar saga">Barðar saga</a>, Barðr Snæfellsáss became an áss who was worshipped in the region and protected those who lived there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakobsson199863_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakobsson199863-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a>'s Prose Edda contains two lists of Æsir, one in <a href="/wiki/Gylfaginning" title="Gylfaginning">Gylfaginning</a> and one in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eulur" class="mw-redirect" title="Þulur">þulur</a>. Though these sources largely agree, they are not identical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek20083_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek20083-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gylfaginning lists the male Æsir as Odin,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thor, Njörðr,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freyr,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Týr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heimdallr" class="mw-redirect" title="Heimdallr">Heimdallr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bragi" title="Bragi">Bragi</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0arr" title="Víðarr">Víðarr</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1li" title="Váli">Váli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ullr" title="Ullr">Ullr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forseti" title="Forseti">Forseti</a> and Loki and the ásynjur as <a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frigg</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sága">Sága</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eir" title="Eir">Eir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gefjon" title="Gefjon">Gefjon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fulla" title="Fulla">Fulla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6fn" title="Sjöfn">Sjöfn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lofn" title="Lofn">Lofn</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1r" title="Vár">Vár</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6r" title="Vör">Vör</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syn_(goddess)" title="Syn (goddess)">Syn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hl%C3%ADn" title="Hlín">Hlín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snotra" title="Snotra">Snotra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gn%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Gná">Gná</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3l_(sun)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sól (sun)">Sól</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%BAki_and_Bil" title="Hjúki and Bil">Bil</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGylfaginning_11-20_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGylfaginning_11-20-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGylfaginning_21-30_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGylfaginning_21-30-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGylfaginning_31-40_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGylfaginning_31-40-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eulur" class="mw-redirect" title="Þulur">þulur</a> add to this the ásynjur <a href="/wiki/Ska%C3%B0i" title="Skaði">Skaði</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigyn" title="Sigyn">Sigyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hnoss" title="Hnoss">Hnoss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B0r" title="Gerðr">Gerðr</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0" title="Jörð">Jörð</a>, <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0unn" title="Iðunn">Iðunn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilmr" title="Ilmr">Ilmr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6run" title="Njörun">Njörun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanna_(Norse_deity)" title="Nanna (Norse deity)">Nanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rindr" title="Rindr">Rindr</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0r" title="Þrúðr">Þrúðr</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1n" title="Rán">Rán</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENafnaþulur_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENafnaþulur-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars have noted, however, that the Prose Edda does not reflect a worldview held by all heathen Nordic, or more widely Germanic, people throughout time and space. Terry Gunnell further challenges the idea that all North-Germanic people conceived of the gods as Snorri portrays them - living as a pantheon of Æsir and Vanir in <a href="/wiki/%C3%81sgar%C3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ásgarð">Ásgarð</a> together and all being ruled by Óðinn who is the ancestor of many of them. He proposes that this view of Óðinn as the leader of a distinct family of gods, the Æsir, would likely not have been held by the majority of heathens, instead resulting from the material that Snorri presents coming from the elite warrior class, with whom Óðinn was closely associated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunnell201555–56,_60–61_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell201555–56,_60–61-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beyond this, a runic inscription on the 9th century CE <a href="/w/index.php?title=Engstad_whalebone_pin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Engstad whalebone pin (page does not exist)">Engstad whalebone pin</a> has been interpreted as referencing an <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: <i lang="non">garðáss</i> ("yard-áss" or "áss of the settled space"). In this context, it has been proposed that the term would refer to a local god or being of that specific farmstead rather than of the whole world more generally.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrog2021148_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrog2021148-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the Old Norse term <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">landáss</i></span> ("land-áss") is used in a poem attributed to <a href="/wiki/Egill_Skallagr%C3%ADmsson" title="Egill Skallagrímsson">Egill Skallagrímsson</a> to refer to one of a list of gods which he wishes to turn against <a href="/wiki/Erik_Bloodaxe" class="mw-redirect" title="Erik Bloodaxe">King Eiríkr</a>. This god is often interpreted as being <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a>, though it is also possible that it refers to a local land spirit, possibly the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">landálfr</i></span> ("land-elf") referred to in the next stanza of the poem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrog2021150_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrog2021150-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Æsir closely associated with specific <a href="/wiki/Fells" class="mw-redirect" title="Fells">fells</a> or hills are also found in the Old Norse record such as <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Svínfellsáss</i></span> ("the áss of Svínfell"), referred in an insult in <a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%A1ls_saga" title="Njáls saga">Njáls saga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bar%C3%B0r_Sn%C3%A6fells%C3%A1ss" class="mw-redirect" title="Barðr Snæfellsáss">Barðr Snæfellsáss</a> ("áss of Snæfell"), a man who got his name, according to his eponymous saga, because he of the worship he received by those living around <a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6fellsj%C3%B6kull" title="Snæfellsjökull">Snæfell</a> and the help he in turn gave them when they were in need.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrog2021163_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrog2021163-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVigfússon1860Chapter_6:_"kallaðr_Bárðr_Snjófelsáss,_þvíat_þeir_trúðu_á_hann_náliga_þar_um_nesit,_ok_höfðu_hann_fyrir_heitguð_sinn,_varð_hann_ok_mörgum_en_mesta_bjargvættr."_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVigfússon1860Chapter_6:_"kallaðr_Bárðr_Snjófelsáss,_þvíat_þeir_trúðu_á_hann_náliga_þar_um_nesit,_ok_höfðu_hann_fyrir_heitguð_sinn,_varð_hann_ok_mörgum_en_mesta_bjargvættr."-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the context of ritual speech, an unnamed áss is the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Alm%C3%A1ttki_%C3%A1ss" title="Almáttki áss">almáttki áss</a></i></span> ("almighty áss") mentioned along with Frey and Njörð in a formula said by individuals swearing an <a href="/wiki/Rings_in_early_Germanic_cultures#Oaths" title="Rings in early Germanic cultures">oath on a ring</a>. This has been variously identified by scholars as Thor, Ullr and Odin, although the possibility remains that it is a result of Christian work that was written as a foreshadowing of the establishment of Christianity, as an example of the "noble pagan" motif.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek20089–10_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek20089–10-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindow2002_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">áss</i></span> is further used in translations of works into Old Norse such as in <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%ADal%C3%B3gar_Gregors_%C3%BE%C3%A1fa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Díalógar Gregors þáfa (page does not exist)">Díalógar Gregors þáfa</a>, in which the phrase <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">sólar áss</i></span> ("áss of the sun") is used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, in the phrase <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">sævar goð</i></span> ("god of the sea") and in <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">drauma goð</i></span> ("god of dreams").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrog2021160_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrog2021160-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Morkinskinna" title="Morkinskinna">Morkinskinna</a> further describes copper images of æsir, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Völsungs">Völsungs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%BAkings" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjúkings">Gjúkings</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Hippodrome" title="Hippodrome">hippodrome</a> in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. This has been interpreted as translating Greek gods and heroes into a Germanic context, however, other proposals include that this should be seen as stemming from a euhemeristic angle, with the Æsir being descended from Trojans, as they are depicted by Snorri in the Prose Edda and Ynglinga Saga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrog2021155–156,_164_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrog2021155–156,_164-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relation_with_jötnar"><span id="Relation_with_j.C3.B6tnar"></span>Relation with jötnar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86sir&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Relation with jötnar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been proposed that most narratives in <a href="/wiki/Old_Nordic_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Nordic mythology">Old Nordic mythology</a> portray existence as broadly divided into "this world", inhabited by the Æsir and men, and "the otherworld" inhabited by beings such as jötnar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinnell20051–10Chapter_1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinnell20051–10Chapter_1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELummer202157–85_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELummer202157–85-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These narratives often centre on the journey of an áss to the otherworld, either to obtain something important from there, or to resolve an issue that has arisen in Ásgarð through social exchange with the otherworld.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENordvig2013380–383_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordvig2013380–383-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The jötnar also are presented as a constant threat to the Æsir, leading them into confrontation with Thor who stops the jötnar overrunning Ásgarð and <a href="/wiki/Mi%C3%B0gar%C3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Miðgarð">Miðgarð</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinnell2005109–125Chapter_8_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinnell2005109–125Chapter_8-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite this general juxtaposition between the Æsir and the jötnar, they were not conceived of as necessarily "biologically" distinct from one another, with many of the Æsir being descended from jötnar such as Odin, Thor and Loki.