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Planetă - Wikipedia

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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istorie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istorie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Istorie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istorie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Istorie subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istorie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Babilon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Babilon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Babilon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Babilon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomie_greco-romană" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomie_greco-romană"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Astronomie greco-romană</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomie_greco-romană-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India_antică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India_antică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>India antică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India_antică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lumea_islamică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lumea_islamică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Lumea islamică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lumea_islamică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renașterea_europeană" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renașterea_europeană"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Renașterea europeană</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renașterea_europeană-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secolul_al_XIX-lea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secolul_al_XIX-lea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Secolul al XIX-lea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secolul_al_XIX-lea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secolul_XX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secolul_XX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Secolul XX</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secolul_XX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secolul_XXI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secolul_XXI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Secolul XXI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secolul_XXI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Planete_extrasolare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planete_extrasolare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.1</span> <span>Planete extrasolare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planete_extrasolare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definiția_UAI_din_2006_a_planetei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definiția_UAI_din_2006_a_planetei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.2</span> <span>Definiția UAI din 2006 a planetei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definiția_UAI_din_2006_a_planetei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obiecte_considerate_anterior_planete" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obiecte_considerate_anterior_planete"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Obiecte considerate anterior <i>planete</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obiecte_considerate_anterior_planete-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitologie_și_nume" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitologie_și_nume"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mitologie și nume</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitologie_și_nume-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Formare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistemul_Solar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistemul_Solar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sistemul Solar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sistemul_Solar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sistemul Solar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sistemul_Solar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atribute_planetare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atribute_planetare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Atribute planetare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atribute_planetare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exoplanete" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exoplanete"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Exoplanete</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exoplanete-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obiecte_de_masă_planetară" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obiecte_de_masă_planetară"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Obiecte de masă planetară</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Obiecte_de_masă_planetară-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Obiecte de masă planetară subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Obiecte_de_masă_planetară-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Planetă_pitică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planetă_pitică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Planetă pitică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planetă_pitică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planetă_orfană" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planetă_orfană"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Planetă orfană</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planetă_orfană-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sub-pitică_cenușie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-pitică_cenușie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Sub-pitică cenușie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sub-pitică_cenușie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foste_stele" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foste_stele"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Foste stele</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foste_stele-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planetă_satelit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planetă_satelit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Planetă satelit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planetă_satelit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planetă_capturată" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planetă_capturată"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Planetă capturată</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planetă_capturată-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atribute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atribute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Atribute</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Atribute-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Atribute subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Atribute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Caracteristici_dinamice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caracteristici_dinamice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Caracteristici dinamice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caracteristici_dinamice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orbită" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbită"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Orbită</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbită-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Înclinare_axială" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Înclinare_axială"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Înclinare axială</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Înclinare_axială-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rotație" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rotație"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.3</span> <span>Rotație</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rotație-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Curățarea_orbitală" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curățarea_orbitală"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.4</span> <span>Curățarea orbitală</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curățarea_orbitală-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caracteristici_fizice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caracteristici_fizice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Caracteristici fizice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caracteristici_fizice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Masă" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masă"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Masă</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masă-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diferențiere_internă" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diferențiere_internă"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>Diferențiere internă</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diferențiere_internă-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmosferă" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmosferă"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.3</span> <span>Atmosferă</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmosferă-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetosferă" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetosferă"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.4</span> <span>Magnetosferă</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetosferă-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caracteristici_secundare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caracteristici_secundare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Caracteristici secundare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caracteristici_secundare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referințe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referințe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Referințe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referințe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Planetă</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 230 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-230" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">230 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeet" title="Planeet – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Planeet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – germană (Elveția)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="germană (Elveția)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%95%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%94%E1%89%B5" title="ፕላኔት – amharică" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፕላኔት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dweligende_tungol" title="Dweligende tungol – engleză veche" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Dweligende tungol" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="engleză veche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="ग्रह – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ग्रह" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A8" title="كوكب – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوكب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%9B%DC%90" title="ܦܠܝܛܐ – aramaică" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܠܝܛܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramaică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A8" title="كوكب – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كوكب" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A8" title="كوكب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كوكب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B9" title="গ্ৰহ – asameză" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গ্ৰহ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="ग्रह – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="ग्रह" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B2%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D9%86" title="گزه‌گن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گزه‌گن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Планета – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Планета" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan%C3%A9t" title="Planét – balineză" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Planét" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Планета – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Планета" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Плянэта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Плянэта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang_ider" title="Bintang ider – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Bintang ider" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Планета – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Планета" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="ग्रह – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ग्रह" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palanit" title="Palanit – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Palanit" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%82%8F" title="ဂျိုလ်ႏ – Pa&#039;O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဂျိုလ်ႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa&#039;O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9" title="গ্রহ – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্রহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="གཡོ་སྐར། – tibetană" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གཡོ་སྐར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planedenn" title="Planedenn – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Planedenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polanet" title="Polanet – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Polanet" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Гараг – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Гараг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A0ng-s%C4%ADng" title="Giàng-sĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Giàng-sĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сайрат – cecenă" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Сайрат" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="cecenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – cebuană" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95" title="ھەسارە – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەسارە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyyare" title="Seyyare – turcă crimeeană" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Seyyare" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="turcă crimeeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Планита – slavonă" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Планита" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="slavonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Планета – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Планета" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planed" title="Planed – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Planed" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geyren%C4%B1k" title="Geyrenık – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Geyrenık" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="ग्रह – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="ग्रह" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8E%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%80%DE%A6" title="ގުރަހަ – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ގުރަހަ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Πλανήτης – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πλανήτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianaid" title="Pianaid – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Pianaid" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planedo" title="Planedo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Planedo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeet" title="Planeet – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Planeet" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praneta" title="Praneta – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Praneta" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="سیاره – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیاره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeetta" title="Planeetta – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Planeetta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hod%27ot%C3%A4ht" title="Hod&#039;otäht – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Hod&#039;otäht" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veivuravura" title="Veivuravura – fijiană" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Veivuravura" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongustj%C3%B8rnur" title="Gongustjørnur – feroeză" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Gongustjørnur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan%C3%A8te" title="Planète – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Planète" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan%C3%A8ta" title="Planèta – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Planèta" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeete" title="Planeete – frizonă nordică" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Planeete" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frizonă nordică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – friulană" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeet" title="Planeet – frizonă occidentală" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Planeet" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frizonă occidentală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A1in%C3%A9ad" title="Pláinéad – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pláinéad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan%C3%A8t" title="Planèt – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Planèt" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planaid" title="Planaid – gaelică scoțiană" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Planaid" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelică scoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yv%C3%B3ra" title="Yvóra – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvóra" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B9" title="ગ્રહ – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગ્રહ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planaid" title="Planaid – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Planaid" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duniyoyi" title="Duniyoyi – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Duniyoyi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0ng-s%C3%AAn" title="Hàng-sên – chineză hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hàng-sên" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="chineză hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%AB_hele" title="Hōkū hele – hawaiiană" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Hōkū hele" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaiiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91_%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA" title="כוכב לכת – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כוכב לכת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="ग्रह – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्रह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grah" title="Grah – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Grah" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan%C3%A8t" title="Planèt – haitiană" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Planèt" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolyg%C3%B3" title="Bolygó – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bolygó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Մոլորակ – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոլորակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մոլորակներ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մոլորակներ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planete" title="Planete – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Planete" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbara_ala" title="Mbara ala – igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mbara ala" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullugiaq" title="Ullugiaq – inupiak" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Ullugiaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="inupiak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Дуне – ingușă" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дуне" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingușă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeto" title="Planeto – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Planeto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reikistjarna" title="Reikistjarna – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Reikistjarna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianeta" title="Pianeta – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pianeta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%91%E6%98%9F" title="惑星 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="惑星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planit" title="Planit – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Planit" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/plini" title="plini – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="plini" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planit" title="Planit – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Planit" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="პლანეტა – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პლანეტა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrikli" title="Itrikli – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Itrikli" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%CC%B1lanet" title="Pi̱lanet – tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Pi̱lanet" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mweta" title="Mweta – congoleză" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Mweta" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="congoleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ғаламшар – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ғаламшар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96" title="ភព – khmeră" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភព" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9" title="ಗ್ರಹ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗ್ರಹ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%96%89%EC%84%B1" title="행성 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="행성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%9B%DB%81%D9%8F%D8%AF" title="گرٛہُد – cașmiră" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گرٛہُد" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="cașmiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_(A%C3%9Ftronomie)" title="Planet (Aßtronomie) – kölsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Planet (Aßtronomie)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerst%C3%AArk" title="Gerstêrk – kurdă" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gerstêrk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Планет – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Планет" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – cornică" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Планета – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Планета" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan%C3%A9it" title="Planéit – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Planéit" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Планета – lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Планета" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeet" title="Planeet – limburgheză" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Planeet" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianeta" title="Pianeta – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pianeta" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monz%C9%94%CC%81t%C9%94_mwa_mal%C3%ADli" title="Monzɔ́tɔ mwa malíli – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Monzɔ́tɔ mwa malíli" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%B0" title="ດາວເຄາະ – laoțiană" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ດາວເຄາະ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan%C4%93ta" title="Planēta – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Planēta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fajiry" title="Fajiry – malgașă" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fajiry" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Планете – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Планете" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Планета – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Планета" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%82" title="ഗ്രഹം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്രഹം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Гараг – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гараг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A4_(%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9C)" title="ꯊꯄꯤ (ꯈꯦꯟꯆꯣꯡꯂꯣꯜ) – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯊꯄꯤ (ꯈꯦꯟꯆꯣꯡꯂꯣꯜ)" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="ग्रह – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ग्रह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjaneta" title="Pjaneta – malteză" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Pjaneta" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="malteză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – mirandeză" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA" title="ဂြိုဟ် – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂြိုဟ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Чарытеште – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Чарытеште" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%87_(%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85)" title="گردله (نجوم) – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گردله (نجوم)" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citlaltlalli" title="Citlaltlalli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Citlaltlalli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chianeta" title="Chianeta – napolitană" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Chianeta" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – germana de jos" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="germana de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeet" title="Planeet – saxona de jos" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Planeet" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="saxona de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="ग्रह – nepaleză" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ग्रह" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83" title="गरः – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गरः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeet" title="Planeet – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Planeet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planete" title="Planete – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Planete" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plian%C3%A8te" title="Plianète – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Plianète" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilaaneetoota" title="Pilaaneetoota – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Pilaaneetoota" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B9" title="ଗ୍ରହ – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଗ୍ରହ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Планетæ – osetă" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Планетæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF" title="ਗ੍ਰਹਿ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗ੍ਰਹਿ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan%C3%A8te" title="Planète – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Planète" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaanet" title="Plaanet – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Plaanet" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianeta" title="Pianeta – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pianeta" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="سیارا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سیارا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="سياره – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سياره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiqsimuyuhina" title="Tiqsimuyuhina – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tiqsimuyuhina" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – romanșă" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanșă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiyaron" title="Shiyaron – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Shiyaron" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet%C3%A2" title="Planetâ – aromână" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Planetâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromână" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Планета – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Планета" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Планета – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Планета" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Планета – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Планета" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praneta" title="Praneta – sardiniană" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Praneta" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianeta" title="Pianeta – siciliană" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pianeta" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planehta" title="Planehta – sami de nord" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Planehta" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="sami de nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="လူၵ်ႈ – shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="လူၵ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9A" title="ග්‍රහලෝක – singhaleză" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ග්‍රහලෝක" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singhaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan%C3%A9ta" title="Planéta – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Planéta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%92" title="سیارے – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="سیارے" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaaneet" title="Plaaneet – sami inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Plaaneet" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="sami inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chindeya" title="Chindeya – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chindeya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meere" title="Meere – somaleză" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Meere" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeti" title="Planeti – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Planeti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Планета – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Планета" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polanete" title="Polanete – sesotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Polanete" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="sesotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang – sundaneză" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bintang" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayari" title="Sayari – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sayari" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="கோள் – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9" title="ಗ್ರಹ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಗ್ರಹ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%82" title="గ్రహం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గ్రహం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сайёра – tadjică" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сайёра" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" title="ดาวเคราะห์ – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาวเคราะห์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – turkmenă" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezegen" title="Gezegen – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gezegen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Планета – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Планета" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanya" title="Chanya – tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Chanya" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Планета – udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Планета" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95" title="سەييارە – uigură" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سەييارە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigură" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Планета – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Планета" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81" title="سیارہ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیارہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyora" title="Sayyora – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sayyora" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianeta" title="Pianeta – venetă" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pianeta" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0nh_tinh" title="Hành tinh – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hành tinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planete" title="Planete – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Planete" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bole_(astronomeye)" title="Bole (astronomeye) – valonă" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bole (astronomeye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="行星 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="行星" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Һариг – calmucă" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Һариг" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="calmucă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="პლანეტა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პლანეტა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%98" title="פלאנעט – idiș" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פלאנעט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiș" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A1n%E1%BA%B9%CC%81t%C3%AC" title="Plánẹ́tì – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Plánẹ́tì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndaundeiqbyaij" title="Ndaundeiqbyaij – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ndaundeiqbyaij" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planete" title="Planete – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Planete" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%A1%E2%B4%B3" title="ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ – tamazight standard marocană" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="tamazight standard marocană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="行星 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="行星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="行星 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="行星" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/He%CC%8Dk-chhe%E2%81%BF" title="He̍k-chheⁿ – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="He̍k-chheⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="行星 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="行星" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umzulane" title="Umzulane – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umzulane" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q634#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a"><span>Articol</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie:Planet%C4%83" rel="discussion" title="Discuții despre această pagină [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discuție</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown 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vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Unelte</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai multe opțiuni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Acțiuni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected 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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Planet%C4%83" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Planet%C4%83" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fi%C8%99ier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Pagini_speciale" title="Lista tuturor paginilor speciale [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagini speciale</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;oldid=16657266" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&amp;page=Planet%C4%83&amp;id=16657266&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPlanet%25C4%2583"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPlanet%25C4%2583"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Planet%C4%83"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Planets" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q634" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><table style="width: 280px;float:right;border:1px solid #B0C4DE;font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table style="background-color: #000; white-space: nowrap;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Mercury_in_color_-_Prockter07-edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mercury"><img alt="Mercury" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Mercury_in_color_-_Prockter07-edit1.jpg/140px-Mercury_in_color_-_Prockter07-edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Mercury_in_color_-_Prockter07-edit1.jpg/210px-Mercury_in_color_-_Prockter07-edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Mercury_in_color_-_Prockter07-edit1.jpg/280px-Mercury_in_color_-_Prockter07-edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1950" data-file-height="1950" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Venus-real_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venus"><img alt="Venus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Venus-real_color.jpg/130px-Venus-real_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Venus-real_color.jpg/195px-Venus-real_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Venus-real_color.jpg/260px-Venus-real_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 8px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Earth"><img alt="Earth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/126px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/189px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/252px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:OSIRIS_Mars_true_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mars"><img alt="Mars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/OSIRIS_Mars_true_color.jpg/130px-OSIRIS_Mars_true_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/OSIRIS_Mars_true_color.jpg/195px-OSIRIS_Mars_true_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/OSIRIS_Mars_true_color.jpg/260px-OSIRIS_Mars_true_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2205" data-file-height="2205" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 5px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Jupiter,_image_taken_by_NASA%27s_Hubble_Space_Telescope,_June_2019_-_Edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jupiter"><img alt="Jupiter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Jupiter%2C_image_taken_by_NASA%27s_Hubble_Space_Telescope%2C_June_2019_-_Edited.jpg/123px-Jupiter%2C_image_taken_by_NASA%27s_Hubble_Space_Telescope%2C_June_2019_-_Edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Jupiter%2C_image_taken_by_NASA%27s_Hubble_Space_Telescope%2C_June_2019_-_Edited.jpg/185px-Jupiter%2C_image_taken_by_NASA%27s_Hubble_Space_Telescope%2C_June_2019_-_Edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Jupiter%2C_image_taken_by_NASA%27s_Hubble_Space_Telescope%2C_June_2019_-_Edited.jpg/246px-Jupiter%2C_image_taken_by_NASA%27s_Hubble_Space_Telescope%2C_June_2019_-_Edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1462" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Saturn_during_Equinox_(rot45).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saturn"><img alt="Saturn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Saturn_during_Equinox_%28rot45%29.jpg/148px-Saturn_during_Equinox_%28rot45%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Saturn_during_Equinox_%28rot45%29.jpg/222px-Saturn_during_Equinox_%28rot45%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Saturn_during_Equinox_%28rot45%29.jpg/296px-Saturn_during_Equinox_%28rot45%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2789" data-file-height="2789" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Uranus2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Uranus"><img alt="Uranus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Uranus2.jpg/138px-Uranus2.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Uranus2.jpg/207px-Uranus2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Uranus2.jpg/276px-Uranus2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="1720" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Neptune_-_Voyager_2_(29347980845)_flatten_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neptune"><img alt="Neptune" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Neptune_-_Voyager_2_%2829347980845%29_flatten_crop.jpg/138px-Neptune_-_Voyager_2_%2829347980845%29_flatten_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Neptune_-_Voyager_2_%2829347980845%29_flatten_crop.jpg/207px-Neptune_-_Voyager_2_%2829347980845%29_flatten_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Neptune_-_Voyager_2_%2829347980845%29_flatten_crop.jpg/276px-Neptune_-_Voyager_2_%2829347980845%29_flatten_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="WhiteSmoke"> <td>Cele opt planete cunoscute <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ale <a href="/wiki/Sistemul_Solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistemul Solar">Sistemului Solar</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83_teluric%C4%83" title="Planetă telurică">Planete telurice</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mercur_(planet%C4%83)" title="Mercur (planetă)">Mercur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Venus" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Venus">Venus</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" title="Pământ">Pământ</a> și <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Marte" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Marte">Marte</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gigant_gazos" title="Gigant gazos">Planete gigante</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Planeta_Jupiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Jupiter">Jupiter</a> și <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Saturn" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Saturn">Saturn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gigant_gazos" title="Gigant gazos">gigante gazoase</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Planeta_Uranus" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Uranus">Uranus</a> și <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Neptun" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Neptun">Neptun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gigant_de_ghea%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Gigant de gheață">gigante de gheață</a>)</dd></dl> <p><i>Afișate în ordinea de la Soare și în culoarea adevărată. Dimensiunile nu sunt la scară.</i> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>O <b>planetă</b> este un <a href="/wiki/Corp_astronomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Corp astronomic">corp astronomic</a> care orbitează o <a href="/wiki/Stea" title="Stea">stea</a> sau o rămășiță stelară, care este suficient de masivă pentru a fi rotunjită de propria sa gravitație<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, nu este suficient de masivă pentru a provoca fuziunea termonucleară și și-a curățat regiunea vecină de <a href="/wiki/Planetezimal" title="Planetezimal">planetezimale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-footnoteA_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-footnoteA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IAU_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAU-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WSGESP_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSGESP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Termenul de <i>planetă</i> este vechi, având legături cu <a href="/wiki/Istoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Istoria">istoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrologia" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrologia">astrologia</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tiin%C8%9Ba" class="mw-redirect" title="Știința">știința</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitologia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitologia">mitologia</a> și <a href="/wiki/Religia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religia">religia</a>. Cinci planete din <a href="/wiki/Sistemul_Solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistemul Solar">Sistemul Solar</a> sunt vizibile cu ochiul liber. În multe culturi timpurii, acestea erau considerate zeițe. Pe măsură ce cunoștințele științifice avansau, percepția umană asupra planetelor s-a schimbat, încorporând o serie de obiecte disparate. În 2006, <a href="/wiki/Uniunea_Astronomic%C4%83_Interna%C8%9Bional%C4%83" title="Uniunea Astronomică Internațională">Uniunea Astronomică Internațională</a> (IAU) a adoptat oficial o rezoluție care definește planetele din Sistemul Solar. Această definiție este controversată, deoarece exclude multe obiecte ale masei planetare în funcție de unde sau ce orbitează. Deși opt dintre corpurile planetare descoperite înainte de 1950 rămân „planete” sub definiția actuală, unele corpuri cerești, cum ar fi <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" title="Ceres (planetă pitică)">Ceres</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/3_Juno" title="3 Juno">Juno</a> și <a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a> (fiecare obiect din centura de asteroizi solari) și <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluto (planetă pitică)">Pluto</a> (primul obiect trans-Neptunian descoperit), care au fost considerate cândva planetele de către comunitatea științifică, nu mai sunt privite ca <i>planete</i> sub definiția actuală. </p><p>Planetele din <a href="/wiki/Astrologie" title="Astrologie">astrologie</a> au o definiție diferită. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ptolemeu" title="Ptolemeu">Ptolemeu</a> a gândit un sistem în care planetele orbitează Pământul în mișcări deferente și epiciclice. Deși ideea că <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">planetele orbitau Soarele</a> fusese sugerată de mai multe ori, abia în secolul al XVII-lea această opinie a fost susținută de dovezi din primele observații astronomice cu <a href="/wiki/Telescop" title="Telescop">telescopul</a>, realizate de <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>. Cam în același timp, prin analiza atentă a datelor observaționale pre-telescopice colectate de <a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a> a descoperit că orbitele planetelor erau eliptice și nu circulare. Pe măsură ce instrumentele de observare s-au îmbunătățit, astronomia a observat că, la fel ca Terra, fiecare dintre planete se rotea în jurul unei axe înclinate în raport cu polul său orbital, iar unele aveau aceleași caracteristici precum <a href="/wiki/Calot%C4%83_glaciar%C4%83" title="Calotă glaciară">calote glaciare</a> și <a href="/wiki/Anotimp" title="Anotimp">anotimpuri</a>. Încă din zorii epocii spațiale, observarea atentă a sondelor spațiale a constatat că Pământul și celelalte planete au caracteristici precum vulcanismul, uraganele, plăcile tectonice și chiar hidrologia. </p><p>Planetele din Sistemul Solar sunt împărțite în două tipuri principale: planete <a href="/wiki/Gigant_gazos" title="Gigant gazos">mari gigantice</a> cu densitate mică și <a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83_teluric%C4%83" title="Planetă telurică">telurice</a> stâncoase mai mici. Există opt planete în Sistemul Solar.<sup id="cite_ref-IAU_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAU-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În ordinea distanței față de <a href="/wiki/Soare" title="Soare">Soare</a>, sunt cele patru planete telurice: <a href="/wiki/Mercur_(planet%C4%83)" title="Mercur (planetă)">Mercur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Venus" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Venus">Venus</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" title="Pământ">Pământ</a> și <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Marte" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Marte">Marte</a>, apoi cele patru <a href="/wiki/Gigant_gazos" title="Gigant gazos">planete gigant</a>: <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Jupiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Saturn" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Saturn">Saturn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Uranus" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Uranus">Uranus</a> și <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Neptun" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Neptun">Neptun</a>. Șase dintre planete sunt orbitate de unul sau mai mulți sateliți naturali. </p><p>În <a href="/wiki/Calea_Lactee" title="Calea Lactee">Calea Lactee</a> au fost descoperite câteva mii de planete în jurul altor stele („planete extrasolare” sau „<a href="/wiki/Exoplanet%C4%83" title="Exoplanetă">exoplanete</a>”). La 2 aprilie 2020 erau cunoscute 4.241 de exoplanete în 3.139 de sisteme planetare, variind ca mărime de la dimensiunea Lunii până la giganți gazoși cam de două ori mai mari decât Jupiter, din care peste 100 de planete au aceeași dimenisune ca Terra; dintre acestea nouă se află la aceeași <a href="/wiki/Unitate_astronomic%C4%83" title="Unitate astronomică">distanță relativă</a> la steaua lor ca Terra de Soare, adică în <a href="/wiki/Zon%C4%83_locuibil%C4%83_circumstelar%C4%83" title="Zonă locuibilă circumstelară">zona locuibilă circumstelară</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopaedia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> La 20 decembrie 2011, echipa telescopului spațial Kepler a raportat descoperirea primelor planete extrasolare de dimensiuni terestre, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepler-20e&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepler-20e — pagină inexistentă">Kepler-20e</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kepler20e-20111220_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kepler20e-20111220-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepler-20f&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepler-20f — pagină inexistentă">Kepler-20f</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kepler20f-20111220_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kepler20f-20111220-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>orbitând o stea asemănătoare Soarelui, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepler-20&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepler-20 — pagină inexistentă">Kepler-20</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20111220_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20111220-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nature-20111220_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-20111220-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20111220_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20111220-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Un studiu din 2012, care analizează datele de la microlentile gravitaționale, estimează în medie cel puțin 1,6 planete legate de fiecare stea din Calea Lactee.<sup id="cite_ref-nature.com_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature.com-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Se crede că aproximativ una din cinci stele ca Soarele<sup id="cite_ref-1in5sunlike_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1in5sunlike-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> are o planetă de dimensiunea Pământului<sup id="cite_ref-1in5sunlike_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1in5sunlike-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> în zona sa locuibilă.<sup id="cite_ref-1in5habitable_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1in5habitable-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ucb1in5_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucb1in5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-earthsunhz_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earthsunhz-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologie">Etimologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Etimologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Etimologie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cuvântul românesc <i>planetă</i> este un împrumut din <a href="/wiki/Limba_francez%C4%83" title="Limba franceză">franceză</a>: <i>planète</i> și din <a href="/wiki/Latin%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Latină">latină</a>: <i>planeta</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (Termenul francez <i>planète</i> are drept origine același termen latin <i>planeta</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-DAU_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAU-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Termenul latin <i>planeta</i> provine din <a href="/wiki/Limba_greac%C4%83_veche" title="Limba greacă veche">greaca veche</a> <i>planêtês</i>, care, în expresia πλανήτης αστήρης, transliterat: <i>planêtês astêrês</i>, desemneză „astru în mișcare” (sau „astru rătăcitor”),<sup id="cite_ref-DAU_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAU-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> în opoziție cu <a href="/wiki/Stea" title="Stea">stelele</a> care apar imobile pe <a href="/wiki/Cerul_%C3%AEnstelat" title="Cerul înstelat">bolta cerească</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istorie">Istorie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istorie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Istorie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare boilerplate further">Pentru informații suplimentare, vezi <a href="/wiki/Istoria_astronomiei" title="Istoria astronomiei">Istoria astronomiei</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Ptolemaicsystem-small.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ptolemaicsystem-small.png/220px-Ptolemaicsystem-small.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ptolemaicsystem-small.png/330px-Ptolemaicsystem-small.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ptolemaicsystem-small.png/440px-Ptolemaicsystem-small.png 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>Prezentare tipărită a unui model cosmologic geocentric din <i>Cosmographia</i> , Anvers, 1539</figcaption></figure> <p>Ideea planetelor a evoluat de-a lungul istoriei sale, de la luminile divine ale antichității la obiectele pământești ale epocii științifice. Conceptul s-a extins pentru a include lumi nu numai în Sistemul Solar, ci și în sute de alte sisteme extrasolare. Ambiguitățile inerente definirii planetelor au dus la multe controverse științifice. </p><p>Cele cinci planete clasice, fiind vizibile cu ochiul liber, sunt cunoscute încă din cele mai vechi timpuri și au avut un impact semnificativ asupra mitologiei, cosmologiei religioase și astronomiei antice. În antichitate, astronomii au observat cum anumite lumini se deplasau pe cer, spre deosebire de „stelele fixe”, care mențineau o poziție relativă constantă pe cer.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Grecii antici au numit aceste lumini <i>πλάνητες</i> <i>ἀστέρες</i> (<i>planētes asteres</i>, „stele rătăcitoare”) sau pur și simplu <i>πλανῆται</i> (<i>planētai</i>, „rătăcitor”),<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> din care a derivat cuvântul „planetă” de azi.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oed_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>În <a href="/wiki/Grecia_antic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Grecia antică">Grecia antică</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babilon" title="Babilon">Babilon</a> și toate civilizațiile pre-moderne,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> se credea că Pământul este centrul Universului și că toate „planetele” înconjurau Pământul. Motivele acestei percepții au fost că stelele și planetele păreau să se învârtă în jurul Pământului în fiecare zi <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> și aparenta percepție de bun-simț că Pământul era solid și stabil și că nu se mișca, ci era în repaus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Babilon">Babilon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Babilon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Babilon"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Astronomie_babilonian%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomie babiloniană">Astronomie babiloniană</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16505893">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .rellink{display:flex}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .rellink{display:flex}}</style> <p>Prima civilizație cunoscută că a avut o teorie funcțională a planetelor au fost babilonienii, care au trăit în <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> în primul și al doilea mileniu î.Hr. Cel mai vechi text astronomic care s-a păstrat este <a href="/wiki/T%C4%83bli%C8%9Ba_lui_Venus_a_lui_Ammisaduqa" title="Tăblița lui Venus a lui Ammisaduqa">Tăblița lui Venus a lui Ammisaduqa</a>, o copie din secolul VII î.Hr. a unei liste de observații a mișcărilor planetei Venus, care datează probabil încă din al doilea mileniu î.Hr.<sup id="cite_ref-practice_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-practice-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mul_Apin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mul Apin — pagină inexistentă">Mul Apin</a> este o pereche de tăblițe cuneiforme care datează din secolul al VII-lea î.Hr. și care desenează mișcările Soarelui, Lunii și planetelor pe parcursul anului.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Astrologii babilonieni au pus, de asemenea, bazele pentru ceea ce ulterior a devenit astrologia occidentală.<sup id="cite_ref-book_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i>Enuma anu enlil</i> scrisă în perioada neo-asiriană în secolul al VII-lea lea î.Hr.,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> cuprinde o listă de semne și relațiile lor cu diverse fenomene cerești, inclusiv mișcările planetelor.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ancientmes_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancientmes-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Venus" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Venus">Venus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Mercur" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Mercur">Mercur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Marte" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Marte">Marte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Jupiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Jupiter">Jupiter</a> și <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Saturn" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Saturn">Saturn</a> au fost toate identificate de astronomii babilonieni. Acestea vor rămâne singurele planete cunoscute până la inventarea <a href="/wiki/Telescop" title="Telescop">telescopului</a>, în timpurile moderne timpurii.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomie_greco-romană"><span id="Astronomie_greco-roman.C4.83"></span>Astronomie greco-romană</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Astronomie greco-romană" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Astronomie greco-romană"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare">Vezi și: <a href="/wiki/Astronomia_%C3%AEn_Grecia_Antic%C4%83" title="Astronomia în Grecia Antică">Astronomia în Grecia Antică</a>.