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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sailkapen_nagusiak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sailkapen_nagusiak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sailkapen nagusiak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sailkapen_nagusiak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Sailkapen nagusiak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sailkapen_nagusiak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usadiozko_taxonomia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usadiozko_taxonomia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Usadiozko taxonomia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usadiozko_taxonomia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomia_berriak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomia_berriak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Taxonomia berriak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomia_berriak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izendapena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izendapena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Izendapena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izendapena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Eduki-taula" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Taxonomia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 93 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetenskaplike_klassifikasie" title="Wetenskaplike klassifikasie – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wetenskaplike klassifikasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomie_(Biologie)" title="Taxonomie (Biologie) – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Taxonomie (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonom%C3%ADa" title="Taxonomía – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Taxonomía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81_(%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="علم التصنيف (أحياء) – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم التصنيف (أحياء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="জীৱবৈজ্ঞানিক বৰ্গীকৰণ – assamera" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জীৱবৈজ্ঞানিক বৰ্গীকৰণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonom%C3%ADa" title="Taxonomía – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Taxonomía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_(%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C)" title="تاکسونومی (بیولوژی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تاکسونومی (بیولوژی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomi_(biologi)" title="Taksonomi (biologi) – baliera" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Taksonomi (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="baliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomiya" title="Taksonomiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Taksonomiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="टैक्सोनॉमी (जीव बिज्ञान) – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="टैक्सोनॉमी (जीव बिज्ञान)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8)" title="শ্রেণিবিন্যাসবিদ্যা (জীববিজ্ঞান) – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শ্রেণিবিন্যাসবিদ্যা (জীববিজ্ঞান)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasifikasi_Biologi" title="Klasifikasi Biologi – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Klasifikasi Biologi" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomia" title="Taxonomia – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Taxonomia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%AF_%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%83%E1%8E%B7%E1%8F%A9%E1%8F%98%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᏍᎪᏯ ᏗᏃᎷᏩᏘᏍᎩ – txerokiera" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏍᎪᏯ ᏗᏃᎷᏩᏘᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="txerokiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomie_(biologie)" title="Taxonomie (biologie) – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Taxonomie (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomie_(Biologie)" title="Taxonomie (Biologie) – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Taxonomie (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology) – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Taxonomy (biology)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomio" title="Taksonomio – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Taksonomio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonom%C3%ADa" title="Taxonomía – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Taxonomía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_(%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="آرایه‌شناسی (زیست‌شناسی) – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آرایه‌شناسی (زیست‌شناسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomia" title="Taksonomia – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Taksonomia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomie" title="Taxonomie – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Taxonomie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomii_faan_diarten_an_plaanten" title="Taksonomii faan diarten an plaanten – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Taksonomii faan diarten an plaanten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacsanoma%C3%ADocht_(bitheola%C3%ADocht)" title="Tacsanomaíocht (bitheolaíocht) – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tacsanomaíocht (bitheolaíocht)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonom%C3%ADa_(biolox%C3%ADa)" title="Taxonomía (bioloxía) – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Taxonomía (bioloxía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%83%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A3_(%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9E%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8)" title="વર્ગીકૃતનામકરણ (જીવવિજ્ઞાન) – gujaratera" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વર્ગીકૃતનામકરણ (જીવવિજ્ઞાન)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujaratera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rang-oardraghey_(bea-oaylleeaght)" title="Rang-oardraghey (bea-oaylleeaght) – manxera" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Rang-oardraghey (bea-oaylleeaght)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94_(%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94)" title="טקסונומיה (ביולוגיה) – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טקסונומיה (ביולוגיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="वर्गिकी (जीवविज्ञान) – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वर्गिकी (जीवविज्ञान)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomija_(biologija)" title="Taksonomija (biologija) – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Taksonomija (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendszertan_(biol%C3%B3gia)" title="Rendszertan (biológia) – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rendszertan (biológia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Կենսաբանական դասակարգում – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կենսաբանական դասակարգում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomi_(biologi)" title="Taksonomi (biologi) – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Taksonomi (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomia_(biolohia)" title="Taksonomia (biolohia) – ilocanoera" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Taksonomia (biolohia)" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%A6" title="分類学 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="分類学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomi_(biologi)" title="Taksonomi (biologi) – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Taksonomi (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasensartut_(tasnudert)" title="Tasensartut (tasnudert) – kabiliera" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasensartut (tasnudert)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Таксономия (биология) – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Таксономия (биология)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF" title="ಟ್ಯಾಕ್ಸಾನಮಿ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟ್ಯಾಕ್ಸಾನಮಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98%ED%95%99" title="분류학 