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek200878,_240,_316_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200878,_240,_316-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Æsir also marry and have children with gýgjar (jötunn women) such as Odin, who marries <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0" title="Jörð">Jörð</a> and fathers Thor with her, and Freyr who weds <a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerð">Gerð</a>, founding the <a href="/wiki/Yngling" title="Yngling">Yngling</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek200891,_107,_316–317_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200891,_107,_316–317-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cases when weddings take place, the gýgjar appear to be fully integrated into the Æsir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinnell200562–64_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinnell200562–64-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2008105_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2008105-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, the Æsir are depicted as having strong positive relations with some jötnar such as <a href="/wiki/%C3%86gir" title="Ægir">Ægir</a>, who hosts them for a feast where they all drink together in the poem <a href="/wiki/Lokasenna" title="Lokasenna">Lokasenna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2008107,192-193_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2008107,192-193-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other jötnar are seen by the Æsir as sources of knowledge, such as Vafþrúðnir, with whom Odin has a wisdom contest in <a href="/wiki/Vaf%C3%BEr%C3%BA%C3%B0nism%C3%A1l" title="Vafþrúðnismál">Vafþrúðnismál</a>, and <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Hyndla</i></span> to whom Freyja travels in the poem <a href="/wiki/Hyndlulj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Hyndluljóð">Hyndluljóð</a> to find out the lineage of <a href="/wiki/%C3%93ttar_(mythology)" title="Óttar (mythology)">Ottar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2008107,169-170,344-345_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2008107,169-170,344-345-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Old_English_sources">Old English sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86sir&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Old English sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BL_Harleian_585_f_175v_With_Faerstice_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/BL_Harleian_585_f_175v_With_Faerstice_%28cropped%29.png/200px-BL_Harleian_585_f_175v_With_Faerstice_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/BL_Harleian_585_f_175v_With_Faerstice_%28cropped%29.png/300px-BL_Harleian_585_f_175v_With_Faerstice_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/BL_Harleian_585_f_175v_With_Faerstice_%28cropped%29.png/400px-BL_Harleian_585_f_175v_With_Faerstice_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>The word "ēsa", as written on the bottom line of a page recording <a href="/wiki/Wi%C3%B0_f%C3%A6rstice" title="Wið færstice">Wið færstice</a> from the <a href="/wiki/L%C4%81cnunga" class="mw-redirect" title="Lācnunga">Lācnunga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harleian_collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Harleian collection">Harleian collection</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wið_færstice"><span id="Wi.C3.B0_f.C3.A6rstice"></span>Wið færstice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86sir&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Wið færstice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Wi%C3%B0_f%C3%A6rstice" title="Wið færstice">Wið færstice</a> text from the late 10th or early 11th century <a href="/wiki/L%C4%81cnunga" class="mw-redirect" title="Lācnunga">Lācnunga</a> is an Old English remedy against harm caused by several beings including ēse and <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ælfe">ælfe</a> (often translated as "elves").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall20071–5_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall20071–5-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">gif hit wǣre ēsa gescot oððe hit wǣre ylfa gescot<br /> oððe hit wǣre hægtessan gescot nū ic wille ðīn helpan<br /> þis ðē tō bōte ēsa gescotes ðis ðē tō bōte ylfa gescotes<br /> ðis ðē tō bōte hægtessan gescotes ic ðīn wille helpan<br /> flēo [?MS fled] þǣr on fyrgenhǣfde<br /> hāl westū helpe ðīn drihten<br /> nim þonne þæt seax ādō on wǣtan·</i></span> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>If it was the <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">gescot</i></span> of <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">ēse</i></span> or it was the <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">gescot</i></span> of <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">ælfe</i></span> <br /> or it was the <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">gescot</i></span> of <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">hægtessan</i></span>, now I want to (?will) help you. <br /> This for you as a remedy for the <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">gescot of ēse</i></span>; this for you<br /> as a remedy for the <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">gescot</i></span> of <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">ælfe</i></span>, <br /> this for you as a remedy for the <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">gescot</i></span> of <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">hægtessan</i></span>; I will help you. <br /> Fly around there on the mountain top. Be healthy, may the Lord help you.<br /> Then take the knife; put it in (the) liquid. </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—<a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> text<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall20072–3_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall20072–3-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—<a href="/wiki/Alaric_Hall" title="Alaric Hall">Hall</a> Translation<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall20072–3_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall20072–3-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The collocation of ēse and elves Wið færstice is paralleled in Old Norse writings as the alliterative phrase "æsir and álfar".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200735_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200735-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not clear whether this formula dates back to the ancestral community speaking the ancestor of Old Norse and Old English and thus had always existed in both languages, or was the result of a later loaning due to the close cultural contact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2007108_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2007108-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been proposed that just like in early Old Norse-speaking communities, those speaking Old English early on would also have placed ēse and ælfe in contrast with monstrous beings such as <a href="/wiki/Eotenas" class="mw-redirect" title="Eotenas">eotenas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wyrmas" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyrmas">wyrmas</a>, although it is unclear exactly how the beings were conceived of in English-speaking communities by the time that Wið færstice was written.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200735–67_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200735–67-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_A-rune_(ᚫ,_ᚩ_or_ᚬ)"><span id="The_A-rune_.28.E1.9A.AB.2C_.E1.9A.A9_or_.E1.9A.AC.29"></span>The A-rune (ᚫ, ᚩ or ᚬ)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86sir&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The A-rune (ᚫ, ᚩ or ᚬ)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)">Ansuz (rune)</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> name of the A <a href="/wiki/Rune" title="Rune">rune</a>, written in <a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a> as <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227795492">.mw-parser-output .script-runic{font-family:"BabelStone Runic","FreeMono",Junicode,Code2000,Hnias,"Noto Sans Runic","San Francisco","New York"}</style><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚫ</span> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Futhorc" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon Futhorc">Anglo-Saxon Futhorc</a> as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚩ</span>, is typically reconstructed as <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a>: *<i lang="gem">ansuz</i>, an áss (or heathen god).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva2006396–397_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva2006396–397-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This identification is principally based on the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_rune_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic rune poem">Icelandic rune poem</a> which reads as records the name of the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a> form of the rune, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚬ</span>, as <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Ós</i></span>, referring to <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>: </p> <table width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="50%">Standardised <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> text<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickins,_1915_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickins,_1915-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th width="50%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> translation<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva2006397_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva2006397-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <dl><dd><span title="Old Norse-language text"><span lang="non"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚬ</span> Óss er algingautr ok ásgarðs jöfurr, ok valhallar vísi.</span></span></dd></dl> </td> <td> <dl><dd>Heathen god/Óðinn is ancient Gautur and Ásgarðr’s prince and Valhall’s ruler.</dd></dl> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some scholars have translated the name of the rune in the <a href="/wiki/Old_English_rune_poem" title="Old English rune poem">Old English rune poem</a> as <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">ōs</i></span> ("god"), with the word commonly accepted as being a cognate of <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">áss</i></span>, however others interpret it as meaning "mouth" that would have come to Old English from Proto-Germanic or result from influence from either <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: <i lang="non">óss</i> ("river mouth") or <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">os</i> ("mouth").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva2006399–400_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva2006399–400-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrog2021147_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrog2021147-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Old Swedish and Old Norwegian rune poems both refer to the name as meaning "river mouth" rather than "god".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva2006396–398_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva2006396–398-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_worship">Modern worship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86sir&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modern worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ásatrú, meaning "faith in the Æsir", is a <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movement</a> also known as <a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a> that aims to <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">reconstruct</a> and practise a modern form of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a>. As of 2007, Ásatrú is a religion officially recognized by the governments of Denmark,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkeministeriet_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkeministeriet-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iceland,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEsyslumenn_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEsyslumenn-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norway,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprem200849_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprem200849-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEsydsvenskan_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEsydsvenskan-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the organisation <a href="/wiki/Asatru_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Asatru UK">Asatru UK</a> is registered as a <a href="/wiki/Community_interest_company" title="Community interest company">community interest company</a> for religious activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAUK_-_CIC_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAUK_-_CIC-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most adherents do not emphasise worship of the Æsir in particular and may also refer to their practice as "forn sed/sidr/siður" meaning old customs. The Icelandic <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81satr%C3%BAarf%C3%A9lagi%C3%B0" title="Ásatrúarfélagið">Ásatrúarfélagið</a></i> describes <i>Ásatrú</i> as "Nordic <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a>" involving "belief in the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian folklore">Icelandic/Nordic folklore</a>" including all the "spirits and entities" besides "gods and other beings" this entails.