</div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; float:right; margin:10px"> <caption>Cele 7 sfere planetare ale lui Ptolemeu </caption> <tbody><tr style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"> <td>1 <br /> Luna <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Moon_decrescent_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="☾"><img alt="☾" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Moon_decrescent_symbol.svg/14px-Moon_decrescent_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Moon_decrescent_symbol.svg/21px-Moon_decrescent_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Moon_decrescent_symbol.svg/28px-Moon_decrescent_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>2 <br /> Mercur <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Mercury_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="☿"><img alt="☿" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mercury_symbol.svg/14px-Mercury_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mercury_symbol.svg/21px-Mercury_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mercury_symbol.svg/28px-Mercury_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>3 <br /> Venus <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Venus_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♀"><img alt="♀" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_symbol.svg/14px-Venus_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_symbol.svg/21px-Venus_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_symbol.svg/28px-Venus_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>4 <br /> Soare <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Sun_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="☉"><img alt="☉" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Sun_symbol.svg/14px-Sun_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Sun_symbol.svg/21px-Sun_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Sun_symbol.svg/28px-Sun_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>5 <br /> Marte <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Mars_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♂"><img alt="♂" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mars_symbol.svg/14px-Mars_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mars_symbol.svg/21px-Mars_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mars_symbol.svg/28px-Mars_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>6 <br /> Jupiter <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Jupiter_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♃"><img alt="♃" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jupiter_symbol.svg/14px-Jupiter_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jupiter_symbol.svg/21px-Jupiter_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jupiter_symbol.svg/28px-Jupiter_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>7 <br /> Saturn <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Saturn_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♄"><img alt="♄" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Saturn_symbol.svg/14px-Saturn_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Saturn_symbol.svg/21px-Saturn_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Saturn_symbol.svg/28px-Saturn_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Deoarece nu erau la fel de interesați de divinități ca babilonienii, inițial, grecii antici nu au acordau prea multă semnificație planetelor. <a href="/wiki/%C8%98coala_pitagoreic%C4%83" title="Școala pitagoreică">Pitagoreicii</a>, în secolele VI și V î.Hr. par să fi dezvoltat propria lor teorie planetară independentă, care a constat în Pământ, Soare, Lună, planete care se roteau în jurul unui „Foc Central“, centrul Universului. Se spune că <a href="/wiki/Pitagora" title="Pitagora">Pitagora</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Parmenide" title="Parmenide">Parmenide</a> a fost primul care a identificat steaua de seară (Hesperos) și steaua de dimineață (Phosphoros) ca fiind una și aceeași,<sup id="cite_ref-burnet_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burnet-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> deși acest lucru a fost cunoscut de mult timp de către babilonieni. În secolul al III-lea î.Hr. <a href="/wiki/Aristarh_din_Samos" title="Aristarh din Samos">Aristarh din Samos</a> a propus un sistem <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">heliocentric</a>, conform căruia Pământul și planetele se roteau în jurul Soarelui. Cu toate acestea, sistemul geocentric a rămas dominant până la <a href="/wiki/Revolu%C8%9Bia_%C8%99tiin%C8%9Bific%C4%83" title="Revoluția științifică">Revoluția științifică</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Până în secolul I î.Hr., în perioada elenistică, grecii au început să dezvolte propriile scheme matematice pentru a prezice pozițiile planetelor. Aceste scheme, care s-au bazat mai mult pe geometrie decât pe aritmetica babilonienilor, au sfârșit prin a eclipsa teoriile babilonienilor deoarece erau mai complexe și cuprinzătoare, conținând majoritatea mișcărilor astronomice observate de pe Pământ cu ochiul liber. Aceste teorii au atins expresia lor maximă în <i>Almagest</i>, scrisă de <a href="/wiki/Ptolemeu" title="Ptolemeu">Ptolemeu</a> în secolul al II-lea. Atât de completă a fost dominația modelului lui Ptolemeu încât a înlocuit toate lucrările anterioare despre astronomie și a rămas textul astronomic definitiv în lumea occidentală timp de 13 secole.<sup id="cite_ref-practice_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-practice-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-almagest_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-almagest-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pentru greci și romani existau șapte planete cunoscute, fiecare înconjurând Pământul conform legilor complexe stabilite de Ptolemeu. Erau, în ordine crescătoare de la Pământ (în ordinea lui Ptolemeu și folosind nume moderne): Luna, Mercur, Venus, Soarele, Marte, Jupiter și Saturn.<sup id="cite_ref-oed_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-almagest_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-almagest-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India_antică"><span id="India_antic.C4.83"></span>India antică</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: India antică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: India antică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În anul 499 astronomul indian <a href="/wiki/Aryabhata" title="Aryabhata">Aryabhata</a> a propus un model planetar care a încorporat în mod explicit rotația Pământului în jurul axei sale, pe care el o explică ca fiind cauza a ceea ce pare a fi o mișcare a stelelor spre vest. De asemenea, a crezut că orbitele planetelor sunt eliptice.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Acest model a fost acceptat pe scară largă de mulți astronomi indieni, în special în India de Sud, unde au fost urmate principiile sale de rotație diurnă a Pământului, precum și o serie de lucrări secundare.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>În 1500, Nilakantha Somayaji de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%98coala_Kerala_de_astronomie_%C8%99i_matematic%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Școala Kerala de astronomie și matematică — pagină inexistentă">școala Kerala de astronomie și matematică</a>, în lucrarea sa <i>Tantrasangraha</i>, a revizuit modelul lui Aryabhata.<sup id="cite_ref-MOPM_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOPM-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În <i>Aryabhatiyabhasya</i>, un comentariu despre <i>Aryabhatiya</i> lui Aryabhata, el a dezvoltat un model planetar în care Mercur, Venus, Marte, Jupiter și Saturn orbitează Soarele, care la rândul lor orbitează Pământul, similar cu sistemul tychonic care va fi propus mai târziu de <a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a> la sfârșitul secolului al XVI-lea. Majoritatea astronomilor de la școala Kerala care l-au urmat au acceptat modelul său planetar.<sup id="cite_ref-MOPM_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOPM-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lumea_islamică"><span id="Lumea_islamic.C4.83"></span>Lumea islamică</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Lumea islamică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Lumea islamică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Astronomia_%C3%AEn_lumea_medieval%C4%83_musulman%C4%83" title="Astronomia în lumea medievală musulmană">Astronomia în lumea medievală musulmană</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <p>În secolul al XI-lea, <a href="/wiki/Tranzitul_lui_Venus" title="Tranzitul lui Venus">tranzitul lui Venus</a> a fost observat de <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>, care a stabilit că <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Venus" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Venus">Venus</a> era, cel puțin uneori, sub Soare în cosmologia tolemică.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În secolul al XII-lea, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Bajjah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Bajjah — pagină inexistentă">Ibn Bajjah</a> a observat „două planete ca puncte negre pe fața Soarelui“, care ulterior a fost identificat ca fiind <a href="/wiki/Tranzitul_lui_Mercur" title="Tranzitul lui Mercur">tranzitul lui Mercur</a> și Venus de către astronomul Qotb al-Din Shirazi în secolul al XIII-lea.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cu toate acestea, Ibn Bajjah nu ar fi putut observa un tranzit al lui Venus, deoarece nu a avut loc nici unul în timpul vieții sale.<sup id="cite_ref-transit_catalog_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transit_catalog-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renașterea_europeană"><span id="Rena.C8.99terea_european.C4.83"></span>Renașterea europeană</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Renașterea europeană" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Renașterea europeană"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; float:right; margin:10px"> <caption>Planete renascentiste, <br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;">c. 1543 to 1610 and c. 1680 to 1781</span> </caption> <tbody><tr style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"> <td>1 <br /> Mercur <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Mercury_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="☿"><img alt="☿" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mercury_symbol.svg/14px-Mercury_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mercury_symbol.svg/21px-Mercury_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mercury_symbol.svg/28px-Mercury_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>2 <br /> Venus <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Venus_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♀"><img alt="♀" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_symbol.svg/14px-Venus_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_symbol.svg/21px-Venus_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_symbol.svg/28px-Venus_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>3 <br /> Pământ <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Earth_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="🜨"><img alt="🜨" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Earth_symbol.svg/14px-Earth_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Earth_symbol.svg/21px-Earth_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Earth_symbol.svg/28px-Earth_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>4 <br /> Marte <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Mars_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♂"><img alt="♂" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mars_symbol.svg/14px-Mars_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mars_symbol.svg/21px-Mars_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mars_symbol.svg/28px-Mars_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>5 <br /> Jupiter <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Jupiter_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♃"><img alt="♃" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jupiter_symbol.svg/14px-Jupiter_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jupiter_symbol.svg/21px-Jupiter_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jupiter_symbol.svg/28px-Jupiter_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>6 <br /> Saturn <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Saturn_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♄"><img alt="♄" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Saturn_symbol.svg/14px-Saturn_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Saturn_symbol.svg/21px-Saturn_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Saturn_symbol.svg/28px-Saturn_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare">Vezi și: <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">Heliocentrism</a>.</div> <p>Pe măsură ce cunoștințele științifice au progresat, înțelegerea termenului „planetă” s-a schimbat de la ceva care se mișcă pe cer (în raport cu câmpul stelar) către un corp care orbitează Pământul (sau despre care se credea că ar face acest lucru la vremea respectivă) și, în secolul al XVIII-lea la ceva care orbita direct Soarele, când <a href="/wiki/Modelul_heliocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Modelul heliocentric">modelul heliocentric</a> al lui <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Copernic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a> și <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Kepler</a> a dobândit influență. </p><p>Astfel, Pământul a fost inclus în lista planetelor,<sup id="cite_ref-galileo_project_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galileo_project-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> în timp ce Soarele și Luna au fost excluse. La început, când primii sateliți ai lui Jupiter și Saturn au fost descoperiți în secolul al XVII-lea, termenii „planetă” și „satelit” au fost folosiți în mod interschimbabil, deși al doilea a obținut treptat prevalența în secolul următor.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Până la mijlocul secolului al XIX-lea, numărul de „planete” a crescut rapid deoarece orice obiect recent descoperit care orbita direct Soarele a fost enumerat ca planetă de către comunitatea științifică. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secolul_al_XIX-lea">Secolul al XIX-lea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Secolul al XIX-lea" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Secolul al XIX-lea"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; float:right; margin:10px"> <caption>Unsprezece planete, 1807-1845 </caption> <tbody><tr style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"> <td>1 <br /> Mercur <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Mercury_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="☿"><img alt="☿" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mercury_symbol.svg/14px-Mercury_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mercury_symbol.svg/21px-Mercury_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mercury_symbol.svg/28px-Mercury_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>2 <br /> Venus <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Venus_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♀"><img alt="♀" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_symbol.svg/14px-Venus_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_symbol.svg/21px-Venus_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_symbol.svg/28px-Venus_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>3 <br /> Pământ <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Earth_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="🜨"><img alt="🜨" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Earth_symbol.svg/14px-Earth_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Earth_symbol.svg/21px-Earth_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Earth_symbol.svg/28px-Earth_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>4 <br /> Marte <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Mars_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♂"><img alt="♂" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mars_symbol.svg/14px-Mars_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mars_symbol.svg/21px-Mars_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mars_symbol.svg/28px-Mars_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>5 <br /> Vesta <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Vesta_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⚶"><img alt="⚶" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vesta_symbol.svg/14px-Vesta_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vesta_symbol.svg/21px-Vesta_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vesta_symbol.svg/28px-Vesta_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>6 <br /> Juno <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Juno_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⚵"><img alt="⚵" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Juno_symbol.svg/14px-Juno_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Juno_symbol.svg/21px-Juno_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Juno_symbol.svg/28px-Juno_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>7 <br /> Ceres <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Ceres_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⚳"><img alt="⚳" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ceres_symbol.svg/14px-Ceres_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ceres_symbol.svg/21px-Ceres_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ceres_symbol.svg/28px-Ceres_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>8 <br /> Pallas <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Pallas_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⚴"><img alt="⚴" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pallas_symbol.svg/14px-Pallas_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pallas_symbol.svg/21px-Pallas_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pallas_symbol.svg/28px-Pallas_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>9 <br /> Jupiter <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Jupiter_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♃"><img alt="♃" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jupiter_symbol.svg/14px-Jupiter_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jupiter_symbol.svg/21px-Jupiter_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jupiter_symbol.svg/28px-Jupiter_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>10 <br /> Saturn <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Saturn_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♄"><img alt="♄" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Saturn_symbol.svg/14px-Saturn_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Saturn_symbol.svg/21px-Saturn_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Saturn_symbol.svg/28px-Saturn_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>11 <br /> Uranus <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Uranus_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♅"><img alt="♅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Uranus_symbol.svg/14px-Uranus_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Uranus_symbol.svg/21px-Uranus_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Uranus_symbol.svg/28px-Uranus_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>În secolul al XIX-lea, astronomii au început să conștientizeze că acele corpuri recent descoperite care au fost clasificate ca planete timp de aproape o jumătate de secol (cum ar fi <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" title="Ceres (planetă pitică)">Ceres</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/3_Juno" title="3 Juno">Juno</a> și <a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a>) erau foarte diferite de cele tradiționale. Aceste corpuri au împărțit aceeași regiune de spațiu între Marte și Jupiter (<a href="/wiki/Centura_de_asteroizi" title="Centura de asteroizi">centura de asteroizi</a>) și aveau o masă mult mai mică; ca urmare au fost reclasificate ca „asteroizi”. </p><p>În absența unei definiții formale, o „planetă” a ajuns să fie înțeleasă ca orice corp „mare” care orbita Soarele. Pentru că a existat un decalaj de dimensiuni dramatice între asteroizi și planete, iar valul noilor descoperiri părea să se fi încheiat după descoperirea lui Neptun în 1846, nu era necesară o definire formală.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secolul_XX">Secolul XX</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Secolul XX" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Secolul XX"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; clear:right; float:right; margin:10px"> <caption>Planete 1854–1930, Planete solare 2006 – prezent </caption> <tbody><tr style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"> <td>1 <br /> Mercur <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Mercury_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="☿"><img alt="☿" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mercury_symbol.svg/14px-Mercury_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mercury_symbol.svg/21px-Mercury_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mercury_symbol.svg/28px-Mercury_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>2 <br /> Venus <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Venus_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♀"><img alt="♀" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_symbol.svg/14px-Venus_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_symbol.svg/21px-Venus_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_symbol.svg/28px-Venus_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>3 <br /> Pământ <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Earth_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="🜨"><img alt="🜨" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Earth_symbol.svg/14px-Earth_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Earth_symbol.svg/21px-Earth_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Earth_symbol.svg/28px-Earth_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>4 <br /> Marte <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Mars_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♂"><img alt="♂" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mars_symbol.svg/14px-Mars_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mars_symbol.svg/21px-Mars_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mars_symbol.svg/28px-Mars_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>5 <br /> Jupiter <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Jupiter_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♃"><img alt="♃" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jupiter_symbol.svg/14px-Jupiter_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jupiter_symbol.svg/21px-Jupiter_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jupiter_symbol.svg/28px-Jupiter_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>6 <br /> Saturn <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Saturn_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♄"><img alt="♄" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Saturn_symbol.svg/14px-Saturn_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Saturn_symbol.svg/21px-Saturn_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Saturn_symbol.svg/28px-Saturn_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>7 <br /> Uranus <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Uranus_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♅"><img alt="♅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Uranus_symbol.svg/14px-Uranus_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Uranus_symbol.svg/21px-Uranus_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Uranus_symbol.svg/28px-Uranus_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>8 <br /> Neptun <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Neptune_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♆"><img alt="♆" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Neptune_symbol.svg/14px-Neptune_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Neptune_symbol.svg/21px-Neptune_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Neptune_symbol.svg/28px-Neptune_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>În secolul XX, a fost descoperită <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluto (planetă pitică)">Pluto</a>. Întrucât observațiile inițiale indicau că era mai mare decât Pământul,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> obiectul a fost imediat acceptat ca a noua planetă. Monitorizarea ulterioară a arătat că de fapt era mult mai mică: în 1936, Ray Lyttleton a sugerat că Pluto ar putea fi un satelit scăpat de la Neptun,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> iar Fred Whipple a sugerat în 1964 că Pluto ar putea fi o cometă.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Întrucât era încă mult mai mare decât toți asteroizii cunoscuți, <sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> și-a păstrat acest statut până în 2006. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; clear:right; float:right; margin:10px"> <caption>Planetele din 1930–2006 </caption> <tbody><tr style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"> <td>1 <br /> Mercur <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Mercury_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="☿"><img alt="☿" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mercury_symbol.svg/14px-Mercury_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mercury_symbol.svg/21px-Mercury_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mercury_symbol.svg/28px-Mercury_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>2 <br /> Venus <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Venus_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♀"><img alt="♀" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_symbol.svg/14px-Venus_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_symbol.svg/21px-Venus_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_symbol.svg/28px-Venus_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>3 <br /> Pământ <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Earth_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="🜨"><img alt="🜨" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Earth_symbol.svg/14px-Earth_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Earth_symbol.svg/21px-Earth_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Earth_symbol.svg/28px-Earth_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>4 <br /> Marte <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Mars_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♂"><img alt="♂" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mars_symbol.svg/14px-Mars_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mars_symbol.svg/21px-Mars_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mars_symbol.svg/28px-Mars_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>5 <br /> Jupiter <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Jupiter_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♃"><img alt="♃" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jupiter_symbol.svg/14px-Jupiter_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jupiter_symbol.svg/21px-Jupiter_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jupiter_symbol.svg/28px-Jupiter_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>6 <br /> Saturn <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Saturn_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♄"><img alt="♄" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Saturn_symbol.svg/14px-Saturn_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Saturn_symbol.svg/21px-Saturn_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Saturn_symbol.svg/28px-Saturn_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>7 <br /> Uranus <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Uranus_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♅"><img alt="♅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Uranus_symbol.svg/14px-Uranus_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Uranus_symbol.svg/21px-Uranus_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Uranus_symbol.svg/28px-Uranus_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>8 <br /> Neptun <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Neptune_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♆"><img alt="♆" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Neptune_symbol.svg/14px-Neptune_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Neptune_symbol.svg/21px-Neptune_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Neptune_symbol.svg/28px-Neptune_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td> <td>9 <br /> Pluto <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Pluto_monogram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♇"><img alt="♇" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pluto_monogram.svg/14px-Pluto_monogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pluto_monogram.svg/21px-Pluto_monogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pluto_monogram.svg/28px-Pluto_monogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>În 1992, astronomii Aleksander Wolszczan și Dale Frail au anunțat descoperirea planetelor în jurul unui <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsar</a>, PSR B1257+12.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolszczan_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolszczan-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Această descoperire este în general considerată a fi prima detectare definitivă a unui sistem planetar în jurul altei stele. Apoi, la 6 octombrie 1995, Michel Mayor și Didier Queloz de la Observatorul de la Geneva au anunțat prima detectare definitivă a unei exoplanete orbitând o stea obișnuită cu <a href="/wiki/Secven%C8%9Ba_principal%C4%83" title="Secvența principală">secvență principală</a> (<a href="/wiki/51_Pegasi" title="51 Pegasi">51 Pegasi</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Mayor_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayor-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Descoperirea planetelor extrasolare a dus la o altă ambiguitate în definirea unei planete: punctul în care o planetă devine stea. Multe planete extrasolare cunoscute au o masă mai mare de câteva ori masa lui Jupiter, apropiindu-se de cea a obiectelor stelare cunoscute sub numele de <a href="/wiki/Pitic%C4%83_cenu%C8%99ie" title="Pitică cenușie">pitică cenușie</a>. Piticele cenușii sunt considerate în general stele datorită capacității lor de a fuziona <a href="/wiki/Deuteriu" title="Deuteriu">deuteriu</a>, un izotop mai greu al hidrogenul. În timp ce stelele cu o masă mai mare de 75 de ori mai mare decât cea a lui Jupiter fuzionează hidrogenul, stelele cu o masă de doar 13 ori mai mare decât cea a lui Jupiter pot fuziona deuteriu. Deuteriu este destul de rar și majoritatea piticelor cenușii ar fi încetat să mai fuzioneze deuteriu cu mult înainte de descoperirea lor, făcându-le efectiv să nu se distingă de planetele supermasive.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secolul_XXI">Secolul XXI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Secolul XXI" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Secolul XXI"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Hubble_Space_Telescope_(27946391011).