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class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12240"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/pumps-pipes-culverts-and-the-platypus/">Culverts & pipes</a></li> <li id="menu-item-12241" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12241"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/litter-and-the-platypus/">Litter</a></li> <li id="menu-item-12234" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12234"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/angling-and-the-platypus/">Angling</a></li> <li id="menu-item-12231" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12231"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/platypus-deaths-in-nets-and-traps/">Dangerous nets & traps</a></li> <li id="menu-item-12238" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12238"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/platypus-predators-and-disease/">Predators & disease</a></li> <li id="menu-item-12232" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12232"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/wildfire-and-the-platypus/">Wildfire</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-6285" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-6285"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/management-guidelines-2/">Platypus Management Guidelines</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-6286" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6286"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/maintaining-a-suitable-flow-regime-in-managed-river-systems/">Streamflow</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6291" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6291"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/water-quality-and-sediment-contaminants/">Water quality</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6288" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6288"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/protecting-and-improving-bank-habitats/">Bank habitats</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6289" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6289"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/instream-woody-habitat-logs-and-branches/">Instream wood</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6290" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6290"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/managing-stormwater-drainage/">Stormwater drainage</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6287" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6287"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/platypus-drought-refuges/">Drought refuges</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6295" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6295"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/culverts-pipes-and-grilles/">Culverts & pipes</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6297" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6297"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/weir-walls-and-fishways/">Weirs & fishways</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6296" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6296"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/walking-tracks-viewing-platforms-bridges-and-street-lighting/">Paths & lights</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6293" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6293"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/use-of-heavy-machinery-in-and-near-waterways/">Use of heavy equipment</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6298" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6298"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/pumps-and-small-scale-hydropower-generators/">Pumps & generators</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-11698" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-11698"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/platypus-biology/">Platypus Biology</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-11651" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11651"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/platypus-vital-statistics/">Vital statistics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11652" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11652"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/platypus-fur-colour-and-general-features/">General features and fur colour</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11653" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11653"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/the-platypus-bill-push-rods-and-electroreception/">The bill and its senses</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11654" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11654"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/platypus-vision-and-hearing/">Vision and hearing</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11655" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11655"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/platypus-body-temperature/">Body temperature</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11656" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11656"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/platypus-venom-and-spurs/">Venom and spurs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11657" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11657"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/platypus-genetics-and-dispersal/">Genetics and dispersal</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11658" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11658"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/platypus-sleep-and-dreaming/">Sleep and dreaming</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1999" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent current_page_parent current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children menu-item-1999"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/ecology-behaviour/">Platypus Ecology & Behaviour</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-11666" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11666"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/platypus-foraging-behaviour/">Foraging behaviour</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11667" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11667"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/platypus-diet-and-food-consumption/">Diet and food consumption</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11668" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11668"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/platypus-home-range-movements-and-dispersal/">Home range and movements</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11669" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11669"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/platypus-burrows/">Burrows</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11670" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-11464 current_page_item menu-item-11670"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/platypus-reproduction/" aria-current="page">Reproduction</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11671" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11671"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/platypus-courtship-mating-and-nest-building/">Courtship, mating and nest-building</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11672" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11672"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/platypus-communication/">Communication</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11673" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11673"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/platypus-mortality-factors/">Mortality factors</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-2003" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-2003"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/evolution-names/">Names & Evolution</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-11638" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11638"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/platypus-names-including-whats-the-plural-of-platypus/">Names (including “What’s the plural of platypus?”)