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEasatruThe_Icelandic_version_has_"''Ásatrú''_is_a_pagan_tradition_based_on_tolerance,_honesty,_magnanimity_and_respect_for_nature_and_all_life."_(''Ásatrú_eða_heiðinn_siður_byggir_á_umburðarlyndi,_heiðarleika,_drengskap_og_virðingu_fyrir_náttúrunni_og_öllu_lífi.'')_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEasatruThe_Icelandic_version_has_"''Ásatrú''_is_a_pagan_tradition_based_on_tolerance,_honesty,_magnanimity_and_respect_for_nature_and_all_life."_(''Ásatrú_eða_heiðinn_siður_byggir_á_umburðarlyndi,_heiðarleika,_drengskap_og_virðingu_fyrir_náttúrunni_og_öllu_lífi.'')-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Place-names">Place-names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86sir&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Place-names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Place-names containing the word <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">áss</i></span> or cognate terms have been proposed for the following: </p><p>Sweden: </p> <ul><li>Aspberg<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek20083_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek20083-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Åslunda<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek20083_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek20083-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Norway </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81sar%C3%A1ll" class="mw-redirect" title="Ásaráll">Ásaráll</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek20083_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek20083-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>No such locations have yet been found in England that are widely accepted by scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200661-63_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200661-63-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86sir&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The reference in Getica is as follows: <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Tum Gothi haut segnes reperti arma capessunt primoque conflictu mox Romanos devincunt, Fuscoque duce extincto divitias de castris militum spoliant magnaque potiti per loca victoria iam proceres suos, quorum quasi fortuna vincebant, non puros homines, sed semideos id est Ansis vocaverunt.</i> ("But the Goths were on the alert. They took up arms and presently over-whelmed the Romans in the first encounter. They slew Fuscus, the commander, and plundered the soldiers’ camp of its treasure. And because of the great victory they had won in this region, they thereafter called their leaders, by whose good fortune they seemed to have conquered, not mere men, but demigods, that is Ansis.")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGetica_(Latin)Chapter_13,_78_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetica_(Latin)Chapter_13,_78-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMierow191572–73Chapter_13,_78_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMierow191572–73Chapter_13,_78-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Germanic languages collective text"><i lang="gem">Ansugastiz</i></span> and <span title="Germanic languages collective text"><i lang="gem">Ansugīslaz</i></span> are found in runic inscriptions, while <span title="Germanic languages collective text">*<i lang="gem">Ansulaibaz</i></span> is reconstructed from the corresponding Old English name in <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikstrand20091013_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVikstrand20091013-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Odin is referred to in the þulur as <a href="/wiki/List_of_names_of_Odin" title="List of names of Odin">Yggr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENafnaþulur_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENafnaþulur-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Gylfaginning, Njörðr is listed as the third áss yet is also noted to be "not of the race of the Æsir" (<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: <i lang="non">Eigi er Njörðr ása ættar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGylfaginning_21-30_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGylfaginning_21-30-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freyr is referred to in the þulur as <a href="/wiki/List_of_names_of_Freyr" title="List of names of Freyr">Yngvi-Freyr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENafnaþulur_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENafnaþulur-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The normalised spelling is <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: <i lang="non">garðáss</i>, being derived from the inscription which reads <b>karþạs</b> with <i>k</i> and <i>a</i> as a <a href="/wiki/Bind_rune" title="Bind rune">bind rune</a>. The bind rune could theoretically be read in the other order as <i>ak</i>, making the inscription <b>akrþạs</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrog2021148_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrog2021148-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinnellSimekDüwel2004116_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinnellSimekDüwel2004116-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Examples of this formula include <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Mart var þar ása oc álfa</i></span> ("Many of the æsir and álfar were there") from the prose prologue to <a href="/wiki/Lokasenna" title="Lokasenna">Lokasenna</a> and <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">ása oc álfa, er hér inno ero</i></span> "of the æsir and álfar who are here within") from the body of the poem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200735_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200735-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The rune poem is preserved in two manuscripts from the <a href="/wiki/Arnamagn%C3%A6an_Manuscript_Collection" title="Arnamagnæan Manuscript Collection">Arnamagnæan Manuscript Collection</a>, AM 687d 4to and AM 461 12mo. The standardised Old Norse is based on these two attestations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva2006397_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva2006397-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86sir&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic paganism">Proto-Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_trees_of_the_Norse_gods" title="Family trees of the Norse gods">Family trees of the Norse gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_of_the_%C3%86sir" title="Horses of the Æsir">Horses of the Æsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anunnaki" title="Anunnaki">Anunnaki</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86sir&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEáss-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEáss_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEáss_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFáss">áss</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek20083-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek20083_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek20083_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek20083_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek20083_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek20083_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek20083_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek20083_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek20083_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek20083_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek20083_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek20083_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimek2008">Simek 2008</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200763-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200763_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2007">Hall 2007</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMierow19153-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMierow19153_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMierow1915">Mierow 1915</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetica_(Latin)Chapter_13,_78-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGetica_(Latin)Chapter_13,_78_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGetica_(Latin)">Getica (Latin)</a>, Chapter 13, 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMierow191572–73Chapter_13,_78-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMierow191572–73Chapter_13,_78_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMierow1915">Mierow 1915</a>, pp. 72–73, Chapter 13, 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimm25-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimm25_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimm">Grimm</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁs-ynja-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁs-ynja_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÁs-ynja">Ás-ynja</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellquist1922-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHellquist1922_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHellquist1922_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHellquist1922">Hellquist 1922</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroonen201330-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen201330_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen201330_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKroonen2013">Kroonen 2013</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva2006396-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva2006396_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilva2006">Silva 2006</a>, p. 396.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200819-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek200819_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimek2008">Simek 2008</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2002-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindow2002_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindow2002_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindow2002">Lindow 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotz1984190–191-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotz1984190–191_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotz1984190–191_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMotz1984">Motz 1984</a>, pp. 190–191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETichy-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETichy_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTichy">Tichy</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsuwaldaz-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsuwaldaz_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnsuwaldaz">Ansuwaldaz</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVikstrand20091013-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikstrand20091013_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikstrand20091013_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVikstrand2009">Vikstrand 2009</a>, p. 1013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrog2021150-151-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrog2021150-151_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrog2021150-151_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrog2021">Frog 2021</a>, p. 150-151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2008352–353-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2008352–353_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimek2008">Simek 2008</a>, pp. 352–353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2008-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2008_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimek2008">Simek 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrog2021143-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrog2021143_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrog2021">Frog 2021</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimbutasDexter2001-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGimbutasDexter2001_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGimbutasDexter2001">Gimbutas & Dexter 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975161-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975161_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurville-Petre1975">Turville-Petre 1975</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumézil19733–4,_18-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumézil19733–4,_18_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumézil1973">Dumézil 1973</a>, pp. 3–4, 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975159–162-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975159–162_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurville-Petre1975">Turville-Petre 1975</a>, pp. 159–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade1996Section_II_(30)-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEliade1996Section_II_(30)_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEliade1996">Eliade 1996</a>, Section II (30).