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hubble_Space_Telescope_%2827946391011%29.jpg/350px-Hubble_Space_Telescope_%2827946391011%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hubble_Space_Telescope_%2827946391011%29.jpg/525px-Hubble_Space_Telescope_%2827946391011%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hubble_Space_Telescope_%2827946391011%29.jpg/700px-Hubble_Space_Telescope_%2827946391011%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Telescopul_spa%C8%9Bial_Hubble" title="Telescopul spațial Hubble">Telescopul spațial Hubble</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Odată cu descoperirea din ultima jumătate a secolului XX a mai multor obiecte din Sistemul Solar și a obiectelor mari din jurul altor stele, au apărut dispute despre ceea ce ar trebui să constituie o planetă. Au existat dezacorduri deosebite cu privire la faptul că un obiect ar trebui să fie considerat o planetă dacă a făcut parte dintr-o populație distinctă, cum ar fi o centură, sau dacă a fost suficient de mare pentru a genera energie prin fuziunea termonucleară a <a href="/wiki/Deuteriu" title="Deuteriu">deuteriului</a>. </p><p>Un număr tot mai mare de astronomi au susținut că Pluto va fi declasificat ca planetă, deoarece multe obiecte similare care se apropiau de dimensiunile sale au fost găsite în aceeași regiune a Sistemului Solar (<a href="/wiki/Centura_Kuiper" title="Centura Kuiper">centura Kuiper</a>) în anii 1990 și începutul anilor 2000. S-a descoperit că Pluto este doar un singur corp mic într-o populație de mii. </p><p>Unele dintre ele, cum ar fi <a href="/wiki/50000_Quaoar" class="mw-redirect" title="50000 Quaoar">Quaoar</a>, <a href="/wiki/90377_Sedna" class="mw-redirect" title="90377 Sedna">Sedna</a> și <a href="/wiki/Eris_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" title="Eris (planetă pitică)">Eris</a>, au fost anunțate în presa populară ca a zecea planetă, nereușind să primească recunoaștere științifică largă. În 2005, anunțul lui Eris, un obiect cu o masă cu 27% mai mare decât Pluto, a creat necesitatea și dorința publică pentru o definiție oficială a planetei. </p><p>Recunoscând problema, IAU a început procesul de creare a unei definiții a planetei și a produs una în august 2006. Numărul planetelor a scăzut la opt corpuri semnificativ mai mari, care și-au curățat orbita (Mercur, Venus, Pământ, Marte, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus și Neptun) și a fost creată o nouă clasă de <a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83" title="Planetă pitică">planete pitice</a>, conținând inițial trei obiecte (Ceres, Pluto și Eris).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Planete_extrasolare">Planete extrasolare</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifică secțiunea: Planete extrasolare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Planete extrasolare"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nu există o definiție oficială a <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet%C4%83" title="Exoplanetă">planetelor extrasolare</a>. În 2003, Grupul de lucru al Uniunii Astronomice Internaționale (IAU) pe Planetele Extrasolare a emis o declarație de poziție, dar această declarație de poziție nu a fost propusă niciodată ca rezoluție oficială a IAU și niciodată nu a fost votată de membrii IAU. Declarația de poziții include următoarele orientări, axate în mare parte pe granița dintre planete și pitice cenușii:<sup id="cite_ref-WSGESP_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSGESP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Sunt „planete” indiferent cum s-au format obiectele cu masă reală sub masa limită de fuziune termonucleară a deuteriului (calculată în prezent a fi de 13 ori mai mare decât masa lui Jupiter pentru obiectele cu aceeași abundență izotopică ca Soarele<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>) și orbitând stele sau resturi stelare. asa și dimensiunea minimă necesare pentru ca un obiect extrasolar să fie considerat o planetă ar trebui să fie aceeași cu cea utilizată în Sistemul Solar.</li> <li>Obiectele substelare cu o masă reală deasupra masei limită a fuziunii termonucleare a deuteriului sunt „<a href="/wiki/Pitic%C4%83_cenu%C8%99ie" title="Pitică cenușie">pitice cenușii</a>”, indiferent de modul în care s-au format sau unde se află.</li> <li>Obiectele plutitoare libere din grupele de stele tinere, a căror masă se află sub masa limită de fuziune termonucleară a deuteriului nu sunt „planete”, ci sunt „<a href="/wiki/Pitic%C4%83_cenu%C8%99ie#Sub-pitică_cenușie" title="Pitică cenușie">sub-pitice cenușii</a>” (sau un alt nume mai potrivit care trebuie atribuit).</li></ol> <p>Această definiție de lucru este folosită pe scară largă de către astronomi atunci când publică descoperiri ale exoplanetelor în reviste academice.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Deși este temporar, rămâne o definiție eficientă a funcționării până la adoptarea formală a uneia permanente. Nu abordează disputa privind limita de masă inferioară<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> și astfel a evitat controversa privind obiectele din Sistemul Solar. Această definiție nu face nici un comentariu asupra stării planetare a obiectelor care orbitează pitice cenușii, cum ar fi 2M1207b. </p><p>O definiție a unei <a href="/wiki/Pitic%C4%83_cenu%C8%99ie#Sub-pitică_cenușie" title="Pitică cenușie">sub-pitice cenușii</a> este un obiect cu masă planetară, format prin colapsul nebuloasei și nu prin <a href="/wiki/Acre%C8%9Bie_(astronomie)" title="Acreție (astronomie)">acreție</a>. Această distincție de formare între o sub-pitică cenușie și o planetă nu este convenită în mod universal; astronomii sunt împărțiți în două tabere dacă procesul de formare a unei planete este considerat ca parte a clasificării sale.<sup id="cite_ref-Cha110913_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cha110913-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Unul din motive este că, adesea, nu se poate determina procesul de formare. De exemplu, o planetă formată prin acreție în jurul unei stele poate fi ejectată din sistem devenind o plutitoare liberă, și, de asemenea, o sub-pitică cenușie care s-a format singură într-un grup de stele prin colapsul nebuloasei poate fi capturată pe orbita unei stele. </p><p>Un studiu sugerează că obiectele de peste 10 <i>M<sub>Jup</sub></i> formate prin instabilitate gravitațională nu ar trebui să fie încadrate ca planete.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cele 13 mase Jupiter reprezintă o masă medie mai degrabă decât o valoare de prag precisă. Obiectele mari vor fuziona majoritatea deuteriului lor, iar cele mai mici vor fuziona doar puțin, iar valoarea de 13 <i>M<sub>Jup</sub></i> este undeva între ele. De fapt, calculele arată că un obiect fuzionează 50% din conținutul său de deuteriu inițial când masa totală este cuprinsă între 12 și 14 <i>M<sub>Jup</sub></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cantitatea de deuteriu fuzionată depinde nu numai de masă, ci și de <a href="/wiki/Compozi%C8%9Bie_chimic%C4%83" title="Compoziție chimică">compoziția</a> obiectului, de cantitatea de <a href="/wiki/Heliu" title="Heliu">heliu</a> și <a href="/wiki/Deuteriu" title="Deuteriu">deuteriu</a> prezent.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Definiția_UAI_din_2006_a_planetei"><span id="Defini.C8.9Bia_UAI_din_2006_a_planetei"></span>Definiția UAI din 2006 a planetei</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifică secțiunea: Definiția UAI din 2006 a planetei" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Definiția UAI din 2006 a planetei"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Defini%C8%9Bia_planetelor_conform_UAI" title="Definiția planetelor conform UAI">Definiția planetelor conform UAI</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Outersolarsystem_objectpositions_labels_comp-ro.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Outersolarsystem_objectpositions_labels_comp-ro.png/350px-Outersolarsystem_objectpositions_labels_comp-ro.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Outersolarsystem_objectpositions_labels_comp-ro.png/525px-Outersolarsystem_objectpositions_labels_comp-ro.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Outersolarsystem_objectpositions_labels_comp-ro.png/700px-Outersolarsystem_objectpositions_labels_comp-ro.png 2x" data-file-width="2708" data-file-height="2656" /></a><figcaption>Pozițiile tuturor <a href="/wiki/Centura_Kuiper" title="Centura Kuiper">obiectelor din centura Kuiper</a> (verde), și cele ale planetelor (albastru)</figcaption></figure> <p>Problema limitei inferioare a fost abordată în cadrul ședinței din 2006 a Adunării Generale a UAI. După multe dezbateri adunarea a votat și a adoptat o rezoluție cu următoarea definiție a unei planete din Sistemul Solar:<sup id="cite_ref-IAU_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAU-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote style="color:var(--color-base, #606060); text-align: left; font-size:95%"><div style="font-style:italic">„O „planetă” <sup>[1]</sup> este un corp ceresc care (a) se află pe orbită în jurul Soarelui, (b) are suficientă masă pentru a fi în <a href="/wiki/Echilibru_hidrostatic" title="Echilibru hidrostatic">echilibru hidrostatic</a> (aproape rotund) și (c) a curățat vecinătatea orbitei sale.<br /> <small><sup>[1]</sup> Cele opt planete sunt: Mercur, Venus, Pământ, Marte, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus și Neptun.</small>”</div></blockquote> <p>Conform acestei definiții, Sistemul Solar are opt planete. Corpurile care îndeplinesc primele două condiții, dar nu și a treia (cum ar fi Ceres, Pluto și Eris) sunt clasificate drept <a href="/wiki/Planete_pitice" class="mw-redirect" title="Planete pitice">planete pitice</a>, cu condiția să nu fie și sateliți naturali ai altor planete. Inițial, un comitet IAU a propus o definiție care ar fi inclus un număr mult mai mare de planete, deoarece nu a inclus (c) drept criteriu.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> După multe discuții, s-a decis, prin vot, ca aceste corpuri să fie clasificate ca planete pitice.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Această definiție se bazează pe teoriile formării planetare, în care embrionii planetari își curăță mai întâi vecinătatea orbitală de alte obiecte mai mici. După cum descrie astronomul Steven Soter:<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote style="color:var(--color-base, #606060); text-align: left; font-size:95%"><div style="font-style:italic">„Produsul final al acumulării de discuri secundare este un număr mic de corpuri relativ mari (planete), fie pe orbitele care nu se intersectează, fie în rezonanță, care împiedică coliziunile între ele. Planetele minore și cometele, inclusiv obiectele din centura Kuiper, diferă de planete prin aceea că se pot ciocni între ei și cu planetele.”</div></blockquote> <p>Definiția UAI din 2006 prezintă unele provocări pentru exoplanete, deoarece limbajul este specific Sistemului Solar și pentru că criteriile de rotunjime și de curățare a zonei orbitale nu sunt în prezent observabile. Astronomul Jean-Luc Margot a propus un criteriu matematic care să stabilească dacă un obiect își poate curăța orbita în timpul vieții stelei gazdă, pe baza masei planetei, axa semimajoră și masa stelei gazdă.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Această formulă produce o valoare <big>π</big> care este mai mare decât 1 pentru planete. Cele opt planete cunoscute și toate exoplanetele cunoscute au valori <big>π</big> peste 100, în timp ce Ceres, Pluto și Eris au valori <big>π</big> de 0,1 sau mai puțin. Obiecte cu valori <big>π</big> de 1 sau mai mult sunt de asemenea așteptate să fie aproximativ sferice, astfel încât obiectele care îndeplinesc cerința de curățare a zonei orbitale îndeplinesc automat cerința de rotunjire.<sup id="cite_ref-Margot_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margot-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obiecte_considerate_anterior_planete">Obiecte considerate anterior <i>planete</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Modifică secțiunea: Obiecte considerate anterior planete" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Obiecte considerate anterior planete"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tabelul de mai jos prezintă corpurile Sistemului Solar care odată au fost considerate planete. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Corp </th> <th>Clasificarea actuală </th> <th>Note </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Soare" title="Soare">Soare</a> </td> <td>Stea </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2">Clasificată ca planetă clasică (din grecescul <i>πλανῆται</i>, rătăcitor) în Antichitatea clasică și Europa medievală, în conformitate cu <a href="/wiki/Modelul_geocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Modelul geocentric">modelul geocentric</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luna" title="Luna">Luna</a> </td> <td>Satelit natural </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Io_(satelit)" title="Io (satelit)">Io</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europa_(satelit)" title="Europa (satelit)">Europa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(satelit)" title="Ganymede (satelit)">Ganymede</a> și <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(satelit)" title="Callisto (satelit)">Callisto</a> </td> <td>Sateliți naturali </td> <td>Cei mai mari sateliți ai lui Jupiter, cunoscuți sub numele de <a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_galileeni" title="Sateliții galileeni">sateliții galileeni</a> după descoperitorul lor <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>. El s-a referit la acești sateliți drept „planetele Mediciani” în cinstea protectorului său, <a href="/wiki/Familia_Medici" title="Familia Medici">familia Medici</a>. Erau cunoscute sub numele de planete secundare.<sup id="cite_ref-UGG1782_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UGG1782-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Titan_(satelit)" title="Titan (satelit)">Titan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-footnoteB_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-footnoteB-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(satelit)" title="Iapetus (satelit)">Iapetus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-footnoteC_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-footnoteC-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rhea_(satelit)" title="Rhea (satelit)">Rhea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-footnoteC_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-footnoteC-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tethys_(satelit)" title="Tethys (satelit)">Tethys</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-footnoteD_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-footnoteD-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> șid <a href="/wiki/Dione_(satelit)" title="Dione (satelit)">Dione</a><sup id="cite_ref-footnoteD_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-footnoteD-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Sateliți naturali </td> <td>Cinci dintre sateliții mai mari ai lui Saturn, descoperiți de <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a> și <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Cassini" title="Giovanni Domenico Cassini">Giovanni Domenico Cassini</a>. La fel ca sateliții majori ai lui Jupiter, erau cunoscuți sub numele de planete secundare.<sup id="cite_ref-UGG1782_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UGG1782-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/3_Juno" title="3 Juno">Juno</a> și <a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a> </td> <td>Asteroizi </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2">Considerate planete de la descoperirea lor între 1801 și 1807 până când au fost reclasificate ca asteroizi în anii 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <p>Ceres a fost clasificat ulterior drept planetă pitică în 2006. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" title="Ceres (planetă pitică)">Ceres</a> </td> <td>Planetă pitică și asteroid </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/5_Astraea" title="5 Astraea">Astraea</a>, <a href="/wiki/6_Hebe" title="6 Hebe">Hebe</a>, <a href="/wiki/7_Iris" title="7 Iris">Iris</a>, <a href="/wiki/8_Flora" title="8 Flora">Flora</a>, <a href="/wiki/9_Metis" title="9 Metis">Metis</a>, <a href="/wiki/10_Hygiea" title="10 Hygiea">Hygiea</a>, <a href="/wiki/11_Parthenope" title="11 Parthenope">Parthenope</a>, <a href="/wiki/12_Victoria" title="12 Victoria">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/13_Egeria" title="13 Egeria">Egeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/14_Irene" title="14 Irene">Irene</a>, <a href="/wiki/15_Eunomia" title="15 Eunomia">Eunomia</a> </td> <td>Asteroizi </td> <td>Mai mulți asteroizi, descoperiți între 1845 și 1851. Lista corpurilor dintre Marte și Jupiter, listă care s-a extins rapid, a determinat reclasificarea lor ca asteroizi, lucru acceptat pe scară largă până în 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pluto_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluto (planetă pitică)">Pluto</a> </td> <td>Planetă pitică și obiect din centura Kuiper </td> <td>Primul obiect trans-neptunian cunoscut (adică planeta minoră cu o axă semi-majoră dincolo de Neptun). Considerată planetă de la descoperirea sa în 1930 până când a fost reclasificată ca planetă pitică în 2006. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Dincolo de comunitatea științifică, Pluto are încă o importanță culturală pentru mulți din publicul larg datorită clasificării sale istorice ca planetă din 1930 până în 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mitologie_și_nume"><span id="Mitologie_.C8.99i_nume"></span>Mitologie și nume</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Modifică secțiunea: Mitologie și nume" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Mitologie și nume"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Olympians_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Olympians_crop.jpg/290px-Olympians_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Olympians_crop.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>Zeii olimpici, după care au fost numite planetele din Sistemul Solar</figcaption></figure> <p>Numele planetelor din lumea occidentală sunt derivate din practicile de numire ale romanilor, care în cele din urmă derivă din cele ale grecilor și ale babilonienilor. În <a href="/wiki/Grecia_antic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Grecia antică">Grecia antică</a>, cele două mari stele Soarele și Luna erau numite <i><b><a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a></b></i> și <i><b><a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a></b></i>. Cea mai îndepărtată planetă (Saturn) se numea <i><b>Phainon</b></i>, „strălucitorul”, urmată de <i><b>Phaethon</b></i> (Jupiter), „luminosul”; planeta roșie (Marte) era cunoscută sub numele de <i><b>Pyroeis</b></i>, „cea de culoarea focului”. Cea mai strălucitoare (Venus) era cunoscută sub numele de <i><b>Phosphorus</b></i>, „cea aducătoare de lumină” iar planeta finală (Mercur) a fost numită <i><b>Stilbon</b></i>, „cea a strălucirii trecătoare”. </p><p>De asemenea, grecii au consacrat fiecare planetă unuia dintre zeii din panteonul lor: Helios și Selene erau nume atât de planete cât și de zei, Phainon a fost consacrat lui <a href="/wiki/Cronos" title="Cronos">Cronos</a>, titanul care a fost tatăl olimpicilor, Phaethon a fost consacrat lui <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, fiul lui Cronos care l-a detronat ca rege. Pyroeis a fost consacrat lui <a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a>, fiul lui Zeus și zeul războiului, Phosphoros era controlat de <a href="/wiki/Afrodita" title="Afrodita">Afrodita</a>, zeița iubirii iar <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a>, mesagerul zeilor și zeul învățării și al spiritului, a stăpânit asupra lui Stilbon.<sup id="cite_ref-practice_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-practice-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Practica greacă de a transplanta numele zeilor planetelor a fost aproape sigur împrumutată de la babilonieni. Babilonienii au numit-o pe Phosphoros după zeița iubirii <i><a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a></i>, Pyroeis după zeul războiului <i><a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a></i>, Stilbon după zeul înțelepciunii <i><a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a></i> și pe Phaethon după zeul lor principal, <i><a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-nergal_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nergal-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Există prea multe concordanțe între convențiile de denumire grecești și babiloniene pentru ca acestea să fi apărut separat.<sup id="cite_ref-practice_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-practice-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Traducerea nu a fost perfectă. De exemplu, zeul babilonian Nergal a fost un zeu al războiului și astfel grecii l-au identificat cu Ares. Spre deosebire de Ares, Nergal era și zeul bolilor și al infernului.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Astăzi, majoritatea oamenilor din lumea occidentală cunosc planetele după nume derivate din panteonul olimpic al zeilor. Deși grecii moderni încă își folosesc numele străvechi pentru planete, alte limbi europene, din cauza influenței <a href="/wiki/Imperiul_Roman" title="Imperiul Roman">Imperiului Roman</a> și, mai târziu, a <a href="/wiki/Biserica_Catolic%C4%83" title="Biserica Catolică">Bisericii Catolice</a>, folosesc mai degrabă numele latine decât cele grecești. Romanii, care, la fel ca grecii erau indo-europeni, împărtășeau cu ei un panteon comun sub diferite denumiri, însă nu aveau bogate tradiții narative pe care cultura poetică greacă le-a dat zeilor lor. În perioada finală a <a href="/wiki/Republica_Roman%C4%83" title="Republica Romană">Republicii Romane</a>, scriitorii romani au împrumutat o mare parte din narațiunile grecești și le-au aplicat propriului panteon, până la punctul în care au devenit practic nu se mai puteau distinge.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Când romanii au studiat astronomia greacă, au dat planetelor propriile nume ale zeilor: <i><a href="/wiki/Mercur_(mitologie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercur (mitologie)">Mercurius</a></i> (pentru Hermes), <i><a href="/wiki/Venus_(mitologie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus (mitologie)">Venus</a></i> (Afrodita), <i><a href="/wiki/Marte_(zeu)" title="Marte (zeu)">Marte</a></i> (Ares), <i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mitologie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mitologie)">Jupiter</a></i> (Zeus) și <i><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mitologie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn (mitologie)">Saturnus</a></i> (Cronus). Când au fost descoperite planetele ulterioare în secolele al XVIII-lea și al XIX-lea, practica de numire a fost păstrată cu <i><a href="/wiki/Neptun_(mitologie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptun (mitologie)">Neptūnus</a></i> (Poseidon). <a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mitologie)" title="Uranus (mitologie)">Uranus</a> este unic prin faptul că este numit mai degrabă după o zeitate greacă decât pentru omologul său roman (<i><a href="/wiki/Caelus" title="Caelus">Caelus</a></i>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Mars_-_De_Sphaera_-_Biblioteca_Estense_lat209.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mars_-_De_Sphaera_-_Biblioteca_Estense_lat209.png/220px-Mars_-_De_Sphaera_-_Biblioteca_Estense_lat209.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mars_-_De_Sphaera_-_Biblioteca_Estense_lat209.png/330px-Mars_-_De_Sphaera_-_Biblioteca_Estense_lat209.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mars_-_De_Sphaera_-_Biblioteca_Estense_lat209.png/440px-Mars_-_De_Sphaera_-_Biblioteca_Estense_lat209.png 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="1269" /></a><figcaption>Personificarea lui Marte (miniatură din codul astrologic <i>De Sphaera</i> al Bibliotecii Estense, Modena).</figcaption></figure> <p>Unii romani, după o credință originară din <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, dar care s-a dezvoltat în Egiptul elenistic, credeau că cei șapte zei după care au fost numite planetele petreceau ore pe rând în fiecare zi având grijă de problemele de pe Pământ. Ordinea schimburilor era: Saturn, Jupiter, Marte, Soare, Venus, Mercur, Luna (de la cea mai îndepărtată până la cea mai apropiată planetă).<sup id="cite_ref-zerubavel_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zerubavel-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Prin urmare, prima zi era începută de Saturn (ora 1), a doua zi de Soare (ora 25), urmată de Lună (ora 49), Marte, Mercur, Jupiter și Venus. Deoarece fiecare zi a fost numită de zeul care a început-o, aceasta este și ordinea zilelor săptămânii în <a href="/wiki/Calendarul_roman" title="Calendarul roman">calendarul roman</a> după ciclul Nundinae fost respins.<sup id="cite_ref-weekdays_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weekdays-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Întrucât Pământul a fost acceptat în general ca planetă în secolul al XVII-lea,<sup id="cite_ref-galileo_project_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galileo_project-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> nu există o tradiție de a-l numi după un zeu. </p><p>Culturile non-europene folosesc alte sisteme de denumire planetară. <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> folosește un sistem bazat pe Navagraha, care include cele șapte planete tradiționale (<i>Surya</i> pentru Soare, <i>Chandra</i> pentru Lună, <i>Budha</i> pentru Mercur, <i>Shukra</i> pentru Venus, <i>Mangala</i> pentru Marte, <i>Bṛhaspati</i> pentru Jupiter și <i>Shani</i> pentru Saturn) și nodurile lunare ascendente și descendente (puncte în care orbita Lunii traversează ecliptica) <i>Rahu</i> și <i>Ketu</i>. </p><p>China și țările din estul Asiei supuse istoric influenței culturale chinezești (cum ar fi Japonia, Coreea și Vietnam) folosesc un sistem de denumire bazat pe cele cinci elemente chinezești: apă (Mercur), metal (Venus), foc (Marte), lemn (Jupiter) și pământ (Saturn).<sup id="cite_ref-weekdays_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weekdays-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>În astronomia tradițională ebraică, cele șapte planete tradiționale au (în cea mai mare parte) denumiri descriptive - Soarele este חמה <i>Ḥammah</i> sau „cel fierbinte”, Luna este לבנה <i>Levanah</i> sau „cea albד”, Venus este כוכב נוגה <i>Kokhav Nogah</i> sau „planeta strדlucitoare”, Mercur este כוכב <i>Kokhav</i> sau „planeta” (avגnd מn vedere lipsa ei de caracteristici distincte), Marte este מאדים <i>Ma'adim</i> sau „cea roșie”, iar Saturn este שבתאי <i>Shabbatai</i> sau „cel care se odihnește” (מn referire la mișcarea sa lentד מn comparație cu celelalte planete vizibile).<sup id="cite_ref-Hebrew_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hebrew-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cel mai ciudat este Jupiter, numit צדק <i>Tzedeq</i> sau „dreptate”. Steiglitz sugereazד cד ar putea fi un eufemism pentru numele original al כוכב בעל <i>Kokhav Ba'al</i>sau „planeta lui Baal“.<sup id="cite_ref-Hebrew_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hebrew-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>־n arabד, Mercur este عُطَارِد (<i>ʿUṭārid</i>, este asociat cu Ishtar/Astarte), Venus este الزهرة (<i>az-Zuhara</i>, "cea strדlucitoare",<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> un epitet al zeiței <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-%27Uzz%D7%91&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-&#39;Uzzב — pagină inexistentă">Al-'Uzzב</a><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>), Pדmגntul este الأرض (<i>al-ʾArḍ</i>, de la aceeași rדdדcinד ca <i>eretz</i>), Marte este اَلْمِرِّيخ (<i>al-Mirrīkh</i>, מnsemnגnd „sדgeata fדrד pene” datoritד mișcדrii sale retrograde<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>), Jupiter este المشتري (<i>al-Muštarī</i>, „cel de מncredere”, din Akkadian<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>) și Saturn este زُحَل (<i>Zuḥal</i>, „cel care abandoneazم”<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formare">Formare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Modifică secțiunea: Formare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Formare"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Nebuloas%C4%83_solar%C4%83" title="Nebuloasă solară">Nebuloasă solară</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Protoplanetary-disk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Protoplanetary-disk.jpg/300px-Protoplanetary-disk.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Protoplanetary-disk.jpg/450px-Protoplanetary-disk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Protoplanetary-disk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>Disc protoplanetar (concept artistic)</figcaption></figure> <p>Nu se cunoaște cu certitudine cum se formează planetele. Teoria predominantă este aceea că acestea sunt formate în timpul colapsării unei <a href="/wiki/Nebuloas%C4%83" title="Nebuloasă">nebuloase</a> într-un disc subțire de gaz și praf. În nucleu se formează o <a href="/wiki/Protostea" title="Protostea">protostea</a>, înconjurat de un disc protoplanetar rotativ. Prin acreție (un proces de aglutinare de coliziune) particulele de praf din disc acumulează constant masă formând corpuri tot mai mari. Se formează concentrații locale de masă cunoscute sub numele de <a href="/wiki/Planetezimal" title="Planetezimal">planetezimale</a> care accelerează procesul de acreție prin atragerea de material suplimentar cu forța sa gravitațională. Aceste concentrații devin din ce în ce mai dense până se prăbușesc spre interior datorită <a href="/wiki/Gravita%C8%9Bie" title="Gravitație">gravitației</a> formând protoplanete.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> După ce o planetă atinge o masă ceva mai mare decât masa lui Marte, aceasta începe să acumuleze o atmosferă extinsă,<sup id="cite_ref-dangelo_bodenheimer_2013_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dangelo_bodenheimer_2013-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> crescând mult rata de captare a planetezimalelor.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dangelo2014_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dangelo2014-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În funcție de istoricul acumulărilor de solide și gaze, poate rezulta o planetă uriașă, un gigant de gheață sau o planetă telurică.<sup id="cite_ref-lhdb2009_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lhdb2009-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ddl2011_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ddl2011-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chambes2011_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chambes2011-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:PIA18469-AsteroidCollision-NearStarNGC2547-ID8-2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/PIA18469-AsteroidCollision-NearStarNGC2547-ID8-2013.jpg/300px-PIA18469-AsteroidCollision-NearStarNGC2547-ID8-2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/PIA18469-AsteroidCollision-NearStarNGC2547-ID8-2013.jpg/450px-PIA18469-AsteroidCollision-NearStarNGC2547-ID8-2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/PIA18469-AsteroidCollision-NearStarNGC2547-ID8-2013.jpg/600px-PIA18469-AsteroidCollision-NearStarNGC2547-ID8-2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4005" data-file-height="2253" /></a><figcaption>Coliziune asteroidă - o construcție de planete (concept artistic).</figcaption></figure> <p>Când protosteaua a crescut până la punctul de aprindere pentru a forma o stea, discul rămas este îndepărtat din interior spre exterior prin fotoevaporare, vânt solar și alte efecte.