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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brazilian_modernism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazilian_modernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Brazilian modernism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazilian_modernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1939_New_York_World's_Fair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1939_New_York_World's_Fair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>1939 New York World's Fair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1939_New_York_World's_Fair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pampulha_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pampulha_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Pampulha Project</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pampulha_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1940s_and_1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940s_and_1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1940s and 1950s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940s_and_1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tremaine_House_(unbuilt)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tremaine_House_(unbuilt)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Tremaine House (unbuilt)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tremaine_House_(unbuilt)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depoimento" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depoimento"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Depoimento</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depoimento-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_of_Brasília" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_of_Brasília"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Design of Brasília</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_of_Brasília-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile_and_projects_overseas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile_and_projects_overseas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Exile and projects overseas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile_and_projects_overseas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Later life and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_and_religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_and_religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Political and religious views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_and_religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decorations_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decorations_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Decorations and awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decorations_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="أوسكار نيماير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوسكار نيماير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Nimeyer" title="Oskar Nimeyer – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Oskar Nimeyer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="অস্কার নেইমার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অস্কার নেইমার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Оскар Нимейер – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Оскар Нимейер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Оскар Німеер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Оскар Німеер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Оскар Німэер – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Оскар Німэер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Оскар Нимайер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оскар Нимайер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Оскар Нимейер – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Оскар Нимейер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81_%CE%9D%CE%AF%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Όσκαρ Νίεμαϊερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όσκαρ Νίεμαϊερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="اسکار نیمایر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسکار نیمایر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4_%EB%8B%88%EC%97%90%EB%A9%94%EC%98%88%EB%A5%B4" title="오스카르 니에메예르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오스카르 니에메예르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Օսկար Նիմեյեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օսկար Նիմեյեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A8_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8" title="אוסקר נימאייר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוסקר נימאייר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ოსკარ ნიმეიერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოსკარ ნიმეიერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Оскар Нимейер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Оскар Нимейер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anscharius_Niemeyer" title="Anscharius Niemeyer – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anscharius Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskars_N%C4%ABmeiers" title="Oskars Nīmeiers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Oskars Nīmeiers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Оскар Нимаер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Оскар Нимаер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ოსკარ ნიმეიერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოსკარ ნიმეიერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="اوسكار نيماير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوسكار نيماير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC" title="オスカー・ニーマイヤー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オスカー・ニーマイヤー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Нимейер, Оскар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нимейер, Оскар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B1" title="ئۆسکار نیمێر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆسکار نیمێر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Оскар Нимејер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Оскар Нимејер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ஒசுக்கார் நிமேயெர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒசுக்கார் நிமேயெர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ออสการ์ นีเอไมเยร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ออสการ์ นีเอไมเยร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%94%D1%80" title="Оскар Німеєр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оскар Німеєр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Oscar Niemeyer" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E8%BF%88%E8%80%B6" title="奥斯卡·尼迈耶 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奥斯卡·尼迈耶" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue 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searchaux" style="display:none">Brazilian architect (1907–2012)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the First World War Iron Cross recipient, see <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Niemeyer" title="Oskar Niemeyer">Oskar Niemeyer</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_name" title="Portuguese name">Portuguese name</a>, the first or maternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i>Ribeiro de Almeida</i> and the second or paternal family name is <i>Niemeyer Soares</i>. <i>"Filho"</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Generational_suffix" class="mw-redirect" title="Generational suffix">generational suffix</a> meaning "son", which is used for someone whose name is the same as their father, like "Jr." in English.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Oscar Niemeyer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_Niemeyer_1968b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Oscar_Niemeyer_1968b.jpg/220px-Oscar_Niemeyer_1968b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Oscar_Niemeyer_1968b.jpg/330px-Oscar_Niemeyer_1968b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Oscar_Niemeyer_1968b.jpg/440px-Oscar_Niemeyer_1968b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="974" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Niemeyer in 1968</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Oscar Ribeiro de Almeida Niemeyer Soares Filho</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1907-12-15</span>)</span>15 December 1907<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, Brazil</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">5 December 2012<span style="display:none">(2012-12-05)</span> (aged 104)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Cemit%C3%A9rio_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Batista" class="mw-redirect" title="Cemitério São João Batista">São João Batista Cemetery</a>, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Escola_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes" title="Escola Nacional de Belas Artes">Escola Nacional de Belas Artes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Federal University of Rio de Janeiro">Federal University of Rio de Janeiro</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Architect</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Annita Baldo</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1928; died 2004)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Vera Lúcia Cabreira<br /></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 2006)<wbr /></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Maria_Niemeyer" title="Anna Maria Niemeyer">Anna Maria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1963 <a href="/wiki/Lenin_Peace_Prize" title="Lenin Peace Prize">Lenin Peace Prize</a></li><li>1988 <a href="/wiki/Pritzker_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Pritzker Prize">Pritzker Prize</a></li><li>1989 <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Asturias Awards">Prince of Asturias Awards</a></li><li>1998 RIBA <a href="/wiki/Royal_Gold_Medal" title="Royal Gold Medal">Royal Gold Medal</a></li><li>2004 <a href="/wiki/Praemium_Imperiale" title="Praemium Imperiale">Praemium Imperiale</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Buildings</th><td class="infobox-data note"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oscar_Niemeyer_works" title="List of Oscar Niemeyer works">See list</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Projects</th><td class="infobox-data note"><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art_in_Caracas" title="Museum of Modern Art in Caracas">Museum of Modern Art in Caracas</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_Niemeyer_Signature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Oscar_Niemeyer_Signature.png/150px-Oscar_Niemeyer_Signature.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Oscar_Niemeyer_Signature.png/225px-Oscar_Niemeyer_Signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Oscar_Niemeyer_Signature.png/300px-Oscar_Niemeyer_Signature.png 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="86" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Oscar Ribeiro de Almeida Niemeyer Soares Filho</b> (15 December 1907 – 5 December 2012), known as <b>Oscar Niemeyer</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Brazilian Portuguese:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-BR-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[ˈoskaʁ<span class="wrap"> </span>ni.eˈmajeʁ]</a></span>), was a Brazilian architect considered to be one of the key figures in the development of <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modern architecture</a>. Niemeyer was best known for his design of civic buildings for <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Planned_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned city">planned city</a> that became Brazil's capital in 1960, as well as his collaboration with other architects on the <a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations" title="Headquarters of the United Nations">headquarters of the United Nations</a> in New York. His exploration of the aesthetic possibilities of <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a> was highly influential in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. </p><p>Both lauded and criticized for being a "sculptor of monuments",<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niemeyer was hailed as a great artist and one of the greatest architects of his generation by his supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said his architecture was strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a>, but in an interview, assured that this "didn't prevent [his] architecture from going in a different direction".<sup id="cite_ref-Matthieu_Salvaing,_Oscar_Niemeyer_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthieu_Salvaing,_Oscar_Niemeyer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niemeyer was most famous for his use of abstract forms and curves and wrote in his memoirs: </p> <blockquote><p>I am not attracted to straight angles or to the straight line, hard and inflexible, created by man. I am attracted to free-flowing, sensual curves. The curves that I find in the mountains of my country, in the sinuousness of its rivers, in the waves of the ocean, and on the body of the beloved woman. Curves make up the entire Universe, the curved Universe of Einstein.<sup id="cite_ref-Niemeyer,_Oscar_2000,_pp._62_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niemeyer,_Oscar_2000,_pp._62-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Niemeyer was educated at the <a href="/wiki/Escola_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes" title="Escola Nacional de Belas Artes">Escola Nacional de Belas Artes</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Federal University of Rio de Janeiro">Federal University of Rio de Janeiro</a>, and after graduating, he worked at his father's <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typography</a> house and as a <a href="/wiki/Architectural_drafting" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural drafting">draftsman</a> for local architectural firms. In the 1930s, he interned with <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAcio_Costa" title="Lúcio Costa">Lúcio Costa</a>, with the pair collaborating on the design for the <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Capanema_Palace" title="Gustavo Capanema Palace">Palácio Gustavo Capanema</a> in Rio de Janeiro. Niemeyer's first major project was a series of buildings for <a href="/wiki/Pampulha_(Belo_Horizonte)" title="Pampulha (Belo Horizonte)">Pampulha</a>, a planned suburb north of <a href="/wiki/Belo_Horizonte" title="Belo Horizonte">Belo Horizonte</a>. His work, especially on the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi" title="Church of Saint Francis of Assisi">Church of Saint Francis of Assisi</a>, received critical acclaim and drew international attention. Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, Niemeyer became one of Brazil's most prolific architects, working both domestically and overseas. This included the design of the <a href="/wiki/Edif%C3%ADcio_Copan" title="Edifício Copan">Edifício Copan</a> (a large residential building in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>) and a collaboration with Le Corbusier (and others) on the United Nations Headquarters, which yielded invitations to teach at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Design" title="Harvard Graduate School of Design">Harvard Graduate School of Design</a>. </p><p>In 1956, Niemeyer was invited by Brazil's new president, <a href="/wiki/Juscelino_Kubitschek" title="Juscelino Kubitschek">Juscelino Kubitschek</a>, to design the civic buildings for Brazil's new capital, <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a>. His designs for the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress of Brazil</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Cathedral of Brasília">Cathedral of Brasília</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A1cio_da_Alvorada" title="Palácio da Alvorada">Palácio da Alvorada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Planalto" title="Palácio do Planalto">Palácio do Planalto</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Federal_Court" title="Supreme Federal Court">Supreme Federal Court</a>, all designed by 1960, were experimental and linked by common design elements. This work led to his appointment as inaugural head of architecture at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bras%C3%ADlia" title="University of Brasília">University of Brasília</a>, as well as honorary membership of the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects" title="American Institute of Architects">American Institute of Architects</a>. Due to his largely left-wing ideology, and involvement with the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Communist_Party" title="Brazilian Communist Party">Brazilian Communist Party</a> (PCB), Niemeyer left the country after the <a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 military coup</a> and opened an office in Paris. He returned to Brazil in 1985, and was awarded the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Pritzker_Architecture_Prize" title="Pritzker Architecture Prize">Pritzker Architecture Prize</a> in 1988. A socialist and atheist from an early age, Niemeyer had spent time in both <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> during his exile, and on his return served as the PCB's president from 1992 to 1996. Niemeyer continued working at the end of the 20th and early 21st century, notably designing the <a href="/wiki/Niter%C3%B3i_Contemporary_Art_Museum" title="Niterói Contemporary Art Museum">Niterói Contemporary Art Museum</a> (1996) and the <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer_Museum" title="Oscar Niemeyer Museum">Oscar Niemeyer Museum</a> (2002). Over a career of 78 years he designed approximately <a href="/wiki/List_of_Oscar_Niemeyer_works" title="List of Oscar Niemeyer works">600 projects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niemeyer died in Rio de Janeiro on 5 December 2012 at the age of 104. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Niemeyer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Niemeyer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NiemeyerJoven.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/NiemeyerJoven.JPG" decoding="async" width="151" height="341" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Niemeyer in 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>Niemeyer was born in the city of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> on 15 December 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthieu_Salvaing,_Oscar_Niemeyer_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthieu_Salvaing,_Oscar_Niemeyer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His great-grandfather was a Portuguese immigrant who, in turn, was the grandson of a German soldier who had settled in Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niemeyer spoke about it: "my name ought to have been Oscar Ribeiro de Almeida de Niemeyer Soares, or simply Oscar de Almeida Soares, but the foreign surname prevailed and I am known simply as Oscar Niemeyer".<sup id="cite_ref-Joseph_Ma._Botey,_Oscar_Niemeyer_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joseph_Ma._Botey,_Oscar_Niemeyer-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent his youth as a typical young <a href="/wiki/Carioca" title="Carioca">Carioca</a> of the time: <a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">bohemian</a> and relatively unconcerned with his future.