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11640" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11640"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/the-platypuss-fossil-history/">Fossil history</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11641" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11641"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/echidnas-the-other-modern-monotremes/">Echidnas – the other modern monotremes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-2001" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-2001"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/distribution-numbers/">Platypus Status</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-12577" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12577"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/conservation-status/">Platypus conservation status</a></li> <li id="menu-item-12578" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12578"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/distribution/">Platypus distribution</a></li> <li id="menu-item-12576" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12576"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/population-size-and-density/">Platypus abundance</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1998" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-1998"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/faqs/">FAQs & Myths</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-12574" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12574"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/some-platypus-faqs/">Some platypus FAQs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-12575" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12575"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/platypus-myths/">Some platypus myths</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-11819" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-11819"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/rakali-master/">Rakali</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-11774" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11774"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/rakali-size-and-general-features/">Size and general features</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11793" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11793"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/rakali-distribution-and-habitats/">Distribution and habitats</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11770" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11770"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/rakali-names-and-origin/">Names and origin</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11785" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11785"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/rakali-spatial-use-and-shelter-sites/">Spatial use and shelter sites</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11779" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11779"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/rakali-diet-and-foraging-behaviour/">Diet and foraging behaviour</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11782" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11782"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/rakali-reproduction/">Reproduction</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11789" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11789"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/rakali-conservation-status-and-concerns/">Rakali conservation status</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11791" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11791"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/coexistence-of-rakali-and-platypus/">Coexistence of rakali and platypus</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-19" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-privacy-policy menu-item-19"><a rel="privacy-policy" href="https://platypus.asn.au/about/">About the Conservancy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-21" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/apc-newsletter/">APC Newsletter</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10930" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10930"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/report-a-sighting/">Report a Sighting</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13134" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-13134"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/how-you-can-help/">Donate or Make Bequest</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-11145" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11145"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/donate-by-bank-transfer/">Donate by bank transfer</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11141" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11141"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/donate-by-visa-mastercard/">Donate by Visa/Mastercard</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14252" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14252"><a href="https://platypus.asn.au/make-a-bequest/">Make a Bequest</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul></div> </nav> </div> </header> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <main id="main" class="site-main" role="main"> <article id="post-11464" class="post-11464 page type-page status-publish hentry"> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title">Platypus reproduction</h2> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <div class="featured-image"> </div> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img data-recalc-dims="1" fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="530" height="363" data-attachment-id="2033" data-permalink="https://platypus.asn.au/3a6a5007-a-killeen/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/platypus.asn.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/3a6a5007-a-killeen.jpg?fit=530%2C363&ssl=1" data-orig-size="530,363" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"5.6","credit":"","camera":"Canon EOS 5D Mark III","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1506090680","copyright":"","focal_length":"273","iso":"4000","shutter_speed":"0.004","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="3A6A5007 (A Killeen)" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/platypus.asn.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/3a6a5007-a-killeen.jpg?fit=300%2C205&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/platypus.asn.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/3a6a5007-a-killeen.jpg?fit=530%2C363&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/platypus.asn.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/3a6a5007-a-killeen.jpg?resize=530%2C363&ssl=1" alt="A male platypus approaches a female platypus to assess her interest in mating." class="wp-image-2033" style="width:616px;height:auto"/></figure></div> <p class="has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-4b0f1edb803c1046c0e460dc7609b1d0">Platypus courtship or mating behaviour in the wild has been recorded in late July and August in southern Queensland (Temple-Smith and Grant 2001), August and September in New South Wales (Burrell 1927), August to October in Victoria (De-la-Warr and Serena 1999; Easton et al. 2008), and as late as December in Tasmania (Roberts and Serena 2024). Platypus reproduction doesn’t rely on the formation of enduring pair bonds. Instead, males try to breed with as many females as possible, and females rear their young without any male assistance.