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="분류학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%95%DA%98%D9%88%D9%B2%D9%86%D8%A0_(%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%9B%D9%88%D9%97%D8%AF%D9%8F%D8%AA)" title="رٕژوٲنؠ (زیٛوٗدُت) – kaxmirera" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="رٕژوٲنؠ (زیٛوٗدُت)" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kaxmirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonom%C3%AE_(biyoloj%C3%AE)" title="Taksonomî (biyolojî) – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Taksonomî (biyolojî)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биологиялык классификация – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Биологиялык классификация" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasonomia" title="Tasonomia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tasonomia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomie" title="Taxonomie – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Taxonomie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonom%C3%AFa" title="Taxonomïa – liguriera" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Taxonomïa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomija" title="Taksonomija – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Taksonomija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomija" title="Taksonomija – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Taksonomija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="ट्याक्सोनोमी (जीव विज्ञान) – maithilia" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ट्याक्सोनोमी (जीव विज्ञान)" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Таксономија – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Таксономија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ജൈവവർഗ്ഗീകരണശാസ്ത്രം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജൈവവർഗ്ഗീകരണശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomi_(biologi)" title="Taksonomi (biologi) – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Taksonomi (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="မျိုးခွဲဗေဒ – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မျိုးခွဲဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="प्राणी वर्गीकरण विज्ञान – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्राणी वर्गीकरण विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomi_(biologi)" title="Taksonomi (biologi) – niasera" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Taksonomi (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="niasera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomie_(biologie)" title="Taxonomie (biologie) – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Taxonomie (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology) – pediera" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Taxonomy (biology)" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="pediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramaddamee(Taxonomy)" title="Ramaddamee(Taxonomy) – oromoera" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ramaddamee(Taxonomy)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomia" title="Taksonomia – papiamentoa" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Taksonomia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamentoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomia" title="Taksonomia – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Taksonomia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%89%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A)_%D9%BC%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A(" title="ډلبندي) ټکسونومي( – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ډلبندي) ټکسونومي(" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomia" title="Taxonomia – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Taxonomia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomie_(biologie)" title="Taxonomie (biologie) – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Taxonomie (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биологическая таксономия – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биологическая таксономия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Таксономия (биология) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Таксономия (биология)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Биология классификацията – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Биология классификацията" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tassinum%C3%ACa" title="Tassinumìa – siziliera" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tassinumìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siziliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BD%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A" title="ٽيڪسانومي – sindhia" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٽيڪسانومي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomija" title="Taksonomija – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Taksonomija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnmalayt" title="Tasnmalayt – tachelhita" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasnmalayt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA_(%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80)" title="වර්ගීකරණය (ජීව විද්‍යාව) – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වර්ගීකරණය (ජීව විද්‍යාව)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon%C3%B3mia_(biol%C3%B3gia)" title="Taxonómia (biológia) – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Taxonómia (biológia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upangamutowo" title="Upangamutowo – shonera" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Upangamutowo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomia_(biologji)" title="Taksonomia (biologji) – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Taksonomia (biologji)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Таксономија (биологија) – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Таксономија (биологија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasifikasi_ilmiah" title="Klasifikasi ilmiah – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Klasifikasi ilmiah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomi" title="Taxonomi – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Taxonomi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="உயிரியல் வகைப்பாடு – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிரியல் வகைப்பாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%80_(%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80)" title="టాక్సానమీ (బయాలజీ) – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="టాక్సానమీ (బయాలజీ)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="อนุกรมวิธาน – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อนุกรมวิธาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomiya" title="Taksonomiya – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Taksonomiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomi_(biyoloji)" title="Taksonomi (biyoloji) – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Taksonomi (biyoloji)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Таксономія (біологія) – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Таксономія (біологія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_(%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="تصنیفیات (حیاتیات) – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تصنیفیات (حیاتیات)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomiya" title="Taksonomiya – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Taksonomiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_lo%E1%BA%A1i_sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Phân loại sinh học – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phân loại sinh học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomie_(biologie)" title="Taxonomie (biologie) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Taxonomie (biologie)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomiya_(biyolohiya)" title="Taxonomiya (biyolohiya) – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Taxonomiya (biyolohiya)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="生物分类学 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="生物分类学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="生物分类学 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生物分类学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hun-l%C5%ABi-ha%CC%8Dk_(seng-bu%CC%8Dt-ha%CC%8Dk)" title="Hun-lūi-ha̍k (seng-bu̍t-ha̍k) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hun-lūi-ha̍k (seng-bu̍t-ha̍k)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="生物分類學 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="生物分類學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingqwangqwa_(kumchazampilo)" title="Ingqwangqwa (kumchazampilo) – zuluera" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ingqwangqwa (kumchazampilo)" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zuluera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8269924#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomia" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulua</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eztabaida:Taxonomia" rel="discussion" title="Artikuluari buruzko eztabaida [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input 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title="Orri honetaranzko esteka duten wiki orri guztien zerrenda [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Honanzko esteka duten orriak</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:RecentChangesLinked/Taxonomia" rel="nofollow" title="Orri honetatik esteka duten orrietako azken aldaketak [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Lotutako orrietako aldaketak</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eu" title="Irudiak edo media fitxategiak igo [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Fitxategia igo</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomia&oldid=9431197" title="Orriaren bertsio honetaranzko esteka iraunkorra"><span>Lotura iraunkorra</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomia&action=info" title="Orrialde honi buruzko informazio gehiago"><span>Orri honen datuak</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:CiteThisPage&page=Taxonomia&id=9431197&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Orri honen aipua egiteko moduari buruzko informazioa"><span>Artikulu hau aipatu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTaxonomia"><span>URL laburra lortu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTaxonomia"><span>QR kodea jaitsi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Inprimatu/esportatu </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Taxonomia"><span>Liburu bat sortu</span></a></li><li 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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-2-Ikusgela" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela" title="Bideo honek Ikusgela proiektuko bideo bat barneratzen du"><img alt="Bideo honek Ikusgela proiektuko bideo bat barneratzen du" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ikusgela-logoa_%282%29.png/20px-Ikusgela-logoa_%282%29.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ikusgela-logoa_%282%29.png/30px-Ikusgela-logoa_%282%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ikusgela-logoa_%282%29.png/40px-Ikusgela-logoa_%282%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3335" data-file-height="3334" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8986446">.mw-parser-output .noexcerpt{padding-top:10px}</style><div> <dl><dd><i>Artikulu hau sailkatzeko zientzia eta jarduerari buruzkoa da; beste esanahietarako, ikus «<a href="/wiki/Sailkapen_zientifiko" title="Sailkapen zientifiko">Sailkapen zientifiko</a>».</i></dd></dl></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Taxonomic_hierarchy-eu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Taxonomic_hierarchy-eu.svg/350px-Taxonomic_hierarchy-eu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="409" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Taxonomic_hierarchy-eu.svg/525px-Taxonomic_hierarchy-eu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Taxonomic_hierarchy-eu.svg/700px-Taxonomic_hierarchy-eu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Bizidunen taxonomi-hierarkia. Eskema honen arabera gizakiak esaterako Eukarya domeinukoak gara, Animalia erreinukoak, Chordata filumekoak eta Vertebra subfilumekoak, Mammalia klasekoak, Primates ordenakoak, Hominidae familiakoak, <i>Homo</i> generokoak eta <i>sapiens</i> espeziekoak.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Taxonomia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greziera" title="Greziera">grezieratik</a> ταξις, <i>taxis</i>, "ordena", i νομος, <i>nomos</i>, "arau" edo "erregela") <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sailkatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sailkatu (sortu gabe)">sailkatzeko</a> <a href="/wiki/Zientzia" title="Zientzia">zientzia</a> eta jarduera da. Taxonomia biologikoan, <a href="/wiki/Klase_(biologia)" title="Klase (biologia)">klasea</a> organismoen sailkapenaren maila taxonomiko bat da. Maila hau <a href="/wiki/Filum" title="Filum">filumaren</a> eta ordenaren artean dago. </p><p>Klase izeneko maila taxonomikoa <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pitton_de_Tournefort" title="Joseph Pitton de Tournefort">Joseph Pitton de Tournefort</a> frantziar botanikariak erabili zuen lehen aldiz, <a href="/wiki/1694" title="1694">1694an</a> argitaratu zuen landare sailkapenean (<i>Eléments de botanique</i>). <a href="/wiki/Lineo" title="Lineo">Carolus Linnaeusek</a> bere erabilera orokortu zuen <a href="/wiki/1735" title="1735">1735ean</a> argitaratu zen <i>Systema Naturae</i> liburuan, natura sailkatzeko sortu zituen hiru erreinuetan (alegia, <a href="/wiki/Mea" title="Mea">mineraletan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landare" title="Landare">landareetan</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia">animalietan</a>) erabili baitzuen. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kontzeptua">Kontzeptua</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomia&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kontzeptua»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Kontzeptua"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Antzinaroa" title="Antzinaroa">Antzin Aroaz</a> geroztik egin izan dira izaki biziak sailkatzeko ahaleginak. Izadiko zientzien artean, <a href="/wiki/Sistematika" title="Sistematika">sistematika</a> eta sistematikaren tresna, taxonomia, arduratu dira horretaz, denboraren eta bilakaeraren alderdiak lantzen dituen <a href="/wiki/Filogenia" title="Filogenia">filogeniarekin</a> batera. Usadiozko taxonomiak –horrexek du onarpen zabalena–, sailkapen hierarkikoak egiten ditu, ezaugarri sailak kategoria taxonomiko desberdinetan konparatuz, mota dela banakoa. Azken garaiotan beste eskola batzuk ere sortu dira, kontzeptu berriak ekarri dituztenak. Antzinatik saiatu izan da gizakia inguruan duen mundua sailkatzen. Izaki biziei dagokienez, gauzak ez dira desberdinak izan, eta, horregatik, izadi zientziek hainbat jakintzaren adar garatu dituzte, izaki bizi horiek, sailkatuz, ulertu ahal izateko. </p><p>Sistematika jakintza baten aztergai diren gauzakien azterketa ordenatua da, gauzaki horien ezagutza sakontzeko asmoz. Taxonomia berriz jakintza laguntzailea da, organismoen sailkapenaren teoria eta praktika aztertzen dituena. Hobeto ulertzeko, liburutegi bat ekar genezake gogora: liburuen azterketa –ordenaturik, gaika–, izango litzateke "sistematika", eta liburuak antolatzeko metodoen azterketa berriz "taxonomia". Gure kasuan, beraz, organismo biziak <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxonetan</a> ordenatzea da taxonomiaren helburua, eta taxonomialariek ordenaturiko taxonak ahalik eta ondoen ezagutzea da sistematikaren xedea. Bada jakintzaren beste eremu bat, aurrekoekin oso estu lotua dagoena, filogenia alegia. </p><p>Gaur egun guztiz onartua dago bilakaeraren kontzeptua, eta, hori dela-eta, kontuan izan behar da bilakaera izaki biziak sailkatzerakoan. Hala, filogeniak denboraren alderdia eransten dio taxonen azterketari, haien bilakaeraren historia aztertzen baitu. Izan ere, gaur egun filogenetikoa izaten saiatzen da sistematika, alegia, bilakaera hurbiltasunaren arabera sailkatzen ditu taxonak, eta ez kanpoko itxuraren arabera, beste garaietan bezala. </p><p>Taxonomiaren azken emaitza sailkapena da, irizpide taxonomikoetan oinarriturik, taxonen antolamendu hierarkizatuan datzana, elkarren mendeko diren taxonomia kategoriak ezarriz. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomia&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Historia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm/220px-seek%3D25-Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="504" data-mwtitle="Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fitxategi:Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm&lang=bn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bn" label="বাংলা ‪(bn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm&lang=sl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sl" label="slovenščina ‪(sl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela" title="Bideo hau Ikusgela proiektuaren parte da. Bideoak dituzten artikulu guztiak ikus ditzakezu hemen klik eginez gero."