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975162_"In_one_civilization,_and_at_one_time,_the_specialized_gods_of_fertility_might_predominate,_and_in_another_the_warrior_or_the_god-king._The_highest_god_owes_his_position_to_those_who_worship_him,_and_if_they_are_farmers,_he_will_be_a_god_of_fertility,_or_one_of_the_Vanir"-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975162_"In_one_civilization,_and_at_one_time,_the_specialized_gods_of_fertility_might_predominate,_and_in_another_the_warrior_or_the_god-king._The_highest_god_owes_his_position_to_those_who_worship_him,_and_if_they_are_farmers,_he_will_be_a_god_of_fertility,_or_one_of_the_Vanir"_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurville-Petre1975">Turville-Petre 1975</a>, p. 162 "In one civilization, and at one time, the specialized gods of fertility might predominate, and in another the warrior or the god-king. The highest god owes his position to those who worship him, and if they are farmers, he will be a god of fertility, or one of the Vanir".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakobsson199863-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakobsson199863_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJakobsson1998">Jakobsson 1998</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENafnaþulur-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENafnaþulur_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENafnaþulur_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENafnaþulur_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNafnaþulur">Nafnaþulur</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGylfaginning_21-30-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGylfaginning_21-30_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGylfaginning_21-30_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGylfaginning_21-30">Gylfaginning 21-30</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGylfaginning_11-20-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGylfaginning_11-20_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGylfaginning_11-20">Gylfaginning 11-20</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGylfaginning_31-40-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGylfaginning_31-40_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGylfaginning_31-40">Gylfaginning 31-40</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell201555–56,_60–61-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunnell201555–56,_60–61_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGunnell2015">Gunnell 2015</a>, pp. 55–56, 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrog2021148-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrog2021148_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrog2021148_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrog2021">Frog 2021</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinnellSimekDüwel2004116-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinnellSimekDüwel2004116_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKinnellSimekDüwel2004">McKinnell, Simek & Düwel 2004</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrog2021150-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrog2021150_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrog2021">Frog 2021</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrog2021163-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrog2021163_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrog2021">Frog 2021</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVigfússon1860Chapter_6:_"kallaðr_Bárðr_Snjófelsáss,_þvíat_þeir_trúðu_á_hann_náliga_þar_um_nesit,_ok_höfðu_hann_fyrir_heitguð_sinn,_varð_hann_ok_mörgum_en_mesta_bjargvættr."-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVigfússon1860Chapter_6:_"kallaðr_Bárðr_Snjófelsáss,_þvíat_þeir_trúðu_á_hann_náliga_þar_um_nesit,_ok_höfðu_hann_fyrir_heitguð_sinn,_varð_hann_ok_mörgum_en_mesta_bjargvættr."_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVigfússon1860">Vigfússon 1860</a>, Chapter 6: "kallaðr Bárðr Snjófelsáss, þvíat þeir trúðu á hann náliga þar um nesit, ok höfðu hann fyrir heitguð sinn, varð hann ok mörgum en mesta bjargvættr.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek20089–10-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek20089–10_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimek2008">Simek 2008</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrog2021160-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrog2021160_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrog2021">Frog 2021</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrog2021155–156,_164-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrog2021155–156,_164_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrog2021">Frog 2021</a>, pp. 155–156, 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinnell20051–10Chapter_1-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinnell20051–10Chapter_1_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKinnell2005">McKinnell 2005</a>, pp. 1–10, Chapter 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELummer202157–85-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELummer202157–85_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLummer2021">Lummer 2021</a>, pp. 57–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENordvig2013380–383-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENordvig2013380–383_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNordvig2013">Nordvig 2013</a>, pp. 380–383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinnell2005109–125Chapter_8-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinnell2005109–125Chapter_8_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKinnell2005">McKinnell 2005</a>, pp. 109–125, Chapter 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200878,_240,_316-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek200878,_240,_316_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimek2008">Simek 2008</a>, pp. 78, 240, 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200891,_107,_316–317-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek200891,_107,_316–317_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimek2008">Simek 2008</a>, pp. 91, 107, 316–317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinnell200562–64-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinnell200562–64_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKinnell2005">McKinnell 2005</a>, pp. 62–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2008105-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2008105_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimek2008">Simek 2008</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2008107,192-193-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2008107,192-193_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimek2008">Simek 2008</a>, p. 107,192-193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2008107,169-170,344-345-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2008107,169-170,344-345_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimek2008">Simek 2008</a>, p. 107,169-170,344-345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall20071–5-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall20071–5_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2007">Hall 2007</a>, pp. 1–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall20072–3-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall20072–3_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall20072–3_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2007">Hall 2007</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200735-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200735_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200735_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2007">Hall 2007</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2007108-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2007108_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2007">Hall 2007</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200735–67-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200735–67_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2007">Hall 2007</a>, pp. 35–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva2006396–397-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva2006396–397_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilva2006">Silva 2006</a>, pp. 396–397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickins,_1915-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickins,_1915_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDickins,_1915">Dickins, 1915</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva2006397-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva2006397_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva2006397_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilva2006">Silva 2006</a>, p. 397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva2006399–400-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva2006399–400_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilva2006">Silva 2006</a>, pp. 399–400.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrog2021147-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrog2021147_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrog2021">Frog 2021</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva2006396–398-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva2006396–398_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilva2006">Silva 2006</a>, pp. 396–398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkeministeriet-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkeministeriet_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirkeministeriet">Kirkeministeriet</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEsyslumenn-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEsyslumenn_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFsyslumenn">syslumenn</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprem200849-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprem200849_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsprem2008">Asprem 2008</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEsydsvenskan-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEsydsvenskan_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFsydsvenskan">sydsvenskan</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAUK_-_CIC-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAUK_-_CIC_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAUK_-_CIC">AUK - CIC</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEasatruThe_Icelandic_version_has_"''Ásatrú''_is_a_pagan_tradition_based_on_tolerance,_honesty,_magnanimity_and_respect_for_nature_and_all_life."_(''Ásatrú_eða_heiðinn_siður_byggir_á_umburðarlyndi,_heiðarleika,_drengskap_og_virðingu_fyrir_náttúrunni_og_öllu_lífi.'')-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEasatruThe_Icelandic_version_has_"''Ásatrú''_is_a_pagan_tradition_based_on_tolerance,_honesty,_magnanimity_and_respect_for_nature_and_all_life."_(''Ásatrú_eða_heiðinn_siður_byggir_á_umburðarlyndi,_heiðarleika,_drengskap_og_virðingu_fyrir_náttúrunni_og_öllu_lífi.'')_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFasatru">asatru</a>, The Icelandic version has "<i>Ásatrú</i> is a pagan tradition based on tolerance, honesty, magnanimity and respect for nature and all life." (<i>Ásatrú eða heiðinn siður byggir á umburðarlyndi, heiðarleika, drengskap og virðingu fyrir náttúrunni og öllu lífi.</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200661-63-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200661-63_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2006">Hall 2006</a>, p. 61-63.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86sir&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary">Primary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86sir&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Primary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVigfússon1860" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vigfússon, Guðbrandur (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xN0GAAAAYAAJ&q=en+mesta+bjargvaettr&pg=PA38"><i>Bárðarsaga Snæfellsáss, Viglundarsaga</i></a> (in Icelandic). Berlingske bogtrykkeri ved N. H. Stenderup.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=B%C3%A1r%C3%B0arsaga+Sn%C3%A6fells%C3%A1ss%2C+Viglundarsaga&rft.pub=Berlingske+bogtrykkeri+ved+N.+H.+Stenderup&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Vigf%C3%BAsson&rft.aufirst=Gu%C3%B0brandur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxN0GAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Den%2Bmesta%2Bbjargvaettr%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86sir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinnellSimekDüwel2004" class="citation book cs1">McKinnell, John; Simek, Rudolf; Düwel, Klaus (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dro.dur.ac.uk/1053/1/1053.pdf?DDD11+DDC65+dac0hsg">"Gods and Mythological Beings in the Younger Futhark"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Runes, magic and religion: a sourcebook</i>. Fassbaender.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gods+and+Mythological+Beings+in+the+Younger+Futhark&rft.btitle=Runes%2C+magic+and+religion%3A+a+sourcebook&rft.pub=Fassbaender&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=McKinnell&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Simek%2C+Rudolf&rft.au=D%C3%BCwel%2C+Klaus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdro.dur.ac.uk%2F1053%2F1%2F1053.pdf%3FDDD11%2BDDC65%2Bdac0hsg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86sir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMierow1915" class="citation book cs1">Mierow, Charles Christopher (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gothichistoryofj00jorduoft/page/72/mode/2up?q=anses"><i>The Gothic history of Jordanes in English version;</i></a>. Princeton, Univ. Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gothic+history+of+Jordanes+in+English+version%3B&rft.pub=Princeton%2C+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Mierow&rft.aufirst=Charles+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgothichistoryofj00jorduoft%2Fpage%2F72%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Danses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86sir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGetica_(Latin)" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/iordanes1.html#XIII">"Iordanis de Origine Actibusque Getarum, chapter 13"</a>. <i>www.thelatinlibrary.com</i> (in Latin)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thelatinlibrary.com&rft.atitle=Iordanis+de+Origine+Actibusque+Getarum%2C+chapter+13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelatinlibrary.com%2Fiordanes1.html%23XIII&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86sir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickins,_1915" class="citation book cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Rune_poems#The_Icelandic_Rune_Poem"><i>Rune poems</i></a>. Translated by Dickins, Bruce. 1915.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rune+poems&rft.date=1915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FRune_poems%23The_Icelandic_Rune_Poem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86sir" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary">Secondary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86sir&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Secondary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsprem2008" class="citation journal cs1">Asprem, Egil (3 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.equinoxpub.com/POM/article/view/2883">"Heathens up North:Politics, Polemics and Contemporary Norse Paganism in Norway"</a>. <i>Pomegranate</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fpome.v10i1.41">10.1558/pome.v10i1.41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1743-1735">1743-1735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pomegranate&rft.atitle=Heathens+up+North%3APolitics%2C+Polemics+and+Contemporary+Norse+Paganism+in+Norway&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49&rft.date=2008-10-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fpome.v10i1.41&rft.issn=1743-1735&rft.aulast=Asprem&rft.aufirst=Egil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.equinoxpub.com%2FPOM%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86sir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumézil1973" class="citation book cs1">Dumézil, Georges (1973). <i>Gods of the ancient northmen</i>. Berkeley, Calif.: Univ. of California Pr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520020448" title="Special:BookSources/0520020448"><bdi>0520020448</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods+of+the+ancient+northmen&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=Univ.+of+California+Pr&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0520020448&rft.aulast=Dum%C3%A9zil&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86sir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliade1996" class="citation book cs1">Eliade, Mircea (1996). <i>Patterns in comparative religion</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803267336" title="Special:BookSources/9780803267336"><bdi>9780803267336</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patterns+in+comparative+religion&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780803267336&rft.aulast=Eliade&rft.aufirst=Mircea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86sir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrog2021" class="citation journal cs1">Frog (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/333433/Frog_2021_AEsir_Obituary.pdf">"The Æsir: An Obituary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Essays in Honour of Rudolf Simek</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Essays+in+Honour+of+Rudolf+Simek&rft.atitle=The+%C3%86sir%3A+An+Obituary&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Frog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelda.helsinki.fi%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10138%2F333433%2FFrog_2021_AEsir_Obituary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86sir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimbutasDexter2001" class="citation book cs1">Gimbutas, M.; Dexter, M.R. 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Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843835097" title="Special:BookSources/978-1843835097"><bdi>978-1843835097</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786610532490" title="Special:BookSources/9786610532490"><bdi>9786610532490</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1136323846">1136323846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norse+mythology%3A+a+guide+to+the+Gods%2C+heroes%2C+rituals%2C+and+beliefs&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1136323846&rft.isbn=9786610532490&rft.aulast=Lindow&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86sir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLummer2021" class="citation journal cs1">Lummer, Felix (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kgaa.bokorder.se/en-US/article/4499/arv-nordic-yearbook-of-folklore-vol-77-20">"Solitary Colossi and Not-So-Small Men"</a>. <i>Arv – Nordic Yearbook of Folklore</i>. <b>77</b> (1): 57–85<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Series Humaniora: 377–398. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-41-1085-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-41-1085-6"><bdi>978-951-41-1085-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aarhus+University&rft.atitle=A+Method+for+Analyzing+World-Models+in+Scandinavian+Mythology&rft.pages=377-398&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-951-41-1085-6&rft.aulast=Nordvig&rft.aufirst=Mathias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.au.dk%2Fportal%2Fen%2Fpersons%2Fmathias-nordvig%28d8ff747f-d809-48b3-afe5-345252806723%29%2Fpublications%2Fa-method-for-analyzing-worldmodels-in-scandinavian-mythology%28f1ed09ae-a792-4e8c-9c0d-45543f3dc3d7%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86sir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilva2006" class="citation journal cs1">Silva, Inmaculada Senra (1 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistas.uned.es/index.php/EPOS/article/view/10523/10061">"A note on the meaning of os in the Old English Rune Poem"</a>. <i>Epos: Revista de filología</i> (22): 393. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5944%2Fepos.22.2006.10523">10.5944/epos.22.2006.10523</a></span> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2255-3495">2255-3495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Epos%3A+Revista+de+filolog%C3%ADa&rft.atitle=A+note+on+the+meaning+of+os+in+the+Old+English+Rune+Poem&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=393&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5944%2Fepos.22.2006.10523&rft.issn=2255-3495&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=Inmaculada+Senra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevistas.uned.es%2Findex.php%2FEPOS%2Farticle%2Fview%2F10523%2F10061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86sir" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimek2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Simek" title="Rudolf Simek">Simek, Rudolf</a> (2008). <i>A Dictionary of Northern Mythology</i>. Translated by Hall, Angela. BOYE6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780859915137" title="Special:BookSources/9780859915137"><bdi>9780859915137</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Northern+Mythology&rft.pub=BOYE6&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780859915137&rft.aulast=Simek&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86sir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurville-Petre1975" class="citation book cs1">Turville-Petre, Edward Oswald Gabriel (1975). <i>Myth and religion of the north: the religion of ancient Scandinavia</i> (Repr ed.). Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0837174201" title="Special:BookSources/0837174201"><bdi>0837174201</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myth+and+religion+of+the+north%3A+the+religion+of+ancient+Scandinavia&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn&rft.edition=Repr&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0837174201&rft.aulast=Turville-Petre&rft.aufirst=Edward+Oswald+Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86sir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVikstrand2009" class="citation journal cs1">Vikstrand, Per (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/4045/icos23_1012.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1">"Pre-Christian Sacral Personal Names in Scandinavia during the Proto-Scandinavian Period"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the 23rd International Congress of Onomastic Sciences</i>. York University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+23rd+International+Congress+of+Onomastic+Sciences&rft.atitle=Pre-Christian+Sacral+Personal+Names+in+Scandinavia+during+the+Proto-Scandinavian+Period&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Vikstrand&rft.aufirst=Per&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyorkspace.library.yorku.ca%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10315%2F4045%2Ficos23_1012.pdf%3FisAllowed%3Dy%26sequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86sir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTichy" class="citation web cs1">Tichy, Ondrej. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bosworthtoller.com/25014">"ós"</a>. <i>Bosworth-Toller's Anglo-Saxon Dictionary online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.voluspa.org&rft.atitle=Gylfaginning+21-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voluspa.org%2Fgylfaginning21-30.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86sir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGylfaginning_31-40" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voluspa.org/gylfaginning31-40.htm">"Gylfaginning 31-40"</a>. <i>www.voluspa.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.voluspa.org&rft.atitle=Gylfaginning+31-40&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voluspa.org%2Fgylfaginning31-40.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86sir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNafnaþulur" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voluspa.org/nafnathulur21-40.htm">"Nafnaþulur"</a>. <i>www.voluspa.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.voluspa.org&rft.atitle=Nafna%C3%BEulur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voluspa.org%2Fnafnathulur21-40.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86sir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkeministeriet" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070209004727/http://www.km.dk/trossamfundliste.html">"Kirkeministeriet"</a> (in Danish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.km.dk/trossamfundliste.html">the original</a> on 9 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2007</span>. <q>Forn Sidr – Asa– og Vanetrosamfundet i Danmark</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kirkeministeriet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.km.dk%2Ftrossamfundliste.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86sir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsyslumenn" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syslumenn.is/thjonusta/utgefin-leyfi/listi-yfir-skrad-trufelog-og-lifsskodunarfelog/">"Listi yfir skráð trúfélög og lífsskoðunarfélög"</a> (in Icelandic). <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BDslumenn" class="mw-redirect" title="Sýslumenn">Sýslumenn</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508165222/https://www.syslumenn.is/thjonusta/utgefin-leyfi/listi-yfir-skrad-trufelog-og-lifsskodunarfelog/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2021</span>. <q>Ásatrúarfélagið</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Listi+yfir+skr%C3%A1%C3%B0+tr%C3%BAf%C3%A9l%C3%B6g+og+l%C3%ADfssko%C3%B0unarf%C3%A9l%C3%B6g&rft.pub=S%C3%BDslumenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syslumenn.is%2Fthjonusta%2Futgefin-leyfi%2Flisti-yfir-skrad-trufelog-og-lifsskodunarfelog%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86sir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsydsvenskan" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811045734/http://www.sydsvenskan.se/sverige/article218126/Freja-Oden-och-Tor-far-officiell-status.html">"Freja, Oden och Tor får officiell status"</a>. <i>sydsvenskan</i> (in Swedish). 11 August 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sydsvenskan.se/sverige/article218126/Freja-Oden-och-Tor-far-officiell-status.html">the original</a> on 11 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sydsvenskan&rft.atitle=Freja%2C+Oden+och+Tor+f%C3%A5r+officiell+status&rft.date=2011-08-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sydsvenskan.se%2Fsverige%2Farticle218126%2FFreja-Oden-och-Tor-far-officiell-status.