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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cuprins</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Început</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Istorie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istorie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Istorie </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istorie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Istorie subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Istorie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Descoperire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descoperire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Descoperire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descoperire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nume" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nume"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Nume </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nume-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbită_și_rotație" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbită_și_rotație"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Orbită și rotație </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbită_și_rotație-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caracteristici_fizice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caracteristici_fizice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Caracteristici fizice </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Caracteristici_fizice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Caracteristici fizice subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Caracteristici_fizice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compoziție" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compoziție"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Compoziție </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compoziție-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structura_interna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structura_interna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Structura interna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structura_interna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forme_de_relief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forme_de_relief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Forme de relief </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forme_de_relief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmosferă_și_ionosferă" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmosferă_și_ionosferă"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Atmosferă și ionosferă </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmosferă_și_ionosferă-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origine_și_evoluție" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origine_și_evoluție"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Origine și evoluție </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origine_și_evoluție-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potențială_locuibilitate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potențială_locuibilitate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Potențială locuibilitate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potențială_locuibilitate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explorare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explorare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Explorare </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Explorare-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Explorare subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Explorare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Propuneri_vechi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propuneri_vechi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Propuneri vechi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propuneri_vechi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explorarea_și_colonizarea_umană_potențială" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explorarea_și_colonizarea_umană_potențială"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Explorarea și colonizarea umană potențială </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explorarea_și_colonizarea_umană_potențială-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note_explicative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note_explicative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Note explicative </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note_explicative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Note </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Vezi și </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Legături externe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Comută cuprinsul </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Callisto (satelit)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 94 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" > 94 limbi </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallisto_(maan)" title="Kallisto (maan) – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kallisto (maan)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallisto_(Mond)" title="Kallisto (Mond) – germană (Elveția)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kallisto (Mond)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="germană (Elveția)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calisto_(satelite)" title="Calisto (satelite) – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Calisto (satelite)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88_(%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1)" title="كاليستو (قمر) – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاليستو (قمر)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88" title="كاليسطو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كاليسطو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallisto_(peyk)" title="Kallisto (peyk) – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kallisto (peyk)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88_(%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1)" title="کالیستو (قمر) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کالیستو (قمر)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_(%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88)" title="Каллисто (юлдаш) – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Каллисто (юлдаш)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA)" title="Каліста (спадарожнік) – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каліста (спадарожнік)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Калисто (спътник) – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Калисто (спътник)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B_(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9)" title="ক্যালিস্টো (প্রাকৃতিক উপগ্রহ) – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্যালিস্টো (প্রাকৃতিক উপগ্রহ)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallisto_(loarenn)" title="Kallisto (loarenn) – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kallisto (loarenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalisto_(satelit)" title="Kalisto (satelit) – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kalisto (satelit)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal%C2%B7listo_(sat%C3%A8l%C2%B7lit)" title="Cal·listo (satèl·lit) – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cal·listo (satèl·lit)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto_(%C3%B4i-s%C4%ADng)" title="Callisto (ôi-sĭng) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Callisto (ôi-sĭng)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%86_(%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF)" title="کالیستۆ (مانگ) – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کالیستۆ (مانگ)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callistu_(astrunumia)" title="Callistu (astrunumia) – corsicană" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Callistu (astrunumia)" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corsicană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto" title="Callisto – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Callisto" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_(%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88)" title="Каллисто (çулташ) – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Каллисто (çулташ)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto_(lloeren)" title="Callisto (lloeren) – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Callisto (lloeren)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto" title="Callisto – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Callisto" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallisto_(Mond)" title="Kallisto (Mond) – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kallisto (Mond)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8E_(%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%85%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82)" title="Καλλιστώ (δορυφόρος) – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καλλιστώ (δορυφόρος)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon) – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Callisto (moon)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalisto_(luno)" title="Kalisto (luno) – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kalisto (luno)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calisto_(sat%C3%A9lite)" title="Calisto (satélite) – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calisto (satélite)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto_(Jupiteri_kaaslane)" title="Callisto (Jupiteri kaaslane) – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Callisto (Jupiteri kaaslane)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalisto" title="Kalisto – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kalisto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88_(%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1)" title="کالیستو (قمر) – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کالیستو (قمر)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallisto_(kuu)" title="Kallisto (kuu) – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kallisto (kuu)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto_(lune)" title="Callisto (lune) – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Callisto (lune)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calisto_(sat%C3%A8lite)" title="Calisto (satèlite) – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Calisto (satèlite)" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto_(gealach)" title="Callisto (gealach) – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Callisto (gealach)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calisto_(l%C3%BAa)" title="Calisto (lúa) – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Calisto (lúa)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto_(eayst)" title="Callisto (eayst) – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Callisto (eayst)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95_(%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%97)" title="קליסטו (ירח) – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קליסטו (ירח)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_(%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9)" title="कलिस्टो (उपग्रह) – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कलिस्टो (उपग्रह)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalista_(mjesec)" title="Kalista (mjesec) – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kalista (mjesec)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto" title="Callisto – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Callisto" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8_(%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF)" title="Կալիստո (արբանյակ) – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կալիստո (արբանյակ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalisto_(satelit)" title="Kalisto (satelit) – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kalisto (satelit)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalisto" title="Kalisto – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kalisto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallist%C3%B3_(tungl)" title="Kallistó (tungl) – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kallistó (tungl)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto_(astronomia)" title="Callisto (astronomia) – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Callisto (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88_(%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F)" title="カリスト (衛星) – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カリスト (衛星)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D" title="კალისტო – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კალისტო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0_(%EC%9C%84%EC%84%B1)" title="칼리스토 (위성) – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="칼리스토 (위성)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_(%D1%82%D3%A7%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C)" title="Каллисто (тӧлысь) – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Каллисто (тӧлысь)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Каллисто – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Каллисто" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto_(satelles)" title="Callisto (satelles) – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Callisto (satelles)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallisto_(Mound)" title="Kallisto (Mound) – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kallisto (Mound)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calisto_(corp_celest)" title="Calisto (corp celest) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Calisto (corp celest)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalista_(palydovas)" title="Kalista (palydovas) – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kalista (palydovas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallisto_(pavadonis)" title="Kallisto (pavadonis) – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kallisto (pavadonis)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalisto_(satelit)" title="Kalisto (satelit) – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kalisto (satelit)" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Калиста (месечина) – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Калиста (месечина)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B" title="കാലിസ്റ്റോ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാലിസ്റ്റോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_(%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9)" title="कॅलिस्टो (उपग्रह) – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कॅलिस्टो (उपग्रह)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto_(bulan)" title="Callisto (bulan) – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Callisto (bulan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calisto_(sat%C3%A9lite)" title="Calisto (satélite) – mirandeză" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Calisto (satélite)" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF_(%E1%80%82%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9C)" title="ကလက်စတို (ဂြိုဟ်ရံလ) – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကလက်စတို (ဂြိုဟ်ရံလ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallisto_(Maand)" title="Kallisto (Maand) – germana de jos" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kallisto (Maand)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="germana de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto_(maan)" title="Callisto (maan) – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Callisto (maan)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiterm%C3%A5nen_Callisto" title="Jupitermånen Callisto – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jupitermånen Callisto" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto_(m%C3%A5ne)" title="Callisto (måne) – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Callisto (måne)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto_(satellit)" title="Callisto (satellit) – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Callisto (satellit)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallisto_(ksi%C4%99%C5%BCyc)" title="Kallisto (księżyc) – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kallisto (księżyc)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%88" title="کالسٹو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کالسٹو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calisto_(sat%C3%A9lite)" title="Calisto (satélite) – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Calisto (satélite)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Каллисто (спутник) – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каллисто (спутник)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callistu_(sat%C3%A8lliti)" title="Callistu (satèlliti) – siciliană" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Callistu (satèlliti)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalisto_(mjesec)" title="Kalisto (mjesec) – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kalisto (mjesec)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9D" title="කැලිස්ටෝ – singhaleză" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කැලිස්ටෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singhaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Callisto (moon)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalisto_(mesiac)" title="Kalisto (mesiac) – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kalisto (mesiac)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalisto_(luna)" title="Kalisto (luna) – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kalisto (luna)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82)" title="Калисто (сателит) – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Калисто (сателит)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto" title="Callisto – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Callisto" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalisto_(mwezi)" title="Kalisto (mwezi) – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kalisto (mwezi)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B" title="கலிஸ்டோ – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கலிஸ்டோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%84)" title="Каллисто (радиф) – tadjică" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Каллисто (радиф)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjică" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95" title="คัลลิสโต – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คัลลิสโต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto_(uydu)" title="Callisto (uydu) – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Callisto (uydu)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_(%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD)" title="Каллисто (иярчен) – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Каллисто (иярчен)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_(%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Каллісто (супутник) – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каллісто (супутник)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88_(%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF)" title="کالستو (چاند) – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کالستو (چاند)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallisto" title="Kallisto – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kallisto" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto_(v%E1%BB%87_tinh)" title="Callisto (vệ tinh) – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Callisto (vệ tinh)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto_(bulan)" title="Callisto (bulan) – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Callisto (bulan)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E5%8D%AB%E5%9B%9B" title="木卫四 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="木卫四" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E5%8D%AB%E5%9B%9B" title="木卫四 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="木卫四" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E8%A1%9B%E5%9B%9B" title="木衛四 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="木衛四" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto_(o%C4%93-chhe%E2%81%BF)" title="Callisto (oē-chheⁿ) – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Callisto (oē-chheⁿ)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E8%A1%9E%E5%9B%9B" title="木衞四 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="木衞四" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3134#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(satelit)" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a">Articol</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie:Callisto_(satelit)" rel="discussion" title="Discuții despre această pagină [t]" accesskey="t">Discuție</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >română </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vizualizări"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(satelit)">Lectură</a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" 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data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Unelte</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai multe opțiuni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Acțiuni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(satelit)">Lectură</a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v">Modificare</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e">Modificare sursă</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&action=history">Istoric</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Callisto_(satelit)" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j">Ce trimite aici</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Callisto_(satelit)" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k">Schimbări corelate</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fi%C8%99ier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u">Trimite fișier</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Pagini_speciale" title="Lista tuturor paginilor speciale [q]" accesskey="q">Pagini speciale</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&oldid=16375236" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini">Legătură permanentă</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină">Informații despre pagină</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&page=Callisto_%28satelit%29&id=16375236&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini">Citează acest articol</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCallisto_%28satelit%29">Obține URL scurtat</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCallisto_%28satelit%29">Descărcați codul QR</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Callisto+%28satelit%29">Creare carte</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Callisto_%28satelit%29&action=show-download-screen">Descărcare ca PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p">Versiune de tipărit</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Callisto" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3134" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g">Element Wikidata</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" 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.ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #070101!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #261500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #544004!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #1e0a28!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #bba!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-notice,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{background-color:#202122!important}}@media screen and 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.ambox-delete,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{background-color:#202122!important}}</style><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox ambox-content ambox-content" style=""> <tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Translation_arrow.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="De tradus"><img alt="De tradus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Translation_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Translation_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Translation_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;">Acest articol este scris parțial sau integral în limba <a href="/wiki/Limba_englez%C4%83" title="Limba engleză">engleză</a>. Puteți contribui la Wikipedia prin <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cum_traduc_un_articol" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Cum traduc un articol">traducerea</a> lui sau chiar și a <a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_care_au_nevoie_de_traducere" title="Categorie:Articole care au nevoie de traducere">altora</a> care v-ar putea interesa. <div class="hide-when-compact"><hr /> Părțile scrise în alte limbi (notele explicative) pot fi șterse dacă în termen de 7 zile nu se înregistrează progrese notabile în procesul de traducere. Pagina <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&diff=cur">a fost modificată ultima oară</a> de către <a href="/wiki/Utilizator:Turbojet" title="Utilizator:Turbojet">Turbojet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Special:Contribu%C8%9Bii/Turbojet" title="Special:Contribuții/Turbojet">Contribuții</a> • <a href="/wiki/Special:Jurnal/Turbojet" title="Special:Jurnal/Turbojet">Jurnal</a>) <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&action=purge">acum 4 luni</a>.</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <table class="infocaseta"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="antet astronomie" style="background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Callisto</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Callisto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Callisto.jpg/221px-Callisto.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Callisto.jpg/332px-Callisto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Callisto.jpg/442px-Callisto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="753" /></a> <div style="margin-top: 3px"></div>Emisfera anti-joviană a lui Callisto fotografiată în 2001 de misiunea NASA <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(sond%C4%83_spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83)" title="Galileo (sondă spațială)">Galileo</a>. Prezintă un teren cu multe cratere. Marele creter complex <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asgard_(crater)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asgard (crater) — pagină inexistentă">Asgard</a> este în dreapta sus. Craterul cu raze proeminent dedesubt și chiar în dreapta centrului este Bran.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Descoperire</th></tr><tr><th style=";">Descoperit de</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Dată descoperire</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">7 ianuarie 1610<a href="#cite_note-Galilei-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Denumiri</th></tr><tr><th style=";">Pronunție</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">/ka'lis.to/</td></tr><tr><th style=";"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Denumit după</div></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(mitologie)" title="Callisto (mitologie)">Καλλιστώ</a> Kallistō</td></tr><tr><th style=";"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Nume alternative</div></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">Jupiter IV</td></tr><tr><th style=";">Atribute</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">Callistoan /ka.lis.to'an/</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Orbit%C4%83_osculatoare" title="Orbită osculatoare">Caracteristicile orbitei</a></th></tr><tr><th style=";"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apsis">Periapsis</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">7009186900000000000♠1869000 km<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apsis">Apoapsis</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">7009189700000000000♠1897000 km<a href="#cite_note-3">[b]</a></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Semiaxa_mare" title="Semiaxa mare">Axa semi-majoră</a></div></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">1 882 700 km<a href="#cite_note-orbit-4">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><a href="/wiki/Excentricitate_orbital%C4%83" title="Excentricitate orbitală">Excentricitate</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">6997740000000000000♠0.0074<a href="#cite_note-orbit-4">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Perioadă orbitală</div></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">7001166890183999999♠16.6890184 <a href="/wiki/Zile" title="Zile">zile</a><a href="#cite_note-orbit-4">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitez%C4%83_orbital%C4%83" title="Viteză orbitală">Viteza medie a mișcării de