><img alt="Bideo hau Ikusgela proiektuaren parte da." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ikusgela-logoa.png/40px-Ikusgela-logoa.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ikusgela-logoa.png/60px-Ikusgela-logoa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ikusgela-logoa.png/80px-Ikusgela-logoa.png 2x" data-file-width="3334" data-file-height="3334" /></a><figcaption>Bideo hau Ikusgela proiektuaren parte da. Bideoak dituzten artikulu guztiak ikus ditzakezu hemen klik eginez gero.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a> ulertzeko gakoak.</figcaption></figure> <p>XIX. mendea ondo sartu arte, erlijio (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreazio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kreazio (sortu gabe)">kreazioa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uholde_Handia" title="Uholde Handia">uholde handia</a>), eta filosofia ereduen garrantziak gaur egun onartzen diren kontzeptuen sarrera eragotzi dute, hala ahaidetasun, bilakaera, moldatze, eta horien antzeko kontzeptuen sarrera, eta, hori dela-eta, XIX. mendea arteko sistematika, neurri handi batean, <a href="/wiki/Natura" title="Natura">izadiaren</a> zerrendatzea besterik ez da izan. Zerrenda horietan, gainera, mitologiako izakiak ere sartzen ziren sarritan, hala <a href="/wiki/Adarbakar" title="Adarbakar">adarbakoitza</a>, edo alegia kutsukoak, erromeroa adibidez, ustez itsasontziak geldiarazteko gauza zen arraina. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristotelesi</a> zor zaizkio ezagutzen diren izaki bizien lehen sailkapen saioak; bi erreinu bereizi zituen hark, <a href="/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia">animaliena</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Landare" title="Landare">landareena</a>. Antolamenduaren irizpideak antzekotasunean oinarritzen ziren batez ere, eta akats bat baino gehiago ekarri zuen horrek, <a href="/wiki/Kaxalote" title="Kaxalote">kaxaloteak</a> (gizakiak bezala, <a href="/wiki/Ugaztun" title="Ugaztun">ugaztun</a> direnak) <a href="/wiki/Arrain" title="Arrain">arrainekin</a> batera sailkatzea, adibidez. </p><p>Geroago egile askok eta askok landu zuten gai hau, sailkapen ahalegin desberdinekin, zein bere izadi ikusmoldeari loturik; nabarmentzekoa da horien artean eskolastika. <a href="/wiki/XVIII._mendea" title="XVIII. mendea">XVIII. mendean</a> <a href="/wiki/Lineo" title="Lineo">Lineok</a> irtenbidea eman zion ezagutzen ziren motak izugarri ugaltzean sortu zen izendapen arazoari. Une horretaraino, mota bat izendatzeko aski izaten zen herri izena, zenbaitetan <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxonen</a> latinezko deskribapen nolabaitekoa zuela aldamenean. Horren ondorioz, kontsulta lanak oso erabil nekezak izaten ziren; bestalde, hitz batzuen adiera ugariek ere arazoak ekartzen zituen, nahiz eta izen zientifiko unibertsala, lehen esan den bezala, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latinezkoa</a> izan. </p><p>Lineoren ekarri nagusia taxon jakin bakoitzarentzat izen bikoitza erabiltzea izan zen. Era horretan, gizakia izendatzeko, lehenik generoaren izena erabiltzen zuen (<i><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i>), eta horren atzetik determinatzaile berezi bat (<i>sapiens</i>); hala, <i><a href="/wiki/Gizaki" title="Gizaki">Homo sapiens</a></i> zen motaren izendapena. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomia_konparatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatomia konparatu (sortu gabe)">Anatomia konparatua</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Ontogenia" title="Ontogenia">ontogenia</a> izan ziren beste ekarri garrantzitsu batzuk. Lehena <a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Cuvierrek</a> landu zuen batez ere, bere korrelazioen teoriaren bidez; horren arabera, adibidez, ugaztunen adarrak <a href="/wiki/Belarjale" title="Belarjale">belarjaleei</a> dagozkie, eta, era horretan, animalia adardun batek, badakigu hortzak barazkiak jateko egokituak izango dituela, nahiz eta ikusi ez. </p><p>Ontogeniaren azterketa, hau da, <a href="/wiki/Enbrioi" title="Enbrioi">enbrioiaren</a> sorrerarena, <i><a href="/wiki/Naturphilosophie" title="Naturphilosophie">Naturphilosophie</a></i> delako eskola alemanak bideratu zuen, Haekelek batez ere, animalia talde desberdinek enbrioiaren garapenean dituzten antzekotasunak eta aldeak aztertuz. Baina <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Lamarcken</a> eta batez ere <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwinen</a> bilakaera kontzeptuak egin zion sistematikari ekarri handiena; Aristotelesen garaietatik zetozen teoria kreazionistak hautsi, eta bilakaeran eta <a href="/wiki/Filogenetika" class="mw-redirect" title="Filogenetika">filogenetikan</a> oinarritzen den sistematika modernoaren zimenduak ezarri zituen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sailkapen_nagusiak">Sailkapen nagusiak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomia&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sailkapen nagusiak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Sailkapen nagusiak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bizi" title="Bizi">Izaki bizien</a> lehen sailkapenek animalien erreinua eta landareena bereizten zituzten, batez ere <a href="/wiki/Higidura" title="Higidura">mugimendu</a> ahalmenaren arabera; irizpide guztiz okerra da, ezagutzen baititugu animaliak hein batean mugigaitzak direnak (hala <a href="/wiki/Belaki" title="Belaki">belakiak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Bizkarroi" title="Bizkarroi">bizkarroi</a> asko), eta badira halaber landare batzuek halako mugikortasun bat badutenak, bai <a href="/wiki/Tropismo" title="Tropismo">tropismoez</a>, bai barreiatuz. Beste alde batetik, <a href="/wiki/Zelulabakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Zelulabakar">organismo zelulabakarren</a> ezagutzak aurrena, eta zelula <a href="/wiki/Prokarioto" title="Prokarioto">prokariotoenak</a> gero (gunea edo nukleoa berezitu gabea dute prokariotoek), nahasmendua areagotu dute. </p><p>Horren adibide dira, esate baterako, <a href="/wiki/Dinoflagelatu" title="Dinoflagelatu">dinoflagelatuak</a>, luzaroan zoologoek eta biologoek zeinek bere eremuan ezarri dituztenak, zoologoek higikortasunagatik eta <a href="/wiki/Klorofila" title="Klorofila">klorofiladunak</a> direlako biologoek, eta, hortaz, argia energia iturri gisa erabiltzen dutelako; hau da, zelula mailetan, edo antolamendu bakunetan, nahastuak zeuden animalien eta landareen erreinuen arteko aldeak; arazoa areagotu egiten da beste bizitza formak kontuan hartuta, hala <a href="/wiki/Bakterio" title="Bakterio">bakterioak</a> adibidez. </p><p>Horrengatik guztiagatik, urte askoan zehar erreinuak bereizteko saioak egin dira, ezaugarri desberdinen arabera: zelula mota (<a href="/wiki/Prokarioto" title="Prokarioto">prokariotoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eukarioto" title="Eukarioto">eukariotoa</a>), metabolismoa (<a href="/wiki/Autotrofo" title="Autotrofo">autotrofoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heterotrofo" title="Heterotrofo">heterotrofoa</a>), antolamendua (<a href="/wiki/Zelulabakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Zelulabakar">zelulabakarra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organismo_zelulaniztun" title="Organismo zelulaniztun">zelulanitza</a>), etab. Kontzeptu horiek 1969an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitaker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Whitaker (sortu gabe)">Whitakerrek</a> jaso zituen, eta bizitza formak bost <a href="/wiki/Erreinu_(biologia)" title="Erreinu (biologia)">erreinutan</a> sailkatu zituen: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia">Animalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landare" title="Landare">Plantae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onddo" title="Onddo">Fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protisto" title="Protisto">Protista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monero" title="Monero">Monera</a></li></ul> <p>Sailkapen honi buruz ohar batzuk egin behar dira. Hasteko, eta askok onartzen badute ere, zoologoek batez ere, botanikari batzuk eta beste ikerlariak ez datoz bat sailkapen honekin, hainbat zelulabakar eta <a href="/wiki/Onddo" title="Onddo">onddoen</a> banaketan gehiago ikusten baitute irizpide praktiko bat errealitatearen agerpena baino. Bestalde, sailkapen honek ez ditu argitzen <a href="/wiki/Birus" title="Birus">birusen</a> gaineko zalantzak; izan ere, horiei buruz organismo bizi ote diren ere zalantza egiten baitu zenbaitek. Bestalde, argitu beharra dago zelula aniztasunaren kontzeptua, ez baitira nahastu behar izaki zelulabakarren kolonia zenbaezinak eta benetako izaki zelulanitzak. Izan ere, zelula aniztasuna dagoela esaten da zelula multzoak ugaltze eta begetazio funtzioen arabera banaturik daudenean, eta, begetazio funtzioetan, elikadura eta mugimendu-sentimen funtzioak bereizten direnean. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usadiozko_taxonomia">Usadiozko taxonomia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomia&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Usadiozko taxonomia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Usadiozko taxonomia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taxonomia eskola ezagunena da. Lineoren eskolaren ondorengoa da, eskola kreazionistakoa beraz, baina bilakaera kontzeptuak ere erabiltzen dituena. Izaki desberdinen azterketatik abiaturik, tipoak sortzen ditu, ereduzko ezaugarriak dituztenak, taxon bera duten beste izakietatik estrapolazioa eginez. </p><p>Irizpide desberdinak erabiliz, taxon horiek multzokatzen ditu, bilakaeratik ahalik eta hurbilen dagoen sailkapen bati erantzun nahiz. Antolamendurako erabiltzen dituen taxonomia irizpideak, batetik, morfologikoak dira (formari dagozkionak), eta orobat ontologikoak (<a href="/wiki/Enbrioi" title="Enbrioi">enbrioiaren</a> garapenari dagozkio), ekologikoak (<a href="/wiki/Ingurune_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ingurune (argipena)">ingurunearen</a> baldintzei), <a href="/wiki/Biogeografia" title="Biogeografia">biogeografikoak</a> (banaketari), <a href="/wiki/Paleontologia" title="Paleontologia">paleontologikoak</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fosil" title="Fosil">fosilen</a> erregistroari), <a href="/wiki/Etologia" title="Etologia">etologikoak</a> (animalien jokamoldeari), eta, egun, baita <a href="/wiki/Biokimika" title="Biokimika">biokimikoak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika">genetika</a> molekularrari dagozkionak ere. Horren ondoriozko sailkapena hierarkia baten araberakoa da. Mota da banakoa; mota desberdinak generoetan elkartzen dira, generoak familietan, etab., sistema piramidal bat sortzen dela. Era horretan sortzen den egitura taxonomia hierarkia izenaz ezagutzen da, eta taxon desberdinak biltzen dituzten taxonomia kategorietan (familia, generoa, etab.) dago banatua. </p><p>Hala adibidez, zerriari dagozkion kategoria taxonomikoak eta <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxonak</a> (edo taxak), ondoko taulakoak dira: </p> <table class="infobox" style="width:22em;width: 220px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color:rgb(220,235,245);">Taxonomia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pigsinapen-usdavideo.ogv/220px--Pigsinapen-usdavideo.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Pigsinapen-usdavideo.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/Pigsinapen-usdavideo.ogv/Pigsinapen-usdavideo.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/Pigsinapen-usdavideo.ogv/Pigsinapen-usdavideo.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Pigsinapen-usdavideo.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/Pigsinapen-usdavideo.ogv/Pigsinapen-usdavideo.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span></span><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sus_scrofa_domesticus" title="c:Category:Sus scrofa domesticus"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/10px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sus_scrofa_domesticus" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Sus scrofa domesticus">Irudi gehiago</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Mudchute_pig_1.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Mudchute_pig_1.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/73/Mudchute_pig_1.ogg/Mudchute_pig_1.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(220,235,245);"><a href="/wiki/Sailkapen_zientifiko" title="Sailkapen zientifiko">Sailkapen zientifikoa</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"></td></tr><tr><td style="font-weight: bold;">Klasea</td><td style="font-style:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ugaztun" title="Ugaztun">Mammalia</a></td></tr><tr><td style="font-weight: bold;">Ordena</td><td style="font-style:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Artiodaktilo" title="Artiodaktilo">Artiodactyla</a></td></tr><tr><td style="font-weight: bold;">Familia</td><td style="font-style:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Suido" title="Suido">Suidae</a></td></tr><tr><td style="font-weight: bold;">Generoa</td><td style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Sus_(generoa)" title="Sus (generoa)">Sus</a></td></tr><tr><td style="font-weight: bold;">Espeziea</td><td style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Basurde" title="Basurde">Sus scrofa</a> </td></tr><tr><td style="font-weight: bold;">Azpiespeziea </td><td style="font-style:italic;"><b>Sus scrofa domesticus</b><br /><div style="font-style: normal; font-variant:small-caps;"><div style="font-style: normal; font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Christian_Polycarp_Erxleben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben (sortu gabe)">Erxleben</a>, 1777</div></div> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(220,235,245);">Datu orokorrak</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Gizakiak ateratzen dizkion produktuak</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Txerriki" title="Txerriki">txerriki</a>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q55758199" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q55758199">pig nail</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55758199?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18384179" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q18384179">pork liver</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18384179?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10498626" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q10498626">knuckle</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10498626?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q96756123" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q96756123">pig's bladder</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96756123?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q28650565" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q28650565">Crackling</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28650565?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q96756805" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q96756805">pig's intestine</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96756805?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> eta <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2255703" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q2255703">pork tail</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2255703?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Taxonomia kategoria nagusi horien ondoan, beste batzuk, bigarren mailakoak, ipini daitezke; hala, kasu honetan Vertebrata azpifiluma edo azpitipoa. </p><p>Filum (<i>phylum</i>) latin hitzaren erabilerari dagokionez (plurala <i>phyla</i> da), hitz horren ordez tipo edo enbor hitzak erabiltzen dira sarritan, eta, hortaz, superfilum edo azpifilum ordez, supertipo edo superrenbor, eta azpitipo edo azpienbor. </p><p>Zientzia izenen erabilerari dagokionez, ohar batzuk egitea komeni da. Lehen adierazi den bezala, moten izenak bikoitzak izaten dira, hau da, bi hitzez osatuak. Lehena dagokion generoarena izaten da, eta bigarrena izen ezaugarri-emailea, genero bereko motarentzat bakarra dena. Lehen hitza <a href="/wiki/Letra_larri" title="Letra larri">letra larriz</a> hasten da beti, eta <a href="/wiki/Letra_xehe" title="Letra xehe">letra xehez</a> bigarrena. </p><p>Bigarren hitzak ez du berez esanahirik, eta, izan, berdina izan daiteke mota desberdinetan, beste genero bateko beste taxon batean baitago sartua izen osoa. Hala adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Montpellierko_suge" title="Montpellierko suge">Montpellierko sugearen</a> zientzia izena <i>Malpolon monspessulanus</i> da, <a href="/wiki/Frantses_ihar" class="mw-redirect" title="Frantses ihar">frantses iharrarena</a> <i>Acer monspessulanum</i> eta <a href="/wiki/Dunetako_krabelin" title="Dunetako krabelin">dunetako krabelinarena</a> <i>Dianthus monspessulanus</i>. Hiru kasuetan ikusten dugunez, izendatzaile bereizlea berbera da, <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" class="mw-redirect" title="Montpellier">Montpellierko</a> landare edo animaliei buruz deskribatu baitziren aurreneko aldiz hiru taxonak. </p><p>Moten izenei buruzko beste datu argigarri bat da, idazkeraren beraren bidez, testuko gainerako hitzetik bereizten direla beti, <a href="/wiki/Letra_etzan" title="Letra etzan">letra etzana</a>, beltza edo azpimarratua erabiliz esate baterako. </p><p>Goi mailako kategorietako taxonen nomenklaturari dagokionez (generotik erreinura), hitz bakar batez idazten dira, letra larriz hasten dela beti. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxonomia_berriak">Taxonomia berriak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomia&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Taxonomia berriak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Taxonomia berriak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Usadiozko taxonomiak hainbat arazo sortzen ditu. Alde batetik, kontraesanak ditu, etengabe aldatzen ari diren tipoen hierarkia bat sortzen baitu, hau da, sortzen duen zuhaitza, aldi berean da bilakaerazkoa –bilataxonkatzen eta aldatzen diren organismoek osatua–, eta kreazionista –egitura aldaezina baitu–. Beste alde batetik, erabiltzerakoan ere arazoak sortzen ditu: arreta gutxi jartzen du banakoen artean diren aldeetan, ez ditu populazioak kontuan hartzen, ale jakinak (tipoak) baizik, eta ezaugarri morfologikoei lehentasuna emateko joera du, erabilerrazagoak baitira. Azkenik, <a href="/wiki/Fosil" title="Fosil">fosilen</a> erregistroa, bilakaeraren benetako froga, eta filogeniaren oinarri eta kontrastea, sakabanatuta gertatzen da denboran zehar, eta zenbait talde biologikoren kasuan, erregistrorik ere ez dago. </p><p>Hori guztia dela-eta, eskola berriak sortu dira <a href="/wiki/XX._mendea" title="XX. mendea">XX. mendean</a>; horien artean aipatzekoak dira zenbakizko taxonomia, <a href="/wiki/Kladistika" title="Kladistika">eskola kladistikoa</a> eta eskola misto edo sintetikoa. Bestalde, horien ingurukoak ere badira. </p><p>Zenbakizko taxonomiaren jarraitzaileak <a href="/wiki/Mikrobiologia" title="Mikrobiologia">mikrobiologoak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Entomologia" title="Entomologia">entomologoak</a> dira batez ere, eta lehengo Adamsonen eskolan oinarritzen dira; eskola honek dioenez, organismoen arteko alde taxonomikoak proportzionalak dira azterturiko banako guztien ezaugarri komunen kopuruarekiko. </p><p>Hori dela-eta, banako asko aztertzen dituzte, eta ahalik eta ezaugarri gehien. Datu horiek estatistika bidez lantzen dira, hautaturiko banako desberdinen arteko antzekotasuna aztertzeko; banako horiei OTU deritze (Jardun Banako Taxonomikoa, ingelesez), eta era horretan, antzekotasunaren arabera, taldeak eratzen dira. Eskola honek hasieran ez zuen ikusmolde filogenetikorik, nahiz eta geroago <a href="/wiki/Fenotipo" title="Fenotipo">fenotipoa</a> <a href="/wiki/Genotipo" title="Genotipo">genotipoaren</a> adierazpen dela ikusteak egitura taxonomiko filogenetikoak egitea ekarri duen, era horretan bilakaera islatzen dela. </p><p>Eskola kladista, premisa sail batetik abiaturik, zenbait zoologok taxonomia guztiz filogenetikoa sortzeko egin duten ahaleginaren emaitza da. Eskola honen arabera, kladogenesi bidez gertatzen da beti bilakaera, hau da, irrada bidez, halako eran non taxon zahar batek berriak sorrarazten dituen (biberri, lehen kladistikaren arabera). Lan metodoa populazio bakoitzaren ezaugarri batzuk, gutxi –ezaugarri morfologikoak, biogeografikoak, ekologikoak eta fisiologikoak– konparatzean datza, era horretan berezkoak edo eratorriak diren aztertuz. </p><p>Beraz, aztertu beharreko aleak (hemen "semaforonte" deritzenak), binaka alderatzen dira, eta, azterketaren ondorioz, esan daiteke bilakaerazko ahaidetasunik ba ote duten, aurrekari komun bat dutela uste denean; era horretan, zuhaitz dikotomikoak osa daitezke. Azkenik, aurrekoen kontzeptu erabilgarrienez baliatzen saiatzen da eskola mistoa. Hasteko, onartzen ditu hatsapen kladistak, baina aldatu egiten ditu; hala adibidez, azterketa ezaugarri gehiago onartzen ditu –hala ezaugarri paleontologiko eta biokimikoak–, eta halaber onartzen du <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anagenesi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anagenesi (sortu gabe)">anagenesi</a> bidezko bilakaera, hau da, aurrekari baten garapen zuzenaz, aurrekaria zenbait taldetan banatu gabe alegia, talde berri bat sortzea. Bestalde, zenbaki eskolako teknika estatistiko berak erabiltzen ditu analisian. </p><p>Eskola berri horien emaitzak ez dira izan uste bezain emankorrak; bat datoz usadiozko eskolarekin zailtasun gutxien duten taldeei dagokienez, baina galdera asko erantzun gabe uzten dituzte talde zailenetan. Hala eta guztiz ere, teoriazko oinarriek onarpen zabalik ez badute ere, estatistiken emaitzak, populazio taldeen eta ezaugarrien bilakaeraren arteko konparazioak, estimu handitan dauzkate gaur egun taxonomialariek. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izendapena">Izendapena</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomia&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Izendapena»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Izendapena"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table border="1" align="center" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#f3f3f3;">Taxonomiko maila </th> <th style="background:#f3f3f3;"><a href="/wiki/Landare" title="Landare">Landareek</a> </th> <th style="background:#f3f3f3;"><a href="/wiki/Alga" title="Alga">algek</a> </th> <th style="background:#f3f3f3;"><a href="/wiki/Onddo" title="Onddo">onddoak</a> </th> <th style="background:#f3f3f3;"><a href="/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia">Animaliak</a> </th> <th style="background:#f3f3f3;"><a href="/wiki/Bakterio" title="Bakterio">Eubakterioak</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f2f2f2;"><b>Dibisio/Filum</b> </td> <td align="center" colspan="2">-<i>phyta</i> </td> <td>-<i>mycota</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f2f2f2;"><b>Subdibisio/Subfilum</b> </td> <td align="center" colspan="2">-<i>phytina</i> </td> <td>-<i>mycotina</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f2f2f2;"><b>Klase</b> </td> <td>-<i>opsida</i> </td> <td>-<i>phyceae</i> </td> <td>-<i>mycetes</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>-<i>Ia </i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f2f2f2;"><b>Subklase</b> </td> <td>-<i>idae</i> </td> <td>-<i>phycidae</i> </td> <td>-<i>mycetidae</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>-<i>idea</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f2f2f2;"><b>Superordena</b> </td> <td align="center" colspan="3">-<i>anae</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f2f2f2;"><b>Ordena</b> </td> <td align="center" colspan="3">-<i>ales</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>-<i>ales</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f2f2f2;"><b>Subordena</b> </td> <td align="center" colspan="3">-<i>ineae</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>-<i>ineae</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f2f2f2;"><b>Infraorena</b> </td> <td align="center" colspan="3">-<i>aria</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f2f2f2;"><b>Superfamilia</b> </td> <td align="center" colspan="3">-<i>acea</i> </td> <td>-<i>oidea</i> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f2f2f2;"><b>Epifamilia</b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>-<i>oidae</i> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f2f2f2;"><b>Familia</b> </td> <td align="center" colspan="3">-<i>aceae</i> </td> <td>-<i>idae</i> </td> <td>-<i>aceae</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f2f2f2;"><b>Subfamilia</b> </td> <td align="center" colspan="3">-<i>oideae</i> </td> <td>-<i>inae</i> </td> <td>-<i>oideae</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f2f2f2;"><b>Infrafamilia</b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>-<i>odd</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f2f2f2;"><b>Tribu</b> </td> <td align="center" colspan="3">-<i>eae</i> </td> <td>-<i>ini</i> </td> <td>-<i>eae</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f2f2f2;"><b>Subtribu</b> </td> <td align="center" colspan="3">-<i>inae</i> </td> <td>-<i>ina</i> </td> <td>-<i>inae</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f2f2f2;"><b>Infratribu</b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>-<i>ad</i> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomia&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bibliografia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small"> <ul><li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFJuddCampbellKelloggStevens2002">Judd, W. S.; Campbell, C. S.; Kellogg, E. A.; Stevens, P. F.; Donoghue, M. J..  (2002). <i>Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach, Second Edition. </i> AEB: Sinauer Axxoc <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-87893-403-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-87893-403-0">0-87893-403-0</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBruscaBrusca2003">Brusca, R. C.; Brusca, G. J..  (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/invertebratesnde00brus">«Classification, Systematics, and Phylogeny»</a> <i>Invertebrates, Second Edition. </i> Sunderland, Massachusetts 01375, AEB: Sinauer Associates Inc., Publishers, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/invertebratesnde00brus/page/n43">23</a>-39 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-87893-097-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-87893-097-3">0-87893-097-3</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSimpson2005">Simpson, Michael G..  (2005). «Plant Nomenclature» <i>Plant Systematics.. </i> Elsevier Inc., 501-515 or. <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-12-644460-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-12-644460-9">ISBN 0-12-644460-9</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-12-644460-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-12-644460-5">ISBN 978-0-12-644460-5</a></span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFRavenEvertEichhorn1999">Raven, P. H.; Evert, R. F.; Eichhorn, S. E.  (1999). «Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity» <i>Biology of Plants. </i> W. H. Freeman <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/1-57259-041-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/1-57259-041-6">ISBN 1-57259-041-6</a>; <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-57259-041-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-57259-041-0">ISBN 978-1-57259-041-0</a></span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMallet,_J.Willmott,_K.2003">Mallet, J.; Willmott, K..  (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/taxome/jim/pap/mallet03tree.pdf">«Taxonomy: Renaissance or Tower of Babel?»</a> (PDF) <i>Trends Ecol. Evol.</i> 18 (2): 57-59. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2007-08-28)</small></span></span>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomia&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071222125620/http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/classificationgenera.html">Codi dels Bacteris (Revisió del 1990)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Adibidez, infrafamiliak <i><a href="/wiki/Dortoka" title="Dortoka">Testudines</a></i> Chelodd (Gaffney & Meylan 1988: 169) i Baenodd (<i>ibid.</i>, 176).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="boilerplate" style="text-align:left; font-size: 90%"> <ul><li>Artikulu honen edukiaren zati bat <i>Lur hiztegi entziklopediko</i>tik edo <i>Lur entziklopedia tematiko</i>tik hartu da. Egile-eskubideen jabeak, <a href="/wiki/Eusko_Jaurlaritza" title="Eusko Jaurlaritza">Eusko Jaurlaritzak</a>, hiztegi horiek <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/deed.eu">CC-BY 3.0 lizentziarekin</a> argitaratu ditu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opendata.euskadi.eus/katalogoa/-/lur-entziklopedia-tematikoa/">Open Data Euskadi webgunean</a>.</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomia&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Root,">Datu-base</a></li> <li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html">Eboluzio, eskema</a></li> <li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060926120742/http://www.itis.usda.gov/index.html">Zientzia, nomenklatura</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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sintetikoa (sortu gabe)">Biologia sintetikoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologia_zelular" title="Biologia zelular">Biologia zelularra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomekanika" title="Biomekanika">Biomekanika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioteknologia" title="Bioteknologia">Bioteknologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birologia" title="Birologia">Birologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanika" title="Botanika">Botanika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboluzioa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eboluzioa">Eboluzioa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eboluzioaren_biologia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eboluzioaren biologia (sortu gabe)">Eboluzioaren biologia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egituren_biologia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egituren biologia (sortu gabe)">Egituren biologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekologia" title="Ekologia">Ekologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enbriologia" title="Enbriologia">Enbriologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiologia" title="Epidemiologia">Epidemiologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetika" title="Epigenetika">Epigenetika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etologia" title="Etologia">Etologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exobiologia" class="mw-redirect" title="Exobiologia">Exobiologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garapenaren_biologia_ebolutibo" title="Garapenaren biologia ebolutibo">Evo-devo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmakologia" title="Farmakologia">Farmakologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fikologia" title="Fikologia">Fikologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisiologia" title="Fisiologia">Fisiologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garapenaren_biologia" title="Garapenaren biologia">Garapenaren biologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika">Genetika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomika" title="Genomika">Genomika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giza_biologia" title="Giza biologia">Giza biologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histologia" title="Histologia">Histologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunologia" title="Immunologia">Immunologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itsas_biologia" title="Itsas biologia">Itsas biologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimika_organikoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimika organikoa">Kimika organikoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontserbazio-biologia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kontserbazio-biologia">Kontserbazio-biologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronobiologia" title="Kronobiologia">Kronobiologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnologia" title="Limnologia">Limnologia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipidologia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lipidologia (sortu gabe)">Lipidologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikologia" title="Mikologia">Mikologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikrobiologia" title="Mikrobiologia">Mikrobiologia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanobioteknologia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanobioteknologia (sortu gabe)">Nanobioteknologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurozientzia" title="Neurozientzia">Neurozientzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrizioa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutrizioa">Nutrizioa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontologia" title="Paleontologia">Paleontologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitologia" title="Parasitologia">Parasitologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patologia" title="Patologia">Patologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psikologia" title="Psikologia">Psikologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontogenia" title="Ontogenia">Ontogenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantum_biologia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quantum