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>După aceea, pot exista numeroase protoplanete care orbitează steaua sau una pe cealaltă, dar în timp, multe se vor ciocni, fie pentru a forma o singură planetă mai mare, fie eliberând material care va fi absorbit de alte protoplanete sau planete.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Acele obiecte care au devenit suficient de masive, vor capta cea mai mare parte din vecinătatea lor orbitală devenind planete. Protoplanetele care au evitat coliziunile pot deveni sateliți naturali ai planetelor printr-un proces de captare gravitațională sau rămân în centurile altor obiecte pentru a deveni planete pitice sau corpuri mici. </p><p>Impactul energetic al planetelor mai mici (precum și dezintegrarea radioactivă) vor încălzi planeta în creștere, determinând să se topească cel puțin parțial. Interiorul planetei începe să se diferențieze în funcție de masă, dezvoltând un nucleu mai dens.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Planetele telurice mai mici își pierd cea mai mare parte a atmosferei din cauza acestei acreții, dar gazele pierdute pot fi înlocuite prin pierderea gazelor din manta și a impactelor ulteriore cu cometele.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (Planetele mai mici vor pierde orice atmosferă pe care o vor câștiga prin diferite mecanisme de evadare.) </p><p>Odată cu descoperirea și observarea sistemelor planetare din jurul altor stele, devine posibilă elaborarea, revizuirea sau chiar înlocuirea acestui proces. În prezent, se crede că nivelul de metalicitate - termen astronomic care descrie abundența elementelor chimice cu un număr atomic mai mare de 2 (heliu) - determină probabilitatea ca o stea să aibă planete.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Prin urmare, se crede că o stea de populație I bogată în metale va avea probabil un sistem planetar mai substanțial decât o stea de populație II, săracă în metale. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r13393782/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:left;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption-center{text-align:center;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:608px;max-width:608px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:15-044a-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/15-044a-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg/300px-15-044a-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/15-044a-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg/450px-15-044a-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/15-044a-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg/600px-15-044a-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2917" data-file-height="2918" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:15-044b-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/15-044b-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg/300px-15-044b-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/15-044b-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg/450px-15-044b-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/15-044b-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg/600px-15-044b-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2917" data-file-height="2919" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="thumbcaption" style="background-color:transparent;color:var(--color-base, #000)"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Rest de supernovă, care produce materiale ce formează planete.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sistemul_Solar">Sistemul Solar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Modifică secțiunea: Sistemul Solar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Sistemul Solar"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r13393782/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center;background-color:transparent"><small>Sistemul solar - dimensiunile, dar distanțele nu sunt la scară</small></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Planets2013symbols.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Planets2013symbols.svg/300px-Planets2013symbols.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Planets2013symbols.svg/450px-Planets2013symbols.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Planets2013symbols.svg/600px-Planets2013symbols.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1047" data-file-height="618" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Soare" title="Soare">Soarele</a> și cele opt planete ale <a href="/wiki/Sistemul_Solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistemul Solar">Sistemului Solar</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Terrestrial_planet_sizes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Terrestrial_planet_sizes.jpg/300px-Terrestrial_planet_sizes.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Terrestrial_planet_sizes.jpg/450px-Terrestrial_planet_sizes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Terrestrial_planet_sizes.jpg/600px-Terrestrial_planet_sizes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5208" data-file-height="2251" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Planetele interioare: <a href="/wiki/Mercur_(planet%C4%83)" title="Mercur (planetă)">Mercur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Venus" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Venus">Venus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terra" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra">Terra</a> și <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Marte" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Marte">Marte</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Gas_Giants_%26_The_Sun_in_1,000_km.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gas_Giants_%26_The_Sun_in_1%2C000_km.jpg/300px-Gas_Giants_%26_The_Sun_in_1%2C000_km.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gas_Giants_%26_The_Sun_in_1%2C000_km.jpg/450px-Gas_Giants_%26_The_Sun_in_1%2C000_km.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gas_Giants_%26_The_Sun_in_1%2C000_km.jpg/600px-Gas_Giants_%26_The_Sun_in_1%2C000_km.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1608" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Cele patru planete gigant: <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Jupiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Saturn" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Saturn">Saturn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Uranus" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Uranus">Uranus</a> și <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Neptun" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Neptun">Neptun</a> față de Soare</div></div></div></div></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Sistemul_Solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistemul Solar">Sistemul Solar</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <p>Există opt planete în <a href="/wiki/Sistemul_Solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistemul Solar">Sistemul Solar</a>, în următoarea ordine a distanței față de Soare: </p> <ol><li>☿ <b><a href="/wiki/Mercur_(planet%C4%83)" title="Mercur (planetă)">Mercur</a></b></li> <li>♀ <b><a href="/wiki/Planeta_Venus" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Venus">Venus</a></b></li> <li>🜨 <b><a href="/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" title="Pământ">Pământ</a></b></li> <li>♂ <b><a href="/wiki/Planeta_Marte" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Marte">Marte</a></b></li> <li>♃ <b><a href="/wiki/Planeta_Jupiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Jupiter">Jupiter</a></b></li> <li>♄ <b><a href="/wiki/Planeta_Saturn" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Saturn">Saturn</a></b></li> <li>♅ <b><a href="/wiki/Planeta_Uranus" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Uranus">Uranus</a></b></li> <li>♆ <b><a href="/wiki/Planeta_Neptun" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Neptun">Neptun</a></b></li></ol> <p>Jupiter este cea mai mare, de 318 ori mai mare decât Pământul, în timp ce Mercur este cea mai mică, cu 0,055 din masa Pământului. </p><p>Planetele Sistemului Solar pot fi împărțite în categorii în funcție de compoziția lor: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83_teluric%C4%83" title="Planetă telurică">Telurice</a></b>: Planete care sunt similare cu Pământul, cu corpuri compuse în mare parte din rocă: Mercur, Venus, Pământ și Marte. La 0,055 din masa Pământului, Mercur este cea mai mică planetă telurică (și cea mai mică planetă) din Sistemul Solar. Pământul este cea mai mare planetă telurică.</li> <li><b>Planete gigant</b> (ioviene): Planete masive, semnificativ masive față de cele telurice: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptun. <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gigant_gazos" title="Gigant gazos">Gigant gazos</a></b>, Jupiter și Saturn sunt planete gigant compuse în principal din hidrogen și heliu și sunt cele mai masive planete din Sistemul Solar. Jupiter, care are de 318 ori masa Pământului, este cea mai mare planetă din Sistemul Solar, iar Saturn are de 95 de ori masa Pământului.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gigant_de_ghea%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Gigant de gheață">Gigant de gheață</a></b>, Uranus și Neptun, sunt compuse în principal din materiale cu punct de fierbere scăzut, cum ar fi apă, metan și amoniac, cu atmosfere groase de hidrogen și heliu. Au o masă semnificativ mai mică decât giganții gazoși (doar de 14 și 17 ori masa Pământului).</li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atribute_planetare">Atribute planetare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Modifică secțiunea: Atribute planetare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Atribute planetare"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th class="unsortable">Nume </th> <th>Diametrul<br />ecuatorial&#8201;<sup id="cite_ref-relativeearth_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relativeearth-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Masă&#8201;<sup id="cite_ref-relativeearth_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relativeearth-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Semiaxa_major%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiaxa majoră">Semiaxa majoră</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unitate_astronomic%C4%83" title="Unitate astronomică">AU</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Perioad%C4%83_orbital%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Perioadă orbitală">Perioadă orbitală</a><br />(ani)&#8201;<sup id="cite_ref-relativeearth_105-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relativeearth-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Enclina%C8%9Bie_orbital%C4%83" title="Înclinație orbitală">Înclinația spre<br />ecuatorul Soarelui</a> (°) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Excentricitate_orbital%C4%83" title="Excentricitate orbitală">Excentricitate<br />orbitală</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Perioad%C4%83_de_rota%C8%9Bie" title="Perioadă de rotație">Perioadă de rotație</a><br />(zile) </th> <th class="unsortable">Sateliți<br />confirmați&#8201;<sup id="cite_ref-Confirmed_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Confirmed-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Enclinare_axial%C4%83" title="Înclinare axială">Înclinare axială</a> (°) </th> <th class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/Inel_planetar" title="Inel planetar">Inele</a> </th> <th class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/Atmosfer%C4%83" title="Atmosferă">Atmosferă</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #DBFFDB;">1. </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mercur_(planet%C4%83)" title="Mercur (planetă)">Mercur</a> </td> <td>0,382 </td> <td>0,06 </td> <td>0,39 </td> <td>0,24 </td> <td>3,38 </td> <td>0,206 </td> <td>58,64 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0,04 </td> <td>nu </td> <td>minimă </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #DBFFDB;">2. </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Planeta_Venus" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Venus">Venus</a> </td> <td>0,949 </td> <td>0,82 </td> <td>0,72 </td> <td>0,62 </td> <td>3,86 </td> <td>0,007 </td> <td>−243,02 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>177,36 </td> <td>nu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dioxid_de_carbon" title="Dioxid de carbon">CO<sub>2</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen">N<sub>2</sub></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #DBFFDB;">3. </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" title="Pământ">Pământ</a>&#8201;<sup>(a)</sup> </td> <td>1,00 </td> <td>1,00 </td> <td>1,00 </td> <td>1,00 </td> <td>7,25 </td> <td>0,017 </td> <td>1,00 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luna" title="Luna">1</a> </td> <td>23,44 </td> <td>nu </td> <td>N<sub>2</sub>, <a href="/wiki/Oxigen" title="Oxigen">O<sub>2</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #DBFFDB;">4. </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Planeta_Marte" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Marte">Marte</a> </td> <td>0,532 </td> <td>0,11 </td> <td>1,52 </td> <td>1,88 </td> <td>5,65 </td> <td>0,093 </td> <td>1,03 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Marte" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Marte">2</a> </td> <td>25,19 </td> <td>nu </td> <td>CO<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>, Ar </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #FFEDDB;">5. </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Planeta_Jupiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Jupiter">Jupiter</a> </td> <td>11,209 </td> <td>317,8 </td> <td>5,20 </td> <td>11,86 </td> <td>6,09 </td> <td>0,048 </td> <td>0,41 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Jupiter" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Jupiter">79</a> </td> <td>3,13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inelele_lui_Jupiter" title="Inelele lui Jupiter">da</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">H<sub>2</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Heliu" title="Heliu">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #FFEDDB;">6. </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Planeta_Saturn" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Saturn">Saturn</a> </td> <td>9,449 </td> <td>95,2 </td> <td>9,54 </td> <td>29,46 </td> <td>5,51 </td> <td>0,054 </td> <td>0,43 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Saturn" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Saturn">82</a> </td> <td>26,73 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inelele_lui_Saturn" title="Inelele lui Saturn">da</a> </td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>, He </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #DDEEFF;">7. </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Planeta_Uranus" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Uranus">Uranus</a> </td> <td>4,007 </td> <td>14,6 </td> <td>19,22 </td> <td>84,01 </td> <td>6,48 </td> <td>0,047 </td> <td>−0,72 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Uranus" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Uranus">27</a> </td> <td>97,77 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inelele_lui_Uranus" title="Inelele lui Uranus">da</a> </td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>, He, <a href="/wiki/Metan" title="Metan">CH<sub>4</sub></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #DDEEFF;">8. </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Planeta_Neptun" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Neptun">Neptun</a> </td> <td>3,883 </td> <td>17,2 </td> <td>30,06 </td> <td>164,8 </td> <td>6,43 </td> <td>0,009 </td> <td>0,67 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Neptun" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Neptun">14</a> </td> <td>28,32 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inelele_lui_Neptun" title="Inelele lui Neptun">da</a> </td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>, He, CH<sub>4</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="13" style="text-align: left; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; padding: 10px 4px 5px 4px;">Legenda culorilor: <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:1px solid #8FFF8F; background-color:#DBFFDB; color:#DBFFDB;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83_teluric%C4%83" title="Planetă telurică">planete telurice</a></span>&#160;<span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:1px solid #FFC78F; background-color:#FFEDDB; color:#FFEDDB;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Gigant_gazos" title="Gigant gazos">gigante gazoase</a></span>&#160;<span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:1px solid #8FC7FF; background-color:#DDEEFF; color:#DDEEFF;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Gigant_de_ghea%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Gigant de gheață">gigante de gheață</a></span> <sup>(a)</sup>&#8201; Găsiți valori absolute în articolul <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" title="Pământ">Pământ</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exoplanete">Exoplanete</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Modifică secțiunea: Exoplanete" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Exoplanete"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet%C4%83" title="Exoplanetă">Exoplanetă</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_Proxima_Centauri_b_shown_hypothetically_as_an_arid_rocky_super-earth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_Proxima_Centauri_b_shown_hypothetically_as_an_arid_rocky_super-earth.jpg/300px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_Proxima_Centauri_b_shown_hypothetically_as_an_arid_rocky_super-earth.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_Proxima_Centauri_b_shown_hypothetically_as_an_arid_rocky_super-earth.jpg/450px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_Proxima_Centauri_b_shown_hypothetically_as_an_arid_rocky_super-earth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_Proxima_Centauri_b_shown_hypothetically_as_an_arid_rocky_super-earth.jpg/600px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_Proxima_Centauri_b_shown_hypothetically_as_an_arid_rocky_super-earth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Exoplaneta <a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri_b" title="Proxima Centauri b">Proxima Centauri b</a> care orbitează steaua <a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri" title="Proxima Centauri">Proxima Centauri</a>, care este steaua cea mai apropiată de Soare (4,244 ani-lumină).</figcaption></figure> <p>O exoplanetă (planetă extrasolară) este o planetă din afara Sistemului Solar. La 2 aprilie 2020 existau 4.241 de exoplanete confirmate în 3.139 de sisteme, din care 691 de sisteme au mai multe planete.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kepler1700_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kepler1700-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>La începutul anului 1992, radioastronomii Aleksander Wolszczan și Dale Frail au anunțat descoperirea a două planete care orbitează <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsarul</a> PSR 1257+12.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolszczan_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolszczan-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Această descoperire a fost confirmată și este în general considerată a fi prima detectare definitivă a exoplanetelor. Se crede că aceste planete pulsare s-au format din rămășițele unei supernovei care a produs pulsarul. </p><p>Prima descoperire confirmată a unei planete extrasolare orbitând o stea obișnuită cu secvență principală s-a produs la 6 octombrie 1995, când Michel Mayor și Didier Queloz de la Universitatea din Geneva au anunțat depistarea unei exoplanete în jurul stelei <a href="/wiki/51_Pegasi" title="51 Pegasi">51 Pegasi</a>. De atunci până la <a href="/wiki/Misiunea_Kepler" title="Misiunea Kepler">misiunea Kepler</a>, cele mai cunoscute planete extrasolare au fost giganți gazoși comparabili în masă cu Jupiter sau mai mari, deoarece au fost mai ușor detectat. Catalogul planetelor candidate Kepler constă în cea mai mare parte din planete de dimensiunea Neptunului sau mai mici, până la mai mici decât Mercur. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Artist%27s_impression_of_an_ultra-short-period_planet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Artist%27s_impression_of_an_ultra-short-period_planet.jpg/300px-Artist%27s_impression_of_an_ultra-short-period_planet.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Artist%27s_impression_of_an_ultra-short-period_planet.jpg/450px-Artist%27s_impression_of_an_ultra-short-period_planet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Artist%27s_impression_of_an_ultra-short-period_planet.jpg/600px-Artist%27s_impression_of_an_ultra-short-period_planet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5600" data-file-height="4800" /></a><figcaption>O exoplanetă cu o perioadă orbitală foarte scurtă. (concept artistic)</figcaption></figure> <p>Există noi categorii de planete pe care nu le găsim în Sistemul Solar: așa numitele <a href="/wiki/Super-P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-Pământ">Super-Pământ</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mini-Neptun&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mini-Neptun — pagină inexistentă">Mini-Neptun</a>, care ar putea fi stâncoase precum Pământul sau un amestec de gaze precum Neptun; o posibilă line de demarcare între cele două tipuri de planetă ar putea fi o rază de 1,75 ori mai mare decât Pământ.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Există Jupiteri fierbinți care orbitează foarte aproape de steaua lor și s-ar putea evapora devenind <a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83_chtonian%C4%83" title="Planetă chtoniană">planete chtoniene</a>, care sunt nucleele rămase. Un alt tip posibil de planetă sunt planetele de carbon, care se formează în sisteme cu o proporție mai mare de carbon decât în Sistemul Solar. </p><p>Un studiu din 2012, care analizează datele de microlentile gravitaționale estimează o medie de cel puțin 1,6 planete legate de fiecare stea din <a href="/wiki/Calea_Lactee" title="Calea Lactee">Calea Lactee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nature.com_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature.com-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>La 20 decembrie 2011, echipa <a href="/wiki/Misiunea_Kepler" title="Misiunea Kepler">telescopului spațial Kepler</a> a raportat descoperirea primelor exoplanete de dimensiunea Pământului: Kepler-20e și Kepler-20f,<sup id="cite_ref-Kepler20e-20111220_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kepler20e-20111220-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kepler20f-20111220_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kepler20f-20111220-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> care orbitează o stea asemănătoare Soarelui, Kepler-20.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20111220_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20111220-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nature-20111220_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-20111220-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20111220_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20111220-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Există exoplanete care sunt mult mai apropiate de steaua lor mamă decât orice planetă din Sistemul Solar de Soare și există și exoplanete care sunt mult mai îndepărtate de steaua lor. <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Mercur" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Mercur">Mercur</a>, cea mai apropiată planetă de Soare, la 0,4 AU, are o orbită de 88 de zile dar cele mai scurte orbite cunoscute pentru exoplanete durează doar câteva ore. Sistemul Kepler-11 are cinci dintre planetele sale pe orbite mai scurte decât ale lui Mercur, toate planetele fiind mult mai masive decât Mercur. <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Neptun" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Neptun">Neptun</a> este la 30 AU de Soare și are o orbită de 165 de ani dar există exoplanete care sunt la sute de AU de steaua lor și au o orbită de peste 1000 de ani, de exemplu 1RXS1609 b. </p> <div style="clear:both"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obiecte_de_masă_planetară"><span id="Obiecte_de_mas.C4.83_planetar.C4.83"></span>Obiecte de masă planetară</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Modifică secțiunea: Obiecte de masă planetară" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Obiecte de masă planetară"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/220px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/330px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/440px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="8000" /></a><figcaption>Planeta pitică <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluto (planetă pitică)">Pluto</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Artist%27s_View_of_a_Super-Jupiter_around_a_Brown_Dwarf_(2M1207).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Artist%27s_View_of_a_Super-Jupiter_around_a_Brown_Dwarf_%282M1207%29.jpg/220px-Artist%27s_View_of_a_Super-Jupiter_around_a_Brown_Dwarf_%282M1207%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Artist%27s_View_of_a_Super-Jupiter_around_a_Brown_Dwarf_%282M1207%29.jpg/330px-Artist%27s_View_of_a_Super-Jupiter_around_a_Brown_Dwarf_%282M1207%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Artist%27s_View_of_a_Super-Jupiter_around_a_Brown_Dwarf_%282M1207%29.jpg/440px-Artist%27s_View_of_a_Super-Jupiter_around_a_Brown_Dwarf_%282M1207%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2156" data-file-height="2696" /></a><figcaption>Super-Jupiter în jurul piticei cenușii 2M1207.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (concept artistic)</figcaption></figure> <p>Un <b>obiect de masă planetară</b> sau <b>corp planetar</b> este un obiect ceresc cu o masă care se încadrează în domeniul definiției unei planete: suficient de masiv pentru a atinge echilibrul hidrostatic (pentru a fi rotunjit sub propria gravitație), dar nu suficient pentru a susține fuziunea nucleului ca o stea.<sup id="cite_ref-Basri_Brown_2006_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basri_Brown_2006-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stern_Levison_2002_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern_Levison_2002-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Prin definiție, toate planetele sunt <i>obiecte de masă planetară</i>, dar scopul acestui termen este să se refere la obiecte care nu se conformează așteptărilor tipice pentru o planetă. Acestea includ <a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83" title="Planetă pitică">planete pitice</a>, care sunt rotunjite de propria lor gravitație dar nu sunt suficient de masive pentru a-și curăța propria orbită, sateliții mai mari și planetele orfane plutitoare libere care sunt ejectate dintr-un sistem sau obiecte formate prin colapsul nebuloasei și nu prin acreție (uneori numite sub-pitice cenușii). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planetă_pitică"><span id="Planet.C4.83_pitic.C4.83"></span>Planetă pitică</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Modifică secțiunea: Planetă pitică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Planetă pitică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83" title="Planetă pitică">Planetă pitică</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <p>O planetă pitică este un obiect de masă planetară care nu este nici planetă adevărată și nici satelit natural; se află pe orbita directă a unei stele și este suficient de masivă pentru ca gravitația sa să o comprime într-o formă hidrostatică echilibrată (de obicei un sferoid), dar nu a curățat vecinătatea orbitei sale de alte materiale. Alan Stern, care a propus termenul „planetă pitică”, a susținut că amplasarea nu ar trebui să conteze și că ar trebui luate în considerare doar atributele geofizice (definiția geofizică a planetei), și că planetele pitice sunt astfel un subtip al planetei. Cu toate acestea, UAI clasifică planetele pitice ca o categorie separată.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nu se cunoaște numărul planetelor pitice din Sistemul Solar. UAI a recunoscut trei (<a href="/wiki/Ceres_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" title="Ceres (planetă pitică)">Ceres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> și <a href="/wiki/Eris_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" title="Eris (planetă pitică)">Eris</a>) și a atribuit numirea a doi candidați suplimentari, <a href="/wiki/Haumea" class="mw-redirect" title="Haumea">Haumea</a> și <a href="/wiki/Makemake" class="mw-redirect" title="Makemake">Makemake</a>, comitetului de numire a planetelor pitice din cadrul UAI. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planetă_orfană"><span id="Planet.C4.83_orfan.C4.83"></span>Planetă orfană</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Modifică secțiunea: Planetă orfană" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Planetă orfană"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83_orfan%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetă orfană">Planetă orfană</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <p>Mai multe simulări computerizate ale formării stelare și a sistemului planetar au sugerat ca unele obiecte de masă planetară să fie ejectate în spațiul interstelar.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Unii oameni de știință au susținut că astfel de obiecte găsite în spațiul adânc ar trebui clasificate drept „planete”, deși alții au sugerat că ar trebui numite <a href="/wiki/Pitic%C4%83_cenu%C8%99ie" title="Pitică cenușie">pitice cenușii</a> cu masă scăzută.<sup id="cite_ref-Luhman_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luhman-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clavin_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clavin-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sub-pitică_cenușie"><span id="Sub-pitic.C4.83_cenu.C8.99ie"></span>Sub-pitică cenușie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Modifică secțiunea: Sub-pitică cenușie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Sub-pitică cenușie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Pitic%C4%83_cenu%C8%99ie#Sub-pitică_cenușie" title="Pitică cenușie">Pitică_cenușie#Sub-pitică_cenușie</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <p>Stelele se formează prin colapsul gravitațional al norilor de gaz, dar obiectele mai mici se pot forma și prin colapsul norului. Obiectele de masă planetară formate în acest fel sunt uneori numite sub-pitice cenușii.Sub-piticele cenușii pot fi plutitoare libere, cum ar fi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cha_110913-773444&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cha 110913-773444 — pagină inexistentă">Cha 110913-773444</a><sup id="cite_ref-Luhman_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luhman-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=OTS_44&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="OTS 44 — pagină inexistentă">OTS 44</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-joergens2013_AA558_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joergens2013_AA558-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> su pot orbita un obiect mare, cum ar fi 2MASS J04414489+2301513. </p><p>Sistemele binare ale sub-piticelor cenușii sunt teoretic posibile; inițial s-a crezut că <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oph_162225-240515&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Oph 162225-240515 — pagină inexistentă">Oph 162225-240515</a> era un sistem binar dintre o pitică cenușie de 14 mase Jupiter și o sub-pitică cenușie de 7 mase Jupiter, dar observațiile ulterioare au revizuit masele estimate în sus la peste 13 mase Jupiter, făcându-le pitice cenușii, conform definițiilor de lucru ale UAI.