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86sir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAUK_-_CIC" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/14288207">"ASATRU UK CIC overview - GOV.UK"</a>. <i>find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk&rft.atitle=ASATRU+UK+CIC+overview+-+GOV.UK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffind-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk%2Fcompany%2F14288207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86sir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFasatru" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061205064006/http://asatru.is">"Asatru.is"</a>. <i>asatru.is</i> (in Icelandic). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asatru.is">the original</a> on 5 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=asatru.is&rft.atitle=Asatru.is&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasatru.is&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86sir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsuwaldaz" class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/Ansuwaldaz">"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/Ansuwaldaz"</a>. <i>Wiktionary, the free dictionary</i>. 13 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wiktionary%2C+the+free+dictionary&rft.atitle=Reconstruction%3AProto-Germanic%2FAnsuwaldaz&rft.date=2022-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2FReconstruction%3AProto-Germanic%2FAnsuwaldaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86sir" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86sir&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A1ss" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:áss">áss</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/os#Old_English" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:os">os#Old English</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norse_paganism_footer" title="Template:Norse paganism footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norse_paganism_footer" title="Template talk:Norse paganism footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norse_paganism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norse paganism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Old_Norse_religion_and_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d6dbbe;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_people,_items_and_places_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of people, items and places in Norse mythology">Mythological Norse people, items and places</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Deities</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">dwarfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">jötnar</a>,<br />and other figures</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Æsir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alm%C3%A1ttki_%C3%A1ss" title="Almáttki áss">Almáttki áss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldr" title="Baldr">Baldr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bragi" title="Bragi">Bragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dellingr" title="Dellingr">Dellingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forseti" title="Forseti">Forseti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimdall" title="Heimdall">Heimdall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herm%C3%B3%C3%B0r" title="Hermóðr">Hermóðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6%C3%B0r" title="Höðr">Höðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%93nir" title="Hœnir">Hœnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dtreksj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Ítreksjóð">Ítreksjóð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B3%C3%B0urr" title="Lóðurr">Lóðurr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loki" title="Loki">Loki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ni" title="Máni">Máni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meili" title="Meili">Meili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmir" title="Mímir">Mímir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0i_and_Magni" title="Móði and Magni">Móði and Magni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93%C3%B0r" title="Óðr">Óðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Týr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullr" title="Ullr">Ullr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1li" title="Váli">Váli (son of Odin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0arr" title="Víðarr">Víðarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vili_and_V%C3%A9" title="Vili and Vé">Vili and Vé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ásynjur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%BAki_and_Bil" title="Hjúki and Bil">Bil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eir" title="Eir">Eir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulla" title="Fulla">Fulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefjon" title="Gefjon">Gefjon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B0r" title="Gerðr">Gerðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gn%C3%A1_and_H%C3%B3fvarpnir" title="Gná and Hófvarpnir">Gná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hl%C3%ADn" title="Hlín">Hlín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0unn" title="Iðunn">Iðunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmr" title="Ilmr">Ilmr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorger%C3%B0r_H%C3%B6lgabr%C3%BA%C3%B0r_and_Irpa" title="Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa">Irpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofn" title="Lofn">Lofn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanna_(Norse_deity)" title="Nanna (Norse deity)">Nanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6run" title="Njörun">Njörun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1n" title="Rán">Rán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rindr" title="Rindr">Rindr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ga_and_S%C3%B6kkvabekkr" title="Sága and Sökkvabekkr">Sága</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sif" title="Sif">Sif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigyn" title="Sigyn">Sigyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6fn" title="Sjöfn">Sjöfn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska%C3%B0i" title="Skaði">Skaði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snotra" title="Snotra">Snotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3l_(Germanic_mythology)" title="Sól (Germanic mythology)">Sól</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syn_(goddess)" title="Syn (goddess)">Syn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorger%C3%B0r_H%C3%B6lgabr%C3%BA%C3%B0r_and_Irpa" title="Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa">Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0r" title="Þrúðr">Þrúðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1r" title="Vár">Vár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6r" title="Vör">Vör</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingunar-Freyr" title="Ingunar-Freyr">Ingunar-Freyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi">Yngvi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gersemi" title="Gersemi">Gersemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullveig" title="Gullveig">Gullveig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnoss" title="Hnoss">Hnoss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvasir" title="Kvasir">Kvasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Njörðr">Njörðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister-wife_of_Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Sister-wife of Njörðr">Sister-wife of Njörðr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_j%C3%B6tnar_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of jötnar in Norse mythology">Jötnar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86gir" title="Ægir">Ægir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvaldi" title="Alvaldi">Alvaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrbo%C3%B0a" title="Angrboða">Angrboða</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurbo%C3%B0a" title="Aurboða">Aurboða</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baugi" title="Baugi">Baugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beli_(j%C3%B6tunn)" title="Beli (jötunn)">Beli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergelmir" title="Bergelmir">Bergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestla" title="Bestla">Bestla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6l%C3%BEorn" title="Bölþorn">Bölþorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BDleistr" title="Býleistr">Býleistr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg%C3%BE%C3%A9r" title="Eggþér">Eggþér</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1rbauti" title="Fárbauti">Fárbauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6lvar" title="Fjölvar">Fjölvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornj%C3%B3t" title="Fornjót">Fornjót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangr" title="Gangr">Gangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geirr%C3%B6%C3%B0r" title="Geirröðr">Geirröðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillingr" title="Gillingr">Gillingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%A1lp_and_Greip" title="Gjálp and Greip">Gjálp and Greip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Gríðr">Gríðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnl%C3%B6%C3%B0" title="Gunnlöð">Gunnlöð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymir_(father_of_Ger%C3%B0r)" title="Gymir (father of Gerðr)">Gymir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%B0greipr" title="Harðgreipr">Harðgreipr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helblindi" title="Helblindi">Helblindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helreginn" title="Helreginn">Helreginn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hljod" title="Hljod">Hljod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%A6svelgr" title="Hræsvelgr">Hræsvelgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmger%C3%B0r" title="Hrímgerðr">Hrímgerðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmgr%C3%ADmnir" title="Hrímgrímnir">Hrímgrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmnir" title="Hrímnir">Hrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hro%C3%B0r" title="Hroðr">Hroðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrungnir" title="Hrungnir">Hrungnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrymr" title="Hrymr">Hrymr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymir" title="Hymir">Hymir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrrokkin" title="Hyrrokkin">Hyrrokkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0i" title="Iði">Iði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dm" title="Ím">Ím</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1rnsaxa" title="Járnsaxa">Járnsaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laufey_(mythology)" title="Laufey (mythology)">Laufey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leikn" title="Leikn">Leikn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litr" title="Litr">Litr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logi_(mythology)" title="Logi (mythology)">Logi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6g%C3%BErasir" title="Mögþrasir">Mögþrasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narfi" title="Narfi">Narfi (father of Nott)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6kkm%C3%ADmir" title="Sökkmímir">Sökkmímir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtr" title="Surtr">Surtr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suttungr" title="Suttungr">Suttungr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ejazi" title="Þjazi">Þjazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B6kk" title="Þökk">Þökk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%ADvaldi" title="Þrívaldi">Þrívaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0gelmir" title="Þrúðgelmir">Þrúðgelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Erymr" title="Þrymr">Þrymr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Atgar%C3%B0a-Loki" title="Útgarða-Loki">Útgarða-Loki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaf%C3%BEr%C3%BA%C3%B0nir" title="Vafþrúðnir">Vafþrúðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0blindi" title="Víðblindi">Víðblindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vosud" title="Vosud">Vosud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6rnir" title="Vörnir">Vörnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ymir" title="Ymir">Ymir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dwarfs_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of dwarfs in Norse mythology">Dwarfs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alv%C3%ADss" title="Alvíss">Alvíss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andvari" title="Andvari">Andvari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austri,_Vestri,_Nor%C3%B0ri_and_Su%C3%B0ri" title="Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri">Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billingr" title="Billingr">Billingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1inn_(Norse_dwarf)" title="Dáinn (Norse dwarf)">Dáinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durinn" title="Durinn">Durinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BArnir" title="Dúrnir">Dúrnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvalinn" title="Dvalinn">Dvalinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1fnir" title="Fáfnir">Fáfnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjalar_and_Galar" title="Fjalar