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1928, at age 21, Niemeyer left school (Santo Antonio Maria Zaccaria priory school) and married Annita Baldo,<sup id="cite_ref-Matthieu_Salvaing,_Oscar_Niemeyer_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthieu_Salvaing,_Oscar_Niemeyer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> daughter of Italian immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>. </p><p>He pursued his passion at the National School of Fine Arts in Rio de Janeiro (<a href="/wiki/Escola_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes" title="Escola Nacional de Belas Artes">Escola Nacional de Belas Artes</a>) and graduated with a BA in architecture in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthieu_Salvaing,_Oscar_Niemeyer_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthieu_Salvaing,_Oscar_Niemeyer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career">Early career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Niemeyer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After graduating, he worked in his father's <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typography</a> house. Even though he was not financially stable, he insisted on working in the architecture studio of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAcio_Costa" title="Lúcio Costa">Lúcio Costa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregori_Warchavchik" title="Gregori Warchavchik">Gregori Warchavchik</a> and Carlos Leão, even though they could not pay him. Niemeyer joined them as a draftsman, an art that he mastered (Corbusier himself would later compliment Niemeyer's 'beautiful perspectives'<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The contact with Costa would be extremely important to Niemeyer's maturation. Costa, after an initial flirtation with the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Colonial Revival architecture">Neocolonial movement</a>, realized that the advances of the <a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International Style</a> in Europe were the way forward for architecture. His writings on the insights that could unite Brazil's traditional colonial architecture (such as that in <a href="/wiki/Olinda" title="Olinda">Olinda</a>) with modernist principles would be the basis of the architecture that he and his contemporaries, such as <a href="/wiki/Affonso_Eduardo_Reidy" title="Affonso Eduardo Reidy">Affonso Eduardo Reidy</a>, would later realize. </p><p>In 1936, at 29, Lúcio Costa was appointed by Education Minister Gustavo Capanema to design the new headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Capanema_Palace" title="Gustavo Capanema Palace">Ministry of Education and Health</a> in Rio de Janeiro. Costa himself, although open to change, was unsure of how to proceed. He assembled a group of young architects (Carlos Leão, Affonso Eduardo Reidy, Jorge Moreira and Ernani Vasconcellos) to design the building. He also insisted that <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a> himself should be invited as a consultant. Though Niemeyer was not initially part of the team, Costa agreed to accept him after Niemeyer insisted. During the period of Le Corbusier's stay in Rio, he was appointed to help the master with his drafts, which allowed him a close contact with the Swiss. After his departure, Niemeyer's significant changes to Corbusier's scheme impressed Costa, who allowed him to progressively take charge of the project, of which he assumed leadership in 1939. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazilian_modernism">Brazilian modernism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Niemeyer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Brazilian modernism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MESP4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/MESP4.jpg/170px-MESP4.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/MESP4.jpg/255px-MESP4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/MESP4.jpg/340px-MESP4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Capanema_Palace" title="Gustavo Capanema Palace">Ministry of Education and Health</a>, Rio de Janeiro</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ministry of Education had assumed the task of shaping the "<i>novo homem, Brasileiro e moderno</i>" (new man, Brazilian and modern). It was the first state-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernist</a> skyscraper in the world, of a much larger scale than anything Le Corbusier had built until then.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Completed in 1943,<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when he was 36 years old, the building that housed the regulator and manager of Brazilian culture and cultural heritage developed the elements of what was to become recognized as Brazilian modernism. It employed local materials and techniques, like the <a href="/wiki/Azulejo" title="Azulejo">azulejos</a> linked to the Portuguese tradition; the revolutionized Corbusian <a href="/wiki/Brises-soleil" class="mw-redirect" title="Brises-soleil">brises-soleil</a>, made adjustable and related to the Moorish shading devices of colonial architecture; bold colors; the tropical gardens of <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Burle_Marx" title="Roberto Burle Marx">Roberto Burle Marx</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Roystonea" title="Roystonea">Imperial Palm</a> (<i>Roystonea oleracea</i>), known as the Brazilian order; further allusions to the icons of the Brazilian landscape; and specially commissioned works by Brazilian artists. This building is considered by some architects as one of the most influential of the 20th century. It was taken as a model on how to blend low- and high-rise structures (<a href="/wiki/Lever_House" title="Lever House">Lever House</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1939_New_York_World's_Fair"><span id="1939_New_York_World.27s_Fair"></span>1939 New York World's Fair</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Niemeyer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1939 New York World's Fair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1939, at age 32, Niemeyer and Costa designed the Brazilian pavilion for the <a href="/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1939 New York World's Fair">New York World's Fair</a> (executed in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lester_Wiener" title="Paul Lester Wiener">Paul Lester Wiener</a>). Neighbouring the much larger French pavilion, the Brazilian structure contrasted with its heavy mass. Costa explained that the Brazilian Pavilion adopted a language of 'grace and elegance', lightness and spatial fluidity, with an open plan, curves and free walls, which he termed 'Ionic', contrasting it to the mainstream contemporary modernist architecture, which he termed 'Doric'. Impressed by its avant-garde design, Mayor <a href="/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia">Fiorello La Guardia</a> awarded Niemeyer the keys to the city of New York. </p><p>In 1937, Niemeyer was invited by a relative to design a nursery for philanthropic institution which catered for young mothers, the <i>Obra do Berço</i>. It would become his first finalised work.<sup id="cite_ref-papadaki_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papadaki-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Niemeyer has said that his architecture really began in Pampulha, Minas Gerais, and as he explained in an interview, <i>Pampulha was the starting point of this freer architecture full of curves which I still love even today. It was in fact, the beginning of Brasília ...</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthieu_Salvaing,_Oscar_Niemeyer_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthieu_Salvaing,_Oscar_Niemeyer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pampulha_Project">Pampulha Project</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Niemeyer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pampulha Project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marquise_Casa_do_Baile.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Marquise_Casa_do_Baile.JPG/220px-Marquise_Casa_do_Baile.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Marquise_Casa_do_Baile.JPG/330px-Marquise_Casa_do_Baile.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Marquise_Casa_do_Baile.JPG/440px-Marquise_Casa_do_Baile.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The free-form marquee at Casa do Baile</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1940, at 33, Niemeyer met <a href="/wiki/Juscelino_Kubitschek_de_Oliveira" class="mw-redirect" title="Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira">Juscelino Kubitschek</a>, who was at the time the mayor of <a href="/wiki/Belo_Horizonte" title="Belo Horizonte">Belo Horizonte</a>, capital of the state of <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>. Kubitschek, together with the state's governor Benedito Valadares, wanted to develop a new suburb to the north of the city called <a href="/wiki/Pampulha_(Belo_Horizonte)" title="Pampulha (Belo Horizonte)">Pampulha</a> and commissioned Niemeyer to design a series of buildings which would become known as the "Pampulha architectural complex". The complex included a casino, a restaurant/dance hall, a yacht club, a golf club and a church, all of which would be distributed around a new artificial lake. A weekend retreat for the mayor was built near the lake. </p><p>The buildings were completed in 1943 and received international acclaim following the 1943 'Brazil Builds' exhibition, at the New York <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a> (MoMA). Most of the buildings show Niemeyer's particular approach to the Corbusian language. In the casino, with its relatively rigid main façade, Niemeyer departed from Corbusian principles and designed curved volumes outside the confinement of a rational grid.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also expanded upon Corbusier's idea of a <i><a href="/wiki/Promenade_architecturale" title="Promenade architecturale">promenade architecturale</a></i> with his designs for floating catwalk-like ramps which unfold open vistas to the occupants. </p><p>The small restaurant (<a href="/wiki/Casa_do_Baile" title="Casa do Baile">Casa do Baile</a>), which is perhaps the least <i>bourgeois</i> of the complex, is built on its own artificial island and comprises an approximately circular block from which a free-form marquee follows the contour of the island. Although free form had been used even in Corbusier's and Mies's architecture, its application on an outdoors marquee was Niemeyer's innovation. This application of free-form, together with the butterfly roof used at the Yacht Club and Kubitschek's house became extremely fashionable from then on. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IgrejaPampulha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/IgrejaPampulha.jpg/220px-IgrejaPampulha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/IgrejaPampulha.jpg/330px-IgrejaPampulha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/IgrejaPampulha.jpg/440px-IgrejaPampulha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi" title="Church of Saint Francis of Assisi">São Francisco de Assis Church</a>, Belo Horizonte City, Minas Gerais, Brazil</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_of_Assisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Francis of Assisi">Saint Francis of Assisi</a> church is considered the masterpiece of the complex. When it was built, <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a> was used in traditional ways, such as in pillar, beam and slab structures. <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Perret" title="Auguste Perret">Auguste Perret</a>, in Casablanca and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Maillart" title="Robert Maillart">Robert Maillart</a> in Zurich had experimented with the plastic freedom of concrete, taking advantage of the <a href="/wiki/Parabolic_arch" title="Parabolic arch">parabolic arch</a>'s geometry to build extremely thin shells. Niemeyer's decision to use such an economical approach, based on the inherent plasticity allowed by reinforced concrete was revolutionary. According to Joaquim Cardoso,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the unification of wall and roof into a single element was revolutionary for fusing vertical and horizontal elements. The church's exuberance added to the integration between architecture and art. The church is covered by Azulejos by <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2ndido_Portinari" class="mw-redirect" title="Cândido Portinari">Portinari</a> and tile murals by Paulo Werneck. It led to the church being seen as <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a>. Though some European purists condemned its formalism, the fact that the form's idea was directly linked to a logical, structural reason placed the building in the 20th century, while refusing to break completely from the past. </p><p>Due to its importance in the history of architecture, the church was the first listed modern building in Brazil. This fact did not influence the conservative church authorities of Minas Gerais, who refused to consecrate it until 1959, in part because of its unorthodox form and in part because of Portinari's altar <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">mural</a>, which depicts Saint Francis as the savior of the ill, the poor and, most importantly, the sinner. </p><p>Niemeyer stated that Pampulha offered him the opportunity to 'challenge the monotony of contemporary architecture, the wave of misinterpreted functionalism that hindered it and the dogmas of form and function that had emerged, counteracting the plastic freedom that reinforced concrete introduced. I was attracted by the curve – the liberated, sensual curve suggested by the possibilities of new technology yet so often recalled in venerable old baroque churches. [...] I deliberately disregarded the right angle and rationalist architecture designed with ruler and square to boldly enter the world of curves and straight lines offered by reinforced concrete. [...] This deliberate protest arose from the environment in which I lived, with its white beaches, its huge mountains, its old baroque churches and the beautiful suntanned women.'<sup id="cite_ref-Niemeyer,_Oscar_2000,_pp._62_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niemeyer,_Oscar_2000,_pp._62-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The experience also marked the first collaborations between Niemeyer and <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Burle_Marx" title="Roberto Burle Marx">Roberto Burle Marx</a>, considered the most important modern landscape architect.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They would be partners in many projects in the next 10 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940s_and_1950s">1940s and 1950s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Niemeyer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1940s and 1950s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sede_do_Banco_Mineiro_da_Produ%C3%A7%C3%A3o.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sede_do_Banco_Mineiro_da_Produ%C3%A7%C3%A3o.JPG/170px-Sede_do_Banco_Mineiro_da_Produ%C3%A7%C3%A3o.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sede_do_Banco_Mineiro_da_Produ%C3%A7%C3%A3o.JPG/255px-Sede_do_Banco_Mineiro_da_Produ%C3%A7%C3%A3o.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sede_do_Banco_Mineiro_da_Produ%C3%A7%C3%A3o.JPG/340px-Sede_do_Banco_Mineiro_da_Produ%C3%A7%C3%A3o.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of the Banco Mineiro da Produção, <a href="/wiki/Belo_Horizonte" title="Belo Horizonte">Belo Horizonte</a></figcaption></figure> <p>With the success of Pampulha and the Brazil Builds exhibition, Niemeyer achieved international recognition. His architecture further developed the <i>Brazilian style</i> that the Saint Francis of Assisi Church and, to a lesser extent (due to its primary Corbusian language) the Ministry building, had pioneered. Works of this period shows the traditional modernist method in which form follows function, but Niemeyer's (and other Brazilian architects) handling of scale, proportion and program allowed him to resolve complex problems with simple and intelligent plans.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stamo Papadaki in his monography on Niemeyer mentioned the spatial freedom that characterized his work. The headquarters of the Banco Boavista, inaugurated in 1948 show such an approach.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dealing with a typical urban site, Niemeyer adopted creative solutions to enliven the otherwise monolithic high rise, thus challenging the predominant solidity which was the norm for bank buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The glazed south façade (with least insulation) reflects the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Candel%C3%A1ria_Church" title="Candelária Church">Candelária Church</a>, showing Niemeyer's sensitivity to the surroundings and older architecture. Such austere designs to high rises within urban grids can also be seen in the Edifício Montreal (1951–1954), Edifício Triângulo (1955) and the Edifício Sede do Banco Mineiro da Produção. </p><p>In 1947, Niemeyer returned to New York City to integrate the international team working on the design for the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations headquarters">United Nations headquarters</a>. Niemeyer's scheme 32 was approved by the Board of Design, but he eventually gave in to pressure by Le Corbusier, and together they submitted project 23/32 (developed with Bodiansky and Weissmann), which combined elements from Niemeyer's and Le Corbusier's schemes. Despite Le Corbusier's insistence to remain involved, the design was carried forward by the Director of Planning, <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Harrison" title="Wallace Harrison">Wallace Harrison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Abramovitz" title="Max Abramovitz">Max Abramovitz</a>, then a partnership. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tremaine_House_(unbuilt)"><span id="Tremaine_House_.28unbuilt.29"></span>Tremaine House (unbuilt)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Niemeyer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tremaine House (unbuilt)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This stay in the United States also facilitated contact regarding the unbuilt Burton G. Tremaine house project, one of Niemeyer's boldest residential designs. Amidst gardens by <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Burle_Marx" title="Roberto Burle Marx">Roberto Burle Marx</a>, it featured an open plan in Montecito, California on the Pacific Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February–April 1949, the Museum of Modern Art exhibited <i>From Le Corbusier to Niemeyer: Savoye House – Tremaine House 1949</i>. According to the museum, "The theme of this show is based on Henry Russell-Hitchcock's book on the <a href="/wiki/Miller_Company_Collection_of_Abstract_Art" title="Miller Company Collection of Abstract Art">Miller Company Collection of Abstract Art</a>, Painting toward architecture...".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, Berry Bergdoll, a curator at MoMA asserted the importance of the exhibition as fusing strands of the geometric and organic soon after WWII.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitchcock's seminal essay in the <i>Painting toward architecture</i> book included an illustration of Niemeyer's design, and in an associated 28-venue exhibition, Burle-Marx's <i>Design for a garden</i> (1948) was exhibited in several shows, as was a photo mural of Church at Pampulha.