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foste_stele">Foste stele</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Modifică secțiunea: Foste stele" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Foste stele"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În <a href="/wiki/Stea_binar%C4%83" title="Stea binară">sistemele binare</a> una dintre stele poate pierde masă în favoarea însoțitorului mai greu. Steaua în scădere poate deveni apoi un obiect de masă planetară. Un exemplu este un obiect de masă Jupiter care orbitează pulsarul PSR J1719-1438.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Aceste pitice albe pot deveni planetă de heliu sau planetă de carbon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planetă_satelit"><span id="Planet.C4.83_satelit"></span>Planetă satelit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=24" title="Modifică secțiunea: Planetă satelit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Planetă satelit"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unii sateliți mari au dimensiuni similare sau mai mari decât <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Mercur" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Mercur">planeta Mercur</a>, de exemplu <a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_galileeni" title="Sateliții galileeni">sateliții galileeni</a> ai lui <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Jupiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Jupiter">Jupiter</a> și <a href="/wiki/Titan_(satelit)" title="Titan (satelit)">Titan</a>. Alan Stern a susținut că amplasarea nu ar trebui să conteze și că în definiția unei planete trebuie luate în considerare doar atributele geofizice și propune termenul de <i>planetă satelit</i> pentru un satelit de dimensiunea unei planete.<sup id="cite_ref-satelliteplanet_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-satelliteplanet-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planetă_capturată"><span id="Planet.C4.83_capturat.C4.83"></span>Planetă capturată</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=25" title="Modifică secțiunea: Planetă capturată" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Planetă capturată"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Planetele orfane din roiuri stelare au viteze similare cu stelele și astfel pot fi recapturate. De obicei, sunt captate pe orbite largi, între 100 și 10<sup>5</sup> AU. Eficiența de captare scade odată cu creșterea volumului roiului, iar pentru o anumită dimensiune a roiului eficiența de captare crește odată cu masa gazdei. Este aproape independent de masa planetară. Planetele singure și multiple pot fi capturate în orbite arbitrare nealiate, <a href="/wiki/Coplanaritate" title="Coplanaritate">necoplanare</a> între ele sau cu rotația gazdelor stelare.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atribute">Atribute</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=26" title="Modifică secțiunea: Atribute" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Atribute"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deși fiecare planetă are caracteristici fizice unice, există unele caracteristici comune între ele. Unele dintre aceste caracteristici, cum ar fi inelele sau sateliții naturali, au fost observate până acum doar la planetele din Sistemul Solar, în timp ce altele sunt observate în mod obișnuit și la planetele extrasolare. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caracteristici_dinamice">Caracteristici dinamice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=27" title="Modifică secțiunea: Caracteristici dinamice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Caracteristici dinamice"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orbită"><span id="Orbit.C4.83"></span>Orbită</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=28" title="Modifică secțiunea: Orbită" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Orbită"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Orbit%C4%83_(astronomie)" title="Orbită (astronomie)">Orbită (astronomie)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Venusorbitsolarsystem.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Venusorbitsolarsystem.gif" decoding="async" width="240" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Planeta_Venus" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Venus">Venus</a> orbitează Soarele de la o distanță medie de aproximativ 108 milioane de kilometri (aproximativ 0,7 AU) și completează o orbită la fiecare 224,65 zile. Venus se învârte în jurul Soarelui de aproximativ 1,6 ori (traseu galben) în cele 365 de zile ale Pământului (traseu albastru).</figcaption></figure> <p>Conform definițiilor actuale, toate planetele trebuie să se învârtă în jurul stelelor; prin urmare, orice planetă orfană este exclusă. În Sistemul Solar, toate planetele orbitează Soarele în aceeași direcție cu rotirea Soarelui (în sens invers acelor de ceasornic, așa cum se vede deasupra polului nord al Soarelui). A fost descoperită cel puțin o planetă extrasolară, <a href="/wiki/WASP-17b" title="WASP-17b">WASP-17b</a> care orbitează în direcția opusă rotației stelei sale.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perioada revoluției unei planete pe orbita sa este cunoscută sub denumirea de perioadă siderală sau an sideral.<sup id="cite_ref-young_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-young-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Un an pe o planetă depinde de distanța de steaua sa; cu cât o planetă este mai îndepărtată de steaua sa, nu numai că va avea o distanță mai mare de parcurs, dar va reduce și viteza deoarece va fi mai puțin afectată de <a href="/wiki/Gravita%C8%9Bie" title="Gravitație">gravitația</a> stelei. Nici o orbită a planetei nu este perfect circulară și, prin urmare, distanța fiecăreia variază de-a lungul anului. Cea mai apropiată abordare a stelei sale se numește <a href="/wiki/Apsid%C4%83" title="Apsidă">periapsă</a> (periheliu în Sistemul Solar), în timp ce cea mai mare îndepărtare de stea se numește <a href="/wiki/Apsid%C4%83" title="Apsidă">apoapsă</a> (afeliu). Pe măsură ce o planetă se apropie de periapsidă, viteza sa crește pe măsură ce energia gravitațională se transformă în energie cinetică, la fel cum un obiect care cade pe Pământ accelerează pe măsură ce cade; pe măsură ce planeta atinge apoapsida, viteza sa scade, la fel cum un obiect aruncat în sus pe Pământ încetinește, când atinge vârful traiectoriei sale.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orbita fiecărei planete este definită de un set de elemente: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Excentricitate_orbital%C4%83" title="Excentricitate orbitală">Excentricitatea</a></i> unei orbite descrie modul în care est alungită orbita unei planete. Planetele cu excentricități scăzute au orbite mai circulare, în timp ce planetele cu excentricități ridicate au orbite mai eliptice. Planetele din Sistemul Solar au excentricități foarte scăzute și deci aproape orbite circulare.<sup id="cite_ref-young_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-young-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Comet%C4%83" title="Cometă">Cometele</a> și obiectele <a href="/wiki/Centura_Kuiper" title="Centura Kuiper">centurii Kuiper</a> (precum și mai multe planete extrasolare) au excentricități foarte mari și deci orbite extrem de eliptice.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Semimajoraxis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Semimajoraxis.svg/220px-Semimajoraxis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Semimajoraxis.svg/330px-Semimajoraxis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Semimajoraxis.svg/440px-Semimajoraxis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="87" /></a><figcaption>Ilustrarea unei semiaxe majore</figcaption></figure> <i><a href="/wiki/Semiaxa_mare" title="Semiaxa mare">Semiaxa majoră</a></i> este distanța de la o planetă la jumătatea celui mai mare diametru al orbitei sale eliptice (vezi imaginea). Această distanță nu este aceeași cu apoapsida sa, deoarece nici o orbită a planetei nu are steaua exact în centrul ei.<sup id="cite_ref-young_127-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-young-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Enclina%C8%9Bie_orbital%C4%83" title="Înclinație orbitală">Înclinația</a></i> unei planete indică cât de departe este orbita sa deasupra sau sub un plan de referință. În Sistemul Solar, planul de referință este planul orbitei Pământului, numit ecliptic. Pentru planetele extrasolare, planul, cunoscut sub numele de <i>planul cerului</i> sau <i>planul celest</i>, este planul perpendicular pe linia de vedere a observatorului de pe Terra.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Toate cele opt planete ale Sistemului Solar se află foarte aproape de ecliptică; cometele și obiectele centurii Kuiper precum Pluto sunt cu unghiuri mult mai mari față de aceasta.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Punctele în care o planetă își traversează planul de referință deasupra și dedesubt se numesc noduri ascendente și descendente.<sup id="cite_ref-young_127-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-young-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Longitudinea nodului ascendent este unghiul dintre longitudinea zero a planului de referință și nodul ascendent al planetei. Argumentul periapsei (sau periheliu în Sistemul Solar) este unghiul dintre nodul ascendent a planetei și cea mai mare apropiere de steaua sa.<sup id="cite_ref-young_127-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-young-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Înclinare_axială"><span id=".C3.8Enclinare_axial.C4.83"></span>Înclinare axială</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=29" title="Modifică secțiunea: Înclinare axială" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Înclinare axială"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Enclinare_axial%C4%83" title="Înclinare axială">Înclinare axială</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:AxialTiltObliquity.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/AxialTiltObliquity.png/220px-AxialTiltObliquity.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/AxialTiltObliquity.png/330px-AxialTiltObliquity.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/AxialTiltObliquity.png/440px-AxialTiltObliquity.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Enclinare_axial%C4%83" title="Înclinare axială">Înclinarea axială</a> a Pământului este de aproximativ 23,4°. Oscilează între 22,1° și 24,5° la un ciclu de 41.000 de ani și în prezent este în scădere.</figcaption></figure> <p>Planetele au, de asemenea, diferite grade de înclinare axială: se află într-un anumit unghi față de planul ecuatorului stelelor lor. Acesta variază cantitatea de lumină primită de fiecare emisferă pe tot parcursul anului; atunci când emisfera nordică nu este îndreptată spre steaua sa, emisfera sudică indică spre ea și invers. Prin urmare, fiecare planetă are anotimpuri: schimbări de climă pe tot parcursul anului. Momentul în care fiecare emisferă este cea mai îndepărtată sau mai apropiată de steaua sa se numește <a href="/wiki/Solsti%C8%9Biu" title="Solstițiu">solstițiu</a>. Fiecare planetă are două solstiții pe parcursul unui an; când o emisferă are solstițiul de vară (ziua este mai lungă), cealaltă are solstițiul de iarnă (ziua este mai scurtă). </p><p>Cantitatea variabilă de lumină și căldură primită de fiecare emisferă creează modificări anuale ale modelelor meteorologice pentru fiecare jumătate a planetei. Înclinarea axială a lui <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Jupiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Jupiter">Jupiter</a> este foarte mică, deci variația sa sezonieră este minimă. <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Uranus" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Uranus">Uranus</a>, în schimb, are o înclinare axială atât de extremă încât emisferele sale sunt fie perpetuu în lumina soarelui, fie perpetuu în întuneric în momentul solstițiilor sale.<sup id="cite_ref-Weather_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weather-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Printre planetele extrasolare, înclinațiile axiale nu sunt cunoscute cu certitudine, deși majoritatea Jupiterelor fierbinți se consideră că au o înclinare axială neglijabilă sau zero ca urmare a apropierii lor de stele.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rotație"><span id="Rota.C8.9Bie"></span>Rotație</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=30" title="Modifică secțiunea: Rotație" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Rotație"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Planetele se rotesc în jurul axelor invizibile care trec prin centrele lor. <a href="/wiki/Perioad%C4%83_de_rota%C8%9Bie" title="Perioadă de rotație">Perioada de rotație</a> a unei planete este cunoscută sub numele de <a href="/wiki/Zi" title="Zi">zi stelară</a>. Majoritatea planetelor din Sistemul Solar se rotesc în aceeași direcție cu care orbitează Soarele, care este în sens contrar acelor de ceasornic, așa cum se vede de deasupra polului nord al Soarelui, excepțiile fiind <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Venus" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Venus">Venus</a><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> și Uranus,<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> care se rotesc în sensul acelor de ceasornic, deși înclinarea axială extremă a lui Uranus duce la convenții diferite despre care dintre polii săi reprezintă „nordul” și, prin urmare, dacă planeta se rotește în sensul acelor de ceasornic sau în sens contrar acelor de ceasornic.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Indiferent de convenția folosită, Uranus are o rotație retrogradă în raport cu orbita sa. </p><p>Rotația unei planete poate fi indusă de mai mulți factori în timpul formării. Un <a href="/wiki/Moment_cinetic" title="Moment cinetic">moment cinetic</a> rezultat poate fi indus de contribuțiile individuale ale momentelor cinetice ale obiectelor acumulate. Acumularea de gaz de către planetele gigant poate contribui și la momentul cinetic. În cele din urmă, în ultimele etape ale formării planetei, un <a href="/wiki/Proces_stohastic" title="Proces stohastic">proces stohastic</a> de accreție protoplanetară poate modifica aleatoriu axa de rotație a planetei.<sup id="cite_ref-araa31_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-araa31-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perioadele de rotație ale planetelor extrasolare nu sunt cunoscute. Cu toate acestea, pentru Jupiterii „fierbinți”, proximitatea față de steaua lor înseamnă că se află în cuplaj mare, adică orbitele lor sunt în sincronizare cu rotațiile lor. Ca urmare, ele arată doar o față către stelele lor, cu o parte continuu ziua și cealaltă parte continuu noaptea.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Curățarea_orbitală"><span id="Cur.C4.83.C8.9Barea_orbital.C4.83"></span>Curățarea orbitală</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=31" title="Modifică secțiunea: Curățarea orbitală" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Curățarea orbitală"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Caracteristica dinamică definitorie a unei planete este aceea că <i>și-a curățat vecinătatea</i>. O planetă care și-a curățat vecinătatea a acumulat suficientă masă pentru a aduna sau a îndepărta toate planetezimalele de pe orbita sa. Această caracteristică a fost stabilită ca parte a definiției oficiale a unei planete de către IAU în august 2006. Criteriu exclude corpurile planetare <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluto (planetă pitică)">Pluto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eris_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" title="Eris (planetă pitică)">Eris</a> și <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" title="Ceres (planetă pitică)">Ceres</a> din rândul planetelor, acestea clasificându-se ca <a href="/wiki/Planete_pitice" class="mw-redirect" title="Planete pitice">planete pitice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IAU_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAU-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Deși până în prezent, acest criteriu se aplică numai Sistemului Solar, au fost găsite o serie de sisteme extrasolare tinere în care dovezile sugerează o curățare orbitală în discurile lor circumstanțiale.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caracteristici_fizice">Caracteristici fizice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=32" title="Modifică secțiunea: Caracteristici fizice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Caracteristici fizice"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Masă"><span id="Mas.C4.83"></span>Masă</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=33" title="Modifică secțiunea: Masă" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Masă"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Planet_Size_Comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Planet_Size_Comparison.jpg/350px-Planet_Size_Comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Planet_Size_Comparison.jpg/525px-Planet_Size_Comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Planet_Size_Comparison.jpg/700px-Planet_Size_Comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Dimensiunea planetelor din Sistemul Solar</figcaption></figure> <p>O caracteristică fizică definitorie a unei planete este aceea că are suficientă masă pentru ca forța propriei sale <a href="/wiki/Gravita%C8%9Bie" title="Gravitație">gravitații</a> să domine <a href="/wiki/For%C8%9B%C4%83_electromagnetic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Forță electromagnetică">forțele electromagnetice</a> care unesc structura sa fizică, ceea ce duce la o stare de <a href="/wiki/Echilibru_hidrostatic" title="Echilibru hidrostatic">echilibru hidrostatic</a>. Acest lucru înseamnă că toate planetele sunt sferice sau sferoidale. Până la o anumită masă, un obiect poate avea formă neregulată, dar dincolo de acel punct, care variază în funcție de <a href="/wiki/Compozi%C8%9Bie_chimic%C4%83" title="Compoziție chimică">compoziția sa chimică</a>, gravitația începe să atragă obiectul spre centrul său de masă până când obiectul se prăbușește într-o sferă.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Masa este, de asemenea, atributul principal prin care planetele se disting de <a href="/wiki/Stea" title="Stea">stele</a>. Limita de masă superioară pentru planete este de aproximativ 13 ori mai mare decât masa planetei <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Jupiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Jupiter">Jupiter</a> (MJ) pentru obiectele cu abundență naturală similară cu Soarele, dincolo de care atinge condiții adecvate pentru <a href="/wiki/Fuziune_nuclear%C4%83" title="Fuziune nucleară">fuziunea nucleară</a>. În Sistemul Solar, în afară de Soare, nu există obiecte de masă asemănătoare, însă există exoplanete de această dimensiune. Limita de masă de 13 MJ nu este convenită în mod universal, iar Enciclopedia Planetelor Extrasolare include obiecte de până la 60 de MJ,<sup id="cite_ref-Jupiter60_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jupiter60-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> iar în timp ce Exoplanet Data Explorer consideră până la 24 MJ.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cea mai mică planetă cunoscută este <a href="/w/index.php?title=PSR_B1257%2B12A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="PSR B1257+12A — pagină inexistentă">PSR B1257+12A</a>, una dintre primele planete extrasolare descoperite, care a fost găsită în 1992 pe orbită în jurul unui <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsar</a>. Masa sa este aproximativ jumătate din cea a planetei <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Mercur" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Mercur">Mercur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopaedia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cea mai mică planetă cunoscută care orbitează o stea cu secvență principală, alta decât Soarele, este <a href="/wiki/Kepler-37b" title="Kepler-37b">Kepler-37b</a>, cu o masă (și o rază) puțin mai mari decât cea a <a href="/wiki/Luna" title="Luna">Lunii</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diferențiere_internă"><span id="Diferen.C8.9Biere_intern.C4.83"></span>Diferențiere internă</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=34" title="Modifică secțiunea: Diferențiere internă" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Diferențiere internă"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Jupiter_interior.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Jupiter_interior.png/170px-Jupiter_interior.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Jupiter_interior.png/255px-Jupiter_interior.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Jupiter_interior.png/340px-Jupiter_interior.png 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Ilustrație a interiorului lui Jupiter, cu un miez stâncos suprapus de un strat adânc de hidrogen metalic</figcaption></figure> <p>Fiecare planetă și-a început existența într-o stare complet fluidă; la începutul formării, materialele mai dense și mai grele s-au scufundat în centru lăsând materialele mai ușoare aproape de suprafață. Prin urmare, fiecare are un interior diferențiat, format dintr-un miez dens planetar înconjurat de o manta care este sau era fluidă. Planetele telurice sunt sigilate cu cruste dure,<sup id="cite_ref-terrestrial_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terrestrial-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> iar la planetele gigant, mantaua se dizolvă pur și simplu în straturile superioare ale norilor. Planetele telurice au nuclee din elemente precum <a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">fierul</a> și <a href="/wiki/Nichel" title="Nichel">nichelul</a> și mantale de <a href="/wiki/Silicat" title="Silicat">silicați</a>. </p><p>Se crede că <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Jupiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Jupiter">Jupiter</a> și <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Saturn" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Saturn">Saturn</a> au nuclee de rocă și metal înconjurate de manta de hidrogen metalic.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Uranus" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Uranus">Uranus</a> și <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Neptun" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Neptun">Neptun</a>, care sunt mai mici, au nuclee stâncoase înconjurate de manta de apă, amoniac, metan și alte substanțe volatile cu puncte de topire de peste 100 K.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Acțiunea fluidelor interne în nucleele planetelor creează un geodinam, care generează un <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mp_magnetic" title="Câmp magnetic">câmp magnetic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-terrestrial_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terrestrial-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Atmosferă"><span id="Atmosfer.C4.83"></span>Atmosferă</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=35" title="Modifică secțiunea: Atmosferă" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Atmosferă"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Atmosfer%C4%83" title="Atmosferă">Atmosferă</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg/220px-Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg/330px-Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg/440px-Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3027" data-file-height="2010" /></a><figcaption>Atmosfera Terrei</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Mars_atmosphere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Mars_atmosphere.jpg/220px-Mars_atmosphere.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Mars_atmosphere.jpg/330px-Mars_atmosphere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Mars_atmosphere.jpg/440px-Mars_atmosphere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="1349" /></a><figcaption>Atmosfera subțirea a planetei Marte</figcaption></figure> <p>Toate planetele Sistemului Solar, cu excepția lui <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Mercur" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Mercur">Mercur</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> au atmosfere substanțiale, deoarece gravitația lor este suficient de puternică pentru a menține gazele aproape de suprafața planetei. Planetele gigant mai mari sunt suficient de masive pentru a păstra cantități mari de gaze ușoare hidrogen și heliu, în timp ce planetele mai mici pierd aceste gaze în spațiu.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Compoziția atmosferei Pământului este diferită de celelalte planete, deoarece diferitele procese de viață care au avut loc pe planetă au introdus <a href="/wiki/Oxigen" title="Oxigen">oxigen</a> molecular liber.<sup id="cite_ref-zeilik_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zeilik-149"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Atmosfera lui Mercur a fost în cea mai mare parte (dar nu în întregime), măturată de <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2ntul_solar" title="Vântul solar">vântul solar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Atmosfera planetară este afectată de diferite grade de energie primite atât de la Soare, cât și din interiorul său, ceea ce duce la formarea de sisteme meteorologice dinamice, cum ar fi <a href="/wiki/Uragan" title="Uragan">uraganele</a> (pe Pământ), furtuni de praf la nivel planetar (pe Marte), un anticiclon mai mare decât Pământul pe Jupiter (numit <a href="/wiki/Marea_Pat%C4%83_Ro%C8%99ie" title="Marea Pată Roșie">Marea Pată Roșie</a>) și găuri în atmosferă (pe Neptun).<sup id="cite_ref-Weather_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weather-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cel puțin o planetă extrasolară, HD 189733 b, a fost identificată cu un astfel de sistem meteorologic, similar cu Marea Pata Roșie, dar de două ori mai mare.<sup id="cite_ref-knutson_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knutson-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>S-a observat că Jupiterii fierbinți își pierd atmosfera în spațiu din cauza radiațiilor stelare, la fel cum se întâmplă cu cozile cometelor.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Aceste planete pot avea mari diferențe de temperatură între zi și noapte, ceea ce produce vânturi supersonice.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Magnetosferă"><span id="Magnetosfer.C4.83"></span>Magnetosferă</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=36" title="Modifică secțiunea: Magnetosferă" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Magnetosferă"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Magnetosfer%C4%83" title="Magnetosferă">Magnetosferă</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fi%C8%99ier:Structure_of_the_magnetosphere_LanguageSwitch.svg&amp;lang=en" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Structure_of_the_magnetosphere_LanguageSwitch.svg/220px-Structure_of_the_magnetosphere_LanguageSwitch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Structure_of_the_magnetosphere_LanguageSwitch.svg/330px-Structure_of_the_magnetosphere_LanguageSwitch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Structure_of_the_magnetosphere_LanguageSwitch.svg/440px-Structure_of_the_magnetosphere_LanguageSwitch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>Magnetosfera Pământului (diagramă)</figcaption></figure> <p>O caracteristică importantă a planetelor este <a href="/wiki/Moment_magnetic" title="Moment magnetic">momentul magnetic</a> intrinsec, care la rândul său dă naștere magnetosferelor. Prezența unui câmp magnetic indică faptul că planeta este încă vie din punct de vedere geologic. Cu alte cuvinte, planetele magnetizate au fluxuri de materiale conductoare electrice în interiorul lor, generând câmpuri magnetice. Aceste câmpuri modifică semnificativ interacțiunea dintre planetă și vântul solar. O planetă magnetizată creează o cavitate în vântul solar din jur, numită magnetosferă, pe care vântul nu o poate penetra. Magnetosfera poate fi mult mai mare decât planeta însăși. În schimb, planetele nemagnetizate au doar magnetosfere mici induse de interacțiunea ionosferei cu vântul solar, care nu poate proteja eficient planeta.<sup id="cite_ref-Kivelson2007_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kivelson2007-155"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dintre cele opt planete din Sistemul Solar, numai <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Venus" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Venus">Venus</a> și <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Marte" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Marte">Marte</a> nu au un astfel de câmp magnetic.<sup id="cite_ref-Kivelson2007_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kivelson2007-155"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În plus, satelitul lui Jupiter <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(satelit)" title="Ganymede (satelit)">Ganymede</a> are, de asemenea, una. Dintre planetele magnetizate, câmpul magnetic al Mercur este cel mai slab și abia reușește să devieze vântul solar. Câmpul magnetic al lui Ganymede este de câteva ori mai mare, iar cel al lui Jupiter este cel mai puternic din Sistemul Solar (atât de puternic, încât prezintă un risc grav pentru sănătatea viitoarelor misiuni cu echipaj către sateliții să). Câmpurile magnetice ale celorlalte planete gigant sunt aproximativ similare cu cel al Pământului, dar momentele lor magnetice sunt semnificativ mai mari. Câmpurile magnetice ale lui Uranus și Neptun sunt înclinate puternic în raport cu axa de rotație și deplasate din centrul planetei.