revoluție</a></div></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">7003820400000000000♠8.204 km/s</td></tr><tr><th style=";"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Enclina%C8%9Bie_orbital%C4%83" title="Înclinație orbitală">Înclinație</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">2.017° (față de <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic%C4%83" title="Ecliptică">ecliptică</a>) 0.192° (față de planul Laplace local)<a href="#cite_note-orbit-4">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><a href="/wiki/Satelit_natural" title="Satelit natural">Sateliți</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Caracteristici fizice</th></tr><tr><th style=";"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Raza medie</div></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">7006241030000000000♠2410.3±1.5 km (0.378 Pământ)<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_2001-5">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Suprafață</div></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">7013730000000000000♠7.30×107 km2 (0.143 Pământ)<a href="#cite_note-6">[c]</a></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><a href="/wiki/Volum" class="mw-redirect" title="Volum">Volum</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">7019590000000000000♠5.9×1010 km3 (0.0541 Pământ)<a href="#cite_note-7">[d]</a></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><a href="/wiki/Mas%C4%83" title="Masă">Masă</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">7023107593800000000♠(1.075938±0.000137)×1023 kg (0.018 Pământ)<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_2001-5">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Densitate" title="Densitate">Densitate</a> medie</div></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">7003183440000000000♠1.8344±0.0034 g/cm3 (0.333 Pământ)<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_2001-5">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Gravita%C8%9Bie" title="Gravitație">Gravitație</a></div></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">7000123500000000000♠1.235 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metru_pe_secund%C4%83_la_p%C4%83trat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metru pe secundă la pătrat — pagină inexistentă">m/s2</a> (0.126 g)<a href="#cite_note-8">[e]</a></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Momentul factorului de inerție</div></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">6999354900000000000♠0.3549±0.0042<a href="#cite_note-Schubert2004-9">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitez%C4%83_cosmic%C4%83" title="Viteză cosmică">Viteză cosmică</a></div></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">2.440 km/s<a href="#cite_note-10">[f]</a></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Perioad%C4%83_de_rota%C8%9Bie" title="Perioadă de rotație">Perioadă de rotație</a></div></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Rota%C8%9Bie_sincron%C4%83" title="Rotație sincronă">sincronă</a><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_2001-5">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Enclinare_axial%C4%83" title="Înclinare axială">Înclinare axială</a></div></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">zero<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_2001-5">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">0.22 (geometric)<a href="#cite_note-Moore2004-11">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;;"><table style="border-spacing: 0px; width:100%; border:none; background-color:#f9f9f9; margin:0; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em; white-space:nowrap"><tbody><tr> <th style="width:33%; padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Temperatur%C4%83" title="Temperatură">Temp.</a> la suprafață</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">min</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">medie</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">max</th> </tr><tr> <th style="padding-left:1.0em">K<a href="#cite_note-Moore2004-11">[5]</a></th> <td>7001800000000000000♠80±5</td> <td>7002134000000000000♠134±11</td> <td>7002165000000000000♠165±5</td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Magnitudinea aparentă</div></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">5.65 (<a href="/wiki/Opozi%C8%9Bie_(astronomie)" title="Opoziție (astronomie)">opoziție</a>)<a href="#cite_note-magnitude-12">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Atmosfera</th></tr><tr><th style=";"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Presiune_atmosferic%C4%83" title="Presiune atmosferică">Presiunea</a> la suprafață</div></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">0,75 µPa (7,40×10−12 atm)<a href="#cite_note-Carlson_1999-13">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><a href="/wiki/Chimie_atmosferic%C4%83#Compoziție_atmosferică" title="Chimie atmosferică">Compoziție atmosferică</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">≈ 7008400000000000000♠4×108 molecule/cm3 <a href="/wiki/Dioxid_de_carbon" title="Dioxid de carbon">dioxid de carbon</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Carlson_1999-13">[7]</a> up to 7010200000000000000♠2×1010 molecule/cm3 <a href="/wiki/Oxigen_molecular" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxigen molecular">oxigen molecular</a>(O2)<a href="#cite_note-Liang_2005-14">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div class="references-small" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16573438">.mw-parser-output .infocaseta{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:var(--color-base,#000)}.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style> Callisto (/ka'lis.to/), sau Jupiter IV, este al doilea cel mai mare <a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Jupiter" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Jupiter">satelit al lui Jupiter</a>, după <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(satelit)" title="Ganymede (satelit)">Ganymede</a>. Este al <a href="/wiki/List%C4%83_de_sateli%C8%9Bi_naturali" title="Listă de sateliți naturali">treilea satelit ca mărime</a> din <a href="/wiki/Sistemul_solar" title="Sistemul solar">Sistemul Solar</a> după Ganymede și <a href="/wiki/Titan_(satelit)" title="Titan (satelit)">Titan</a> și cel mai mare obiect din Sistemul Solar care poate să nu fie bine diferențiat. Callisto a fost descoperit în 1610 de <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>. Cu un diametru de 7003482100000000000♠4821, Callisto are aproximativ 99% diametrul planetei <a href="/wiki/Mercur_(planet%C4%83)" title="Mercur (planetă)">Mercur</a>, dar doar aproximativ o treime din masa sa. Este al patrulea <a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_galileeni" title="Sateliții galileeni">satelit galilean</a> al lui <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> după distanță, cu o rază orbitală de aproximativ 7006188300000000000♠1883000 km. <a href="#cite_note-orbit2-15">[9]</a> Nu se află într-o <a href="/wiki/Rezonan%C8%9B%C4%83_orbital%C4%83" title="Rezonanță orbitală">rezonanță orbitală</a> ca ceilalți trei sateliți galileeni - <a href="/wiki/Io_(satelit)" title="Io (satelit)">Io</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europa_(satelit)" title="Europa (satelit)">Europa</a> și <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(satelit)" title="Ganymede (satelit)">Ganymede</a> - și, prin urmare, nu este încălzit mareic apreciabil. <a href="#cite_note-Musotto2002-16">[10]</a> Rotația lui Callisto este <a href="/wiki/Rota%C8%9Bie_sincron%C4%83" title="Rotație sincronă">sincronă</a> cu orbita sa în jurul lui Jupiter, astfel încât aceeași emisferă este întotdeauna îndreptată spre interior. Din această cauză, pe suprafața lui Callisto există un punct sub-jovian, de pe care Jupiter ar părea să atârne direct deasupra capului. Este mai puțin afectat de <a href="/wiki/Magnetosfer%C4%83" title="Magnetosferă">magnetosfera</a> lui Jupiter decât ceilalți <a href="/wiki/Satelit_interior" title="Satelit interior">sateliți interiori</a> din cauza orbitei sale mai îndepărtate, situată chiar în afara centurii principale de radiație a lui Jupiter. <a href="#cite_note-Cooper2001-17">[11]</a> <a href="#cite_note-18">[12]</a> Callisto este compus din cantități aproximativ egale de <a href="/wiki/Roc%C4%83" title="Rocă">rocă</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volatile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volatile — pagină inexistentă">gheață</a>, cu o <a href="/wiki/Densitate" title="Densitate">densitate</a> de aproximativ 7000183000000000000♠1.83, cea mai scăzută densitate și gravitație a sateliților majori ale lui Jupiter. Compușii detectați <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopie" title="Spectroscopie">spectroscopic</a> la suprafață includ <a href="/wiki/Ghea%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Gheață">gheață</a>, <a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150315-19">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dioxid_de_carbon" title="Dioxid de carbon">dioxid de carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicat" title="Silicat">silicați</a> și <a href="/wiki/Compus_organic" title="Compus organic">compuși organici</a>. Investigația navei spațiale <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galileo_(nava_spatiala)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galileo (nava spatiala) — pagină inexistentă">Galileo</a> a dezvăluit că Callisto ar putea avea un miez mic de <a href="/wiki/Silicat" title="Silicat">silicat</a> și, posibil, un <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean subteran</a> de <a href="/wiki/Ap%C4%83" title="Apă">apă</a> lichidă <a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150315-19">[13]</a> la adâncimi mai mari de 7002100000000000000♠100 km. <a href="#cite_note-Kuskov20052-20">[14]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Showman19992-21">[15]</a> Suprafața lui Callisto este cea mai veche și cea mai puternic <a href="/wiki/Crater_de_impact" title="Crater de impact">craterată</a> din Sistemul Solar. <a href="#cite_note-22">[16]</a> Suprafața sa este complet acoperită cu cratere. <a href="#cite_note-23">[17]</a> Nu prezintă semne ale proceselor subterane, cum ar fi <a href="/wiki/Tectonica_pl%C4%83cilor" title="Tectonica plăcilor">tectonica plăcilor</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Vulcan" title="Vulcan">vulcanismul</a>, fără semne că activitatea geologică în general a avut loc vreodată și se crede că a evoluat predominant sub influența <a href="/wiki/Crater_de_impact" title="Crater de impact">impacturilor</a>. <a href="#cite_note-Greeley_2000-24">[18]</a> Caracteristicile proeminente ale suprafeței includ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Structuri_cu_mai_multe_inele&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Structuri cu mai multe inele — pagină inexistentă">structuri multi-inelate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crater_de_impact" title="Crater de impact">cratere de impact</a> de diferite forme și lanțuri de cratere ( catenae ) și scarpurile, crestele și depozitele asociate. <a href="#cite_note-Greeley_2000-24">[18]</a> La scară mică, suprafața este variată și este alcătuită din <a href="/wiki/Depozit_(geologie)" title="Depozit (geologie)">depozite</a> mici, strălucitoare de brumă la vârfurile petelor înalte, înconjurate de o pătură joasă, netedă, de material întunecat. <a href="#cite_note-Moore2004-11">[5]</a> Se crede că aceasta rezultă din degradarea condusă de <a href="/wiki/Sublimare" title="Sublimare">sublimare</a> a formelor de <a href="/wiki/Form%C4%83_de_relief" title="Formă de relief">relief</a> mici, care este susținută de deficitul general de cratere mici și prezența a numeroase bucăți mici, considerate a fi rămășițele acestora. <a href="#cite_note-Moore1999-25">[19]</a> Vârstele absolute ale formelor de relief nu sunt cunoscute. Callisto este înconjurat de o <a href="/wiki/Atmosfer%C4%83" title="Atmosferă">atmosferă</a> extrem de subțire compusă din <a href="/wiki/Dioxid_de_carbon" title="Dioxid de carbon">dioxid de carbon</a> <a href="#cite_note-Carlson_1999-13">[7]</a> și probabil oxigen molecular, <a href="#cite_note-Liang_2005-14">[8]</a> precum și de o <a href="/wiki/Ionosfer%C4%83" title="Ionosferă">ionosferă</a> destul de intensă. <a href="#cite_note-Kliore_2002-26">[20]</a> Se crede că Callisto s-a format prin <a href="/wiki/Acre%C8%9Bie_(astronomie)" title="Acreție (astronomie)">acumulare</a> lentă de pe discul de gaz și praf care l-a înconjurat pe Jupiter după formarea sa. <a href="#cite_note-Canup2002-27">[21]</a> Creșterea treptată a lui Callisto și lipsa încălzirii mareice au însemnat că nu era disponibilă suficientă căldură pentru <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diferen%C8%9Biere_planetar%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diferențiere planetară — pagină inexistentă">diferențierea</a> rapidă. <a href="/wiki/Convec%C8%9Bie" title="Convecție">Convecția</a> lentă din interiorul lui Callisto, care a început la scurt timp după formare, a condus la diferențierea parțială și, posibil, la formarea unui ocean subteran la o adâncime de 100-150. km și un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miez_planetar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miez planetar — pagină inexistentă">miez</a> mic, stâncos. <a href="#cite_note-Spohn_2003-28">[22]</a> Prezența probabilă a unui ocean în Callisto lasă deschisă posibilitatea ca acesta să adăpostească <a href="/wiki/Via%C8%9B%C4%83_extraterestr%C4%83" title="Viață extraterestră">viață</a>. Cu toate acestea, se consideră că condițiile sunt mai puțin favorabile decât în <a href="/wiki/Europa_(satelit)" title="Europa (satelit)">Europa</a> din apropiere. <a href="#cite_note-Lipps2004-29">[23]</a> Diverse sonde spațiale de la <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a> și <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">11</a> până la <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(sond%C4%83_spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83)" title="Galileo (sondă spațială)">Galileo</a> și <a href="/wiki/Cassini-Huygens" title="Cassini-Huygens">Cassini</a> l-au studiat pe Callisto. Datorită nivelurilor sale scăzute de <a href="/wiki/Radia%C8%9Bie" title="Radiație">radiație</a>, Callisto a fost considerat de mult timp cel mai potrivit loc pentru o bază umană pentru explorarea viitoare a sistemului Jovian. <a href="#cite_note-HOPE-30">[24]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istorie">Istorie</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istorie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Istorie">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descoperire">Descoperire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Descoperire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Descoperire">modificare sursă</a>]</div> Callisto a fost descoperit de Galileo în ianuarie 1610, împreună cu alți trei mari sateliți <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(satelit)" title="Ganymede (satelit)">jovieni</a> - Ganymede, <a href="/wiki/Io_(satelit)" title="Io (satelit)">Io</a> și <a href="/wiki/Europa_(satelit)" title="Europa (satelit)">Europa</a>. <a href="#cite_note-Galilei-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nume">Nume</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Nume" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Nume">modificare sursă</a>]</div> Callisto este numit după unul dintre numeroșii iubitori ai <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">lui Zeus</a> sau alți parteneri din <a href="/wiki/Mitologia_greac%C4%83" title="Mitologia greacă">mitologia greacă</a>. <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(mitologie)" title="Callisto (mitologie)">Callisto</a> a fost o nimfă (sau, conform unor surse, fiica lui <a href="/wiki/Lycaon" title="Lycaon">Lycaon</a> ) care a fost asociată cu zeița vânătorii, <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a>. <a href="#cite_note-Galileo-31">[25]</a> Numele a fost sugerat de <a href="/wiki/Simon_Marius" title="Simon Marius">Simon Marius</a> la scurt timp după descoperirea lui Callisto. <a href="#cite_note-Marius-32">[26]</a> Marius ia atribuit sugestia lui <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>. <a href="#cite_note-Galileo-31">[25]</a><blockquote style="color:var(--color-base, #606060); text-align: left; font-size:95%"><div style="font-style:italic">„... autem celebrantur tres fœminæ Virgines, quarum furtivo amore Iupiter captus & positus est... Calisto Lycaonis... filia... à me vocatur... Quartus denique Calisto... [Io,] Europa, Ganimedes puer, atque Calisto, lascivo nimium perplacuere Jovi.”