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Niemeyer produced very few designs for the United States because his affiliation to the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Communist_Party" title="Brazilian Communist Party">Communist Party</a> usually prevented him from obtaining a visa. This happened in 1946 when he was invited to teach at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, when his political views cost him a visa. In 1953, at 46, Niemeyer was appointed dean of the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Design" title="Harvard Graduate School of Design">Harvard Graduate School of Design</a>, but because of his political views the United States government denied his visa therefore preventing him from entering the country. </p><p>In 1950 the first book about his work to be published in the United States, <i>The Work of Oscar Niemeyer</i> by Stamo Papadaki, was released. It was the first systematic study of his architecture, which significantly contributed to the awareness of his work abroad. It would be followed in 1956 by <i>Oscar Niemeyer: Works in Progress</i>, by the same author.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time, Niemeyer was already self-confident and following his own path internationally. In 1948 Niemeyer departed from the parabolic arches he had designed in Pampulha to further explore his signature material, concrete. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niemeyer_MAC_USP.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Niemeyer_MAC_USP.JPG/220px-Niemeyer_MAC_USP.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Niemeyer_MAC_USP.JPG/330px-Niemeyer_MAC_USP.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Niemeyer_MAC_USP.JPG/440px-Niemeyer_MAC_USP.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1607" /></a><figcaption>Palácio da Agricultura, current MAC USP, showing the V-shaped <a href="/wiki/Piloti" title="Piloti">pilotis</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Niemeyer's formal creativity has been compared to that of sculptors.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1950s, a time of intensive construction in Brazil produced numerous commissions. Yves Bruand<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stressed that Niemeyer's 1948 project for a theatre next to the Ministry of Education and Health allowed him to develop his vocabulary. In 1950 he was asked to design <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="São Paulo (city)">São Paulo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ibirapuera_Park" title="Ibirapuera Park">Ibirapuera Park</a> for the city's 400th anniversary celebration. The plan, which consisted of several porticoed pavilions related via a gigantic free form marquee, had to be simplified due to cost. The resulting buildings were less interesting individually, which meant that the ensemble effect became the dominant aesthetic experience. Niemeyer developed V-shaped pilotis for the project, which became fashionable for a time. A variation on that theme was the W-shaped piloti which supports the <a href="/wiki/JK_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="JK Building">Governador Juscelino Kubitschek</a> housing complex (1951), two large buildings containing around 1,000 apartments. Its design was based on Niemeyer's scheme for the Quitandinha apartment hotel in <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B3polis" title="Petrópolis">Petrópolis</a> designed one year earlier, but never realised. At 33 stories and over 400 meters long, it was to contain 5,700 living units together with communal services such as shops, schools etc., his version of Corbusier's <a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_d%27Habitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Unité d'Habitation">Unité d'Habitation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-papadaki_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papadaki-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar program was realized in the centre of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Copan_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Copan Building">Copan apartment building</a> (1953–66). This landmark represents a microcosm of the diverse population of the city. Its horizontality, which is emphasized by the concrete brise-soleil, together with the fact that it was a residential building made it an interesting approach to popular housing, given that in the 1950s suburbanization had begun and city centres were being occupied primarily by business, usually occupying vertical "masculine" buildings, as opposed to Niemeyer's "feminine" approach.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1954 Niemeyer also designed the "Niemeyer apartment building" at the <a href="/wiki/Pra%C3%A7a_da_Liberdade" title="Praça da Liberdade">Praça da Liberdade</a>, Belo Horizonte. The building's completely free form layout is reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Mies van der Rohe's</a> 1922 glass skyscraper, although with a much more material feel than the airy German one. Also in 1954 as part of the same plaza Niemeyer built a library the (Biblioteca Pública Estadual). </p><p>During this period Niemeyer built several residences. Among them were a weekend house for his father, in Mendes (1949), developed from a chicken coop, the Prudente de Morais Neto house, in Rio (1943–49), based on Niemeyer's original design for Kubitschek's house in Pampulha, a house for Gustavo Capanema (1947) (the minister who commissioned the Ministry of Education and Health building), the Leonel Miranda house (1952), featuring two spiral ramps which provide access to the butterfly-roofed first floor, lifted up on oblique piloti. These houses featured the same inclined façade used in the Tremaine design, which allowed good natural lighting. In 1954 he built the famous Cavanelas house, with its tent-like metallic roof and which, with the help of Burle Marx's gardens, is perfectly adapted to its mountainous site.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his residential (and free-form architecture) masterpiece is considered to be the 1953 Canoas House Niemeyer built for himself. The house is located on sloped terrain overlooking the ocean from afar. It comprises two floors, the first of which is under a free form roof, supported on thin metallic columns. The living quarters is located on the floor below and is more traditionally divided. The design takes advantage of the uneven terrain so that the house seems not to disturb the landscape. Although the house is extremely well-suited to its environment, it did not escape criticism. Niemeyer recalled that <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Walter Gropius</a>, who was visiting the country as a jury in the second Biennial exhibition in São Paulo, argued that the house could not be mass-produced, to which Niemeyer responded that the house was designed with himself in mind and for that particular site, not a general flat one.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Henry-Russell Hitchcock, the house at Canoas was Niemeyer's most extreme lyrical statement, placing rhythm and dance as the antithesis of utility.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Depoimento">Depoimento</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Niemeyer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Depoimento"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_Ribeiro_de_Almeida_Niemeyer_Soares_Filho..tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Oscar_Ribeiro_de_Almeida_Niemeyer_Soares_Filho..tif/lossy-page1-170px-Oscar_Ribeiro_de_Almeida_Niemeyer_Soares_Filho..tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Oscar_Ribeiro_de_Almeida_Niemeyer_Soares_Filho..tif/lossy-page1-255px-Oscar_Ribeiro_de_Almeida_Niemeyer_Soares_Filho..tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Oscar_Ribeiro_de_Almeida_Niemeyer_Soares_Filho..tif/lossy-page1-340px-Oscar_Ribeiro_de_Almeida_Niemeyer_Soares_Filho..tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="1124" /></a><figcaption>Oscar Niemeyer in 1958</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1953 modern Brazilian architecture, which had been praised since Brazil Builds, became the target of international criticism, mainly from rationalists. Niemeyer's architecture in particular was criticised by <a href="/wiki/Max_Bill" title="Max Bill">Max Bill</a> in an interview for Manchete Magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attacked Niemeyer's use of free-form as purely decorative (as opposed to Reidy's Pedregulho housing), his use of mural panels and the individualistic character of his architecture which "is in risk of falling in a dangerous anti-social academicism". He even belittled Niemeyer's V piloti, as purely aesthetic. </p><p>Niemeyer's first response was denial, followed by a counterattack based on Bill's patronizing attitude, which prevented him from considering the differing social and economic realities of Brazil and European countries. Costa also stressed that Brazilian (and Niemeyer's) architecture was based on unskilled work which allowed for a crafted architecture based on concrete, expressing a tradition of (Brazilian) church builders, as opposed to (Swiss) clock builders.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edif%C3%ADcio_Calif%C3%B3rnia_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Edif%C3%ADcio_Calif%C3%B3rnia_01.JPG/170px-Edif%C3%ADcio_Calif%C3%B3rnia_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Edif%C3%ADcio_Calif%C3%B3rnia_01.JPG/255px-Edif%C3%ADcio_Calif%C3%B3rnia_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Edif%C3%ADcio_Calif%C3%B3rnia_01.JPG/340px-Edif%C3%ADcio_Calif%C3%B3rnia_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Calif%C3%B3rnia_Building_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo)" title="Califórnia Building (São Paulo)">Califórnia Building (Edifício Califórnia)</a>, São Paulo</figcaption></figure> <p>Although it was badly received and to an extent an exaggeration, Bill's words were effective in bringing to attention the mediocre architecture coming from less talented architects, who employed Niemeyer's vocabulary in the decorative fashion that Bill had criticised. Niemeyer himself admitted that for a certain period he had "handled too many commissions, executing them in a hurry, trusting the improvisational skills he believed to have".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Calif%C3%B3rnia_Building_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo)" title="Califórnia Building (São Paulo)">Califórnia Building (Edifício Califórnia)</a> in São Paulo is an example. Usually neglected by its creator, it features the V piloti which had worked so well in isolated buildings, creating a different treatment to that space without the need for two separate structural systems as Corbusier had done in Marseille. Its use in a typical urban context was formalistic and even compromised the building's structural logic in that it required many different sized supports.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berlin's 1957 Interbau exhibition gave Niemeyer the chance to build an example of his architecture in Germany along with the chance to visit Europe for the first time. The contact with the monuments of the old world had a lasting impact on Niemeyer's views, which he now believed was completely dependent on its aesthetic qualities. Together with his own realisations of how Brazilian architecture had been harmed by untalented architects, this trip led Niemeyer to revise his approach, which he published as a text named <i>Depoimento</i> in his Módulo Magazine. He proposed a simplification, discarding multiple elements such as brises, sculptural piloti and marquees. His architecture from then on would be a pure expression of structure as a representation of solid volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His design method would also change, prioritizing aesthetic impact over programmatic functions, given that for him "when form creates beauty, it has in beauty itself its justification".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MAM_Caracas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/MAM_Caracas.jpg/220px-MAM_Caracas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/MAM_Caracas.jpg/330px-MAM_Caracas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/MAM_Caracas.jpg/440px-MAM_Caracas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption>Model of the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art_in_Caracas" title="Museum of Modern Art in Caracas">Museum of Modern Art in Caracas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1955, at 48, Niemeyer designed the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art_in_Caracas" title="Museum of Modern Art in Caracas">Museum of Modern Art in Caracas</a>. The design of this museum was the material realization of his work revision. Meant to rise from the top of a cliff overlooking central <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>, the museum had an inverted pyramid shape which dominated and overpowered its surroundings. The opaque prismatic building had almost no connection to the outside through its walls, although its glass ceiling allowed natural light to enter. An electronic system was used to keep lighting conditions unchanged throughout the day using artificial light to complement it. The interior, however, was more recognizably done in Niemeyer's mode, with cat-walk ramps linking the different levels and the mezzanine made as a free-form slab hung from ceiling beams. </p><p>This aesthetic simplicity would culminate in his work in Brasília, where the qualities of the buildings are expressed by their structural elements alone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_of_Brasília"><span id="Design_of_Bras.C3.ADlia"></span>Design of Brasília</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Niemeyer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Design of Brasília"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Esplanada_dos_Minist%C3%A9rios,_Bras%C3%ADlia_DF_04_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Esplanada_dos_Minist%C3%A9rios%2C_Bras%C3%ADlia_DF_04_2006.jpg/220px-Esplanada_dos_Minist%C3%A9rios%2C_Bras%C3%ADlia_DF_04_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Esplanada_dos_Minist%C3%A9rios%2C_Bras%C3%ADlia_DF_04_2006.jpg/330px-Esplanada_dos_Minist%C3%A9rios%2C_Bras%C3%ADlia_DF_04_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Esplanada_dos_Minist%C3%A9rios%2C_Bras%C3%ADlia_DF_04_2006.jpg/440px-Esplanada_dos_Minist%C3%A9rios%2C_Bras%C3%ADlia_DF_04_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="933" /></a><figcaption>Ministries Esplanade with several of Niemeyer's buildings: the National Congress, the Cathedral, the National Museum and the National Library, <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a>, D.F., 2006</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brasilia_Congresso_Nacional_05_2007_221.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Brasilia_Congresso_Nacional_05_2007_221.jpg/220px-Brasilia_Congresso_Nacional_05_2007_221.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Brasilia_Congresso_Nacional_05_2007_221.jpg/330px-Brasilia_Congresso_Nacional_05_2007_221.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Brasilia_Congresso_Nacional_05_2007_221.jpg/440px-Brasilia_Congresso_Nacional_05_2007_221.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1162" /></a><figcaption>The National Congress of Brazil, Brasília</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral_Brasilia_Niemeyer.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Cathedral_Brasilia_Niemeyer.JPG/170px-Cathedral_Brasilia_Niemeyer.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Cathedral_Brasilia_Niemeyer.JPG/255px-Cathedral_Brasilia_Niemeyer.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Cathedral_Brasilia_Niemeyer.JPG/340px-Cathedral_Brasilia_Niemeyer.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Cathedral of Brasília">Cathedral of Brasília</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperboloid_structure" title="Hyperboloid structure">hyperboloid structure</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_do_Planalto.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Palacio_do_Planalto.jpeg/220px-Palacio_do_Planalto.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Palacio_do_Planalto.jpeg/330px-Palacio_do_Planalto.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Palacio_do_Planalto.jpeg/440px-Palacio_do_Planalto.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1999" data-file-height="1311" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Planalto" title="Palácio do Planalto">Palácio do Planalto</a>, the official workplace of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President of Brazil</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foto_noturna_do_Itamaraty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Foto_noturna_do_Itamaraty.jpg/220px-Foto_noturna_do_Itamaraty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Foto_noturna_do_Itamaraty.jpg/330px-Foto_noturna_do_Itamaraty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Foto_noturna_do_Itamaraty.jpg/440px-Foto_noturna_do_Itamaraty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Itamaraty_Palace" title="Itamaraty Palace">Itamaraty Palace</a>, the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Brazil)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> of Brazil</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Juscelino_Kubitschek" title="Juscelino Kubitschek">Juscelino Kubitschek</a> visited Niemeyer at the Canoas House in September 1956, soon after he assumed the Brazilian presidency. While driving back to the city, the politician spoke to the architect about his most audacious scheme: "I am going to build a new capital for this country and I want you to help me [...] Oscar, this time we are going to build the capital of Brazil."