<sup id="cite_ref-Kivelson2007_155-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kivelson2007-155"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>În 2004, o echipă de astronomi din Hawaii a observat o planetă extrasolară în jurul stelei HD 179949, care părea să creeze o pată pe suprafața stelei sale. Echipa a emis ipoteza că magnetosfera planetei transfera energie pe suprafața stelei, crescând temperatura deja ridicată de 7.760 °C cu încă 400 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caracteristici_secundare">Caracteristici secundare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=37" title="Modifică secțiunea: Caracteristici secundare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Caracteristici secundare"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articole principale: <a href="/wiki/Satelit_natural" title="Satelit natural">Satelit natural</a> și <a href="/wiki/Inel_planetar" title="Inel planetar">Inel planetar</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:PIA17172_Saturn_eclipse_mosaic_bright_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/PIA17172_Saturn_eclipse_mosaic_bright_crop.jpg/440px-PIA17172_Saturn_eclipse_mosaic_bright_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/PIA17172_Saturn_eclipse_mosaic_bright_crop.jpg/660px-PIA17172_Saturn_eclipse_mosaic_bright_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/PIA17172_Saturn_eclipse_mosaic_bright_crop.jpg/880px-PIA17172_Saturn_eclipse_mosaic_bright_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8400" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption>Setul complet de <a href="/wiki/Inelele_lui_Saturn" title="Inelele lui Saturn">inele ale lui Saturn</a> așa cum s-a văzut de pe <i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a></i>, la 1,2 milioane km distanță, la 19 iulie 2013, în timp ce Saturn a eclipsat Soarele (luminozitatea este exagerată). Pământul apare ca un punct la ora 4, între inelele G și E.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mai multe planete sau planete pitice din Sistemul Solar (cum ar fi Neptun și Pluto) au perioade orbitale care sunt în rezonanță unele cu altele sau cu corpuri mai mici (acest lucru este de asemenea comun în sistemele de satelit). Toate cu excepția lui Mercur și Venus au sateliți naturali, adesea numiți „luni”. Pământul are una, Marte are două, iar planetele gigant au numeroase luni în sisteme complexe de tip planetar. Multe luni ale planetelor gigant au caracteristici similare cu cele ale planetele telurice și ale planetelor pitice, iar unele au fost studiate ca locații posibile pentru viață (în special <a href="/wiki/Europa_(satelit)" title="Europa (satelit)">Europa</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Grasset2000_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grasset2000-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fortes2000_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortes2000-158"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cele patru planete gigant sunt, de asemenea, orbitate de <a href="/wiki/Inel_planetar" title="Inel planetar">inele planetare</a> de dimensiuni și complexități variate. Inelele sunt compuse în principal din praf sau particule, dar pot găzdui mici „luni” a căror gravitație le formează și le menține structura. Deși originea inelelor planetare nu este cunoscută cu exactitate, se crede că acestea sunt rezultatul sateliților naturali care au căzut sub <a href="/wiki/Limita_Roche" class="mw-redirect" title="Limita Roche">limita Roche</a> a planetei părinte și au fost dezintegrate de forțele de maree.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nu au fost observate caracteristici secundare în jurul planetelor extrasolare. Cu toate acestea, sub-pitica cenușie <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cha_110913-773444&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cha 110913-773444 — pagină inexistentă">Cha 110913-773444</a>, care a fost descrisă ca o planetă orfană, se crede că este orbitată de un mic <a href="/wiki/Disc_protoplanetar" title="Disc protoplanetar">disc protoplanetar</a><sup id="cite_ref-Luhman_117-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luhman-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> iar despre sub-pitica cenușie <a href="/w/index.php?title=OTS_44&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="OTS 44 — pagină inexistentă">OTS 44</a> s-a dovedit că este înconjurată de un disc protoplanetară substanțial de cel puțin 10 mase de Pământ.<sup id="cite_ref-joergens2013_AA558_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joergens2013_AA558-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=38" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corpuri_cere%C8%99ti" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpuri cerești">Corpuri cerești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istoria_astronomiei" title="Istoria astronomiei">Istoria astronomiei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lista_corpurilor_cere%C8%99ti" class="mw-redirect" title="Lista corpurilor cerești">Lista corpurilor cerești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83_inferioar%C4%83" title="Planetă inferioară">Planetă inferioară</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83_superioar%C4%83" title="Planetă superioară">Planetă superioară</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83" title="Planetă pitică">Planetă pitică</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83_dubl%C4%83" title="Planetă dublă">Planetă dublă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83_minor%C4%83" title="Planetă minoră">Planetă minoră</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_noua_planet%C4%83" title="A noua planetă">A noua planetă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem solar">Sistem solar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Locuibilitatea_planetar%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Locuibilitatea planetară — pagină inexistentă">Locuibilitatea planetară</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=39" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <small><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Potrivit IAU de definire a planetei.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-footnoteA-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-footnoteA_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">This definition is drawn from two separate <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Astronomical Union">IAU</a> declarations; a formal definition agreed by the IAU in 2006, and an informal working definition established by the IAU in 2001/2003 for objects outside of the Solar System. The official 2006 definition applies only to the Solar System, whereas the 2003 definition applies to planets around other stars. The extrasolar planet issue was deemed too complex to resolve at the 2006 IAU conference.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1in5sunlike-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1in5sunlike_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1in5sunlike_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">For the purpose of this 1 in 5 statistic, "Sun-like" means G-type star. Data for Sun-like stars wasn't available so this statistic is an extrapolation from data about <a href="/w/index.php?title=K-type_star&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="K-type star — pagină inexistentă">K-type stars</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1in5habitable-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1in5habitable_15-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">For the purpose of this 1 in 5 statistic, "habitable zone" means the region with 0.25 to 4 times Earth's stellar flux (corresponding to 0.5–2 AU for the Sun).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-footnoteB-72"><b><a href="#cite_ref-footnoteB_72-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Referred to by Huygens as a <i>Planetes novus</i> ("new planet") in his <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/HST/Huygens/huygens-text.htm"><i>Systema Saturnium</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-footnoteC-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-footnoteC_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-footnoteC_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Both labelled <i>nouvelles planètes</i> (new planets) by Cassini in his <i>Découverte de deux nouvelles planetes autour de Saturne</i><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-footnoteD-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-footnoteD_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-footnoteD_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Both once referred to as "planets" by Cassini in his <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/101844"><i>An Extract of the Journal Des Scavans...</i></a>. The term "satellite" had already begun to be used to distinguish such bodies from those around which they orbited ("primary planets").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-relativeearth-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-relativeearth_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-relativeearth_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-relativeearth_105-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Măsurat relativ la Terra.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Confirmed-107"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Confirmed_107-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Jupiter has the most verified satellites (79) in the Solar System.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheppard_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheppard-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></small> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referințe"><span id="Referin.C8.9Be"></span>Referințe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=40" title="Modifică secțiunea: Referințe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=40" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Referințe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <small><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Un corp ceresc se rotunjește datorită propriei sale gravitații, după ce diametrul său depășește 600 km.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAU-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IAU_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAU_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAU_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAU_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau0603/">„IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes”</a>. International Astronomical Union. <time datetime="2006">2006</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-12-30">30 decembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=IAU+2006+General+Assembly%3A+Result+of+the+IAU+Resolution+votes&amp;rft.pub=International+Astronomical+Union&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iau.org%2Fnews%2Fpressreleases%2Fdetail%2Fiau0603%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSGESP-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WSGESP_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WSGESP_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060916161707/http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/boss/definition.html">„Working Group on Extrasolar Planets (WGESP) of the International Astronomical Union”</a>. <i>IAU</i>. <time datetime="2001">2001</time>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/boss/definition.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2006-09-16">16 septembrie 2006</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2008-08-23">23 august 2008</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=IAU&amp;rft.atitle=Working+Group+on+Extrasolar+Planets+%28WGESP%29+of+the+International+Astronomical+Union&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtm.ciw.edu%2Fboss%2Fdefinition.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/05/10/kepler-finds-new-planets/84187098/">„NASA discovery doubles the number of known planets”</a>. <i>USA TODAY</i>. <time datetime="2016-05-10">10 mai 2016</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Accesat în <time datetime="2016-05-19">19 mai 2016</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+Astronomy+and+Cosmology&amp;rft.pub=The+Library+of+Congress&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Ffinding-our-place-in-the-cosmos-with-carl-sagan%2Farticles-and-essays%2Fmodeling-the-cosmos%2Fancient-greek-astronomy-and-cosmology&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=pla/nhs"><span lang="grc" style="font-style:italic">πλάνης</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=planh/ths"><span lang="grc" style="font-style:italic">πλανήτης</span></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Liddell&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Liddell — pagină inexistentă">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Scott_(philologist)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Scott (philologist) — pagină inexistentă">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="A Greek–English Lexicon — pagină inexistentă">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perseus_Project&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perseus Project — pagină inexistentă">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/planet">„Definition of planet”</a>. Merriam-Webster OnLine<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2007-07-23">23 iulie 2007</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Definition+of+planet&amp;rft.pub=Merriam-Webster+OnLine&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fplanet&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/planet">„<i>Planet</i> Etymology”</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictionary.com&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictionary.com — pagină inexistentă">dictionary.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2015-06-29">29 iunie 2015</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Planet+Etymology&amp;rft.btitle=dictionary.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fplanet&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oed_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50180718?query_type=word&amp;queryword=planet">„planet, n”</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. <time datetime="2007">2007</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2008-02-07">7 februarie 2008</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=planet%2C+n&amp;rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.oed.com%2Fcgi%2Fentry%2F50180718%3Fquery_type%3Dword%26queryword%3Dplanet&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> <i>Note: select the Etymology tab </i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Neugebauer, Otto E. (<time datetime="1945">1945</time>). „The History of Ancient Astronomy Problems and Methods”. <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 1–38. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F370729">10.1086/370729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=The+History+of+Ancient+Astronomy+Problems+and+Methods&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=1-38&amp;rft.date=1945&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F370729&amp;rft.aulast=Neugebauer&amp;rft.aufirst=Otto+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ronan, Colin. „Astronomy Before the Telescope”. <i>Astronomy in China, Korea and Japan</i> (ed. Walker). pp.&#160;264–265.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Astronomy+Before+the+Telescope&amp;rft.btitle=Astronomy+in+China%2C+Korea+and+Japan&amp;rft.pages=264-265&amp;rft.edition=Walker&amp;rft.aulast=Ronan&amp;rft.aufirst=Colin&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kuhn, Thomas S. (<time datetime="1957">1957</time>). <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copernicanrevolu0008kuhn"><i>The Copernican Revolution</i><span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Necesită înregistrare gratuită"><img alt="Necesită înregistrare gratuită" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></a></span>. Harvard University Press. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copernicanrevolu0008kuhn/page/5">5–20</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-674-17103-9" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-674-17103-9">978-0-674-17103-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Copernican+Revolution&amp;rft.pages=5-20&amp;rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1957&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-674-17103-9&amp;rft.aulast=Kuhn&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopernicanrevolu0008kuhn&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-practice-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-practice_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-practice_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-practice_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-practice_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Evans, James (<time datetime="1998">1998</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=nS51_7qbEWsC&amp;pg=PA17"><i>The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp.&#160;296–7. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-19-509539-5" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-19-509539-5">978-0-19-509539-5</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2008-02-04">4 februarie 2008</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+History+and+Practice+of+Ancient+Astronomy&amp;rft.pages=296-7&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-509539-5&amp;rft.aulast=Evans&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DnS51_7qbEWsC%26pg%3DPA17&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Francesca Rochberg (<time datetime="2000">2000</time>). „Astronomy and Calendars in Ancient Mesopotamia”. În Jack Sasson. <i>Civilizations of the Ancient Near East</i>. <b>III</b>. p.&#160;1930.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Astronomy+and+Calendars+in+Ancient+Mesopotamia&amp;rft.btitle=Civilizations+of+the+Ancient+Near+East&amp;rft.pages=1930&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.au=Francesca+Rochberg&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-book-30"><b><a href="#cite_ref-book_30-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Holden, James Herschel (<time datetime="1996">1996</time>). <i>A History of Horoscopic Astrology</i>. AFA. p.&#160;1. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-86690-463-6" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-86690-463-6">978-0-86690-463-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Horoscopic+Astrology&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft.pub=AFA&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-86690-463-6&amp;rft.aulast=Holden&amp;rft.aufirst=James+Herschel&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hermann Hunger, ed. (<time datetime="1992">1992</time>). <i>Astrological reports to Assyrian kings</i>. State Archives of Assyria. <b>8</b>. Helsinki University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-951-570-130-5" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-951-570-130-5">978-951-570-130-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Astrological+reports+to+Assyrian+kings&amp;rft.series=State+Archives+of+Assyria&amp;rft.pub=Helsinki+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.isbn=978-951-570-130-5&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lambert, W. G.; Reiner, Erica (<time datetime="1987">1987</time>). „Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part One. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablet 63: The Venus Tablet of Ammisaduqa”. <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>107</b> (1): 93–96. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F602955">10.2307/602955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&amp;rft.atitle=Babylonian+Planetary+Omens.+Part+One.+Enuma+Anu+Enlil%2C+Tablet+63%3A+The+Venus+Tablet+of+Ammisaduqa.&amp;rft.volume=107&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=93-96&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F602955&amp;rft.aulast=Lambert&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+G.&amp;rft.au=Reiner%2C+Erica&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ancientmes-33"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ancientmes_33-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kasak, Enn; Veede, Raul (<time datetime="2001">2001</time>). Mare Kõiva; Andres Kuperjanov, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.folklore.ee/Folklore/vol16/planets.pdf">„Understanding Planets in Ancient Mesopotamia”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Electronic Journal of Folklore</i>. <b>16</b>: 7–35. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7592%2Ffejf2001.16.planets">10.7592/fejf2001.16.planets</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2008-02-06">6 februarie 2008</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Electronic+Journal+of+Folklore&amp;rft.atitle=Understanding+Planets+in+Ancient+Mesopotamia&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.pages=7-35&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7592%2Ffejf2001.16.planets&amp;rft.au=Kasak%2C+Enn&amp;rft.au=Veede%2C+Raul&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.folklore.ee%2FFolklore%2Fvol16%2Fplanets.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">A. Sachs (<time datetime="1974-05-02">2 mai 1974</time>). „Babylonian Observational Astronomy”. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</i>. <b>276</b> (1257): 43–50 [45 &amp; 48–9]. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974RSPTA.276...43S">1974RSPTA.276...43S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.1974.0008">10.1098/rsta.1974.0008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society&amp;rft.atitle=Babylonian+Observational+Astronomy&amp;rft.volume=276&amp;rft.issue=1257&amp;rft.pages=43-50+45+%26+48-9&amp;rft.date=1974-05-02&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.1974.0008&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974RSPTA.276...43S&amp;rft.au=A.+Sachs&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burnet-35"><b><a href="#cite_ref-burnet_35-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Burnet, John (<time datetime="1950">1950</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=7yUAmmqHHEgC&amp;pg=PR4"><i>Greek philosophy: Thales to Plato</i></a>. Macmillan and Co. pp.&#160;7–11. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-1-4067-6601-1" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-1-4067-6601-1">978-1-4067-6601-1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2008-02-07">7 februarie 2008</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Greek+philosophy%3A+Thales+to+Plato&amp;rft.pages=7-11&amp;rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co.&amp;rft.date=1950&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4067-6601-1&amp;rft.aulast=Burnet&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D7yUAmmqHHEgC%26pg%3DPR4&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200225211326/http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/23.html">„THE BEGINNING OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION”</a>, <i>Vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/23.html</i>, arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/23.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2020-02-25">25 februarie 2020</time><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2016-05-03">3 mai 2016</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Vlib.iue.it%2Fcarrie%2Ftexts%2Fcarrie_books%2Fgilbert%2F23.html&amp;rft.atitle=THE+BEGINNING+OF+THE+SCIENTIFIC+REVOLUTION&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvlib.iue.it%2Fcarrie%2Ftexts%2Fcarrie_books%2Fgilbert%2F23.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-almagest-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-almagest_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-almagest_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Goldstein, Bernard R. 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J. Toomer — pagină inexistentă">Toomer, G. J.</a> (<time datetime="1998">1998</time>). <i>Ptolemy's Almagest</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-691-00260-6" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-691-00260-6">978-0-691-00260-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ptolemy%27s+Almagest&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-691-00260-6&amp;rft.au=Ptolemy&amp;rft.au=Toomer%2C+G.+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Aryabhata_I.html">Aryabhata the Elder</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019181214/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Aryabhata_I.html">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2012-10-19">19 octombrie 2012</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., <a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</a><i></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=K._V._Sarma&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="K. V. Sarma — pagină inexistentă">Sarma, K. V.</a> (1997) "Astronomy in India" in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helaine_Selin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Helaine Selin — pagină inexistentă">Selin, Helaine</a> (editor) <i>Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures</i>, Kluwer Academic Publishers, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-7923-4066-3" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-7923-4066-3">ISBN: 0-7923-4066-3</a>, p. 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MOPM-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MOPM_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MOPM_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ramasubramanian, K. (<time datetime="1998">1998</time>). „Model of planetary motion in the works of Kerala astronomers”. <i>Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India</i>. <b>26</b>: 11–31 [23–4]. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998BASI...26...11R">1998BASI...26...11R</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Astronomical+Society+of+India&amp;rft.atitle=Model+of+planetary+motion+in+the+works+of+Kerala+astronomers&amp;rft.volume=26&amp;rft.pages=11-31+23-4&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998BASI...26...11R&amp;rft.aulast=Ramasubramanian&amp;rft.aufirst=K.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Ramasubramanian etc. (1994)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Sally P. Ragep (<time datetime="2007">2007</time>). „Ibn Sina, Abu Ali &#91;known as Avicenna&#93; (980?1037)”. În Thomas Hockey. <i>Ibn Sīnā: Abū ʿAlī al‐Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbdallāh ibn Sīnā</i>. <i>The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers</i>. Springer Science+Business Media. pp.&#160;570–572. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000eaa..bookE3736.">2000eaa..bookE3736.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1888%2F0333750888%2F3736">10.1888/0333750888/3736</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-333-75088-9" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-333-75088-9">978-0-333-75088-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Ibn+S%C4%ABn%C4%81%3A+Ab%C5%AB+%CA%BFAl%C4%AB+al%E2%80%90%E1%B8%A4usayn+ibn+%CA%BFAbdall%C4%81h+ibn+S%C4%ABn%C4%81&amp;rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Encyclopedia+of+Astronomers&amp;rft.pages=570-572&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1888%2F0333750888%2F3736&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000eaa..bookE3736.&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-333-75088-9&amp;rft.au=Sally+P.+Ragep&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">S. M. Razaullah Ansari (<time datetime="2002">2002</time>). <i>History of oriental astronomy: proceedings of the joint discussion-17 at the 23rd General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union, organised by the Commission 41 (History of Astronomy), held in Kyoto, August 25–26, 1997</i>. Springer. p.&#160;137. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-1-4020-0657-9" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-1-4020-0657-9">978-1-4020-0657-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=History+of+oriental+astronomy%3A+proceedings+of+the+joint+discussion-17+at+the+23rd+General+Assembly+of+the+International+Astronomical+Union%2C+organised+by+the+Commission+41+%28History+of+Astronomy%29%2C+held+in+Kyoto%2C+August+25%E2%80%9326%2C+1997&amp;rft.pages=137&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4020-0657-9&amp;rft.au=S.+M.+Razaullah+Ansari&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-transit_catalog-45"><b><a href="#cite_ref-transit_catalog_45-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Fred Espenak. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/transit/catalog/VenusCatalog.html">„Six millennium catalog of Venus transits: 2000 BCE to 4000 CE”</a>. NASA/GSFC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2012-02-11">11 februarie 2012</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Six+millennium+catalog+of+Venus+transits%3A+2000+BCE+to+4000+CE&amp;rft.pub=NASA%2FGSFC&amp;rft.au=Fred+Espenak&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Ftransit%2Fcatalog%2FVenusCatalog.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-galileo_project-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-galileo_project_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-galileo_project_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Van Helden, Al (<time datetime="1995">1995</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/theories/copernican_system.html">„Copernican System”</a>. The Galileo Project<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2008-01-28">28 ianuarie 2008</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Copernican+System&amp;rft.pub=The+Galileo+Project&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.aulast=Van+Helden&amp;rft.aufirst=Al&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalileo.rice.edu%2Fsci%2Ftheories%2Fcopernican_system.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">See primary citations in Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hilton, James L. (<time datetime="2001-09-17">17 septembrie 2001</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070921162818/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/minorplanets.php">„When Did the Asteroids Become Minor Planets?”</a>. U.S. Naval Observatory. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/minorplanets.php">original</a> la <time datetime="2007-09-21">21 septembrie 2007</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Accesat în <time datetime="2008-08-23">23 august 2008</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Days+of+the+Week&amp;rft.pub=The+Friesian+School&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.aulast=Ross&amp;rft.aufirst=Kelley+L.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.friesian.com%2Fweek.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cochrane, Ev (<time datetime="1997">1997</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=jz3eqRGuM0wC&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=ares+nergal+planet+pestilence"><i>Martian Metamorphoses: The Planet Mars in Ancient Myth and Tradition</i></a>. Aeon Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-9656229-0-5" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-9656229-0-5">978-0-9656229-0-5</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2008-02-07">7 februarie 2008</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Martian+Metamorphoses%3A+The+Planet+Mars+in+Ancient+Myth+and+Tradition&amp;rft.pub=Aeon+Press&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-9656229-0-5&amp;rft.aulast=Cochrane&amp;rft.aufirst=Ev&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Djz3eqRGuM0wC%26pg%3DPP9%26dq%3Dares%2Bnergal%2Bplanet%2Bpestilence&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cameron, Alan (<time datetime="2005">2005</time>). <i>Greek Mythography in the Roman World</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-19-517121-1" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-19-517121-1">978-0-19-517121-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Greek+Mythography+in+the+Roman+World&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-517121-1&amp;rft.aulast=Cameron&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zerubavel-82"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zerubavel_82-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Zerubavel, Eviatar (<time datetime="1989">1989</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=aGahKeojIUoC&amp;pg=PA14"><i>The Seven Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p.