</div></blockquote><blockquote style="color:var(--color-base, #606060); text-align: left; font-size:95%"><div style="font-style:italic">„...Mai întâi, vor fi onorate trei tinere care au fost capturate de Jupiter pentru dragoste secretă, [inclusiv] Callisto, fiica lui Lycaon...În final, al patrulea [satelit] este numit de mine Callisto... Io, Europa, băiatul Ganymede, și Callisto l-au încântat foarte mult pe Jupiter.<a href="#cite_note-33">[27]</a>”</div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Galilean_moons_around_Jupiter.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Galilean_moons_around_Jupiter.gif/220px-Galilean_moons_around_Jupiter.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Galilean_moons_around_Jupiter.gif/330px-Galilean_moons_around_Jupiter.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Galilean_moons_around_Jupiter.gif/440px-Galilean_moons_around_Jupiter.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Sateliții galileenei în jurul lui Jupiter  Jupiter</figcaption></figure> Cu toate acestea, numele <a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_galileeni" title="Sateliții galileeni">sateliților galileeni</a> au ieșit din uz pentru o perioadă considerabilă de timp și nu au reintrat în uz comun până la mijlocul secolului al XX-lea. În cea mai mare parte a literaturii astronomice anterioare, Callisto este denumit prin denumirea sa numerică romană, un sistem introdus de Galileo, ca Jupiter IV sau „al patrulea satelit al lui Jupiter”. <a href="#cite_note-Barnard1892-34">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orbită_și_rotație">Orbită și rotație</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Orbită și rotație" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Orbită și rotație">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:001221_Cassini_Jupiter_%26_Europa_%26_Callisto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/001221_Cassini_Jupiter_%26_Europa_%26_Callisto.jpg/220px-001221_Cassini_Jupiter_%26_Europa_%26_Callisto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/001221_Cassini_Jupiter_%26_Europa_%26_Callisto.jpg/330px-001221_Cassini_Jupiter_%26_Europa_%26_Callisto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/001221_Cassini_Jupiter_%26_Europa_%26_Callisto.jpg/440px-001221_Cassini_Jupiter_%26_Europa_%26_Callisto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="1016" /></a><figcaption>Callisto (stânga jos), Jupiter (dreapta sus) și Europa (sub și stânga <a href="/wiki/Marea_Pat%C4%83_Ro%C8%99ie" title="Marea Pată Roșie">Marei pete roșii</a> al lui Jupiter) văzute de <a href="/wiki/Cassini-Huygens" title="Cassini-Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></figcaption></figure> Callisto este cel mai exterior dintre cei patru sateliți galileeni ai lui Jupiter. Orbitează la o distanță de aproximativ 1 880 000 km (26,3 ori 71 492 km raza lui Jupiter însuși). <a href="#cite_note-orbit-4">[2]</a> Aceasta este semnificativ mai mare decât raza orbitală—1 070 000 km — de cel mai apropiat satelit galilean, Ganymede. Ca urmare a acestei orbite relativ îndepărtate, Callisto nu participă la <a href="/wiki/Rezonan%C8%9B%C4%83_orbital%C4%83" title="Rezonanță orbitală">rezonanța</a> în care cei trei sateliți interiori galileeni sunt blocați - și probabil nu a făcut-o niciodată. <a href="#cite_note-Musotto20022-35">[29]</a> La fel ca majoritatea altor sateliți planetari obișnuiți, rotația lui Callisto este blocată pentru a fi <a href="/wiki/Rota%C8%9Bie_sincron%C4%83" title="Rotație sincronă">sincronă</a> cu orbita sa. <a href="#cite_note-Anderson_2001-5">[3]</a> Durata zilei lui Callisto, concomitent cu <a href="/wiki/Perioad%C4%83_sinodic%C4%83" title="Perioadă sinodică">perioada sa orbitală</a>, este de aproximativ 16,7 zile pământești. Orbita sa este foarte puțin excentrică și înclinată față de <a href="/wiki/Ecuator" title="Ecuator">ecuatorul</a> Jovian, <a href="/wiki/Excentricitate_orbital%C4%83" title="Excentricitate orbitală">excentricitatea</a> și <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Enclina%C8%9Bie_orbital%C4%83" title="Înclinație orbitală">înclinația</a> schimbându-se cvasi-periodic datorită perturbațiilor gravitaționale solare și planetare pe o scară de timp de secole. Intervalele de modificare sunt 0,0072–0,0076 și, respectiv, 0,20–0,60°. <a href="#cite_note-Musotto20023-36">[30]</a> Aceste variații orbitale fac ca <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Enclinare_axial%C4%83" title="Înclinare axială">înclinarea axială</a> (unghiul dintre axa de rotație și cea orbitală) să varieze între 0,4 și 1,6°. <a href="#cite_note-Bills2005-37">[31]</a> Izolarea dinamică a lui Callisto înseamnă că nu a fost niciodată încălzit mareic apreciabil, ceea ce are consecințe importante pentru structura și <a href="/wiki/Evolu%C8%9Bie" title="Evoluție">evoluția</a> sa internă. <a href="#cite_note-Freeman2006-38">[32]</a> Distanța sa față de Jupiter înseamnă, de asemenea, că <a href="/wiki/Flux" title="Flux">fluxul</a> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Particul%C4%83_%C3%AEnc%C4%83rcat%C4%83_electric&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Particulă încărcată electric — pagină inexistentă">particule încărcate</a> din <a href="/wiki/Magnetosfer%C4%83" title="Magnetosferă">magnetosfera</a> lui Jupiter la suprafața sa este relativ scăzut - de aproximativ 300 de ori mai mic decât, de exemplu, cel de pe <a href="/wiki/Europa_(satelit)" title="Europa (satelit)">Europa</a>. Prin urmare, spre deosebire de ceilalți sateliți galileeni, iradierea cu particule încărcate a avut un efect relativ minor asupra suprafeței lui Callisto. <a href="#cite_note-Cooper20012-39">[33]</a> Nivelul de radiație de la suprafața lui Callisto este echivalent cu o doză de aproximativ 0,01 <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B6ntgen_echivalent_om&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Röntgen echivalent om — pagină inexistentă">rem</a> (0,1 <a href="/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert">mSv</a> ) pe zi, care este de peste zece ori mai mare decât radiația medie de fond a Pământului. <a href="#cite_note-40">[34]</a> <a href="#cite_note-ringwald-41">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caracteristici_fizice">Caracteristici fizice</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Caracteristici fizice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Caracteristici fizice">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compoziție">Compoziție</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Compoziție" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Compoziție">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Callisto,_Earth_%26_Moon_size_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Callisto%2C_Earth_%26_Moon_size_comparison.jpg/220px-Callisto%2C_Earth_%26_Moon_size_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Callisto%2C_Earth_%26_Moon_size_comparison.jpg/330px-Callisto%2C_Earth_%26_Moon_size_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Callisto%2C_Earth_%26_Moon_size_comparison.jpg/440px-Callisto%2C_Earth_%26_Moon_size_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2026" /></a><figcaption>Comparația mărimilor <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" title="Pământ">Pământului</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luna" title="Luna">Lunii</a> și lui Callisto</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:PIA00844_NIMS_spectra.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/PIA00844_NIMS_spectra.gif/220px-PIA00844_NIMS_spectra.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/PIA00844_NIMS_spectra.gif/330px-PIA00844_NIMS_spectra.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/PIA00844_NIMS_spectra.gif/440px-PIA00844_NIMS_spectra.gif 2x" data-file-width="2528" data-file-height="2036" /></a><figcaption>Spectrele IR apropiate ale câmpiilor craterizate întunecate (roșu) și structura de impact Asgard (albastru), care arată prezența mai mare a gheții ( benzi de absorbție de la 1 la 2 <a href="/wiki/Micrometru_(unitate)" title="Micrometru (unitate)">μm</a> ) <a href="#cite_note-Clark-42">[36]</a> și mai puțin material stâncos în Asgard.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Densitate" title="Densitate">Densitatea</a> medie a lui Callisto, 1,83 g/cm 3, <a href="#cite_note-Anderson_20012-43">[37]</a> sugerează o <a href="/wiki/Compozi%C8%9Bie_chimic%C4%83" title="Compoziție chimică">compoziție</a> de părți aproximativ egale de material de rocă și <a href="/wiki/Ghea%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Gheață">gheață</a>, cu unele ghețuri volatile suplimentare, cum ar fi <a href="/wiki/Amoniac" title="Amoniac">amoniacul</a>. <a href="#cite_note-Kuskov2005-44">[38]</a> Fracția de masă a gheții este de 49–55%. <a href="#cite_note-Kuskov2005-44">[38]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Spohn_20032-45">[39]</a> Compoziția exactă a componentei de <a href="/wiki/Roc%C4%83" title="Rocă">rocă</a> a lui Callisto nu este cunoscută, dar este probabil apropiată de compoziția condritelor obișnuite de tip L/LL, <a href="#cite_note-Kuskov2005-44">[38]</a> care se caracterizează prin mai puțin <a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">fier</a> total, mai puțin fier metalic și mai mult <a href="/wiki/Oxid_de_fier" title="Oxid de fier">oxid de fier</a> decât condritele H. Raportul de greutate dintre fier și <a href="/wiki/Siliciu" title="Siliciu">siliciu</a> este de 0,9–1,3 în Callisto, în timp ce <a href="/wiki/Soare" title="Soare">raportul solar</a> este de aproximativ 1:8. <a href="#cite_note-Kuskov2005-44">[38]</a> Suprafața lui Callisto are un <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a> de aproximativ 20%. <a href="#cite_note-Moore20042-46">[40]</a> Compoziția sa de suprafață este considerată a fi în general similară cu compoziția sa în ansamblu. <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopie" title="Spectroscopie">Spectroscopia</a> în infraroșu apropiat a scos la iveală prezența <a href="/w/index.php?title=Band%C4%83_de_absorb%C8%9Bie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandă de absorbție — pagină inexistentă">benzilor de absorbție</a> a gheții la lungimi de undă de 1,04, 1,25, 1,5, 2,0 și 3,0 micrometri. <a href="#cite_note-Moore20042-46">[40]</a> Gheața pare să fie omniprezentă pe suprafața Callisto, cu o fracție de masă de 25–50%. <a href="#cite_note-Showman1999-47">[41]</a> Analiza <a href="/wiki/Spectru" class="mw-disambig" title="Spectru">spectrelor</a> de înaltă rezoluție, <a href="/wiki/Infraro%C8%99u" title="Infraroșu">în infraroșu apropiat</a> și <a href="/wiki/Raze_ultraviolete" title="Raze ultraviolete">UV</a> obținute de sonda <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(sond%C4%83_spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83)" title="Galileo (sondă spațială)">Galileo</a> și de la sol a scos la iveală diverse alte materiale: <a href="/wiki/Silicat" title="Silicat">silicați</a> hidratați cu <a href="/wiki/Magneziu" title="Magneziu">magneziu</a> și <a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">fier</a>, <a href="#cite_note-Moore20042-46">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dioxid_de_carbon" title="Dioxid de carbon">dioxid de carbon</a>, <a href="#cite_note-Brown2003-48">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dioxid_de_sulf" title="Dioxid de sulf">dioxid de sulf</a>, <a href="#cite_note-Noll1996-49">[43]</a> și, eventual, <a href="/wiki/Amoniac" title="Amoniac">amoniac</a> și diferiți <a href="/wiki/Compus_organic" title="Compus organic">compuși organici</a>. <a href="#cite_note-Showman1999-47">[41]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Moore20042-46">[40]</a> Datele spectrale indică faptul că suprafața lui Callisto este extrem de eterogenă la scară mică. Petice mici și strălucitoare de gheață pură sunt amestecate cu pete dintr-un amestec de rocă-gheață și zone întinse întunecate, făcute dintr-un material fără gheață. <a href="#cite_note-Moore20042-46">[40]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Greeley_20002-50">[44]</a> Suprafața callistoană este asimetrică: emisfera anterioară<a href="#cite_note-footnote2-51">[g]</a> este mai întunecată decât cea posterioară. Acest lucru este diferit pe alți <a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_galileeni" title="Sateliții galileeni">sateliți galileeni</a>, unde este adevărat inversul. <a href="#cite_note-Moore20043-52">[45]</a> Emisfera posterioară <a href="#cite_note-footnote2-51">[g]</a> a lui Callisto pare să fie îmbogățită în <a href="/wiki/Dioxid_de_carbon" title="Dioxid de carbon">dioxid de carbon</a>, în timp ce emisfera anterioară are mai mult <a href="/wiki/Dioxid_de_sulf" title="Dioxid de sulf">dioxid de sulf</a>. <a href="#cite_note-Hibbitts1998-53">[46]</a> Multe <a href="/wiki/Crater_de_impact" title="Crater de impact">cratere</a> proaspete precum Lofn prezintă, de asemenea, o îmbogățire în dioxid de carbon. <a href="#cite_note-Hibbitts1998-53">[46]</a> În general, compoziția chimică a suprafeței, în