</p> <p class="has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c646040342e19467a32acff83500a63b">After mating, gestation of eggs takes an average 16 days, followed by an estimated 10-day incubation period (Thomas et al. 2020). Platypus eggs are 16-18 millimetres long and have a whitish shell with a papery or parchment-like texture, similar to those of lizards (Burrell 1927). A clutch of one to three eggs (most often two) is incubated in an underground nesting chamber, held between a female’s curled-up tail and her belly to keep them warm (Burrell 1927). The young are tiny and very immature when they hatch. Their exit from the egg is assisted by a prominent bump (or “caruncle”) at the end of the snout, an inwardly curving egg tooth and tiny claws on the front feet (Burrell 1927).</p> <p class="has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-9dff62337268f0760a490ee623da48ac">After hatching, the babies develop in the nesting burrow for approximately 3 months before entering the water for the first time in summer (on the Australian mainland) or autumn (in Tasmania) (Williams et al. 2013; Roberts and Serena 2024). While they’re confined to a burrow, they feed on a rich milk containing on average about 39% solids (as compared to 12% solids in cow milk) (Griffiths et al. 1984). A female platypus doesn’t have nipples, so babies slurp up milk secreted from two special patches of skin onto her belly fur. While suckling, a mother platypus may lie either on her side or on her belly (with the nestlings lying upside down beneath her); she will sometimes rub their bills with her own after they’ve finished eating, presumably to clean off any sticky residue (Thomas et al. 2020).</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" width="748" height="409" data-attachment-id="11466" data-permalink="https://platypus.asn.au/platypus-reproduction/plat-juvenile-pete-walsh-2021-may/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/platypus.asn.au/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/plat-juvenile-Pete-Walsh-2021-May.jpg?fit=751%2C411&ssl=1" data-orig-size="751,411" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1620214204","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="plat-juvenile-Pete-Walsh-2021-May" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/platypus.asn.au/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/plat-juvenile-Pete-Walsh-2021-May.jpg?fit=300%2C164&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/platypus.asn.au/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/plat-juvenile-Pete-Walsh-2021-May.jpg?fit=748%2C409&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/platypus.asn.au/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/plat-juvenile-Pete-Walsh-2021-May.jpg?resize=748%2C409&ssl=1" alt="A juvenile platypus soon after it has first emerged from a nesting burrow" class="wp-image-11466" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/platypus.asn.au/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/plat-juvenile-Pete-Walsh-2021-May.jpg?w=751&ssl=1 751w, https://i0.wp.com/platypus.asn.au/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/plat-juvenile-Pete-Walsh-2021-May.jpg?resize=300%2C164&ssl=1 300w" sizes="(max-width: 748px) 100vw, 748px" /></figure></div> <p class="has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-0e6a6bfe963e74120ecc42ed5821f7d3">Juveniles are fully furred, well-coordinated and about 85% of their adult length when they first enter the water, as shown above (Grant and Temple-Smith 1983). Based mainly on observations made in captivity, they aren’t taught to swim or to find food by their mother, but have to master these skills on their own through trial and error.</p> <p class="has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-a2214cffd543fd21428688166d56def7">Males and females both become mature at the age of two years, although a long-term study conducted along the upper Shoalhaven River in New South Wales concluded that less than half of all females breed on average in any given year (range = 18-80%) and some females may not raise their first litter until they are at least four years old (Grant et al. 2004). Along both the Shoalhaven River and urban streams near Melbourne, more young are produced in years when water flow has been plentiful in the five months before mating begins, suggesting that this is a crucial period for females to store fat in preparation for breeding (Serena et al. 2014; Serena and Grant 2017). Platypus reproductive success may also drop if substantial flooding occurs when juveniles are confined to nesting burrows or soon after they first emerge, presumably because young animals drown (Serena et al. 2014; Serena and Grant 2017).</p> <p class="has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-692ad70aa4abe788de1cc96c04afbc20">Photos courtesy of Ann Killeen (top), Pete Walsh (bottom)</p> <p class="has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-ac31a16643d5af3fba3e084561deb493"><strong>LITERATURE CITED</strong></p> <p class="has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-50793b05aab69c2081df5d4326d2a1d2"><em>De-La-Warr M and Serena M (1999) Observations of platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus mating behaviour. The Victorian Naturalist 116, 172-174.</em></p> <p class="has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-82508c51c4dd8d9ad8be4c576330849a"><em>Easton L, Williams G and Serena M (2008) Monthly variation in observed activity of the platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus. The Victorian Naturalist 125, 104-109.</em></p> <p class="has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-f3925e7bed7cfb92a60b573dd75318d9"><em>Grant TR and Temple-Smith PD (1983) Size, seasonal weight change and growth in platypuses, Ornithorynchus anatinus (Monotremata: Ornithorhynchidae), from rivers and lakes of New South Wales. Australian Mammalogy 6, 51-60.</em></p> <p class="has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-25c44520d6a516d8ef77e3d99189cf85"><em>Grant TR, Griffiths M and Temple-Smith PD (2004) Breeding in a free-ranging population of platypuses, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, in the upper Shoalhaven River, New South Wales – a 27 year study. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 125, 227-234.</em></p> <p class="has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-7e58489fbfc39103d0c67001f5a07c0c"><em>Griffiths M, Green B, Leckie RMC, Messer M and Newgrain KW (1984) Constituents of platypus and echidna milk, with particular reference to the fatty acid complement of the triglycerides. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 37, 323-329.</em></p> <p class="has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-5975eeafee2c5c895a77a3ae21f9ce2b"><em>Roberts S and Serena M (2024) Use of consolidated time-lapse camera imagery to detect and monitor platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) activity. Australian Mammalogy 46, in press. doi:10.1071/AM23045</em></p> <p class="has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-535c33715f956577bc5d8b8c3ec945bc"><em>Serena M and Grant TR (2017) Effect of flow on platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) reproduction and related population processes in the upper Shoalhaven River. Australian Journal of Zoology 65, 130-139.</em></p> <p class="has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c80eab6cd417c1c0bab6405883e5c5f2"><em>Serena M, Williams GA, Weeks AR and Griffiths J (2014) Variation in platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) life history attributes and population trajectories in urban streams. Australian Journal of Zoology 62, 223-234.</em></p> <p class="has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-4423ad035f402feec04b587cf439534a"><em>Temple-Smith P and Grant T (2001) Uncertain breeding: a short history of reproduction in monotremes. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 13, 487-497.</em></p> <p class="has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-b98afbe30077e98c5f2627856a45289b"><em>Thomas JL, Parrott ML, Handasyde KA and Temple-Smith P (2020) Maternal care of platypus nestlings (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). Australian Mammalogy 42, 283-292.</em></p> <p class="has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-2203d40357fb036a23556a92df1636c8"><em>Williams GA, Serena M and Grant TR (2013) Age-related change in spurs and spur sheaths of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). 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