&#160;14. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-226-98165-9" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-226-98165-9">978-0-226-98165-9</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2008-02-07">7 februarie 2008</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Seven+Day+Circle%3A+The+History+and+Meaning+of+the+Week&amp;rft.pages=14&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-226-98165-9&amp;rft.aulast=Zerubavel&amp;rft.aufirst=Eviatar&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DaGahKeojIUoC%26pg%3DPA14&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weekdays-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weekdays_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weekdays_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Falk, Michael; Koresko, Christopher (<time datetime="2004">2004</time>). „Astronomical Names for the Days of the Week”. <i>Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada</i>. <b>93</b>: 122–133. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0307398">astro-ph/0307398</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JRASC..93..122F">1999JRASC..93..122F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.newast.2003.07.002">10.1016/j.newast.2003.07.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society+of+Canada&amp;rft.atitle=Astronomical+Names+for+the+Days+of+the+Week&amp;rft.volume=93&amp;rft.pages=122-133&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0307398&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.newast.2003.07.002&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999JRASC..93..122F&amp;rft.aulast=Falk&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft.au=Koresko%2C+Christopher&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hebrew-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hebrew_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hebrew_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Stieglitz, Robert (<time datetime="1981">1981</time>). „The Hebrew Names of the Seven Planets”. <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>. <b>40</b> (2): 135–137. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F372867">10.1086/372867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=The+Hebrew+Names+of+the+Seven+Planets&amp;rft.volume=40&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=135-137&amp;rft.date=1981-04&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F372867&amp;rft.aulast=Stieglitz&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ragep, F. J.; Hartner, W. (<time datetime="2012-04-24">24 aprilie 2012</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/zuhara-SIM_8195">„Zuhara”</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (ed. Second) &#8211; via referenceworks.brillonline.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&amp;rft.atitle=Zuhara&amp;rft.date=2012-04-24&amp;rft.aulast=Ragep&amp;rft.aufirst=F.+J.&amp;rft.au=Hartner%2C+W.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fzuhara-SIM_8195&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Natan, Yoel (<time datetime="2018-07-31">31 iulie 2018</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=GB_R90_DlGEC&amp;pg=PA447&amp;lpg=PA447&amp;dq=Zuhara+venus+al-uzza#v=onepage&amp;q=Zuhara+venus+al-uzza&amp;f=false"><i>Moon-o-theism, Volume I of II</i></a>. Yoel Natan. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9781438299648" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9781438299648">9781438299648</a> &#8211; via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Moon-o-theism%2C+Volume+I+of+II&amp;rft.pub=Yoel+Natan&amp;rft.date=2018-07-31&amp;rft.isbn=9781438299648&amp;rft.aulast=Natan&amp;rft.aufirst=Yoel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DGB_R90_DlGEC%26pg%3DPA447%26lpg%3DPA447%26dq%3DZuhara%2Bvenus%2Bal-uzza%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DZuhara%2Bvenus%2Bal-uzza%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ali-Abu'l-Hassan, Mas'di (<time datetime="2018-07-31">31 iulie 2018</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=SqJEAQAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA204&amp;lpg=PA204&amp;dq=Mirrikh+mars#v=onepage&amp;q=Mirrikh+mars&amp;f=false">„Historical encyclopaedia: entitled "Meadows of gold and mines of gems<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>”</a>. Printed for the Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland &#8211; via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Historical+encyclopaedia%3A+entitled+%22Meadows+of+gold+and+mines+of+gems%22&amp;rft.pub=Printed+for+the+Oriental+Translation+Fund+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&amp;rft.date=2018-07-31&amp;rft.aulast=Ali-Abu%27l-Hassan&amp;rft.aufirst=Mas%27%EF%A2%94di&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DSqJEAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA204%26lpg%3DPA204%26dq%3DMirrikh%2Bmars%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DMirrikh%2Bmars%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Galter, Hannes D. (<time datetime="1993-07-31">31 iulie 1993</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=dMgfAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=mustari+jupiter&amp;dq=mustari+jupiter"><i>Die Rolle Der Astronomie in Den Kulturen Mesopotamiens: Beitrהge Zum 3. Grazer Morgenlהndischen Symposion (23–27 September 1991)</i></a>. GrazKult. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9783853750094" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9783853750094">9783853750094</a> &#8211; via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Die+Rolle+Der+Astronomie+in+Den+Kulturen+Mesopotamiens%3A+Beitr%D7%94ge+Zum+3.+Grazer+Morgenl%D7%94ndischen+Symposion+%2823%E2%80%9327+September+1991%29&amp;rft.pub=GrazKult&amp;rft.date=1993-07-31&amp;rft.isbn=9783853750094&amp;rft.aulast=Galter&amp;rft.aufirst=Hannes+D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DdMgfAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dmustari%2Bjupiter%26dq%3Dmustari%2Bjupiter&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Meyers, Carol L.; O'Connor, M.; O'Connor, Michael Patrick (<time datetime="1983-07-31">31 iulie 1983</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=leQtcmpcQ-EC&amp;pg=PA53&amp;dq=zuhal+saturn#v=onepage&amp;q=zuhal+saturn&amp;f=false"><i>The Word of the Lord Shall Go Forth: Essays in Honor of David Noel Freedman in Celebration of His Sixtieth Birthday</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9780931464195" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9780931464195">9780931464195</a> &#8211; via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Word+of+the+Lord+Shall+Go+Forth%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+David+Noel+Freedman+in+Celebration+of+His+Sixtieth+Birthday&amp;rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&amp;rft.date=1983-07-31&amp;rft.isbn=9780931464195&amp;rft.aulast=Meyers&amp;rft.aufirst=Carol+L.&amp;rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+Michael+Patrick&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DleQtcmpcQ-EC%26pg%3DPA53%26dq%3Dzuhal%2Bsaturn%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dzuhal%2Bsaturn%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://majnouna.com/portfolio/planets/">„Planetary Spheres كواكب”</a>. <time datetime="2016-08-29">29 august 2016</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Planetary+Spheres+%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A8&amp;rft.date=2016-08-29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmajnouna.com%2Fportfolio%2Fplanets%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">al-Masūdī (<time datetime="2018-07-31">31 iulie 2018</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=XaVmAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA204&amp;dq=utarid+mercury+penman#v=onepage&amp;q=utarid+mercury+penman&amp;f=false">„El-Masūdī's Historical Encyclopaedia, entitled "Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems.<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>”</a>. Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland &#8211; via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=El-Mas%C5%ABd%C4%AB%27s+Historical+Encyclopaedia%2C+entitled+%22Meadows+of+Gold+and+Mines+of+Gems.%22&amp;rft.pub=Oriental+Translation+Fund+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&amp;rft.date=2018-07-31&amp;rft.au=al-Mas%C5%ABd%C4%AB&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DXaVmAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA204%26dq%3Dutarid%2Bmercury%2Bpenman%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dutarid%2Bmercury%2Bpenman%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wetherill, G. W. 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(<time datetime="2000">2000</time>). „On the internal structure and dynamic of Titan”. <i>Planetary and Space Science</i>. <b>48</b> (7–8): 617–636. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000P&amp;SS...48..617G">2000P&#38;SS...48..617G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0032-0633%2800%2900039-8">10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00039-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Planetary+and+Space+Science&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+internal+structure+and+dynamic+of+Titan&amp;rft.volume=48&amp;rft.issue=7%E2%80%938&amp;rft.pages=617-636&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0032-0633%2800%2900039-8&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000P%26SS...48..617G&amp;rft.aulast=Grasset&amp;rft.aufirst=O.&amp;rft.au=Sotin+C.&amp;rft.au=Deschamps+F.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fortes2000-158"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fortes2000_158-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Fortes, A. 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(<time datetime="2000">2000</time>). „Exobiological implications of a possible ammonia-water ocean inside Titan”. <i>Icarus</i>. <b>146</b> (2): 444–452. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Icar..146..444F">2000Icar..146..444F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.2000.6400">10.1006/icar.2000.6400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.atitle=Exobiological+implications+of+a+possible+ammonia-water+ocean+inside+Titan&amp;rft.volume=146&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=444-452&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Ficar.2000.6400&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Icar..146..444F&amp;rft.au=Fortes%2C+A.+D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Jones, Nicola (<time datetime="2001-12-11">11 decembrie 2001</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn1647">„Bacterial explanation for Europa's rosy glow”</a>. <i>New Scientist Print Edition</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2008-08-23">23 august 2008</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Scientist+Print+Edition&amp;rft.atitle=Bacterial+explanation+for+Europa%27s+rosy+glow&amp;rft.date=2001-12-11&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicola&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle.ns%3Fid%3Ddn1647&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Molnar, L. A.; Dunn, D. E. (<time datetime="1996">1996</time>). „On the Formation of Planetary Rings”. <i>Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society</i>. <b>28</b>: 77–115. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996DPS....28.1815M">1996DPS....28.1815M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Astronomical+Society&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+Formation+of+Planetary+Rings&amp;rft.volume=28&amp;rft.pages=77-115&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996DPS....28.1815M&amp;rft.au=Molnar%2C+L.+A.&amp;rft.au=Dunn%2C+D.+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Thérèse, Encrenaz (<time datetime="2004">2004</time>). <i>The Solar System</i> (ed. Third). Springer. pp.&#160;388–390. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-3-540-00241-3" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-3-540-00241-3">978-3-540-00241-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Solar+System&amp;rft.pages=388-390&amp;rft.edition=Third&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-540-00241-3&amp;rft.aulast=Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se&amp;rft.aufirst=Encrenaz&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APlanet%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> </ol></div></small> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=41" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=41" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba franceză">fr</span> Thérèse Encrenaz et James Lequeux, <i>L'exploration des planètes, De Galilée à nos jours... et au-delà</i>, Paris, Éditions Belin, 2014, 223 p. <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9782701161952" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-2-7011-6195-2</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=42" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=42" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear:right;border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0 0 1em 1em;font-size:90%;background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9f9);color:color:var(--color-base, #000);width:230px;padding:2px;spacing:2px;text-align:center;float:right"><div style="float:left;vertical-align:middle"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Commons</figcaption></figure></div><div style="margin-left:35px;line-height:normal;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> conține materiale multimedia legate de <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Planets?uselang=ro">planetă</a></b></span></div></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 230px; padding: 2px; spacing: 2px; text-align: center; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikţionar"><img alt="Wikţionar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/30px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/45px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Wikţionar</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 35px; line-height:normal;">Caută „<b><a href="https://ro.wiktionary.org/wiki/planet%C4%83" class="extiw" title="wikt:planetă">planetă</a></b>” în <a href="/wiki/Wik%C8%9Bionar" title="Wikționar">Wikționar</a>, dicționarul liber.</div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iau.org/">International Astronomical Union website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/">Photojournal NASA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/">NASA Planet Quest – Exoplanet Exploration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.co-intelligence.org/newsletter/comparisons.html">Illustration comparing the sizes of the planets with each other, the Sun, and other stars</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și_2"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i_2"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=43" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=43" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie">Astronomie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sistemul_solar" title="Sistemul solar">Sistemul solar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soare" title="Soare">Soare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83" title="Planetă pitică">Planetă pitică</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obiect_mic_din_Sistemul_Solar" title="Obiect mic din Sistemul Solar">Obiect mic din Sistemul Solar</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83_interstelar%C4%83" title="Planetă interstelară">Planetă interstelară</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuloas%C4%83_planetar%C4%83" title="Nebuloasă planetară">Nebuloasă planetară</a> (nicio legătură cu planetele în realitate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_for_Extra-Terrestrial_Intelligence" title="Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence">SETI</a> (proiect: <i>Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence</i>, în română: „Căutare de inteligență extraterestră”)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simbol_astronomic" title="Simbol astronomic">Simbol astronomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraformare" title="Terraformare">Terraformare</a>: cum să faci o planetă locuibilă</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniunea_Astronomic%C4%83_Interna%C8%9Bional%C4%83" title="Uniunea Astronomică Internațională">UAI</a>: Uniune Astronomică Internațională</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Sistemul_solar" title="Format:Sistemul solar"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Sistemul_solar" title="Discuție Format:Sistemul solar"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Sistemul_solar&amp;action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";;border:none;;">m</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="/wiki/Sistemul_solar" title="Sistemul solar">Sistemul solar</a></span> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2"><figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Solar_System_Template_Final.png" decoding="async" width="666" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="36" usemap="#ImageMap_b58697f1be6c2d94" /></span><map name="ImageMap_b58697f1be6c2d94"><area href="/wiki/Soare" shape="circle" coords="0,0,90,35" alt="Soarele" title="Soarele" /><area href="/wiki/Mercur_(planet%C4%83)" shape="circle" coords="112,18,6" alt="Mercur" title="Mercur" /><area href="/wiki/Venus" shape="circle" coords="153,18,8" alt="Venus" title="Venus" /><area href="/wiki/Lun%C4%83" shape="circle" coords="203,8,4" alt="Luna" title="Luna" /><area href="/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" shape="circle" coords="194,18,8" alt="Pământ" title="Pământ" /><area href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Marte" shape="circle" coords="239,13,3" alt="Sateliții lui Marte" title="Sateliții lui Marte" /><area href="/wiki/Marte_(planet%C4%83)" shape="circle" coords="233,18,8" alt="Marte" title="Marte" /><area href="/wiki/Ceres_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" shape="circle" coords="271,18,8" alt="Ceres" title="Ceres" /><area href="/wiki/Centura_de_asteroizi" shape="rect" coords="256,0,288,35" alt="Centura de asteroizi" title="Centura de asteroizi" /><area href="/wiki/Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="316,18,15" alt="Jupiter" title="Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="329,5,6" alt="Sateliții lui Jupiter" title="Sateliții lui Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Saturn" shape="circle" coords="372,18,10" alt="Saturn" title="Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Saturn" shape="circle" coords="381,7,6" alt="Sateliții lui Saturn" title="Sateliții lui Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Uranus" shape="circle" coords="418,18,9" alt="Uranus" title="Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Uranus" shape="circle" coords="427,10,6" alt="Sateliții lui Uranus" title="Sateliții lui Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Neptun" shape="circle" coords="471,10,3" alt="Sateliții lui Neptun" title="Sateliții lui Neptun" /><area href="/wiki/Neptun_(planet%C4%83)" shape="circle" coords="462,18,12" alt="Neptun" title="Neptun" /><area href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Pluton" shape="circle" coords="508,13,3" alt="Sateliții lui Pluton" title="Sateliții lui Pluton" /><area href="/wiki/Pluton" shape="circle" coords="504,18,8" alt="Pluton" title="Pluton" /><area href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Haumea" shape="circle" coords="539,13,3" alt="Sateliții lui Haumea" title="Sateliții lui Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Haumea_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" shape="circle" coords="535,18,8" alt="Haumea" title="Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Makemake_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" shape="circle" coords="564,18,8" alt="Makemake" title="Makemake" /><area href="/wiki/Centura_Kuiper" shape="rect" coords="492,0,573,35" alt="Centura Kuiper" title="Centura Kuiper" /><area href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Eris" shape="circle" coords="601,14,3" alt="Sateliții lui Eris" title="Sateliții lui Eris" /><area href="/wiki/Eris_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" shape="circle" coords="597,18,8" alt="Eris" title="Eris" /><area href="/wiki/Discul_%C3%AEmpr%C4%83%C8%99tiat" shape="rect" coords="574,0,610,35" alt="Discul împrăștiat" title="Discul împrăștiat" /><area href="/wiki/Norul_lui_Oort" shape="rect" coords="611,0,635,35" alt="Norul lui Oort" title="Norul lui Oort" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;"><div style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Stea" title="Stea">Stea</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Soare" title="Soare">Soarele</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <small> (<a href="/wiki/Heliosfer%C4%83" title="Heliosferă">Heliosferă</a>)</small></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;"><div style="text-align:center"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Planete</a> <small>(și <a href="/wiki/Satelit_natural" title="Satelit natural">sateliți</a>)</small></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Mercur_(planet%C4%83)" title="Mercur (planetă)">Mercur</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" title="Pământ">Pământ</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Lun%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Lună">Luna</a>)</small>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Marte_(planet%C4%83)" title="Marte (planetă)">Marte</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Marte" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Marte">sateliți</a>)</small>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Jupiter" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Jupiter">sateliți</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inelele_lui_Jupiter" title="Inelele lui Jupiter">inele</a>)</small>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Saturn" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Saturn">sateliți</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inelele_lui_Saturn" title="Inelele lui Saturn">inele</a>)</small>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Uranus" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Uranus">sateliți</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inelele_lui_Uranus" title="Inelele lui Uranus">inele</a>)</small>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Neptun_(planet%C4%83)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptun (planetă)">Neptun</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Neptun" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Neptun">sateliți</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inelele_lui_Neptun" title="Inelele lui Neptun">inele</a>)</small></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;"><div style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83" title="Planetă pitică">Planete pitice</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" title="Ceres (planetă pitică)">Ceres</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_lui_Pluto" title="Sateliții lui Pluto">sateliți</a>)</small>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Haumea_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" title="Haumea (planetă pitică)">Haumea</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Haumea" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Haumea">sateliți</a>)</small>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Makemake_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" title="Makemake (planetă pitică)">Makemake</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Eris_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" title="Eris (planetă pitică)">Eris</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(satelit)" title="Dysnomia (satelit)">satelit</a>)</small></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;"><div style="text-align:center">Probabil planete pitice</div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/50000_Quaoar" class="mw-redirect" title="50000 Quaoar">Quaoar</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Weywot" title="Weywot">satelit</a>)</small>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Sedna" title="Sedna">Sedna</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Orcus" title="Orcus">Orcus</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Vanth" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanth">satelit</a>)</small> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/(225088)_Gonggong" class="mw-redirect" title="(225088) Gonggong">Gonggong</a> <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiangliu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiangliu — pagină inexistentă">satelit</a>)</small>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/(307261)_2002_MS4" title="(307261) 2002 MS4">2002 MS4</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/120347_Salacia" title="120347 Salacia">Salacia</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/120347_Salacia#Satelit" title="120347 Salacia">satelit</a>)</small></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;"><div style="text-align:center">Obiecte mici</div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> </div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83_minor%C4%83" title="Planetă minoră">Planete minore</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Lista_planetelor_minore" title="Lista planetelor minore">listă</a>)</small></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroizi</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/List%C4%83_de_asteroizi_notabili" title="Listă de asteroizi notabili">listă</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Vulcanoid_(asteroid)" title="Vulcanoid (asteroid)">Vulcanoizi</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Centura_de_asteroizi" title="Centura de asteroizi">Centura de asteroizi</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Troian_(asteroid)" title="Troian (asteroid)">Troieni</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Centaur_(planet%C4%83_minor%C4%83)" title="Centaur (planetă minoră)">Centauri</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Damocloid" title="Damocloid">Damocloizi</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroizi</a>)</small>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Obiect_transneptunian" title="Obiect transneptunian">Obiecte transneptuniene</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Centura_Kuiper" title="Centura Kuiper">Centura Kuiper</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Discul_%C3%AEmpr%C4%83%C8%99tiat" title="Discul împrăștiat">Discul împrăștiat</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Obiect_deta%C8%99at" title="Obiect detașat">Obiecte detașate</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Sednoid" title="Sednoid">Sednoizi</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Norul_lui_Hills" title="Norul lui Hills">Norul lui Hills</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Norul_lui_Oort" title="Norul lui Oort">Norul lui Oort</a>)</small></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><div style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Comet%C4%83" title="Cometă">Comete</a></div></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/C/1956_R1_(Arend-Roland)" title="C/1956 R1 (Arend-Roland)">C/1956 R1 (Arend-Roland)</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/C/2011_L4" title="C/2011 L4">C/2011 L4</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/C/2012_E2_(SWAN)" title="C/2012 E2 (SWAN)">C/2012 E2 (SWAN)</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/C/2012_F6_(Lemmon)" title="C/2012 F6 (Lemmon)">C/2012 F6 (Lemmon)</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/C/2012_S1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2012 S1">C/2012 S1 (ISON)</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/C/2013_A1" title="C/2013 A1">C/2013 A1</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/27P/Crommelin" title="27P/Crommelin">Crommelin</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Cometa_Elenin" title="Cometa Elenin">Elenin</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Cometa_Encke" title="Cometa Encke">Encke</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Cometa_Hale-Bopp" title="Cometa Hale-Bopp">Hale-Bopp</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Cometa_Halley" title="Cometa Halley">Halley</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Cometa_Hyakutake" title="Cometa Hyakutake">Hyakutake</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Cometa_Kohoutek" title="Cometa Kohoutek">Kohoutek</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Cometa_Lexell" title="Cometa Lexell">Lexell</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Cometa_McNaught" title="Cometa McNaught">McNaught</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/67P/Ciuriumov-Gherasimenko" title="67P/Ciuriumov-Gherasimenko">67P/Ciuriumov-Gherasimenko</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/130P/McNaught-Hughes" title="130P/McNaught-Hughes">130P/McNaught-Hughes</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Shoemaker-Levy_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoemaker-Levy 9">Shoemaker-Levy 9</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/109P/Swift-Tuttle" title="109P/Swift-Tuttle">Swift-Tuttle</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Cometa_West" title="Cometa West">West</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16513826">.mw-parser-output .navbox{margin:0 auto 0}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-image[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-list[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-even[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-title[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-image[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-list[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-even[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-title[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}}</style></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;"><div style="text-align:center">Altele</div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Eclips%C4%83_de_Lun%C4%83" title="Eclipsă de Lună">Eclipsă de Lună</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; 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