special în zonele întunecate, poate fi apropiată de cea observată pe <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_de_tip_D" title="Asteroid de tip D">asteroizii de tip D</a> <a href="#cite_note-Greeley_20003-54">[47]</a> ale căror suprafețe sunt făcute din material <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbonic</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structura_interna">Structura interna</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Structura interna" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Structura interna">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Callisto_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Callisto_diagram.svg/220px-Callisto_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Callisto_diagram.svg/330px-Callisto_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Callisto_diagram.svg/440px-Callisto_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Model al structurii interne a lui Callisto care arată un strat de gheață la suprafață, un posibil strat de apă lichidă și un interior de rocă-gheață</figcaption></figure> Suprafața cu multe cratere a lui Callisto se află deasupra unei <a href="/wiki/Litosfer%C4%83" title="Litosferă">litosfere</a> reci, rigide și înghețate, care are între 80 și 150 km grosime. <a href="#cite_note-Kuskov20054-55">[48]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Spohn_20034-56">[49]</a> Un ocean sărat la 150–200 km adâncime se poate afla sub scoarță, <a href="#cite_note-Kuskov20054-55">[48]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Spohn_20034-56">[49]</a> indicat de studiile <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mp_magnetic" title="Câmp magnetic">câmpurilor magnetice</a> din jurul lui Jupiter și a sateliților săi. <a href="#cite_note-Khurana_20002-57">[50]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Zimmer_20002-58">[51]</a> S-a descoperit că Callisto răspunde la câmpul magnetic de fundal al lui Jupiter ca o sferă perfect conducătoare ; adică câmpul nu poate pătrunde în interiorul Callisto, sugerând un strat de fluid foarte conductiv în interiorul acestuia cu o grosime de cel puțin 10 km. <a href="#cite_note-Zimmer_20002-58">[51]</a> Existența unui ocean este mai probabilă dacă apa conține o cantitate mică de <a href="/wiki/Amoniac" title="Amoniac">amoniac</a> sau alt <a href="/wiki/Anticongelant" title="Anticongelant">antigel</a>, până la 5% din greutate. <a href="#cite_note-Spohn_20034-56">[49]</a> În acest caz, stratul de apă+gheață poate avea o grosime de 250–300 km. <a href="#cite_note-Kuskov20054-55">[48]</a> În lipsa unui ocean, litosfera înghețată poate fi ceva mai groasă, până la aproximativ 300 km. Sub litosferă și oceanul presupus, interiorul lui Callisto pare să nu fie nici complet uniform, nici deosebit de variabil. Datele sondei Galileo <a href="#cite_note-Anderson_20013-59">[52]</a> (în special <a href="/wiki/Moment_de_iner%C8%9Bie" title="Moment de inerție">momentul adimensional de inerție</a> <a href="#cite_note-60">[h]</a> —0,3549 ± 0,0042 — determinat în timpul zborurilor apropiate) sugerează că, dacă Callisto este în <a href="/wiki/Echilibru_hidrostatic" title="Echilibru hidrostatic">echilibru hidrostatic</a>, interiorul său este compus din <a href="/wiki/Roc%C4%83" title="Rocă">roci</a> comprimate și <a href="/wiki/Ghea%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Gheață">gheață</a>, cantitatea de rocă crescând odată cu adâncimea datorită tasării parțiale a constituenților săi. <a href="#cite_note-Kuskov20053-61">[53]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Anderson_1998-62">[54]</a> Cu alte cuvinte, Callisto poate fi doar parțial diferențiat. Densitatea și momentul de inerție pentru un Callisto în echilibru sunt compatibile cu existența unui miez mic de <a href="/wiki/Silicat" title="Silicat">silicat</a> în centrul lui Callisto. Raza unui astfel de nucleu nu poate depăși 600 km, iar densitatea poate fi cuprinsă între 3,1 și 3,6 g/ cm3. <a href="#cite_note-Anderson_20013-59">[52]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Kuskov20053-61">[53]</a> În acest caz, interiorul lui Callisto ar fi în contrast puternic cu cel al lui <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(satelit)" title="Ganymede (satelit)">Ganymede</a>, care pare a fi complet diferențiat. <a href="#cite_note-Showman19993-63">[55]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Sohl2002-64">[56]</a> Cu toate acestea, o reanaliza din 2011 a datelor Galileo sugerează că Callisto nu este în echilibru hidrostatic; coeficientul său S22 din datele gravitaționale este anormal de 10% din valoarea sa C22, ceea ce nu este în concordanță cu un corp în echilibru hidrostatic și astfel crește semnificativ barele de eroare ale momentului de inerție al lui Callisto. Mai mult, un Callisto nediferențiat nu este în concordanță cu prezența unui ocean intern substanțial, așa cum este dedus din datele magnetice, și ar fi dificil pentru un obiect la fel de mare ca Callisto să nu reușească să se diferențieze în orice moment. <a href="#cite_note-Monteux2014-65">[57]</a> În acest caz, datele gravitaționale pot fi mai consistente cu un Callisto mai complet diferențiat cu un miez de silicat hidratat. <a href="#cite_note-Castillo-Rogez2011-66">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forme_de_relief">Forme de relief</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Forme de relief" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Forme de relief">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Cratered_plains_PIA00745.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cratered_plains_PIA00745.jpg/220px-Cratered_plains_PIA00745.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cratered_plains_PIA00745.jpg/330px-Cratered_plains_PIA00745.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cratered_plains_PIA00745.jpg/440px-Cratered_plains_PIA00745.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1691" data-file-height="2231" /></a><figcaption>Imagine Galileo a câmpiilor craterizate, ilustrând netezirea locală omniprezentă a suprafeței lui Callisto</figcaption></figure> Suprafața antică a lui Callisto este una dintre cele mai puternic craterate din Sistemul Solar. <a href="#cite_note-Zahnle_1998-67">[59]</a> De fapt, densitatea <a href="/wiki/Crater_de_impact" title="Crater de impact">craterelor</a> este aproape de <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/saturation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:saturation">saturație</a> : orice crater nou va avea tendința de a șterge unul mai vechi. <a href="/wiki/Geologie" title="Geologie">Geologia</a> la scară largă este relativ simplă; nu există munți mari pe Callisto, vulcani sau alte caracteristici <a href="/wiki/Tectonic%C4%83" title="Tectonică">tectonice</a> endogene. <a href="#cite_note-Bender_1997-68">[60]</a> Craterele de impact și structurile cu mai multe inele - împreună cu fracturile asociate, escarpele și <a href="/wiki/Depozit_(geologie)" title="Depozit (geologie)">depozitele</a> - sunt singurele forme de relief mari care se găsesc la suprafață. <a href="#cite_note-Greeley_20004-69">[61]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Bender_1997-68">[60]</a> Suprafața lui Callisto poate fi împărțită în mai multe părți diferite din punct de vedere geologic: câmpii craterizate, câmpii luminoase, câmpii netede luminoase și întunecate și diverse unități asociate cu structuri speciale multi-inelate și cratere. Câmpiile craterizate constituie cea mai mare parte a suprafeței și reprezintă litosfera antică, un amestec de gheață și material stâncos. Câmpiile luminoase includ cratere strălucitoare precum Burr și Lofn, precum și rămășițele șterse ale vechilor cratere mari numite palimpseste, părțile centrale ale structurilor multi-inelate și pete izolate din câmpiile craterizate. Aceste câmpii dechise la culoare sunt considerate a fi depozite de impact înghețate. Câmpiile strălucitoare și netede constituie o mică parte din suprafața lui Callisto și se găsesc în zonele de creastă și jgheab ale formațiunilor Valhalla și Asgard și ca pete izolate în câmpiile craterizate. S-a crezut că acestea sunt legate de activitatea endogenă, dar imaginile de înaltă rezoluție ale lui Galileo au arătat că câmpiile luminoase și netede se corelează cu terenul puternic fracturat și nodur și nu prezintă semne de refacere la suprafață. Imaginile Galileo au dezvăluit, de asemenea, zone mici, întunecate și netede, cu o acoperire totală mai mică de 10.000 km 2, care par să înglobeze terenul înconjurător. Sunt posibile depozite criovulcanice. Atât câmpiile luminoase, cât și diferitele câmpii netede sunt oarecum mai tinere și mai puțin craterizate decât câmpiile craterizate de fundal. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Callisto_Har_PIA01054.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Callisto_Har_PIA01054.jpg/220px-Callisto_Har_PIA01054.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Callisto_Har_PIA01054.jpg/330px-Callisto_Har_PIA01054.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Callisto_Har_PIA01054.jpg/440px-Callisto_Har_PIA01054.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="3320" /></a><figcaption>Craterul <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A1r_(crater)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hár (crater) — pagină inexistentă">Hár</a> cu o cupolă centrală. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lan%C8%9B_de_crater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanț de crater — pagină inexistentă">Lanțuri</a> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crater_secundar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crater secundar — pagină inexistentă">cratere secundare</a> de la formarea craterului mai recent <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tindr_(crater)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tindr (crater) — pagină inexistentă">Tindr</a>, în dreapta sus, traversează terenul.</figcaption></figure> Diametrele craterelor observate variază de la 0,1 km — o limită definită de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rezolu%C8%9Bia_imaginii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rezoluția imaginii — pagină inexistentă">rezoluția imaginii</a> — la peste 100 km, fără a număra structurile multi-inelate. <a href="#cite_note-Greeley_20006-70">[62]</a> Cratere mici, cu diametre mai mici de 5 km, au forme simple de bol sau cu podea plată. Cei de 5–40 km au de obicei un vârf central. Forme de relief de impact mai mari, cu diametre în intervalul 25-100 km, au gropi centrale în loc de vârfuri, cum ar fi craterul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tindr_(crater)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tindr (crater) — pagină inexistentă">Tindr</a>. <a href="#cite_note-Greeley_20006-70">[62]</a> Cele mai mari cratere cu diametre de peste 60 km pot avea cupole centrale, despre care se crede că sunt rezultatul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ridicare_tectonica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ridicare tectonica — pagină inexistentă">ridicării tectonice</a> centrale după un impact; <a href="#cite_note-Greeley_20006-70">[62]</a> exemple includ craterele Doh și Hár. Un număr mic de cratere foarte mari - mai mult de 100 km în diametru — luminoase prezintă o geometrie anormală a domului. Acestea sunt neobișnuit de puțin adânci și pot fi o formă de <a href="/wiki/Form%C4%83_de_relief" title="Formă de relief">relief</a> de tranziție către structurile multi-inelate, ca și în cazul lui Lofn. <a href="#cite_note-Greeley_20006-70">[62]</a> Craterele lui Callisto sunt în general mai puțin adânci decât cele de pe <a href="/wiki/Luna" title="Luna">Lună</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Valhalla_crater_on_Callisto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Valhalla_crater_on_Callisto.jpg/220px-Valhalla_crater_on_Callisto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Valhalla_crater_on_Callisto.jpg/330px-Valhalla_crater_on_Callisto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Valhalla_crater_on_Callisto.jpg/440px-Valhalla_crater_on_Callisto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption>Imagine <a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a> cu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valhalla_(crater)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valhalla (crater) — pagină inexistentă">Valhalla</a>, o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crater_complex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crater complex — pagină inexistentă">structură de impact</a> multi-inelată cu 3800 km în diametru</figcaption></figure> Cele mai mari cratere pe suprafața lui Callisto sunt bazinele cu mai multe inele. <a href="#cite_note-Greeley_20007-71">[63]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Bender_19973-72">[64]</a> Două sunt enorme. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valhalla_(crater)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valhalla (crater) — pagină inexistentă">Valhalla</a> este cel mai mare, cu o regiune centrală strălucitoare de 600 kilometri în diametru și inele care se extind până la 1.800 kilometri de centru (vezi figura). <a href="#cite_note-Map_2002-73">[65]</a> Al doilea ca mărime este <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asgard_(crater)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asgard (crater) — pagină inexistentă">Asgard</a>, măsurând aproximativ 1.600 kilometri în diametru. <a href="#cite_note-Map_2002-73">[65]</a> Structurile cu mai multe inele au apărut probabil ca urmare a unei fracturi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Concentricitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Concentricitate — pagină inexistentă">concentrice</a> post-impact a litosferei aflată pe un strat de material moale sau lichid, posibil un ocean. <a href="#cite_note-Klemaszewski2001-74">[66]</a> Catenele - de exemplu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gomul_Catena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gomul Catena — pagină inexistentă">Gomul Catena</a> - sunt lanțuri lungi de cratere aliniate în linii drepte pe suprafață. Ele au fost, probabil, create de obiecte care au fost perturbate de forțele maeice pe măsură ce treceau aproape de Jupiter înainte de impactul asupra lui Callisto sau de impacturi foarte <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oblique" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:oblique">oblice</a>. <a href="#cite_note-Greeley_20007-71">[63]</a> Un exemplu istoric de perturbare a fost <a href="/wiki/Cometa_Shoemaker-Levy_9" title="Cometa Shoemaker-Levy 9">Cometa Shoemaker-Levy 9</a>. După cum s-a menționat mai sus, pe suprafața lui Callisto se găsesc mici pete de gheață pură cu un <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a> de până la 80%, înconjurate de material mult mai întunecat. <a href="#cite_note-Moore20044-75">[67]</a> Imaginile <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(sond%C4%83_spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83)" title="Galileo (sondă spațială)">Galileo</a> de înaltă rezoluție au arătat că peticele luminoase sunt localizate predominant pe elementele de suprafață ridicate: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rim_(cratere)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rim (cratere) — pagină inexistentă">marginile</a> craterelor, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Escarp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Escarp — pagină inexistentă">scarpurile</a>, crestele și butoanele. <a href="#cite_note-Moore20044-75">[67]</a> Este posibil să fie <a href="/wiki/Depozit_(geologie)" title="Depozit (geologie)">depozite</a> subțiri de <a href="/wiki/Brum%C4%83" title="Brumă">brumă</a>. Materialul întunecat se află de obicei în zonele joase care înconjoară și învelesc zone luminoase și pare a fi neted. Formează adesea petice până la 5 km în interiorul etajelor craterelor și în depresiunile dintre cratere. <a href="#cite_note-Moore20044-75">[67]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Landslides_and_knobs_PIA01095.