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiemeyer200070_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiemeyer200070-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Niemeyer organized a competition for the lay-out of <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a>, the new capital, and the winner was the project of his old master and great friend, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAcio_Costa" title="Lúcio Costa">Lúcio Costa</a>. Niemeyer would design the buildings, Lúcio the layout of the city. </p><p>In the space of a few months, Niemeyer designed residential, commercial and government buildings. Among them were the residence of the President (<i>Palácio da Alvorada</i>), the chamber of deputies, the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress of Brazil</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Cathedral of Brasília">Cathedral of Brasília</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Hyperboloid_structure" title="Hyperboloid structure">hyperboloid structure</a>), diverse ministries. Viewed from above, the city can be seen to have elements that repeat themselves in every building, achieving a formal unity. </p><p>Behind the construction of Brasília lay a monumental campaign to construct an entire city in the barren center of the country,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hundreds of kilometers from any major city. The brainchild of Kubitschek, Niemeyer had as aims included stimulating industry, integrating the country's distant areas, populating inhospitable regions and bringing progress to a region where only cattle ranching then existed. Niemeyer and Costa used it to test new concepts of city planning: streets without transit, buildings floating off the ground supported by columns and allowing the space underneath to be free and integrated with nature. </p><p>The project adopted a socialist ideology: in Brasília all the apartments would be owned by the government and rented to employees. Brasília did not have "nobler" regions, meaning that top ministers and common laborers would share the same building. Many of these concepts were ignored or changed by other presidents with different visions in later years. Brasília was designed, constructed, and inaugurated within four years. After its completion, Niemeyer was named chief of the college of architecture of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bras%C3%ADlia" title="University of Brasília">University of Brasília</a>. In 1963, he became an honorary member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects" title="American Institute of Architects">American Institute of Architects</a> in the United States; the same year, he received the <a href="/wiki/Lenin_Peace_Prize" title="Lenin Peace Prize">Lenin Peace Prize</a> from the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>. </p><p>Niemeyer and his contribution to the construction of <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a> are portrayed in the 1964 French film <i><a href="/wiki/L%27homme_de_Rio" class="mw-redirect" title="L'homme de Rio">L'homme de Rio</a></i> (<i>The Man from Rio</i>), starring <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Belmondo" title="Jean-Paul Belmondo">Jean-Paul Belmondo</a>. </p><p>In 1964, at 57, after being invited by <a href="/wiki/Abba_Hushi" title="Abba Hushi">Abba Hushi</a>, the mayor of <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, Israel, to plan the campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Haifa" title="University of Haifa">University of Haifa</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a>, he came back to a completely different Brazil. In March President <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart" title="João Goulart">João Goulart</a>, who succeeded President <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A2nio_Quadros" title="Jânio Quadros">Jânio Quadros</a> in 1961, was deposed in a military coup. General <a href="/wiki/Humberto_de_Alencar_Castelo_Branco" title="Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a> assumed command of the country, which would remain a dictatorship until 1985. </p><p>In 1987, Brasília was inscribed as a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niemeyer is the first person to have received such recognition for one of his works during his lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exile_and_projects_overseas">Exile and projects overseas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Niemeyer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Exile and projects overseas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Niemeyer's politics cost him during the military dictatorship. His office was pillaged, the headquarters of the magazine he coordinated were destroyed and clients disappeared. In 1965, two hundred professors, Niemeyer among them, resigned from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bras%C3%ADlia" title="University of Brasília">University of Brasília</a>, to protest against the government's treatment of universities. In the same year he traveled to France for an exhibition in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>. </p><p>The following year, Niemeyer moved to Paris. In 1962 he visited <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli, Lebanon</a> to design the International Permanent Exhibition Centre.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite completing construction, the start of the civil war in 1975 in Lebanon disrupted its launch. </p><p>He opened an office on the <a href="/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Champs-Élysées">Champs-Élysées</a> and found customers in diverse countries, especially in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> where he designed the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Science_and_Technology-Houari_Boumediene" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Science and Technology-Houari Boumediene">University of Science and Technology-Houari Boumediene</a>. In Paris he created the <a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_French_Communist_Party" title="Headquarters of the French Communist Party">Headquarters of the French Communist Party</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Place_du_Colonel_Fabien" title="Place du Colonel Fabien">Place du Colonel Fabien</a>, and in Italy that of the <a href="/wiki/Mondadori" class="mw-redirect" title="Mondadori">Mondadori</a> publishing company. In <a href="/wiki/Funchal" title="Funchal">Funchal</a> on <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>, he designed a casino. </p><p>While in Paris, Niemeyer began designing furniture that was produced by Mobilier International. He created an easy chair and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_(furniture)" title="Ottoman (furniture)">ottoman</a> composed of bent steel and leather in limited numbers for private clients. Later, in 1978, this chair and other designs, including the "Rio" chaise-longue were produced in Brazil by Tendo company, then Tendo Brasileira. The easy chairs and ottomans were made of bent wood and were placed in Communist party headquarters around the world. Much like his architecture, Niemeyer's furniture designs evoked the beauty of Brazil, with curves mimicking the female form and the hills of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life_and_death">Later life and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Niemeyer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Later life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Brazilian dictatorship lasted until 1985. Under <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Baptista_de_Oliveira_Figueiredo" class="mw-redirect" title="João Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo">João Figueiredo</a>'s rule it softened and gradually turned towards democracy. At this time Niemeyer returned to his country. During the 1980s, he made the <a href="/wiki/JK_Memorial" title="JK Memorial">Memorial Juscelino Kubitschek</a> (1980), the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_of_Fatherland_and_Freedom,_Tancredo_Neves" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantheon of Fatherland and Freedom, Tancredo Neves">Pantheon</a> (<i>Panteão da Pátria e da Liberdade Tancredo Neves</i>, 1985) and the <a href="/wiki/Latin_America_Memorial" title="Latin America Memorial">Latin America Memorial</a> (1987) (described by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i> of London to be "an incoherent and vulgar construction").<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The memorial sculpture represents a wounded hand, whose wound bleeds in the shape of <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a> and South America. In 1988, at 81, Niemeyer was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Pritzker_Architecture_Prize" title="Pritzker Architecture Prize">Pritzker Architecture Prize</a>, architecture's most prestigious award. From 1992 to 1996, Niemeyer was the president of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Communist_Party_(1992)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Communist Party (1992)">Brazilian Communist Party</a> (PCB). As a lifelong activist, Niemeyer was a powerful public figure who could be linked to the party at a time when it appeared to be in its death throes after the USSR's demise. Although not politically active, his image helped the party survive its crisis, after the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Communist_Party#Crisis_and_split_of_the_PPS" title="Brazilian Communist Party">1992 split</a> and to remain as a political force on the national scene, which eventually led to its renewal. He was replaced by Zuleide Faria de Mello in 1996. He designed at least two more buildings in Brasília, the Memorial dos Povos Indigenas<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ("Memorial for the Indigenous People") and the Catedral Militar, Igreja de N.S. da Paz.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, at the age of 89, he was responsible for the design of the <a href="/wiki/Niter%C3%B3i_Contemporary_Art_Museum" title="Niterói Contemporary Art Museum">Niterói Contemporary Art Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Niter%C3%B3i" title="Niterói">Niterói</a>, a city next to Rio de Janeiro. The building cantilevers out from a sheer rock face, offering a view of <a href="/wiki/Guanabara_Bay" title="Guanabara Bay">Guanabara Bay</a> and the city of Rio de Janeiro. </p><p>Niemeyer maintained his studio in Rio de Janeiro into the 21st century. In 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer_Museum" title="Oscar Niemeyer Museum">Oscar Niemeyer Museum</a> complex was inaugurated in the city of <a href="/wiki/Curitiba" title="Curitiba">Curitiba</a>, Paraná. In 2003, at 96, Niemeyer was called to design the <a href="/wiki/Serpentine_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpentine Gallery">Serpentine Gallery</a> Summer Pavilion in <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park</a>, London, a gallery that each year invites a famous architect, who has never previously built in the UK, to design this temporary structure. He was still involved in diverse projects at the age of 100, mainly sculptures and adjustments of previous works. On Niemeyer's 100th birthday, Russia's president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> awarded him the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friendship" title="Order of Friendship">Order of Friendship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grateful for the <i><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Asturias Award">Prince of Asturias Award</a> of Arts</i> received in 1989, he collaborated on the 25th anniversary of the award with the donation to <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a> of the design of a cultural centre. The <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer_International_Cultural_Centre" title="Oscar Niemeyer International Cultural Centre">Oscar Niemeyer International Cultural Centre</a> (also known in Spain as Centro Niemeyer), is located in <a href="/wiki/Avil%C3%A9s" title="Avilés">Avilés</a> and was inaugurated in 2011. In January 2010, the Auditorium Oscar Niemeyer Ravello was officially opened in <a href="/wiki/Ravello" title="Ravello">Ravello</a>, Italy, on the <a href="/wiki/Amalfi_Coast" title="Amalfi Coast">Amalfi Coast</a>. The Auditorium's concept design, drawings, model, sketches and text were made by Niemeyer in 2000 and completed under the guidance of his friend, Italian sociologist <a href="/wiki/Domenico_De_Masi" title="Domenico De Masi">Domenico de Masi</a>. The project was delayed for several years due to objections arising from its design, siting, and clear difference from the local architecture; since its inauguration the project has experienced problems and was closed for a year.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After reaching 100, Niemeyer was regularly hospitalized.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, after a four-week hospitalization for the <a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_gallstones" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of gallstones">treatment of gallstones</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_tumour" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal tumour">intestinal tumour</a>, he was quoted as saying that hospitalization is a "very lonely thing; I needed to keep busy, keep in touch with friends, maintain my rhythm of life."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His daughter and only child, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Maria_Niemeyer" title="Anna Maria Niemeyer">Anna Maria</a>, died of <a href="/wiki/Emphysema" title="Emphysema">emphysema</a> in June 2012, aged 82.<sup id="cite_ref-Folha_2012_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folha_2012-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niemeyer died of <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiorespiratory arrest</a> on December 5, 2012, at the Hospital Samaritano in Rio de Janeiro.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had been hospitalised with a respiratory infection prior to his death.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>'s obituary of Niemeyer stated that he "built some of the world's most striking buildings – monumental, curving concrete and glass structures which almost defy description", describing him as "one of the most innovative and daring architects of the last 60 years".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> said he was "widely regarded as the foremost Latin American architect of the last century".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museu_de_Arte_Contempor%C3%A2nea.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Niterói Contemporary Art Museum, Brazil"><img alt="The Niterói Contemporary Art Museum, Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Museu_de_Arte_Contempor%C3%A2nea.jpg/300px-Museu_de_Arte_Contempor%C3%A2nea.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Museu_de_Arte_Contempor%C3%A2nea.jpg/451px-Museu_de_Arte_Contempor%C3%A2nea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Museu_de_Arte_Contempor%C3%A2nea.jpg/600px-Museu_de_Arte_Contempor%C3%A2nea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Niter%C3%B3i_Contemporary_Art_Museum" title="Niterói Contemporary Art Museum">Niterói Contemporary Art Museum</a>, Brazil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olho_Neimayer_Curitiba_03_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oscar Niemeyer Museum (NovoMuseu), Curitiba, Brazil"><img alt="Oscar Niemeyer Museum (NovoMuseu), Curitiba, Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Olho_Neimayer_Curitiba_03_2007.jpg/300px-Olho_Neimayer_Curitiba_03_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Olho_Neimayer_Curitiba_03_2007.jpg/451px-Olho_Neimayer_Curitiba_03_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Olho_Neimayer_Curitiba_03_2007.jpg/600px-Olho_Neimayer_Curitiba_03_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer_Museum" title="Oscar Niemeyer Museum">Oscar Niemeyer Museum</a> (NovoMuseu), <a href="/wiki/Curitiba" title="Curitiba">Curitiba</a>, Brazil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museu_Nacional,_Brasilia_05_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brazilian National Museum, Brasília, Brazil"><img alt="Brazilian National Museum, Brasília, Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Museu_Nacional%2C_Brasilia_05_2007.jpg/300px-Museu_Nacional%2C_Brasilia_05_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Museu_Nacional%2C_Brasilia_05_2007.jpg/451px-Museu_Nacional%2C_Brasilia_05_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Museu_Nacional%2C_Brasilia_05_2007.jpg/600px-Museu_Nacional%2C_Brasilia_05_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_National_Museum,_Brasilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian National Museum, Brasilia">Brazilian National Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a>, Brazil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Cabo_Branco_2011.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Estação Cabo Branco, João Pessoa, Brazil"><img alt="Estação Cabo Branco, João Pessoa, Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Cabo_Branco_2011.JPG/300px-Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Cabo_Branco_2011.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Cabo_Branco_2011.JPG/451px-Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Cabo_Branco_2011.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Cabo_Branco_2011.JPG/600px-Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Cabo_Branco_2011.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="792" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Estação Cabo Branco, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Pessoa,_Para%C3%ADba" title="João Pessoa, Paraíba">João Pessoa</a>, Brazil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 338.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 336.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CentroNiemeyer72.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oscar Niemeyer International Cultural Centre, Asturias, Spain"><img alt="Oscar Niemeyer International Cultural Centre, Asturias, Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/CentroNiemeyer72.jpg/505px-CentroNiemeyer72.jpg" decoding="async" width="337" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/CentroNiemeyer72.jpg/759px-CentroNiemeyer72.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/CentroNiemeyer72.jpg/1010px-CentroNiemeyer72.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2396" data-file-height="1068" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer_International_Cultural_Centre" title="Oscar Niemeyer International Cultural Centre">Oscar Niemeyer International Cultural Centre</a>, Asturias, Spain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 217.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 215.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parque_da_Cidade_do_Natal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Natal City Park Tower, Natal, Brazil"><img alt="Natal City Park Tower, Natal, Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Parque_da_Cidade_do_Natal.jpg/323px-Parque_da_Cidade_do_Natal.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Parque_da_Cidade_do_Natal.jpg/485px-Parque_da_Cidade_do_Natal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Parque_da_Cidade_do_Natal.jpg/645px-Parque_da_Cidade_do_Natal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1855" data-file-height="1294" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Natal_City_Park" title="Natal City Park">Natal City Park</a> Tower, <a href="/wiki/Natal,_Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="Natal, Rio Grande do Norte">Natal</a>, Brazil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WSalcher_O_Niemeyer_Ravello_Italy_o.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Oscar Niemeyer Auditorium, Ravello, Italy"><img alt="Oscar Niemeyer Auditorium, Ravello, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/66/WSalcher_O_Niemeyer_Ravello_Italy_o.JPG/169px-WSalcher_O_Niemeyer_Ravello_Italy_o.JPG" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/66/WSalcher_O_Niemeyer_Ravello_Italy_o.JPG/253px-WSalcher_O_Niemeyer_Ravello_Italy_o.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/66/WSalcher_O_Niemeyer_Ravello_Italy_o.JPG/337px-WSalcher_O_Niemeyer_Ravello_Italy_o.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Oscar Niemeyer Auditorium, <a href="/wiki/Ravello" title="Ravello">Ravello</a>, Italy</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Niemeyer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_Niemeyer_with_Polish_Architect_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Oscar_Niemeyer_with_Polish_Architect_.jpg/170px-Oscar_Niemeyer_with_Polish_Architect_.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Oscar_Niemeyer_with_Polish_Architect_.jpg/255px-Oscar_Niemeyer_with_Polish_Architect_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Oscar_Niemeyer_with_Polish_Architect_.jpg/340px-Oscar_Niemeyer_with_Polish_Architect_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2140" data-file-height="2853" /></a><figcaption>Oscar Niemeyer with Polish architect Jerzy Świech</figcaption></figure> <p>Niemeyer married Annita Baldo in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthieu_Salvaing,_Oscar_Niemeyer_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthieu_Salvaing,_Oscar_Niemeyer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had one daughter, Anna Maria, in 1929 (she predeceased her father on June 6, 2012).<sup id="cite_ref-Folha_2012_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folha_2012-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niemeyer subsequently had five grandchildren, thirteen great-grandchildren, and seven great-great-grandchildren.