and Galar">Fjalar and Galar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_(mythology)" title="Gandalf (mythology)">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrei%C3%B0marr" title="Hreiðmarr">Hreiðmarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litr" title="Litr">Litr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3tsognir" title="Mótsognir">Mótsognir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93tr" title="Ótr">Ótr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regin" title="Regin">Regin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Ivaldi" title="Sons of Ivaldi">Sons of Ivaldi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brokkr" title="Brokkr">Brokkr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eitri" title="Eitri">Eitri</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_heroic_legend" title="Germanic heroic legend">Heroes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="Lists of figures in Germanic heroic legend">List of figures in Germanic heroic legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_A" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, A"> A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_B%E2%80%93C" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, B–C"> B–C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_D%E2%80%93E" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, D–E"> D–E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_F%E2%80%93G" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, F–G"> F–G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_H%E2%80%93He" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, H–He"> H–He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_Hi%E2%80%93Hy" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, Hi–Hy"> Hi–Hy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_I%E2%80%93O" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, I–O"> I–O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_P%E2%80%93S" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, P–S"> P–S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_T%E2%80%93Y" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, T–Y"> T–Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people,_clan,_and_place_names_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend">people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_named_animals_and_plants_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of named animals and plants in Germanic heroic legend">named animals and plants </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_named_weapons,_armour_and_treasures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of named weapons, armour and treasures in Germanic heroic legend">named weapons, armour and treasures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ask_and_Embla" title="Ask and Embla">Ask and Embla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au%C3%B0r_(mythology)" title="Auðr (mythology)">Auðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au%C3%B0umbla" title="Auðumbla">Auðumbla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurvandill" title="Aurvandill">Aurvandill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyla" title="Beyla">Beyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borr" title="Borr">Borr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAri" title="Búri">Búri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byggvir" title="Byggvir">Byggvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dísir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landd%C3%ADsir" title="Landdísir">Landdísir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_dragon" title="Germanic dragon">Dragons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Draugs">Draugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldir" title="Eldir">Eldir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Dark elves (Dökkálfar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Light elves (Ljósálfar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svart%C3%A1lfar" title="Svartálfar">Black elves (Svartálfar)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimafeng" title="Fimafeng">Fimafeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjalar_(rooster)" title="Fjalar (rooster)">Fjalar (rooster)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenrir" title="Fenrir">Fenrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6rgyn_and_Fj%C3%B6rgynn" title="Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn">Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fylgja" title="Fylgja">Fylgja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garmr" title="Garmr">Garmr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullinbursti" title="Gullinbursti">Gullinbursti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hati_Hr%C3%B3%C3%B0vitnisson" title="Hati Hróðvitnisson">Hati Hróðvitnisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(mythological_being)" title="Hel (mythological being)">Hel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildisv%C3%ADni" class="mw-redirect" title="Hildisvíni">Hildisvíni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%BAki_and_Bil" title="Hjúki and Bil">Hjúki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_of_the_%C3%86sir" title="Horses of the Æsir">Horses of the Æsir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rvakr_and_Alsvi%C3%B0r" title="Árvakr and Alsviðr">Árvakr and Alsviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3%C3%B0ugh%C3%B3fi" title="Blóðughófi">Blóðughófi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falh%C3%B3fnir" title="Falhófnir">Falhófnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%ADsl" class="mw-redirect" title="Gísl">Gísl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gla%C3%B0r" title="Glaðr">Glaðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A6r" title="Glær">Glær</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenr" title="Glenr">Glenr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grani" title="Grani">Grani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullfaxi" title="Gullfaxi">Gullfaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulltoppr" title="Gulltoppr">Gulltoppr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyllir" title="Gyllir">Gyllir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamskerpir_and_Gar%C3%B0rofa" title="Hamskerpir and Garðrofa">Hamskerpir and Garðrofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gn%C3%A1_and_H%C3%B3fvarpnir" title="Gná and Hófvarpnir">Hófvarpnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinfaxi_and_Hr%C3%ADmfaxi" title="Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi">Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleipnir" title="Sleipnir">Sleipnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sva%C3%B0ilfari" title="Svaðilfari">Svaðilfari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0" title="Jörð">Jörð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rmungandr" title="Jörmungandr">Jörmungandr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADf_and_L%C3%ADfthrasir" class="mw-redirect" title="Líf and Lífthrasir">Líf and Lífthrasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loddf%C3%A1fnir" title="Loddfáfnir">Loddfáfnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0gu%C3%B0r" title="Móðguðr">Móðguðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Daughters_of_%C3%86gir_and_R%C3%A1n" title="Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán">Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Mothers_of_Heimdallr" title="Nine Mothers of Heimdallr">Nine Mothers of Heimdallr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narfi_(son_of_Loki)" title="Narfi (son of Loki)">Narfi (son of Loki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%AD%C3%B0h%C3%B6ggr" title="Níðhöggr">Níðhöggr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a></li> <li>Personifications <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dagr" title="Dagr">Dagr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elli" title="Elli">Elli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3tt" title="Nótt">Nótt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumarr_and_Vetr" title="Sumarr and Vetr">Sumarr and Vetr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6hr%C3%ADmnir" title="Sæhrímnir">Sæhrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnir" title="Skírnir">Skírnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%B6ll" title="Sköll">Sköll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield-maiden" title="Shield-maiden">Shield-maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanngrisnir_and_Tanngnj%C3%B3str" title="Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr">Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%A1lfi_and_R%C3%B6skva" title="Þjálfi and Röskva">Þjálfi and Röskva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vættir">Vættir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landv%C3%A6ttir" title="Landvættir">Landvættir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1li_(son_of_Loki)" title="Váli (son of Loki)">Váli (son of Loki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith" title="Wayland the Smith">Völundr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Vörðr">Vörðr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Locations_in_Norse_mythology" title="Category:Locations in Norse mythology">Locations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Underworld</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(location)" title="Hel (location)">Hel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lj%C3%BA%C3%B0nir" title="Éljúðnir">Éljúðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjallarbr%C3%BA" title="Gjallarbrú">Gjallarbrú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1str%C3%B6nd" title="Náströnd">Náströnd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflhel" title="Niflhel">Niflhel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%B0afj%C3%B6ll" title="Niðafjöll">Niðafjöll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89liv%C3%A1gar" title="Élivágar">Élivágar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B6ll" title="Gjöll">Gjöll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dfingr" title="Ífingr">Ífingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerlaugar" title="Kerlaugar">Kerlaugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6rmt_and_%C3%96rmt" title="Körmt and Örmt">Körmt and Örmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slidr_River" title="Slidr River">Slidr River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadgelmir" title="Vadgelmir">Vadgelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimur_River" title="Vimur River">Vimur River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asgard" title="Asgard">Asgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsvartnir" title="Amsvartnir">Amsvartnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andlang" title="Andlang">Andlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barri" title="Barri">Barri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifr%C3%B6st" title="Bifröst">Bifröst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilskirnir" title="Bilskirnir">Bilskirnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A1vellir" title="Brávellir">Brávellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brimir" title="Brimir">Brimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fensalir" title="Fensalir">Fensalir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3lkvangr" title="Fólkvangr">Fólkvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signhildsberg" title="Signhildsberg">Fornsigtuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyrisvellir" title="Fyrisvellir">Fyrisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1lgvi%C3%B0r" title="Gálgviðr">Gálgviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandvik" title="Gandvik">Gandvik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropnir" title="Gastropnir">Gastropnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giml%C3%A9" title="Gimlé">Gimlé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginnungagap" title="Ginnungagap">Ginnungagap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gla%C3%B0sheimr" title="Glaðsheimr">Glaðsheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A6sisvellir" title="Glæsisvellir">Glæsisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitnir" class="mw-redirect" title="Glitnir">Glitnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnipahellir" title="Gnipahellir">Gnipahellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grove_of_fetters" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove of fetters">Grove of fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hei%C3%B0r" title="Heiðr">Heiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himinbj%C3%B6rg" title="Himinbjörg">Himinbjörg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindarfjall" title="Hindarfjall">Hindarfjall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlidskjalf" title="Hlidskjalf">Hlidskjalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnitbjorg" title="Hnitbjorg">Hnitbjorg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoddm%C3%ADmis_holt" title="Hoddmímis holt">Hoddmímis holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0av%C3%B6llr" title="Iðavöllr">Iðavöllr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1rnvi%C3%B0r" title="Járnviðr">Járnviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunheimr" title="Jötunheimr">Jötunheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmamei%C3%B0r" title="Mímameiðr">Mímameiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrkvi%C3%B0r" title="Myrkviðr">Myrkviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munarv%C3%A1gr" title="Munarvágr">Munarvágr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3at%C3%BAn_(mythology)" title="Nóatún (mythology)">Nóatún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okolnir" title="Okolnir">Okolnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessr%C3%BAmnir" title="Sessrúmnir">Sessrúmnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindri_(mythology)" title="Sindri (mythology)">Sindri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singasteinn" title="Singasteinn">Singasteinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0heimr" title="Þrúðheimr">Þrúðheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0vangr" title="Þrúðvangr">Þrúðvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Erymheimr" title="Þrymheimr">Þrymheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala">Uppsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Atgar%C3%B0ar" title="Útgarðar">Útgarðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valaskj%C3%A1lf" title="Valaskjálf">Valaskjálf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaheimr" title="Vanaheimr">Vanaheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0bl%C3%A1inn" title="Víðbláinn">Víðbláinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADgr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Vígríðr">Vígríðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ving%C3%B3lf" title="Vingólf">Vingólf</a></li> <li>Wells <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hvergelmir" title="Hvergelmir">Hvergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmisbrunnr" title="Mímisbrunnr">Mímisbrunnr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur%C3%B0arbrunnr" title="Urðarbrunnr">Urðarbrunnr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ddalir" title="Ýdalir">Ýdalir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Events_in_Norse_mythology" title="Category:Events in Norse mythology">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir%E2%80%93Vanir_War" title="Æsir–Vanir War">Æsir–Vanir War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbulwinter" title="Fimbulwinter">Fimbulvetr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B3%C3%B0i%27s_Peace" title="Fróði's Peace">Fróði's Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hja%C3%B0ningav%C3%ADg" title="Hjaðningavíg">Hjaðningavíg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Danorum" title="Gesta Danorum">Gesta Danorum</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edda" title="Edda">Edda</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Sagas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3msv%C3%ADkinga_saga" title="Jómsvíkinga saga">Jómsvíkinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_saga" title="Legendary saga">Legendary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrfing_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrfing Cycle">Tyrfing Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsung_Cycle" title="Völsung Cycle">Völsung Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_orthography" title="Old Norse orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology_in_popular_culture" title="Norse mythology in popular culture">Later influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Religious practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic_wooden_cult_figurines_of_Central_and_Northern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe">Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">Hof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heitstrenging" title="Heitstrenging">Heitstrenging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hörgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_rituals" title="Norse rituals">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96ndvegiss%C3%BAlur" title="Öndvegissúlur">Öndvegissúlur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginnaglar" title="Reginnaglar">Reginnaglar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">Sacred trees and groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonarg%C3%B6ltr" title="Sonargöltr">Sonargöltr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">Temple at Uppsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Vé">Vé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_and_islands_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Wetlands and islands in Germanic paganism">Wetlands and islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Festivals and holy periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfabl%C3%B3t" title="Álfablót">Álfablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADsabl%C3%B3t" title="Dísablót">Dísablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Germanic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorrabl%C3%B3t" title="Þorrablót">Þorrablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetrn%C3%A6tr" class="mw-redirect" title="Vetrnætr">Vetrnætr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Norse_paganism" title="Death in Norse paganism">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergi" title="Ergi">Ergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lag" title="Félag">Félag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdr" title="Galdr">Galdr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">Goði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamingja" title="Hamingja">Hamingja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiti" title="Heiti">Heiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning">Kenning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead_hall" title="Mead hall">Mead hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%AB%C3%BE" title="Nīþ">Nīþ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_cosmology" title="Norse cosmology">Norse cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Norse_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbers in Norse mythology">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_philosophy" title="Old Norse philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic cultures">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">Skald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">Völva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry (new religious movement)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anglo-Saxon_paganism_and_mythology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#cc9;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Template:Anglo-Saxon paganism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Template talk:Anglo-Saxon paganism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Saxon paganism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglo-Saxon_paganism_and_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon paganism</a> and mythology</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Gods and divine figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ēse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beowa" title="Beowa">Beowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%92ostre" title="Ēostre">Ēostre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefjon" title="Gefjon">Gefjon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheda_(mythology)" title="Rheda (mythology)">Hretha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi">Ing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaxn%C4%93at" title="Seaxnēat">Saxnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Þunor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Tiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_(folklore)" title="Wade (folklore)">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith" title="Wayland the Smith">Wayland the Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Wōden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Heroic figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agilaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Agilaz">Ægil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beowa" title="Beowa">Beowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermanaric" title="Ermanaric">Eormenric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finn_(Frisian)" title="Finn (Frisian)">Finn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengist_and_Horsa" title="Hengist and Horsa">Hengist and Horsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceafa" title="Sceafa">Sceafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldere" title="Waldere">Waldere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Other beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cofgod" title="Cofgod">Cofgod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_dragon" title="Germanic dragon">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarf (Dweorh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idis_(Germanic)" title="Idis (Germanic)">Ides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">Eoten/Thurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_(folklore)" title="Nixie (folklore)">Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%A6lcyrge" class="mw-redirect" title="Wælcyrge">Wælcyrge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wight" title="Wight">Wight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midgard" title="Midgard">Middangeard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86cerbot" title="Æcerbot">Æcerbot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rune_poems#Anglo-Saxon_Rune_Poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Rune poems">Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_temporum_ratione" class="mw-redirect" title="De temporum ratione">De temporum ratione</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deor" title="Deor">Deor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ealuscerwen" title="Ealuscerwen">Ealuscerwen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnesburg_Fragment" title="Finnesburg Fragment">Finnesburg Fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks_Casket" title="Franks Casket">Franks Casket</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historia_ecclesiastica_gentis_Anglorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum">Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nine_Herbs_Charm" title="Nine Herbs Charm">Nine Herbs Charm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spong_Hill" title="Spong Hill">Spong Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Widsith" title="Widsith">Widsith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wi%C3%B0_f%C3%A6rstice" title="Wið færstice">Wið færstice</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Society and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beot" title="Beot">Bēot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blōtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Early Germanic calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folkmoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkmoot">Folkmoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frith" title="Frith">Frith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hearg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maypole" title="Maypole">Maypole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_metrical_charms" title="Anglo-Saxon metrical charms">Metrical charms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moot_hill" title="Moot hill">Moot hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic cultures">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scop" title="Scop">Scop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbel" title="Symbel">Symbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">Thegn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">Thing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyle" title="Thyle">Thyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weregild" title="Weregild">Weregild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">Wicce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_and_islands_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Wetlands and islands in Germanic paganism">Wetlands and islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilweorthunga" title="Wilweorthunga">Wilweorthunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyrd" title="Wyrd">Wyrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Modern pagan revival</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seax-Wica" title="Seax-Wica">Seax-Wica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#cc9;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170358#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170358#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/35350367">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjwTvhQxf3wFr7wH9vHYKd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/122914880">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Æsir&oldid=1254875142">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Æsir&oldid=1254875142</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%C3%86sir" title="Category:Æsir">Æsir</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deities" title="Category:Deities">Deities</a></li><li><a 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