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Landslides_and_knobs_PIA01095.jpg/220px-Landslides_and_knobs_PIA01095.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Landslides_and_knobs_PIA01095.jpg/330px-Landslides_and_knobs_PIA01095.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Landslides_and_knobs_PIA01095.jpg/440px-Landslides_and_knobs_PIA01095.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Două <a href="/wiki/Alunecare_de_teren" title="Alunecare de teren">alunecări</a> de teren 3–3.5 km lungime sunt vizibile în partea dreaptă a etajelor celor două cratere mari din dreapta.</figcaption></figure> La o scară sub-kilometrică, suprafața lui Callisto este mai degradată decât suprafețele altor sateliți de gheață <a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_galileeni" title="Sateliții galileeni">galileeni</a>. <a href="#cite_note-Moore20045-76">[68]</a> De obicei, există un deficit de cratere mici cu diametre mai mici de 1 km în comparație cu, de exemplu, câmpiile întunecate de pe <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(satelit)" title="Ganymede (satelit)">Ganymede</a>. <a href="#cite_note-Greeley_20008-77">[69]</a> În loc de cratere mici, formele de relief aproape omniprezente sunt butoane mici și gropi. <a href="#cite_note-Moore20045-76">[68]</a> Se crede că butoanele reprezintă rămășițe ale marginilor craterelor degradate de un proces încă incert. <a href="#cite_note-Moore19992-78">[70]</a> Cel mai probabil proces candidat este <a href="/wiki/Sublimare" title="Sublimare">sublimarea</a> lentă a gheții, care este activată de o temperatură de până la 165 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>, atins într-un punct subsolar. <a href="#cite_note-Moore20045-76">[68]</a> O astfel de sublimare a apei sau a altor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volatile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volatile — pagină inexistentă">substanțe volatile</a> din gheața murdară care este <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roca_de_baz%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roca de bază — pagină inexistentă">roca</a> de bază provoacă descompunerea acesteia. Resturile negheață formează avalanșe de resturi care coboară de pe versanții pereților craterului. <a href="#cite_note-Moore19992-78">[70]</a> Astfel de avalanșe sunt adesea observate în apropierea și în interiorul craterelor de impact și sunt numite „șorțuri de resturi”. <a href="#cite_note-Moore20045-76">[68]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Greeley_20008-77">[69]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Moore19992-78">[70]</a> Uneori, pereții craterelor sunt tăiați de incizii sinuoase, asemănătoare văiilor, numite „grăvi”, care seamănă cu anumite forme de relief <a href="/wiki/Marte_(planet%C4%83)" title="Marte (planetă)">marțiene</a>. <a href="#cite_note-Moore20045-76">[68]</a> În ipoteza sublimării gheții, materialul întunecat de jos este interpretat ca o pătură de resturi în principal non-gheață, care provin din marginile degradate ale craterelor și au acoperit o rocă predominant înghețată. Vârstele relative ale diferitelor unități de suprafață de pe Callisto pot fi determinate din densitatea craterelor de pe acestea. Cu cât suprafața este mai veche, cu atât populația craterelor este mai densă. <a href="#cite_note-Chapman1997-79">[71]</a> Datarea absolută nu a fost efectuată, dar pe baza unor considerații teoretice, se crede că câmpiile craterizate sunt de ~4,5. <a href="/wiki/Miliard" title="Miliard">miliarde</a> de ani, datând aproape de la formarea <a href="/wiki/Sistemul_solar" title="Sistemul solar">Sistemului Solar</a>. Vârstele structurilor multi-inelate și craterelor de impact depind de ratele alese de craterizare de fond și sunt estimate de diferiți autori ca variază între 1 și 4 miliarde de ani. <a href="#cite_note-Greeley_20009-80">[72]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Zahnle_19982-81">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atmosferă_și_ionosferă">Atmosferă și ionosferă</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Atmosferă și ionosferă" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Atmosferă și ionosferă">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Callisto_field.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Callisto_field.svg/220px-Callisto_field.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Callisto_field.svg/330px-Callisto_field.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Callisto_field.svg/440px-Callisto_field.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption>Câmp magnetic indus în jurul lui Callisto</figcaption></figure> Callisto are o atmosferă foarte rarefiată compusă din <a href="/wiki/Dioxid_de_carbon" title="Dioxid de carbon">dioxid de carbon</a>. <a href="#cite_note-Carlson_19992-82">[74]</a> A fost detectată de spectrometrul de cartografiere în infraroșu apropiat Galileo (NIMS) din caracteristica sa de absorbție lângă lungimea de undă 4,2 <a href="/wiki/Micrometru_(unitate)" title="Micrometru (unitate)">micrometri</a>. Presiunea de suprafață este estimată la 7,5 <a href="/wiki/Bar" title="Bar">picobari</a> (0,75 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unitate_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83)" title="Pascal (unitate de măsură)">μPa</a> ) și densitatea particulelor 4 × 108  cm −3. Pentru că o atmosferă atât de subțire s-ar pierde doar în aproximativ 4 zile (vezi evadare atmosferică ), trebuie reînnoită în mod constant, eventual prin sublimarea lentă a gheții de dioxid de carbon din scoarța de gheață a lui Callisto, <a href="#cite_note-Carlson_19992-82">[74]</a> care ar fi compatibilă cu ipoteza sublimării-degradării pentru formarea butoanelor de la suprafață. Ionosfera lui Callisto a fost detectată pentru prima dată în timpul zborurilor lui Galileo ; <a href="#cite_note-Kliore_20022-83">[75]</a> densitatea sa mare de electroni de 7–17 × 104  cm −3 nu poate fi explicată numai prin fotoionizarea <a href="/wiki/Dioxid_de_carbon" title="Dioxid de carbon">dioxidului de carbon</a> atmosferic. Prin urmare, se suspectează că atmosfera lui Callisto este de fapt dominată de oxigen molecular (în cantități de 10-100 de ori mai mari decât CO 2 ). <a href="#cite_note-Liang_20052-84">[76]</a> Cu toate acestea, <a href="/wiki/Oxigen" title="Oxigen">oxigenul</a> nu a fost încă detectat direct în atmosfera lui Callisto. Observațiile cu <a href="/wiki/Telescopul_spa%C8%9Bial_Hubble" title="Telescopul spațial Hubble">telescopul spațial Hubble</a> (HST) au plasat o limită superioară a posibilei sale concentrații în atmosferă, pe baza lipsei de detectare, care este încă compatibilă cu măsurătorile ionosferice. <a href="#cite_note-Strobel2002-85">[77]</a> În același timp, HST a fost capabil să detecteze oxigenul <a href="/wiki/Condensare" title="Condensare">condensat</a> prins pe suprafața lui Callisto. <a href="#cite_note-Spencer2002-86">[78]</a> Hidrogenul atomic a fost detectat, de asemenea, în atmosfera lui Callisto prin analiza recentă a datelor telescopului spațial Hubble din 2001. <a href="#cite_note-:0-87">[79]</a> Imaginile spectrale realizate pe 15 și 24 decembrie 2001 au fost reexaminate, dezvăluind un semnal slab de lumină împrăștiată care indică o coronă de hidrogen. Luminozitatea observată din lumina soarelui împrăștiată în corona de hidrogen a lui Callisto este de aproximativ două ori mai mare atunci când se observă emisfera anterioară. Această asimetrie poate proveni dintr-o abundență diferită de hidrogen atât în emisfera anterioară cât și în emisfera posterioară. Cu toate acestea, această diferență emisferică în luminozitatea coronei de hidrogen a lui Callisto este probabil să provină din stingerea semnalului din geocorona Pământului, care este mai mare atunci când se observă emisfera posterioară. <a href="#cite_note-88">[80]</a> În ultimii ani, s-au făcut încercări de a modela atmosfera lui Callisto pentru a obține o mai bună înțelegere a impactului interacțiunilor moleculare de coliziune. <a href="#cite_note-89">[81]</a> Modelarea atmosferei lui Callisto a constat într-o metodă cinectică de simulare a ciocnirilor care au loc între elementele constitutive ale atmosferei satelitului. Sprijinită de Divizia de explorare a sistemului solar a NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, o echipă de cercetători de la Centrul pentru Științe Spațiale de la NYU Abu Dhabi a simulat mediile lui Callisto pe o singură componentă și pe o bază multicomponentă de compuși volatili radiolitici. <a href="#cite_note-90">[82]</a> Elementele constitutive luate în considerare în timpul simulării sunt cele menționate anterior și observate în atmosfera lui Callisto de către Telescopul Spațial Hubble: dioxid de carbon, oxigen molecular și hidrogen molecular. În cadrul modelului de cinetică moleculară utilizat pentru simulare, densitatea atmosferică aparent mare a lui Callisto poate fi descrisă prin acomodarea termică și desorbția compușilor enumerați mai sus. Această desorbție termică se propune a fi un produs al expunerii solare, cu variații mari de temperatură observate în timpul ciclului de zi și de noapte al satelitului. Prin utilizarea metodei Monte Carlo de simulare directă (DSMC), schimbul de energie între gazul molecular dinamic este evaluat cu fizica computațională a particulelor. <a href="#cite_note-91">[83]</a> Datorită tranziției de la interacțiunile de coliziune la interacțiunile fără coliziune, metoda DSMC poate descrie atmosfera lui Callisto cu o acuratețe relativă. <a href="#cite_note-92">[84]</a> Fiecare particulă a volatililor radiolitici a fost evaluată ținând cont de factori precum poziția inițială, viteza și energia internă. Având în vedere că metoda este tranzitorie prin natură, coliziunile atmosferice și desorbția termică au efect până când fiecare compus radiolitic volatil prezintă proprietăți de <a href="/wiki/Stare_sta%C8%9Bionar%C4%83" title="Stare staționară">stare staționară</a> la nivel macroscopic. Încălzirea și răcirea radiativă a atmosferei se evaluează la prânz și la miezul nopții, timpi care descriu când transferul de căldură respectiv este la maxim pentru fiecare capăt al scalei. Este important de remarcat că aceste simulări sunt efectuate în ipoteza că dioxidul de carbon, oxigenul și hidrogenul găsite în atmosfera lui Callisto se desorb termic în regolitul satelituluii, iar toate dinamicele termice prezentate sunt reprezentate doar de interacțiunea cinetică moleculară. Într-o evaluare a datelor prezentate pe parcursul simulării, densitatea atmosferei lui Callisto poate fi descrisă prin captarea hidrogenului gazos prin interacțiunea moleculară cu gazele mai grele, și anume dioxidul de carbon și oxigenul. Se presupune că cele trei volatile radiolitice sunt prezente pe întreaga suprafață a satelitului și sunt expulzate prin excitație termică. Odată ce compușii sunt încălziți, ei încep să radieze spre exterior de la suprafața satelitului. Datorită naturii mai ușoare a hidrogenului, se observă că acesta este constituentul principal implicat în coliziunea moleculară, încercând să scape prin fisurile macroscopice dintre constituenții mai grei. Această simulare oferă o perspectivă mai atentă asupra modului în care aceste interacțiuni cinetice dintre molecule influențează excitația fiecărui constituent și cum afectează aceasta atmosfera lui Callisto. Deși simulările sunt limitative din punct de vedere al variabilelor luate în considerare, se ajunge la concluzia că modelul de cinetică moleculară utilizat oferă densități simulate care se corelează cu pragurile așteptate prin intermediul detecției experimentale. <a href="#cite_note-93">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origine_și_evoluție">Origine și evoluție</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Origine și evoluție" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Origine și evoluție">modificare sursă</a>]</div> Diferențierea parțială a lui Callisto (dedusă de exemplu din măsurătorile momentului de inerție) înseamnă că nu a fost niciodată încălzit suficient pentru a-și topi componenta de gheață. <a href="#cite_note-Spohn_20033-94">[86]</a> Prin urmare, cel mai favorabil model al formării sale este o <a href="/wiki/Acre%C8%9Bie_(astronomie)" title="Acreție (astronomie)">acreție</a> lentă în <a href="/wiki/Geneza_%C8%99i_evolu%C8%9Bia_Sistemului_Solar" title="Geneza și evoluția Sistemului Solar">subnebuloasa Joviană</a> de densitate scăzută - un disc de gaz și praf care a existat în jurul lui Jupiter după formarea sa. <a href="#cite_note-Canup20022-95">[87]</a> O astfel de etapă de acumulare prelungită ar permite răcirii să țină pasul în mare măsură cu acumularea de căldură cauzată de impacturi, dezintegrare radioactivă și contracție, prevenind astfel topirea și diferențierea rapidă. <a href="#cite_note-Canup20022-95">[87]</a> Scala de timp permisă de formare a lui Callisto se află atunci în intervalul 0,1 milioane–10 milioane de ani. <a href="#cite_note-Canup20022-95">[87]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Jagged_Hills_PIA03455.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Jagged_Hills_PIA03455.jpg/220px-Jagged_Hills_PIA03455.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Jagged_Hills_PIA03455.jpg/330px-Jagged_Hills_PIA03455.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Jagged_Hills_PIA03455.jpg/440px-Jagged_Hills_PIA03455.