<sup id="cite_ref-AJ_love_at_98_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJ_love_at_98-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Annita died in 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at 93, after 76 years of marriage. In 2006, shortly before his 99th birthday, Niemeyer married for the second time, to his longtime secretary Vera Lucia Cabreira<sup id="cite_ref-AJ_love_at_98_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJ_love_at_98-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at his apartment, a month after he had fractured his hip in a fall.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oscar Niemeyer was a keen smoker of cigars, smoking more in later life. His architectural studio was a smoking zone.<sup id="cite_ref-Indy_Swerve_with_verve_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indy_Swerve_with_verve-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_and_religious_views">Political and religious views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Niemeyer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Political and religious views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Niemeyer had a left-wing political ideology. In 1945, many communist militants who were arrested under the <a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Vargas</a>' dictatorship were released, and Niemeyer sheltered some of them at his office. He met <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Carlos_Prestes" title="Luís Carlos Prestes">Luís Carlos Prestes</a>, perhaps the most important left-winger in Brazil. After several weeks, he gave up the house to Prestes and his supporters, who founded the Brazilian Communist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niemeyer joined the party in 1945<sup id="cite_ref-Indy_Swerve_with_verve_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indy_Swerve_with_verve-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became its president in 1992. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Military dictatorship of Brazil">military dictatorship of Brazil</a> his office was raided and he was forced into exile in Europe. The Minister of Aeronautics of the time reportedly said that "the place for a communist architect is Moscow." He subsequently visited the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, meeting with a number of the country's leaders, and in 1963 was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Lenin_Peace_Prize" title="Lenin Peace Prize">Lenin Peace Prize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niemeyer was a close friend of <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>, who often visited his apartment and studio in Brazil. Castro was once quoted as saying "Niemeyer and I are the last communists on this planet."<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niemeyer was regularly visited by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-glancey_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glancey-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%C3%A1pide_de_Marighella_7830.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/L%C3%A1pide_de_Marighella_7830.jpg/220px-L%C3%A1pide_de_Marighella_7830.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/L%C3%A1pide_de_Marighella_7830.jpg/330px-L%C3%A1pide_de_Marighella_7830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/L%C3%A1pide_de_Marighella_7830.jpg/440px-L%C3%A1pide_de_Marighella_7830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3913" data-file-height="2795" /></a><figcaption>Tombstone of <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Marighella" title="Carlos Marighella">Carlos Marighella</a>, Marxist guerrilla theorist assassinated by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Political_and_Social_Order" title="Department of Political and Social Order">police</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">Military dictatorship</a>. (Made by Oscar Niemeyer in 2009.)</figcaption></figure> <p>Some critics pointed out that Niemeyer's architecture was often in opposition to his views.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first major work, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi" title="Church of Saint Francis of Assisi">Church of Saint Francis of Assisi</a>, informally known also as the Church of Pampulha, had a <i>bourgeois</i> character and Brasília was famous for its palaces. Niemeyer never saw architecture in the same way as <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Walter Gropius</a>, who defended a rational and industrial architecture capable of molding society to make it suitable for the new industrial era. Skeptical about architecture's ability to change an "unjust society", Niemeyer defended that such activism should be undertaken politically. Using architecture for such purposes would be anti-modern (as it would be limiting constructive technology).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niemeyer says: "Our concern is political too – to change the world ... Architecture is my work, and I've spent my whole life at a drawing board, but life is more important than architecture. What matters is to improve human beings."<sup id="cite_ref-Indy_Swerve_with_verve_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indy_Swerve_with_verve-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Niemeyer was a lifelong <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>, basing his beliefs both on the "injustices of this world" and on cosmological principles: "It's a fantastic Universe which humiliates us, and we can't make any use of it. But we are amazed by the power of the human mind … in the end, that's it—you are born, you die, that's it!".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such views never stopped him from designing religious buildings, which included small Catholic chapels, huge Orthodox churches and large mosques. He also catered to the spiritual beliefs of the public who facilitated his religious buildings. In the Cathedral of Brasília, he intended for the large glass windows "to connect the people to the sky, where their Lord's paradise is." </p><p>He was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a <a href="/wiki/World_constitution" title="World constitution">world constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, for the first time in human history, a <a href="/wiki/World_Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="World Constituent Assembly">World Constituent Assembly</a> convened to draft and adopt a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_for_the_Federation_of_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution for the Federation of Earth">Constitution for the Federation of Earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Niemeyer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nicolai_Ouroussoff" title="Nicolai Ouroussoff">Nicolai Ouroussoff</a>, the architecture critic of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, published an article asking whether Niemeyer's last work had been affected by advanced age. Ouroussoff found the "Niterói Contemporary Art Museum" to be of significantly lower quality than the architect's earlier works. He argued that "the greatest threat to Mr. Niemeyer's remarkable legacy may not be the developer's bulldozer or insensitive city planners, but Mr. Niemeyer himself." He considers iconic works at "Esplanada dos Ministérios" to "have been marred by the architect's own hand."<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes071226_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes071226-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Niemeyer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paulista_avenida_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Paulista_avenida_04.jpg/220px-Paulista_avenida_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Paulista_avenida_04.jpg/330px-Paulista_avenida_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Paulista_avenida_04.jpg/440px-Paulista_avenida_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Mural honoring Niemeyer in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, Brazil.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 1984 the Rio de Janeiro carnival parade is held in the <a href="/wiki/Sambadrome_Marqu%C3%AAs_de_Sapuca%C3%AD" title="Sambadrome Marquês de Sapucaí">Sambadrome</a> designed by Oscar Niemeyer.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003 the <a href="/wiki/GRES_Unidos_de_Vila_Isabel" class="mw-redirect" title="GRES Unidos de Vila Isabel">Unidos de Vila Isabel Samba School</a> celebrated the life of Niemeyer in their carnival parade.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first time that Vila Isabel paid tribute to a living historical figure. The parade's theme song – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://letras.mus.br/vila-isabel-rj/474003/"><i>O Arquiteto no Recanto da Princesa</i></a> – was composed by the Brazilian singer <a href="/wiki/Martinho_da_Vila" title="Martinho da Vila">Martinho da Vila</a>. </p><p>Oscar Niemeyer's projects have also been a major source of inspiration for the French painter <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Benoit" title="Jacques Benoit">Jacques Benoit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006 Benoit presented in Paris a series of paintings entitled <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jacquesbenoit.com/Trois_traces_d_Oscar_page_peintures%20-%20UK.html"><i>Three Traces of Oscar</i></a>, paying tribute to the legacy of Niemeyer in France.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010 the Brasília Jubilee Commission chose Benoit's works for an exhibition that celebrated the 50th anniversary of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exhibition – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jacquesbenoit.com/Brasilia_page_peintures%20-%20UK.html"><i>Brasilia. Flesh and Soul</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826175504/http://www.jacquesbenoit.com/Brasilia_page_peintures%20-%20UK.html">Archived</a> August 26, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – displayed 27 canvas divided into three series, all of them inspired by the architectural landscape of <a href="/wiki/Brasilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brasilia">Brasilia</a> and the history of its construction. </p><p>Shortly before Niemeyer's death in 2012, artist <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Morris" title="Sarah Morris">Sarah Morris</a> filmed Niemeyer in his office for her 2012 film <i>Rio</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, soon after Niemeyer's death, the Brazilian street artist Eduardo Kobra<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and four other painters paid their tribute to the architect with a gigantic mural, covering the entire side of a skyscraper at <a href="/wiki/Paulista_Avenue" title="Paulista Avenue">Paulista Avenue</a> in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="São Paulo (city)">São Paulo</a>'s financial district.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The artwork is inspired by Niemeyer's architecture, his love of concrete and <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a>. </p><p>Niemeyer is featured in the film <i>Urbanized</i> discussing his design process and architectural philosophy. </p><p>During the homage to Oscar Niemeyer on December 15, 2012 (it would have been his 105th birthday),<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the citizens movement released "Sentimiento Niemeyer" at the <a href="/wiki/Centro_Niemeyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Centro Niemeyer">Centro Niemeyer</a> in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The verses were written by different people through a Facebook event and put together by musicians. The song was released under a <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> license (attribution, non-profit, no-variations) so that other artists who shared the <i>feeling</i> around the world could make their own cover of the song, keeping the melody and translating the lyrics.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2015 the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_Tokyo" title="Museum of Contemporary Art Tokyo">Museum of Contemporary Art Tokyo</a> (MoT) organized the first major retrospective of Niemeyer in Japan, curated by <a href="/wiki/Yuko_Hasegawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuko Hasegawa">Yuko Hasegawa</a> in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Kazuyo_Sejima" title="Kazuyo Sejima">Kazuyo Sejima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ryue_Nishizawa" title="Ryue Nishizawa">Ryue Nishizawa</a> from <a href="/wiki/SANAA" title="SANAA">SANAA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decorations_and_awards">Decorations and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Niemeyer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Decorations and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (1949)</li> <li>Medal of the Order of Merit of Labour (Brazil, 1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lenin_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="International Lenin Peace Prize">International Lenin Peace Prize</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Lion" title="Golden Lion">Golden Lion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Biennale" title="Venice Biennale">Venice Biennale</a> (Italy, 1963)</li> <li>Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects" title="American Institute of Architects">American Institute of Architects</a> (1963)</li> <li>Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Arts_and_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Arts and Letters">National Institute of Arts and Letters</a> (USA, 1964)</li> <li>Premio Benito Juarez on the occasion of the centennial of the Mexican Revolution (1964)</li> <li>Médaille Joliot-Curie (1965)</li> <li><i>Piece for strings, brass, pianos</i> by the Swiss <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> composer Hermann Meier dedicated to Niemeyer (1967)</li> <li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> (<i>Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur</i>) (France, 1970)</li> <li>Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Henry" title="Order of Prince Henry">Order of Prince Henry</a> (Portugal, March 3, 1975)</li> <li>Lorenzo il Magnifico Prize of the Accademia Internazionale Medicea (Italy, 1980)</li> <li>Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Arts_and_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Arts and Letters">Order of Arts and Letters</a> (<i>Ordre des Arts et des Lettres</i>) (France, 1982)</li> <li>Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Arts_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Arts of the USSR">Academy of Arts of the USSR</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritzker_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Pritzker Prize">Pritzker Prize</a> for Architecture (1988) (with <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bunshaft" title="Gordon Bunshaft">Gordon Bunshaft</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Asturias Award">Prince of Asturias Award</a> (1989)</li> <li>Honorary Doctor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bras%C3%ADlia" title="University of Brasília">University of Brasília</a> (1989)</li> <li>Chico Mendes Resistance Medal (1989)</li> <li>Gold Medal of the Colegio de Arquitectos de Barcelona (1990)</li> <li>Knight Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Gregory_the_Great" title="Order of St. Gregory the Great">Order of St. Gregory the Great</a>, bestowed by Pope <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a> (1990)</li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_James_of_the_Sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint James of the Sword">Order of Saint James of the Sword</a> (Portugal, November 26, 1994)</li> <li>Honorary doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="University of São Paulo">University of São Paulo</a> (1995)</li> <li>Doctor Honoris Causa from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Minas_Gerais" title="Federal University of Minas Gerais">Federal University of Minas Gerais</a> (1995)</li> <li>Saurí Order, 1st class (Dominican Republic, 1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Lion" title="Golden Lion">Golden Lion</a> at the Venice Biennale, VI International Architecture Exhibition (Italy, 1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Gold_Medal" title="Royal Gold Medal">Royal Gold Medal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects" title="Royal Institute of British Architects">Royal Institute of British Architects</a> (1998)</li> <li>Order of Solidarity (Cuba, 2001)</li> <li>Darcy Ribeiro Medal of Merit (State Board of Education of the State of Rio de Janeiro, 2001)</li> <li>Unesco Award in the category of Culture (2001)</li> <li>Grand Officer of the Order of Merit Teaching and Cultural Gabriela Mistral (Ministry of Education of Chile, 2001)</li> <li>"20th century architect" (Superior Council of the Institute of Architects of Brazil, 2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konex_Award" title="Konex Award">Konex Award</a> (Argentina, 2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praemium_Imperiale" title="Praemium Imperiale">Praemium Imperiale</a> (Japan, 2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Decoration_for_Science_and_Art" title="Austrian Decoration for Science and Art">Austrian Decoration for Science and Art</a> (2005)</li> <li>Patron of Brazilian architecture, declared by Law No. 11,117, of May 18, 2005</li> <li>Order of Cultural Merit (Brazil, 2007)</li> <li>Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> (<i>Commandeur de la Légion d'Honneur</i>) (France, 2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friendship" title="Order of Friendship">Order of Friendship</a> (Russia, 2007)</li> <li>Medal Oscar Niemeyer's Communist Party Marxist-Leninist (2007)</li> <li>ALBA Arts Award (Venezuela, 2008), Cuba, Bolivia, Nicaragua [78]</li> <li>Order of Arts and Letters of Spain (November 6, 2009)</li> <li>Doctor Honoris Causa of the <a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Lisbon" title="Technical University of Lisbon">Technical University of Lisbon</a> (2009)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Niemeyer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oscar_Niemeyer_works" title="List of Oscar Niemeyer works">List of Oscar Niemeyer works</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Niemeyer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magarrey, Paige (December 8, 2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110102100257/http://www.azuremagazine.com/newsviews/blog_content.php?id=728">Niemeyer's Century</a>. <i>Azure</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://literal.terra.com.br/literal/calandra.nsf/0/00F797984C445FC9032573A800018D75?OpenDocument&pub=T&proj=Literal&sec=Resmungos">Niemeyer, Gullar, F.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090228051940/http://literal.terra.com.br/literal/calandra.nsf/0/00F797984C445FC9032573A800018D75?OpenDocument&pub=T&proj=Literal&sec=Resmungos">Archived</a> February 28, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>(in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matthieu_Salvaing,_Oscar_Niemeyer-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matthieu_Salvaing,_Oscar_Niemeyer_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthieu_Salvaing,_Oscar_Niemeyer_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthieu_Salvaing,_Oscar_Niemeyer_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthieu_Salvaing,_Oscar_Niemeyer_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthieu_Salvaing,_Oscar_Niemeyer_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthieu_Salvaing,_Oscar_Niemeyer_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Salvaing, Matthieu (2002) <i>Oscar Niemeyer</i>. Assouline Publishing. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84323-344-5" title="Special:BookSources/2-84323-344-5">2-84323-344-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Niemeyer,_Oscar_2000,_pp._62-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Niemeyer,_Oscar_2000,_pp._62_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niemeyer,_Oscar_2000,_pp._62_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiemeyer2000">Niemeyer 2000</a>, pp. 62, 169, 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_J._R._Curtis" title="William J. R. Curtis">William J. R. Curtis</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/architecture-design-blog/2012/dec/07/oscar-niemeyer-tributes-architects-critics?INTCMP=SRCH">"Oscar Niemeyer: architects and critics pay tribute"</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, December 7, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geni.com/people/Oscar-Niemeyer/6000000015173393282">"Oscar Niemeyer"</a>. <i>geni_family_tree</i>. December 15, 1907.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geni_family_tree&rft.atitle=Oscar+Niemeyer&rft.date=1907-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geni.com%2Fpeople%2FOscar-Niemeyer%2F6000000015173393282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Niemeyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geni.com/people/Konrad-Heinrich-von-Niemeyer/6000000002849402376?through=6000000002847991481">"Konrad Heinrich von Niemeyer"</a>. <i>geni_family_tree</i>. May 4, 1761.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geni_family_tree&rft.atitle=Konrad+Heinrich+von+Niemeyer&rft.date=1761-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geni.com%2Fpeople%2FKonrad-Heinrich-von-Niemeyer%2F6000000002849402376%3Fthrough%3D6000000002847991481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Niemeyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joseph_Ma._Botey,_Oscar_Niemeyer-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Joseph_Ma._Botey,_Oscar_Niemeyer_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Botey, Joseph M. (1996) <i>Oscar Niemeyer</i>. Gustavo Gili. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-252-1576-5" title="Special:BookSources/84-252-1576-5">84-252-1576-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, Ana. (December 11, 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundsandcolours.com/articles/brazil/life-is-more-important-than-architecture-a-celebration-of-oscar-niemeyer/">Life Is More Important Than Architecture: A Celebration of Oscar Niemeyer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429034622/http://www.soundsandcolours.com/articles/brazil/life-is-more-important-than-architecture-a-celebration-of-oscar-niemeyer/">Archived</a> April 29, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Soundsandcolours.com. Retrieved on June 30, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deckker, Zilah Quezado (2001) <i>Brazil Built: The Architecture of Modern Brazil</i>. Taylor & Francis. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-23407-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-23407-7">0-415-23407-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-theguardian.com-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian.com_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian.com_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian.com_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian.com_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian.com_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlanceyPawley2012" class="citation web cs1">Glancey, Jonathan; Pawley, Martin (December 6, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/dec/06/oscar-niemeyer-obituary">"Oscar Niemeyer obituary"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Oscar+Niemeyer+obituary&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.aulast=Glancey&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Pawley%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2012%2Fdec%2F06%2Foscar-niemeyer-obituary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Niemeyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-papadaki-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-papadaki_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-papadaki_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Papadaki, Stamo (2012) <i>The Work of Oscar Niemeyer</i>. Literary Licensing, LLC. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-258-36764-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-258-36764-5">1-258-36764-5</a>. p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Comas, Carlos Eduardo (2005) "Niemeyer's Casino and the Misdeeds of Brazilian Architecture", pp. 169–188 in <i>Critical Studies, Transculturation. Cities, Spaces and Architectures in Latin America</i>. Felipe Hernández, Mark Millington and Iain Borden (eds.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matoso, Danilo (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bd.camara.gov.br/bd/handle/bdcamara/9914"><i>Da Matéria à Invenção: As Obras de Oscar Niemeyer em Minas Gerais (1938–1954)</i></a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-736-5534-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-736-5534-6">978-85-736-5534-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fabiano Lemes de Oliveira. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.docomomo.org.br/seminario%206%20pdfs/Fabiano%20Lemes%20de%20Oliveira.pdf">Sigfried Giedion e o caso Brasileiro: uma aproximação hirtoriográfica.</a>, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Retrieved December 8, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">INEPAC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inepac.rj.gov.br/modules.php?name=Guia&file=consulta_detalhe_bem&idbem=275">Guia de Bens Tombados</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130316023728/http://www.inepac.rj.gov.br/modules.php?name=Guia">Archived</a> March 16, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philippou, Styliane (2008) <i>Oscar Niemeyer: Curves of Irreverence</i>. Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-12038-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-12038-9">0-300-12038-9</a>. p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Hall: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.architecturaldigest.com/decor/archive/unbuilt_article_102006">"The Mark of a Master"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503020901/http://www.architecturaldigest.com/decor/archive/unbuilt_article_102006">Archived</a> May 3, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <i>Architectural Digest</i>, October 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(c. 1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/2727?locale=en">"Museum exhibits architectural models and plans, 'from Le Corbusier to Niemeyer'</a>. Museum of Modern Art, New York. Retrieved June 27, 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bergdoll, Barry. (Summer 2010). The synthesis of arts and MoMa. <i>Docomomo</i>, 42, pp. 110-13. Retrieved June 27, 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitchcock, Henry-Russell (essay). (1948). <i>Painting toward architecture</i>. The Miller Company: Meriden, CT. Retrieved January 22, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preece, R. J. (2017).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artdesigncafe.com/painting-toward-architecture-miller-co-exhibition">"Rethinking 'Painting toward architecture' (1947–52)"</a>. <i>artdesigncafe.com / Sculpture magazine</i>. Retrieved June 27, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niemeyer.org.br/">Publicação de The Work of Oscar Niemeyer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110222031241/http://www.niemeyer.org.br/">Archived</a> February 22, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved December 8, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Underwood, David, <i>Oscar Niemeyer and the Architecture of Brazil</i>, Rizzoli, New York, 1994 p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruand, Yves (1997) <i>Arquitetura Contemporânea no Brasil</i>. Editora Perspectiva. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-273-0114-8" title="Special:BookSources/85-273-0114-8">85-273-0114-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Styliane Philippou. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tudelft.nl/live/binaries/2e2a5b07-3f77-4d71-b1d1-33a897e794aa/doc/Conference%20paper%20Philippou.pdf">Challenging the Hierarchies of the City: Oscar Niemeyer's Mid-Twentieth-Century Residential Buildings.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101128205747/http://www.tudelft.nl/live/binaries/2e2a5b07-3f77-4d71-b1d1-33a897e794aa/doc/Conference%20paper%20Philippou.pdf">Archived</a> November 28, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved December 8, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hess, Alan and Weintraub, Alan (2006) <i>Oscar Niemeyer Houses</i>. Rizzoli. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8478-2798-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8478-2798-4">0-8478-2798-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maciel, Fabiano (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archdaily.com.br/br/01-85169/cinema-e-arquitetura-documentario-oscar-niemeyer-a-vida-e-um-sopro"><i>Oscar Niemeyer: A Vida é um Sopro</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitchcock, Henry-Russell (1955) <i>Latin American Architecture Since 1945</i> (New York Museum of Modern Art, Exhibition Catalogue)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MAX BILL E A ARQUITETURA CONTEMPORÂNEA. Arquitetura e Engenharia. n. 26 . p.18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucio Costa on Flavio Aquino's MAX BILL CRITICA A NOSSA MODERNA ARQUITETURA. 13th/06/1953</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NIEMEYER, Oscar. Depoimento. in MÓDULO, n. 9, p.3, 1958</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Castroviejo Ribeiro, Alessandro José; Carrilho, Marcos José and Bárbaro Del Negro, Paulo Sérgio. Bolsistas: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.docomomo.org.br/seminario%207%20pdfs/038.pdf">Mara Lucia da Silva e Marina Rodrigues Amado. Edifício e galeria Califórnia: o desenho e a cidade</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Danilo Matoso Macedo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://danilo.arq.br/textos/arquitetura-em-transicao-interpretacao-do-trabalho-de-oscar-niemeyer-a-partir-de-seu-discurso-1955-1962/">Arquitetura em Transição: interpretação do trabalho de Oscar Niemeyer a partir de seu discurso – 1955–1962</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oscar Niemeyer. <i>Minha Experiência em Brasília</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiemeyer200070-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiemeyer200070_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiemeyer2000">Niemeyer 2000</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">FERNANDES, LUIZ GUSTAVO SOBRAL; MARTINS, Carlos Alberto Ferreira . Interpretando a historiografia da Arquitetura Moderna Brasileira: Brasília e monografias entre 1959 e 1973. DOCOMOMO BRASIL, v. 2, p. 50-58, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/445">"Brasilia – UNESCO World Heritage Centre"</a>. Retrieved August 18, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKathy_Marks2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Marks" title="Kathy Marks">Kathy Marks</a> (June 27, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100108032541/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/world-heritage-honour-for-daring-sydney-opera-house-455193.html">"World Heritage honour for 'daring' Sydney Opera House"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Independent_News_%26_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent News & Media">Independent News & Media</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/world-heritage-honour-for-daring-sydney-opera-house-455193.html">the original</a> on January 8, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=World+Heritage+honour+for+%27daring%27+Sydney+Opera+House&rft.date=2007-06-27&rft.au=Kathy+Marks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Faustralasia%2Fworld-heritage-honour-for-daring-sydney-opera-house-455193.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Niemeyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.floornature.com/articoli/articolo.php?id=16&sez=6&lang=en">Biography Oscar Niemeyer, architect</a>. Floornature.com. Retrieved on June 30, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110113142349/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/americas/in-search-of-oscar-niemeyer-in-brazil-586075.html">"In search of... Oscar Niemeyer in Brazil"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. London. July 6, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/americas/in-search-of-oscar-niemeyer-in-brazil-586075.html">the original</a> on January 13, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=In+search+of...+Oscar+Niemeyer+in+Brazil&rft.date=2003-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Famericas%2Fin-search-of-oscar-niemeyer-in-brazil-586075.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Niemeyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fredcamper.com/R/Brazil/Brasilia.html#Memorial">Memorial dos Povos Indigenas</a>. Fredcamper.com. Retrieved on June 30, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fredcamper.com/R/Brazil/Brasilia.html#Catedral">Catedral Militar, Igreja de N.S. da Paz</a>. Fredcamper.com. Retrieved on June 30, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120525065051/http://document.kremlin.ru/doc.asp?ID=042298">President Putin's executive order awarding Niemeyer the Order of Friendship</a>. kremlin.ru</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooper2010" class="citation news cs1">Hooper, John (December 17, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/17/italian-concert-hall-european-council">"Brussels demands answers as Italy's new €16m concert hall stays silent"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> (London)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian+%28London%29&rft.atitle=Brussels+demands+answers+as+Italy%27s+new+%E2%82%AC16m+concert+hall+stays+silent&rft.date=2010-12-17&rft.aulast=Hooper&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fdec%2F17%2Fitalian-concert-hall-european-council&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Niemeyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/2012/10/30/24--Brazilian-architect-Niemeyer-released-from-hospital-.html">Brazilian architect Niemeyer released from hospital</a> – News Track India. Published October 30, 2012. Retrieved December 6, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/8820774">"Reports: 101-yr-old Brazil architect back at work"</a>. <i>The Guardian (London)</i>. November 21, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian+%28London%29&rft.atitle=Reports%3A+101-yr-old+Brazil+architect+back+at+work&rft.date=2009-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Ffeedarticle%2F8820774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Niemeyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Folha_2012-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Folha_2012_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Folha_2012_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenasce2012" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Menasce, Márcio (June 7, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/1101462-anna-maria-niemeyer-1929-2012---galerista-e-parceira-do-pai-oscar.shtml">"Anna Maria Niemeyer (1929–2012) – Galerista e parceira do pai, Oscar"</a>. <i>Folha de S. Paulo</i> (in Portuguese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folha+de+S.+Paulo&rft.atitle=Anna+Maria+Niemeyer+%281929%E2%80%932012%29+%E2%80%93+Galerista+e+parceira+do+pai%2C+Oscar&rft.date=2012-06-07&rft.aulast=Menasce&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A1rcio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.folha.uol.com.br%2Fcotidiano%2F1101462-anna-maria-niemeyer-1929-2012---galerista-e-parceira-do-pai-oscar.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Niemeyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-20621265">Oscar Niemeyer, Brazilian architect, dies at 104</a>. BBC. Published December 6, 2012. Retrieved December 6, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ouroussoff, Nicolai (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/06/world/americas/oscar-niemeyer-modernist-architect-of-brasilia-dies-at-104.html?pagewanted=all">Oscar Niemeyer, Architect Who Gave Brasília Its Flair, Dies at 104</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Published December 5, 2012. Retrieved December 6, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-17935688">Obituary: Oscar Niemeyer</a> – BBC News (Latin America & Caribbean). Published December 6, 2012. Retrieved December 6, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernstein, Adam (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/oscar-niemeyer-dies-famed-brazilian-architect-was-104/2012/12/05/9729905e-c5db-11df-94e1-c5afa35a9e59_story.html">Oscar Niemeyer dies; famed Brazilian architect was 104</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> Obituaries. Published December 6, 2012. Retrieved December 6, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AJ_love_at_98-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AJ_love_at_98_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AJ_love_at_98_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2006" class="citation news cs1">Walker, Clive (November 20, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/niemeyer-finds-love-at-98-with-marriage-to-60-year-old-secretary/577962.article">"Niemeyer finds love at 98 with marriage to 60-year-old secretary"</a>. <i>The Architects' Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Architects%27+Journal&rft.atitle=Niemeyer+finds+love+at+98+with+marriage+to+60-year-old+secretary&rft.date=2006-11-20&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.architectsjournal.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fniemeyer-finds-love-at-98-with-marriage-to-60-year-old-secretary%2F577962.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Niemeyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medesignmag.com/people/149/oscar-niemeyer/">OSCAR NIEMEYER</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121106172043/http://www.medesignmag.com/people/149/oscar-niemeyer">Archived</a> November 6, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – ME design. Published July 8, 2008. Retrieved December 6, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indy_Swerve_with_verve-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Indy_Swerve_with_verve_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Indy_Swerve_with_verve_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Indy_Swerve_with_verve_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodfrey2010" class="citation news cs1">Godfrey, Peter (April 18, 2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/architecture/swerve-with-verve-oscar-niemeyer-the-architect-who-eradicated-the-straight-line-1944761.html">"Swerve with verve: Oscar Niemeyer, the architect who eradicated the straight line"</a></span>. <i>The Independent (London)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/architecture/swerve-with-verve-oscar-niemeyer-the-architect-who-eradicated-the-straight-line-1944761.