biologia (sortu gabe)">Quantum biologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistematika" title="Sistematika">Sistematika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistemen_biologia" title="Sistemen biologia">Sistemen biologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soziobiologia" title="Soziobiologia">Soziobiologia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taxonomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxikologia" title="Toxikologia">Toxikologia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugaltze_biologia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ugaltze biologia (sortu gabe)">Ugaltze biologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelulen_biologia" class="mw-redirect" title="Zelulen biologia">Zelulen biologia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelulen_mikrobiologia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zelulen mikrobiologia (sortu gabe)">Zelulen mikrobiologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zitologia" class="mw-redirect" title="Zitologia">Zitologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoologia" title="Zoologia">Zoologia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/140px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/210px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/280px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="2856" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%"><center>Antolamendu<br />biologikoa</center></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Biosfera" title="Biosfera">Biosfera</a> >  <a href="/wiki/Ekosistema" title="Ekosistema">Ekosistema</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biozenosi" title="Biozenosi">Biozenosia</a> > <a href="/wiki/Populazio" class="mw-redirect" title="Populazio">Populazioa</a> > <a href="/wiki/Komunitate_(ekologia)" title="Komunitate (ekologia)">Komunitatea</a> >  <a href="/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo">Organismoa</a> > <a href="/wiki/Aparatu_(anatomia)" title="Aparatu (anatomia)">Aparatu eta sistemak</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organo_(biologia)" title="Organo (biologia)">Organo</a> > <a href="/wiki/Ehun_(biologia)" title="Ehun (biologia)">Ehunak</a> > <a href="/wiki/Zelula" title="Zelula">Zelulak</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organulu" title="Organulu">Organulua</a> > <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">Molekula</a> (<a href="/wiki/Makromolekula" title="Makromolekula">Makromolekula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biomolekula" title="Biomolekula">Biomolekula</a>) > <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">Atomoa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%"><center>Biologiaren<br />oinarriak</center></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Teoria_zelular" title="Teoria zelular">Teoria zelularra</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Ekologia" title="Ekologia">Ekologia</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">Energiaren transformazioa</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Eboluzioa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eboluzioa">Eboluzioa</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika">Genetika</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Homeostasi" title="Homeostasi">Homeostasia</a>  •  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taxonomia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%"><center>Biologiaren<br />printzipioak</center></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><center><a href="/wiki/Eboluzioa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eboluzioa">Eboluzioa</a><br /></center></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Moldaera" title="Moldaera">Moldaera</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bizidun_zaharrenak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bizidun zaharrenak (sortu gabe)">Bizidun zaharrenak</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Funtzioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Funtzioa (sortu gabe)">Funtzioa</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Jito_genetiko" title="Jito genetiko">Jito genetikoa</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Fluxu_genetiko" title="Fluxu genetiko">Gene fluxua</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Makroeboluzioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makroeboluzioa (sortu gabe)">Makroeboluzioa</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikroeboluzioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikroeboluzioa (sortu gabe)">Mikroeboluzioa</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Mutazio" title="Mutazio">Mutazioa</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Hautespen_naturala" class="mw-redirect" title="Hautespen naturala">Hautespen naturala</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Espeziazioa" class="mw-redirect" title="Espeziazioa">Espeziazioa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><center><a href="/wiki/Ekologia" title="Ekologia">Ekologia</a></center></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Biodibertsitatea" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodibertsitatea">Biodibertsitatea</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Interakzio_biologiko" title="Interakzio biologiko">Interakzio biologikoa</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komunitateen_ekologia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komunitateen ekologia (sortu gabe)">Komunitateen ekologia</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistemen_ekologia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekosistemen ekologia (sortu gabe)">Ekosistemen ekologia</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">Habitata</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Txoko_ekologiko" title="Txoko ekologiko">Nitxoa</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Populazioen_ekologia" title="Populazioen ekologia">Populazioen ekologia</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baliabide_ekologikoak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baliabide ekologikoak (sortu gabe)">Baliabide ekologikoak</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><center><a href="/wiki/Biologia_molekularra" class="mw-redirect" title="Biologia molekularra">Biologia<br />molekularra</a></center></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelulen_seinalizazioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zelulen seinalizazioa (sortu gabe)">Zelulen seinalizazioa</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Garapen_biologia" class="mw-redirect" title="Garapen biologia">Garapen biologia</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Epigenetika" title="Epigenetika">Epigenetika</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erregulazio_genetikoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erregulazio genetikoa (sortu gabe)">Erregulazio genetikoa</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Meiosi" title="Meiosi">Meiosia</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Mitosi" title="Mitosi">Mitosia</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transkripzio_osteko_aldaketa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transkripzio osteko aldaketa (sortu gabe)">Transkripzio osteko aldaketa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><center><a href="/wiki/Biokimika" title="Biokimika">Biokimika</a></center></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Karbono_hidrato" title="Karbono hidrato">Karbohidratoak</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Entzima" title="Entzima">Entzima</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Lipido" title="Lipido">Lipidoa</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Metabolismo" title="Metabolismo">Metabolismoa</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Azido_nukleiko" title="Azido nukleiko">Azido nukleikoa</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Proteina" title="Proteina">Proteina</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Fotosintesi" title="Fotosintesi">Fotosintesia</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kategoria"><img alt="Kategoria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/24px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/32px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Biologia" title="Kategoria:Biologia">Kategoria</a> 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