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1510" /></a><figcaption>Vederi ale butoanelor de gheață erodate (sus) și în mare parte erodate (de jos) (~100 m înălțime), format posibil din resturile unui <a href="/wiki/Crater_de_impact" title="Crater de impact">impact</a> antic</figcaption></figure> Evoluția ulterioară a lui Callisto după <a href="/wiki/Acre%C8%9Bie_(astronomie)" title="Acreție (astronomie)">acumulare</a> a fost determinată de echilibrul încălzirii <a href="/wiki/Radioactivitate" title="Radioactivitate">radioactive</a>, răcirii prin <a href="/wiki/Conduc%C8%9Bie_termic%C4%83" title="Conducție termică">conducție termică</a> aproape de suprafață și <a href="/wiki/Convec%C8%9Bie" title="Convecție">convecției</a> în stare solidă sau subsolidus în interior. <a href="#cite_note-Freeman20062-96">[88]</a> Detaliile convecției subsolidului în gheață reprezintă principala sursă de incertitudine în modelele tuturor sateliților înghețați. Se știe că se dezvoltă atunci când temperatura este suficient de aproape de punctul de <a href="/wiki/Punct_de_topire" title="Punct de topire">topire</a>, datorită dependenței de temperatură a <a href="/wiki/Viscozitate" title="Viscozitate">vâscozității</a> gheții. <a href="#cite_note-McKinnon2006-97">[89]</a> Convecția subsolidului în corpurile înghețate este un proces lent, cu mișcări ale gheții de ordinul 1 centimetru pe an, dar este, de fapt, un mecanism de răcire foarte eficient pe perioade lungi de timp. <a href="#cite_note-McKinnon2006-97">[89]</a> Se crede că se desfășoară în așa-numitul regim al capacului stagnant, în care un strat exterior rigid și rece a lui Callisto conduce căldura fără convecție, în timp ce gheața de sub acesta convecționează în regim subsolidus. <a href="#cite_note-Spohn_20035-98">[90]</a> <a href="#cite_note-McKinnon2006-97">[89]</a> Pentru Callisto, stratul conductor exterior corespunde <a href="/wiki/Litosfer%C4%83" title="Litosferă">litosferei</a> rece și rigide cu o grosime de aproximativ 100 km. Prezența sa ar explica lipsa oricăror semne de activitate endogenă pe suprafața callistoană. <a href="#cite_note-McKinnon2006-97">[89]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Nagel2004-99">[91]</a> Convecția în părțile interioare ale lui Callisto poate fi stratificată, deoarece sub presiunile ridicate găsite acolo, <a href="/wiki/Ghea%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Gheață">gheața</a> există în diferite faze cristaline, începând de la gheața I de la suprafață până la gheața VII din centru. <a href="#cite_note-Freeman20062-96">[88]</a> Debutul timpuriu al convecției subsolidus în interiorul callistoan ar fi putut preveni topirea gheții la scară largă și orice <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diferen%C8%9Biere_planetar%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diferențiere planetară — pagină inexistentă">diferențiere</a> rezultată care altfel ar fi format un miez mare stâncos și o manta de gheață. Datorită procesului de convecție, totuși, separarea și diferențierea foarte lentă și parțială a rocilor și gheții din interiorul lui Callisto a avut loc la intervale de timp de miliarde de ani și ar putea continua până în prezent. <a href="#cite_note-Nagel2004-99">[91]</a> Înțelegerea actuală a evoluției lui Callisto permite existența unui strat sau „ocean” de apă lichidă în interiorul său. Aceasta este legată de comportamentul anormal al temperaturii de topire a gheții I, care scade odată cu <a href="/wiki/Presiune" title="Presiune">presiunea</a>, atingând temperaturi de până la 251. K la 2.070 bar (207 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unitate_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83)" title="Pascal (unitate de măsură)">MPa</a> ). <a href="#cite_note-Spohn_20036-100">[92]</a> În toate modelele realiste ale lui Callisto, temperatura dintr-un strat între 100 și 200 km adâncime este foarte aproape de, sau depășește ușor, această temperatură anormală de topire. <a href="#cite_note-Freeman20063-101">[93]</a> <a href="#cite_note-McKinnon20062-102">[94]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Nagel20042-103">[95]</a> Prezența chiar și a unor cantități mici de <a href="/wiki/Amoniac" title="Amoniac">amoniac</a> - aproximativ 1-2% în greutate - aproape garantează existența lichidului, deoarece amoniacul ar scădea și mai mult temperatura de topire. <a href="#cite_note-Spohn_20036-100">[92]</a> Deși Callisto este foarte asemănător ca proprietăți cu <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(satelit)" title="Ganymede (satelit)">Ganymede</a>, se pare că a avut o <a href="/wiki/Paleogeologie" title="Paleogeologie">istorie geologică</a> mult mai simplă. Suprafața pare să fi fost modelată în principal de impacturi și alte forțe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Exogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exogen — pagină inexistentă">exogene</a>. <a href="#cite_note-Greeley_20005-104">[96]</a> Spre deosebire de vecinul Ganymede, cu terenul său canelat, există puține dovezi ale activității <a href="/wiki/Tectonica_pl%C4%83cilor" title="Tectonica plăcilor">tectonice</a>. <a href="#cite_note-Showman19994-105">[97]</a> Explicațiile care au fost propuse pentru contrastele în încălzirea internă și diferențierea ulterioară și activitatea geologică dintre Callisto și Ganymede includ diferențele în condițiile de formare, <a href="#cite_note-Barr2-106">[98]</a> încălzirea mareică mai mare experimentată de Ganymede <a href="#cite_note-Showman2-107">[99]</a> și impacturile mai numeroase și mai energetice care ar avea au fost suferite de Ganymede în timpul <a href="/wiki/Marele_bombardament_t%C3%A2rziu" title="Marele bombardament târziu">bombardamentului puternic târziu</a>. <a href="#cite_note-Baldwin-108">[100]</a> <a href="#cite_note-LPI1158-109">[101]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Barr-110">[102]</a> Istoria geologică relativ simplă a lui Callisto oferă oamenilor de știință planetară un punct de referință pentru comparație cu alte lumi mai active și mai complexe. <a href="#cite_note-Showman19994-105">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Potențială_locuibilitate">Potențială locuibilitate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifică secțiunea: Potențială locuibilitate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Potențială locuibilitate">modificare sursă</a>]</div> Se speculează că ar putea exista viață în oceanul subteran al lui Callisto. La fel ca <a href="/wiki/Europa_(satelit)" title="Europa (satelit)">Europa</a> și <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(satelit)" title="Ganymede (satelit)">Ganymede</a>, precum și <a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Saturn" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Saturn">sateliții lui Saturn</a> <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Enceladus</a><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_(satelit)" title="Enceladus (satelit)">,</a> <a href="/wiki/Dione_(satelit)" title="Dione (satelit)">Dione</a> și <a href="/wiki/Titan_(satelit)" title="Titan (satelit)">Titan</a> și satelitul lui <a href="/wiki/Neptun" title="Neptun">Neptun</a> <a href="/wiki/Triton_(satelit)" title="Triton (satelit)">Triton</a>, <a href="#cite_note-Triton_subsurface_ocean-111">[103]</a> un posibil ocean subteran ar putea fi compus din <a href="/wiki/Ap%C4%83_s%C4%83rat%C4%83" title="Apă sărată">apă sărată</a>. Este posibil ca <a href="/wiki/Halofil" title="Halofil">halofilii</a> să prospere în ocean. <a href="#cite_note-NASA_finds_ocean-112">[104]</a> Ca și în cazul lui <a href="/wiki/Europa_(satelit)" title="Europa (satelit)">Europa</a> și <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(satelit)" title="Ganymede (satelit)">Ganymede</a>, a apărut ideea că condițiile locuibile și chiar <a href="/wiki/Via%C8%9B%C4%83_extraterestr%C4%83" title="Viață extraterestră">viața microbiană extraterestră</a> pot exista în <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceanul</a> sărat de sub suprafața callistoană. <a href="#cite_note-Lipps20042-113">[105]</a> Cu toate acestea, condițiile de mediu necesare vieții par a fi mai puțin favorabile pe Callisto decât pe Europa. Principalele motive sunt lipsa contactului cu materialul stâncos și fluxul de căldură mai scăzut din interiorul lui Callisto. <a href="#cite_note-Lipps20042-113">[105]</a> Omul de știință Torrence Johnson a spus următoarele despre compararea șanselor de viață pe Callisto cu șansele de pe alți <a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_galileeni" title="Sateliții galileeni">sateliți galileeni</a> : <a href="#cite_note-NASA_finds_ocean-112">[104]</a> "Ingredientele de bază ale vieții – ceea ce numim „chimie prebiotică” – sunt abundente în multe obiecte din sistemul solar, cum ar fi cometele, asteroizii și lunile înghețate. Biologii cred că apa lichidă și energia sunt necesare pentru a susține viața, așa că este interesant să găsim un alt loc unde am putea avea apă lichidă. Însă, energia este o altă chestiune, iar în prezent, oceanul lui Callisto este încălzit doar de elemente radioactive, în timp ce Europa are și energie mareică, de la apropierea sa mai mare de Jupiter." Pe baza considerațiilor menționate mai sus și a altor observații științifice, se crede că dintre toți sateliții lui Jupiter, Europa are cele mai mari șanse de a susține <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">viața microbiană</a>. <a href="#cite_note-Lipps20043-114">[106]</a> <a href="#cite_note-François2005-115">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explorare">Explorare</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifică secțiunea: Explorare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Explorare">modificare sursă</a>]</div> Întâlnirile lui <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a> și <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a> cu Jupiter la începutul anilor 1970 au contribuit cu puține informații noi despre Callisto, în comparație cu ceea ce era deja cunoscut din observațiile de pe Pământ. <a href="#cite_note-Moore20046-116">[108]</a> Adevărata descoperire a avut loc mai târziu, cu zborurile<a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a> și <a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a>, în 1979. Ei au fotografiat mai mult de jumătate din suprafața callistoană cu o rezoluție de 1–2 km și i-a măsurat cu precizie temperatura, masa și forma. <a href="#cite_note-Moore20046-116">[108]</a> O a doua rundă de explorare a durat din 1994 până în 2003, când nava spațială <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galileo_(nava_spatiala)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galileo (nava spatiala) — pagină inexistentă">Galileo</a> a avut opt întâlniri apropiate cu Callisto, ultimul zbor pe orbită C30 în 2001 a fost aproape de 138. km la suprafață. Orbiterul Galileo a finalizat imagistica globală a suprafeței și a furnizat un număr de imagini cu o rezoluție de până la 15 metri din zonele selectate din Callisto. <a href="#cite_note-Greeley_200010-117">[109]</a> În 2000, nava spațială <a href="/wiki/Cassini-Huygens" title="Cassini-Huygens">Cassini</a> în drum spre <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> a dobândit spectre infraroșii de înaltă calitate ale sateliților galileeni, inclusiv Callisto. <a href="#cite_note-Brown20032-118">[110]</a> În februarie-martie 2007, sonda <a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a> în drum spre Pluto a obținut noi imagini și spectre ale lui Callisto. <a href="#cite_note-Morring2007-119">[111]</a> Următoarea misiune planificată către sistemul Jovian este <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer</a> (JUICE) <a href="/wiki/Agen%C8%9Bia_Spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83_European%C4%83" title="Agenția Spațială Europeană">al Agenției Spațiale Europene</a>, care urmează să fie lansată în 2023. <a href="#cite_note-120">[112]</a> Mai multe zboruri apropiate ale lui Callisto sunt planificate în timpul misiunii. <a href="#cite_note-selection-121">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propuneri_vechi">Propuneri vechi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifică secțiunea: Propuneri vechi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Propuneri vechi">modificare sursă</a>]</div> Propusă anterior pentru o lansare în 2020, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Misiunea_sistemului_Europa_Jupiter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Misiunea sistemului Europa Jupiter — pagină inexistentă">Europa Jupiter System Mission</a> (EJSM) a fost o propunere comună <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> / <a href="/wiki/Agen%C8%9Bia_Spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83_European%C4%83" title="Agenția Spațială Europeană">ESA</a> pentru explorarea sateliților lui <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>. În februarie 2009 a fost anunțat că ESA/NASA au acordat prioritate acestei misiuni înaintea Misiunii Titan Saturn System. <a href="#cite_note-122">[114]</a> La acea vreme, contribuția ESA se confrunta încă cu concurența de finanțare din partea altor proiecte ESA. <a href="#cite_note-123">[115]</a> EJSM a constat din Jupiter Europa Orbiter condus de NASA, Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter condus de ESA și, posibil, un Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter condus de <a href="/wiki/Japan_Aerospace_Exploration_Agency" title="Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency">JAXA</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explorarea_și_colonizarea_umană_potențială">Explorarea și colonizarea umană potențială</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifică secțiunea: Explorarea și colonizarea umană potențială" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Explorarea și colonizarea umană potențială">modificare sursă</a>]</div> În 2003, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> a efectuat un studiu conceptual numit Human Outer Planets Exploration (HOPE) cu privire la viitoarea explorare umană a <a href="/wiki/Sistemul_solar" title="Sistemul solar">Sistemului Solar exterior</a>. Ținta aleasă să se ia în considerare în detaliu a fost Callisto. <a href="#cite_note-HOPE2-124">[116]</a> <a href="#cite_note-125">[117]</a> Studiul a propus o posibilă bază pe Callisto care ar produce <a href="/wiki/Propergol" title="Propergol">propulsor de rachetă</a> pentru explorarea ulterioară a Sistemului Solar. <a href="#cite_note-CallistoBase2-126">[118]</a> Avantajele unei baze pe Callisto includ radiația scăzută (datorită distanței sale față de Jupiter) și stabilitatea geologică. O astfel de bază ar putea facilita explorarea de la distanță a <a href="/wiki/Europa_(satelit)" title="Europa (satelit)">Europei</a> sau ar putea fi o locație ideală pentru o stație a sistemului Jovian care deservește navele spațiale care se îndreaptă mai departe în Sistemul Solar exterior, folosind o <a href="/wiki/Asisten%C8%9B%C4%83_gravita%C8%9Bional%C4%83" title="Asistență gravitațională">asistență gravitațională</a> de la un zbor apropiat al lui Jupiter după plecarea de pe Callisto. <a href="#cite_note-HOPE3-127">[119]</a> În decembrie 2003, NASA a raportat că o misiune cu echipaj către Callisto ar putea fi posibilă în anii 2040. <a href="#cite_note-128">[120]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Callisto_base.