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent+%28London%29&rft.atitle=Swerve+with+verve%3A+Oscar+Niemeyer%2C+the+architect+who+eradicated+the+straight+line&rft.date=2010-04-18&rft.aulast=Godfrey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Farchitecture%2Fswerve-with-verve-oscar-niemeyer-the-architect-who-eradicated-the-straight-line-1944761.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Niemeyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oscar Niemeyer Interview. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niemeyer.org.br/">Niemeyer e o PCB.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110222031241/http://www.niemeyer.org.br/">Archived</a> February 22, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glancey-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-glancey_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Glancey" title="Jonathan Glancey">Glancey, Jonathan</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2007/aug/01/architecture">'I pick up my pen. A building appears'</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. Published August 1, 2007. Retrieved December 6, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcos Sá Corrêa. Oscar Niemeyer. Ediouro 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.8">"Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1961"</a>. <i>Helen Keller Archive</i>. American Foundation for the Blind<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Helen+Keller+Archive&rft.atitle=Letters+from+Thane+Read+asking+Helen+Keller+to+sign+the+World+Constitution+for+world+peace.+1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afb.org%2FHelenKellerArchive%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DA-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Niemeyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.6">"Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials"</a>. <i>Helen Keller Archive</i>. American Foundation for the Blind<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Helen+Keller+Archive&rft.atitle=Letter+from+World+Constitution+Coordinating+Committee+to+Helen%2C+enclosing+current+materials&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afb.org%2FHelenKellerArchive%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DA-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Niemeyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/strategy/193465">"Preparing earth constitution | Global Strategies & Solutions | The Encyclopedia of World Problems"</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of World Problems | Union of International Associations (UIA)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+Problems+%7C+Union+of+International+Associations+%28UIA%29&rft.atitle=Preparing+earth+constitution+%7C+Global+Strategies+%26+Solutions+%7C+The+Encyclopedia+of+World+Problems&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.uia.org%2Fen%2Fstrategy%2F193465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Niemeyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes071226-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes071226_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolai_Ouroussoff2007" class="citation news cs1">Nicolai Ouroussoff (December 26, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/26/arts/design/26niem.html">"Even if His Own Work Isn't Broken, a Brazilian Architect Fixes It"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Even+if+His+Own+Work+Isn%27t+Broken%2C+a+Brazilian+Architect+Fixes+It&rft.date=2007-12-26&rft.au=Nicolai+Ouroussoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F12%2F26%2Farts%2Fdesign%2F26niem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Niemeyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sambadrome.com/rio-carnival-sambodromo/">About Sambódromo</a>. Sambadrome.com. Retrieved on June 30, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.estadao.com.br/arquivo/arteelazer/2003/not20030107p815.htm">Vila Isabel homenageia Niemeyer – Cultura – Estadão</a>. Estadao.com.br (June 24, 2015). Retrieved on June 30, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Torres Assumpção, Mauricio (April 4, 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jacquesbenoit.com/Images/presse/Valor-Economico-Page-UK-pour-web.jpg">"The man who painted Niemeyer"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210807184252/http://www.jacquesbenoit.com/Images/presse/Valor-Economico-Page-UK-pour-web.jpg">Archived</a> August 7, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, and interview for <i>"Valor Economico</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birck, Danielle (January 2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jacquesbenoit.com/Images/TROIS%20TRACES%20D'OSCAR_BIRCK_Layout%20UK.pdf">Trois traces d'Oscar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210807184252/http://www.jacquesbenoit.com/Images/TROIS%20TRACES%20D%27OSCAR_BIRCK_Layout%20UK.pdf">Archived</a> August 7, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. jacquesbenoit.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jornaldebrasilia.com.br/noticias/cidades/306539/brasilia-de-corpo-e-alma-no-espaco-renato-russo/">BrasĂlia de Corpo e Alma no EspaĂ§o Renato Russo</a>. Jornaldebrasilia.com.br (October 27, 2010). Retrieved on June 30, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whitecube.com/exhibitions/sarah_morris_bye_bye_brazil_bermondsey_2013/">Sarah Morris Bye Bye Brazil</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210807190230/https://whitecube.com/exhibitions/sarah_morris_bye_bye_brazil_bermondsey_2013/">Archived</a> August 7, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. White Cube (September 29, 2013). Retrieved on June 30, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">for the mural and his work in general see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eduardokobra.com/">Street artist Eduardo Kobra's tribute to Oscar Niemeyer</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jaime-rojo-steven-harrington/eduardo-kobra-pays-honor-to-oscar-niemeyer_b_2707936.html">Kobra Pays Honor to Architect Niemeyer in São Paulo | Jaime Rojo & Steven Harrington</a>. <i>The Huffington Post</i> (February 18, 2013). Retrieved on June 30, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._González2012" class="citation web cs1">J. González (December 16, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elcomercio.es/v/20121216/aviles/niemeyer-tiene-himno-20121216.html">"A hymn for the Niemeyer"</a>. Avilés.: Elcomercio.es.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+hymn+for+the+Niemeyer&rft.place=Avil%C3%A9s.&rft.pub=Elcomercio.es&rft.date=2012-12-16&rft.au=J.+Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elcomercio.es%2Fv%2F20121216%2Faviles%2Fniemeyer-tiene-himno-20121216.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Niemeyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121229234143/http://blog.educastur.es/auladeinfantil/2012/12/16/cancion-sentimiento-niemeyer-centro-niemeyer_aviles_asturias/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Sentimiento Niemeyer" in AULA_de_INFANTIL_de Isa"</a>. Blog.educastur.es. December 16, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.educastur.es/auladeinfantil/2012/12/16/cancion-sentimiento-niemeyer-centro-niemeyer_aviles_asturias">the original</a> on December 29, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Sentimiento+Niemeyer%22+in+AULA_de_INFANTIL_de+Isa&rft.pub=Blog.educastur.es&rft.date=2012-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.educastur.es%2Fauladeinfantil%2F2012%2F12%2F16%2Fcancion-sentimiento-niemeyer-centro-niemeyer_aviles_asturias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Niemeyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asturiasmundial.com/noticia/39145/cancion-homenaje-sentimiento-niemeyer-supera-1000-visitas-en-youtube/">La canción homenaje "Sentimiento Niemeyer" supera las 1000 visitas en YouTube</a>. Asturiasmundial.com (February 24, 2013). Retrieved on June 30, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.domusweb.it/en/architecture/2015/10/07/oscar_niemeyer_the_man_who_built_brasilia.html">"The Man Who Built Brasilia"</a>. <i>www.domusweb.it</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.domusweb.it&rft.atitle=The+Man+Who+Built+Brasilia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.domusweb.it%2Fen%2Farchitecture%2F2015%2F10%2F07%2Foscar_niemeyer_the_man_who_built_brasilia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Niemeyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Niemeyer&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiemeyer2000" class="citation book cs1">Niemeyer, Oscar (2000). <i>The Curves of Time: The Memoirs of Oscar Niemeyer</i>. London: Phaidon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7148-4007-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7148-4007-6"><bdi>0-7148-4007-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Curves+of+Time%3A+The+Memoirs+of+Oscar+Niemeyer&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7148-4007-6&rft.aulast=Niemeyer&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Niemeyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmery1983" class="citation book cs1">Emery, Marc (1983). <i>Furniture by Architects</i>. New York: Harry N. Abrams.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Furniture+by+Architects&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Emery&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Niemeyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Oscar Niemeyer, un architecte engagé dans le siècle</i> (dir. Marc-Henri Wajnberg, 2001, 60 minutes)</li> <li><i>A Vida É Um Sopro</i> (<i>"Life Is a Breath Of Air"</i>) (dir. Fabiano Maciel, 2007)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlagge2013" class="citation book cs1">Flagge, Ingeborg; Paul Andreas (2013). <i>Oscar Niemeyer. Eine Legende der Moderne / A Legend Of Modernism</i>. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03821-448-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03821-448-9"><bdi>978-3-03821-448-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oscar+Niemeyer.+Eine+Legende+der+Moderne+%2F+A+Legend+Of+Modernism&rft.place=Basel&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user+Verlag&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-03821-448-9&rft.aulast=Flagge&rft.aufirst=Ingeborg%3B+Paul+Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Niemeyer" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" class="extiw" title="q:Oscar 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060821004509/http://www.metropolismag.com/cda/story.php?artid=1972">May 2006 Interview with Niemeyer, age 98, in Metropolis Magazine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831042612/http://www.pritzkerprize.com/laureates/1988_1/index.html">Pritzker Prize 1988</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brazil.qc.cuny.edu/gallery/brasilia-2/">Niemeyer's Brasilia Photo Gallery: Year of Brazil at Queens College, CUNY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140428023408/http://brazil.qc.cuny.edu/gallery/brasilia-2/">Archived</a> April 28, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/~choueiri/brasilia/slides/start.html">Niemeyer's Brasilia: A Photographic Tribute (2009)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/56438521">Tribute to Oscar Niemeyer by Sancar Seckiner</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arti-fact.com/architect/map/106/Oscar-Niemeyer">Oscar Niemeyer Architecture on Google Maps</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://re.public.polimi.it/cris/rp/rp116405">https://re.public.polimi.it/cris/rp/rp116405</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roche" title="Kevin Roche">Kevin Roche</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I._M._Pei" title="I. M. Pei">I. M. Pei</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Meier" title="Richard Meier">Richard Meier</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hollein" title="Hans Hollein">Hans Hollein</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_B%C3%B6hm" title="Gottfried Böhm">Gottfried Böhm</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kenz%C5%8D_Tange" title="Kenzō Tange">Kenzo Tange</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bunshaft" title="Gordon Bunshaft">Gordon Bunshaft</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oscar Niemeyer</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gehry" title="Frank Gehry">Frank Gehry</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Rossi" title="Aldo Rossi">Aldo Rossi</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Venturi" title="Robert Venturi">Robert Venturi</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Siza_Vieira" title="Álvaro Siza Vieira">Álvaro Siza Vieira</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fumihiko_Maki" title="Fumihiko Maki">Fumihiko Maki</a> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Portzamparc" title="Christian de Portzamparc">Christian de Portzamparc</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tadao_Ando" title="Tadao Ando">Tadao Ando</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Moneo" title="Rafael Moneo">Rafael Moneo</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sverre_Fehn" title="Sverre Fehn">Sverre Fehn</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Renzo_Piano" title="Renzo Piano">Renzo Piano</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster,_Baron_Foster_of_Thames_Bank" title="Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank">Norman Foster</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rem_Koolhaas" title="Rem Koolhaas">Rem Koolhaas</a> (2000)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herzog_%26_de_Meuron" title="Herzog & de Meuron">Herzog & de Meuron</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Murcutt" title="Glenn Murcutt">Glenn Murcutt</a> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rn_Utzon" title="Jørn Utzon">Jørn Utzon</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zaha_Hadid" title="Zaha Hadid">Zaha Hadid</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thom_Mayne" title="Thom Mayne">Thom Mayne</a> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Mendes_da_Rocha" title="Paulo Mendes da Rocha">Paulo Mendes da Rocha</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rogers" title="Richard Rogers">Richard Rogers</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Nouvel" title="Jean Nouvel">Jean Nouvel</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Zumthor" title="Peter Zumthor">Peter Zumthor</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazuyo_Sejima" title="Kazuyo Sejima">Kazuyo Sejima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ryue_Nishizawa" title="Ryue Nishizawa">Ryue Nishizawa</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Souto_de_Moura" title="Eduardo Souto de Moura">Eduardo Souto de Moura</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Shu" title="Wang Shu">Wang Shu</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Toyo_Ito" title="Toyo Ito">Toyo Ito</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Ban" title="Shigeru Ban">Shigeru Ban</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto">Frei Otto</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Aravena" title="Alejandro Aravena">Alejandro Aravena</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Aranda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafael Aranda">Rafael Aranda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carme_Pigem" title="Carme Pigem">Carme Pigem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Vilalta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramón Vilalta">Ramón Vilalta</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/B._V._Doshi" title="B. V. Doshi">B. V. Doshi</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arata_Isozaki" title="Arata Isozaki">Arata Isozaki</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Farrell" title="Yvonne Farrell">Yvonne Farrell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shelley_McNamara" title="Shelley McNamara">Shelley McNamara</a> (2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Lacaton" title="Anne Lacaton">Anne Lacaton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Vassal" title="Jean-Philippe Vassal">Jean-Philippe Vassal</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Di%C3%A9b%C3%A9do_Francis_K%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Diébédo Francis Kéré">Diébédo Francis Kéré</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Chipperfield" title="David Chipperfield">David Chipperfield</a> (2023)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Riken_Yamamoto" title="Riken Yamamoto">Riken Yamamoto</a> (2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_the_Arts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#99d6ff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_the_Arts" title="Template:Princess of Asturias Award for the Arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_the_Arts" title="Template talk:Princess of Asturias Award for the Arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_the_Arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princess of Asturias Award for the Arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_the_Arts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Prince or Princess of Asturias Award</a> for the Arts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Prince_of_Asturias_Award_for_the_Arts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prince of Asturias Award for the Arts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_L%C3%B3pez_Cobos" title="Jesús López Cobos">Jesús López Cobos</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Serrano" title="Pablo Serrano">Pablo Serrano</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Sempere" title="Eusebio Sempere">Eusebio Sempere</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Orfe%C3%B3n_Donostiarra" title="Orfeón Donostiarra">Orfeón Donostiarra</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Antonio López García">Antonio López García</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Garc%C3%ADa_Berlanga" title="Luis García Berlanga">Luis García Berlanga</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Chillida" title="Eduardo Chillida">Eduardo Chillida</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Oteiza" title="Jorge Oteiza">Jorge Oteiza</a></li> <li>1989: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oscar Niemeyer</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Antoni_T%C3%A0pies" title="Antoni Tàpies">Antoni Tàpies</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Victoria_de_los_%C3%81ngeles" title="Victoria de los Ángeles">Victoria de los Ángeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Berganza" title="Teresa Berganza">Teresa Berganza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montserrat_Caball%C3%A9" title="Montserrat Caballé">Montserrat Caballé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carreras" title="José Carreras">José Carreras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pilar_Lorengar" title="Pilar Lorengar">Pilar Lorengar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Kraus" title="Alfredo Kraus">Alfredo Kraus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo" title="Plácido Domingo">Plácido Domingo</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Matta" title="Roberto Matta">Roberto Matta</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_S%C3%A1enz_de_Oiza" title="Francisco Javier Sáenz de Oiza">Francisco Javier Sáenz de Oiza</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Alicia_de_Larrocha" title="Alicia de Larrocha">Alicia de Larrocha</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Fern%C3%A1n_G%C3%B3mez" title="Fernando Fernán Gómez">Fernando Fernán Gómez</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Rodrigo" title="Joaquín Rodrigo">Joaquín Rodrigo</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Gassman" title="Vittorio Gassman">Vittorio Gassman</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Salgado" title="Sebastião Salgado">Sebastião Salgado</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Calatrava" title="Santiago Calatrava">Santiago Calatrava</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hendricks" title="Barbara Hendricks">Barbara Hendricks</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki" title="Krzysztof Penderecki">Krzysztof Penderecki</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Miquel_Barcel%C3%B3" title="Miquel Barceló">Miquel Barceló</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Paco_de_Luc%C3%ADa" title="Paco de Lucía">Paco de Lucía</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Maya_Plisetskaya" title="Maya Plisetskaya">Maya Plisetskaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamara_Rojo" title="Tamara Rojo">Tamara Rojo</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Almod%C3%B3var" title="Pedro Almodóvar">Pedro Almodóvar</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/El_Sistema" title="El Sistema">Sistema de Orquesta Juvenil e Infantil de Venezuela</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster,_Baron_Foster_of_Thames_Bank" title="Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank">Norman Foster</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Serra" title="Richard Serra">Richard Serra</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Muti" title="Riccardo Muti">Riccardo Muti</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Moneo" title="Rafael Moneo">Rafael Moneo</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Haneke" title="Michael Haneke">Michael Haneke</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gehry" title="Frank Gehry">Frank Gehry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_the_Arts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Princess of Asturias Award for the Arts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAria_Espert" title="Núria Espert">Núria Espert</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/William_Kentridge" title="William Kentridge">William Kentridge</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Brook" title="Peter Brook">Peter Brook</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Ennio_Morricone" title="Ennio Morricone">Ennio Morricone</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Marina_Abramovi%C4%87" title="Marina Abramović">Marina Abramović</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Linares" title="Carmen Linares">Carmen Linares</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Pag%C3%A9s" title="María Pagés">María Pagés</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Meryl_Streep" title="Meryl Streep">Meryl Streep</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Joan_Manuel_Serrat" title="Joan Manuel Serrat">Joan Manuel Serrat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories" title="Template:World Constitutional Convention call signatories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories" title="Template talk:World Constitutional Convention call signatories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Constitutional Convention call signatories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Constitutional_Convention" title="World Constitutional Convention">World Constitutional Convention</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Constitutional_Convention_call" class="mw-redirect" title="World Constitutional Convention call">call</a> signatories</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <b><a href="/wiki/Constitution_for_the_Federation_of_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution for the Federation of Earth">Constitution for the Federation of Earth</a></b> </span></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Constitution_Coordinating_Committee" title="World Constitution Coordinating Committee">World Constitution Coordinating Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thane_Read" title="Thane Read">Thane Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Isely" title="Philip Isely">Philip Isely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Isely" title="Margaret Isely">Margaret Isely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Lloyd" title="Georgia Lloyd">Georgia Lloyd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Head of governments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_presidents" title="Lists of presidents">Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Edgar Faure</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Orlich_Bolmarcich" title="Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich">Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Figueres_Ferrer" title="José Figueres Ferrer">José Figueres Ferrer</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania"><img alt="Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan" title="Ayub Khan">Muhammad Ayub Khan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Otilio_Ulate_Blanco" title="Otilio Ulate Blanco">Otilio Ulate Blanco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vice-presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya"><img alt="Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jaramogi_Oginga_Odinga" title="Jaramogi Oginga Odinga">Jaramogi Oginga Odinga</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Ministers">Prime Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone"><img alt="Sierra Leone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Milton_Margai" title="Milton Margai">Milton Margai</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tetsu_Katayama" title="Tetsu Katayama">Tetsu Katayama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Governors" class="mw-redirect" title="Governors">Governors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California"><img alt="California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Culbert_Olson" title="Culbert Olson">Culbert Olson</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture"><img alt="Hiroshima Prefecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hiroo_%C5%8Chara" title="Hiroo Ōhara">Hiroo Ōhara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mayors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayors">Mayors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Accra_Region" title="Greater Accra Region"><img alt="Greater Accra Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="202" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/E.C._Quaye" class="mw-redirect" title="E.C. Quaye">E.C. Quaye</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture"><img alt="Hiroshima Prefecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Setsuo_Yamada" title="Setsuo Yamada">Setsuo Yamada</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture"><img alt="Hiroshima Prefecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Hamai" title="Shinzo Hamai">Shinzo Hamai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Politicians">Politicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Berkhouwer" title="Cornelis Berkhouwer">Cornelis Berkhouwer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ebrahim_Haroon_Jaffer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer">Ahmed Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Akira_Kazami" title="Akira Kazami">Akira Kazami</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/B._Satya_Narayan_Reddy" title="B. Satya Narayan Reddy">B. Satya Narayan Reddy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chiyo_Sakakibara" title="Chiyo Sakakibara">Chiyo Sakakibara</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Diwan_Chaman_Lall" title="Diwan Chaman Lall">Diwan Chaman Lall</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ezequiel_Padilla_Pe%C3%B1aloza" title="Ezequiel Padilla Peñaloza">Ezequiel Padilla Peñaloza</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Jahn" title="Gerhard Jahn">Gerhard Jahn</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hisato_Ichimada" title="Hisato Ichimada">Hisato Ichimada</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Usborne" title="Henry Usborne">Henry Usborne</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ichir%C5%8D_Kiyose" title="Ichirō Kiyose">Ichirō Kiyose</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Inder_Kumar_Gujral" title="Inder Kumar Gujral">Inder Kumar Gujral</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_de_Lipkowski" title="Irène de Lipkowski">Irène de Lipkowski</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_(MP_for_Northwich)" title="John Foster (MP for Northwich)">John Foster</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kenz%C5%8D_Matsumura" title="Kenzō Matsumura">Kenzō Matsumura</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Komla_Agbeli_Gbedemah" title="Komla Agbeli Gbedemah">Komla Agbeli Gbedemah</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Silkin,_1st_Baron_Silkin" title="Lewis Silkin, 1st Baron Silkin">Lewis Silkin</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/N._G._Ranga" title="N. G. Ranga">N. G. Ranga</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pascoal_Ranieri_Mazzilli" title="Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli">Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wolrige-Gordon" title="Patrick Wolrige-Gordon">Patrick Wolrige-Gordon</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious leader">Religious leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abb%C3%A9_Pierre" title="Abbé Pierre">Abbé Pierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana_McLean_Greeley" title="Dana McLean Greeley">Dana McLean Greeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_MacLeod" title="George MacLeod">George MacLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Collins_(priest)" title="John Collins (priest)">John Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller">Martin Niemöller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scott_(priest)" title="Michael Scott (priest)">Michael Scott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel laureates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Alfred Kastler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">C. F. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Hideki Yukawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemistry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a> <small>(twice)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physiology or Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Dickinson W. Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Joseph Muller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Macfarlane Burnet">Macfarlane Burnet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Quasimodo" title="Salvatore Quasimodo">Salvatore Quasimodo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peace</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr" title="John Boyd Orr">John Boyd Orr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> <small>(Chemistry & Peace)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientists">Scientists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Price" title="Charles C. Price">Charles C. Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Condon" title="Edward Condon">Edward Condon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edris_Rice-Wray_Carson" title="Edris Rice-Wray Carson">Edris Rice-Wray Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Orcel" title="Jean Orcel">Jean Orcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitirim_Sorokin" title="Pitirim Sorokin">Pitirim Sorokin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priyadaranjan_Ray" title="Priyadaranjan Ray">Priyadaranjan Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Dumont" title="René Dumont">René Dumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilder_Penfield" title="Wilder Penfield">Wilder Penfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_activists" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights activists">Human rights activists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Humanitarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarians">Humanitarians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_and_Magda_Trocm%C3%A9" title="André and Magda Trocmé">André and Magda Trocmé</a> <small>(Righteous Among the Nations)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brock_Chisholm" title="Brock Chisholm">Brock Chisholm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veterans" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterans">Veterans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_B._Hester" title="Hugh B. Hester">Hugh B. Hester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varied Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ernest_Bishop" title="Arthur Ernest Bishop">Arthur Ernest Bishop</a> <small>(inventor)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Alfaro_Siqueiros" title="David Alfaro Siqueiros">David Alfaro Siqueiros</a> <small>(Social realist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._L._Odjidja" title="E. M. L. Odjidja">E. M. L. Odjidja</a> <small>(teacher)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Sparling" title="Edward J. Sparling">Edward J. Sparling</a> <small>(educator)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Kahler" title="Erich Kahler">Erich Kahler</a> <small>(scholar)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Bermann" title="Gregorio Bermann">Gregorio Bermann</a> <small>(humanist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Piel" title="Gerard Piel">Gerard Piel</a> <small>(science editor)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Laugier" title="Henri Laugier">Henri Laugier</a> <small>(scholar)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_J._Schonfield" title="Hugh J. Schonfield">Hugh J. Schonfield</a> <small>(scholar & pacifist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaoru_%C5%8Cta" title="Kaoru Ōta">Kaoru Ōta</a> <small>(union leader)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Boyle" title="Kay Boyle">Kay Boyle</a> <small>(writer)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Morain" title="Lloyd Morain">Lloyd Morain</a> <small>(humanist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Van_Doren" title="Mark Van Doren">Mark Van Doren</a> <small>(writer & scholar)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maur%C3%ADcio_Campos_de_Medeiros" title="Maurício Campos de Medeiros">Maurício Campos de Medeiros</a> <small>(teacher)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oscar Niemeyer</a> <small>(architect)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cuchi_Hy%C5%8Dei" title="Ōuchi Hyōei">Ōuchi Hyōei</a> <small>(economist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rameshwari_Nehru" title="Rameshwari Nehru">Rameshwari Nehru</a> <small>(social worker)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Gujral" title="Satish Gujral">Satish Gujral</a> <small>(artist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeri_Yamataka" title="Shigeri Yamataka">Shigeri Yamataka</a> <small>(feminist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Wadia" title="Sophia Wadia">Sophia Wadia</a> <small>(theosophist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Slotkin" title="Stanley Slotkin">Stanley Slotkin</a> <small>(businessman)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Stuart Hall</a> <small>(cultural theorist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaki_Uemura" title="Tamaki Uemura">Tamaki Uemura</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/YWCA" title="YWCA">YWCA</a> executive)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tano_J%C5%8Ddai" title="Tano Jōdai">Tano Jōdai</a> <small>(teacher & pacifist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyohiko_Kagawa" title="Toyohiko Kagawa">Toyohiko Kagawa</a> <small>(pacifist)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Committee_for_a_World_Constitutional_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention">World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_World_Parliament" title="Provisional World Parliament">Provisional World Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_constitution" title="World constitution">World constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="World federalism">World federalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.4">[1]</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.3">[2]</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.8">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Emerging_World_Law.html?id=Qw-IOgAACAAJ">[4]</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories" title="Category:World Constitutional Convention call signatories">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134165#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134165#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134165#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000114780317">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/95725437">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1801336/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpdRtQKTkftFjpyV6gR8C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118587889">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82013357">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11917705d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11917705d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00451337">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Niemeyer, Oscar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV026919">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35387442">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2003169565&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1725456">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/529414">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069628823">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90349453">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000214287&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000570993&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC202278523">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/3g1gdb301j0t9mhz">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810567922905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266080205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058523565106706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03294586?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500007310">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/213336">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/6aa00405-f813-4e04-96b2-1e6ee5aa4801">KulturNav</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/8103">Museum of Modern Art</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/934724">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/persons/1000436">Structurae</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatre-architecture.eu/db.html?personId=1076">EUTA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118587889.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118587889">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027300838">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w62g8cv2">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6h433sj">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Niemeyer&oldid=1249106570">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Niemeyer&oldid=1249106570</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1907_births" title="Category:1907 births">1907 births</a></li><li><a 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