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Callisto_base.PNG/220px-Callisto_base.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Callisto_base.PNG/330px-Callisto_base.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Callisto_base.PNG/440px-Callisto_base.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1082" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Impresie artistică a unei baze pe Callisto <a href="#cite_note-CallistoBase-129">[121]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note_explicative">Note explicative</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note explicative" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Note explicative">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <div class="references-small" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Periapsis is derived from the semimajor axis (a) and eccentricity (e): <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a(1-e)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mi>e</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a(1-e)}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/880c58cf41d089a625a15f7bc32db8ffd50f33a7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.125ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a(1-e)}">. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Apoapsis is derived from the semimajor axis (a) and eccentricity (e): <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a(1+e)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mi>e</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a(1+e)}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/078dc55c61087a3bd3af5b520403a90e0e7d546c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.125ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a(1+e)}">. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Surface area derived from the radius (r): <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 4\pi r^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 4\pi r^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b81fcce302776a01dc66fc186a1ce0a616b4d772" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.597ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 4\pi r^{2}}">. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Volume derived from the radius (r): <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>4</mn> <mn>3</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>π</mi> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7112cb504e1399319cb9edbc622d1c4609fd56e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:5.433ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}}">. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Surface gravity derived from the mass (m), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitational_constant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gravitational constant — pagină inexistentă">gravitational constant</a> (G) and the radius (r): <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {Gm}{r^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {Gm}{r^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3bc97461a59646cbc67b1bb4aec9323878ced62c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:4.703ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {Gm}{r^{2}}}}">. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Escape velocity derived from the mass (m), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitational_constant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gravitational constant — pagină inexistentă">gravitational constant</a> (G) and the radius (r): <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle {\sqrt {\frac {2Gm}{r}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>G</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> <mi>r</mi> </mfrac> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle {\sqrt {\frac {2Gm}{r}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a58535443110131fc3db59b1b549eccac2f87149" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:6.716ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle {\sqrt {\frac {2Gm}{r}}}}">. </li> <li id="cite_note-footnote2-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-footnote2_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-footnote2_51-1">b</a> The leading hemisphere is the hemisphere facing the direction of the orbital motion; the trailing hemisphere faces the reverse direction. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> The dimensionless moment of inertia referred to is <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I/(mr^{2})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>m</mi> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I/(mr^{2})}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e4f080de088a3314a70cbd82f30b520439f8eb9e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.287ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I/(mr^{2})}">, where <var style="padding-right: 1px;">I</var> is the moment of inertia, <var style="padding-right: 1px;">m</var> the mass, and <var style="padding-right: 1px;">r</var> the maximal radius. It is 0.4 for a homogenous spherical body, but less than 0.4 if density increases with depth. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Note">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <div class="references-small columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Galilei-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Galilei_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galilei_1-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book">Galilei, G. (<time datetime="1610-03-13">13 martie 1610</time>). Sidereus Nuncius.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sidereus+Nuncius&rft.date=1610-03-13&rft.aulast=Galilei&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ACallisto+%28satelit%29" class="Z3988"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style> </li> <li id="cite_note-orbit-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-orbit_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-orbit_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-orbit_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-orbit_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-orbit_4-4">e</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?sat_elem">„Planetary Satellite Mean Orbital Parameters”</a>. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Planetary+Satellite+Mean+Orbital+Parameters&rft.pub=Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory%2C+California+Institute+of+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2F%3Fsat_elem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ACallisto+%28satelit%29" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson_2001-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_2001_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_2001_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_2001_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_2001_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_2001_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_2001_5-5">f</a> <cite class="citation journal">Anderson, J. D.; Jacobson, R. A.; McElrath, T. P.; Moore, W. B.; Schubert, G.; Thomas, P. C. (<time datetime="2001">2001</time>). „Shape, mean radius, gravity field and interior structure of Callisto”. Icarus. 153 (1): 157–161. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Icar..153..157A">2001Icar..153..157A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.2001.6664">10.1006/icar.2001.6664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Shape%2C+mean+radius%2C+gravity+field+and+interior+structure+of+Callisto&rft.volume=153&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=157-161&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Ficar.2001.6664&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Icar..153..157A&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft.au=Jacobson%2C+R.+A.&rft.au=McElrath%2C+T.+P.&rft.au=Moore%2C+W.+B.&rft.au=Schubert%2C+G.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+P.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ACallisto+%28satelit%29" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schubert2004-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Schubert2004_9-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Schubert, G.; Anderson, J. 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New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 281–306. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0521035453" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0521035453">978-0521035453</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/54081598">54081598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Interior+composition%2C+structure+and+dynamics+of+the+Galilean+satellites&rft.btitle=Jupiter+%3A+the+planet%2C+satellites%2C+and+magnetosphere&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=281-306&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54081598&rft.isbn=978-0521035453&rft.aulast=Schubert&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+J.+D.&rft.au=Spohn%2C+T.&rft.au=McKinnon%2C+W.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaMERHqj9ivcC%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ACallisto+%28satelit%29" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore2004-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moore2004_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore2004_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore2004_11-2">c</a> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Chapman, Clark R.; Bierhaus, Edward B.; et al. 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Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oarval.org/ClasSaten.htm">original</a> la <time datetime="2011-07-09">9 iulie 2011</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2007-07-13">13 iulie 2007</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classic+Satellites+of+the+Solar+System&rft.pub=Observatorio+ARVAL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oarval.org%2FClasSaten.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ACallisto+%28satelit%29" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carlson_1999-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_1999_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_1999_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_1999_13-2">c</a> <cite class="citation journal">Carlson, R. W.; et al. 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Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasa-academy.org/soffen/travelgrant/bethke.pdf">original</a> (PDF) la <time datetime="2012-01-19">19 ianuarie 2012</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Concepts+for+Human+Outer+Planet+Exploration+%28HOPE%29&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Trautman&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft.au=Bethke%2C+Kristen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa-academy.org%2Fsoffen%2Ftravelgrant%2Fbethke.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ACallisto+%28satelit%29" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305055810/http://trajectory.grc.nasa.gov/aboutus/papers/STAIF-2003-177.pdf">„High Power MPD Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP) for Artificial Gravity HOPE Missions to Callisto”</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. <time datetime="2003">2003</time>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trajectory.grc.nasa.gov/aboutus/papers/STAIF-2003-177.pdf">original</a> (PDF) la <time datetime="2012-03-05">5 martie 2012</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-06-25">25 iunie 2009</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High+Power+MPD+Nuclear+Electric+Propulsion+%28NEP%29+for+Artificial+Gravity+HOPE+Missions+to+Callisto&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrajectory.grc.nasa.gov%2Faboutus%2Fpapers%2FSTAIF-2003-177.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ACallisto+%28satelit%29" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CallistoBase-129"><a href="#cite_ref-CallistoBase_129-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/55583main_vision_space_exploration2.pdf">„Vision for Space Exploration”</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. <time datetime="2004">2004</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vision+for+Space+Exploration&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fpdf%2F55583main_vision_space_exploration2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ACallisto+%28satelit%29" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și">Vezi și</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83" title="Planetă">Clasificarea anterioară a planetelor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List%C4%83_de_cratere_pe_Callisto" title="Listă de cratere pe Callisto">Listă de cratere pe Callisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List%C4%83_de_forme_de_relief_pe_Callisto" title="Listă de forme de relief pe Callisto">Listă de forme de relief pe Callisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List%C4%83_de_sateli%C8%9Bi_naturali" title="Listă de sateliți naturali">Listă de sateliți naturali</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe">Legături externe</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Callisto_(satelit)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328070532/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Jup_Callisto">Profilul Callisto</a> la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/">site-ul de explorare a sistemului solar al NASA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nineplanets.org/callisto.html">Pagina Callisto de</a> la The Nine Planets</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604053256/http://www.solarviews.com/eng/callisto.htm">Pagina Callisto</a> la Vederi ale sistemului solar</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/cc/cchome.html">Baza de date Callisto Crater</a> de la Institutul Lunar și Planetar</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/target/Callisto">Imagini cu Callisto la JPL Planetary Photojournal</a></li> <li>Film cu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100601171427/http://sos.noaa.gov/videos/Callisto.mov">rotația lui Callisto de</a> la National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA03876">Harta Callisto cu nume de caracteristici</a> din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/">Planetary Photojournal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/CALLISTO/target">Nomenclatura</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/images/callisto_comp.pdf">Callisto și harta Callisto cu nume de caracteristici</a> din pagina <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/">USGS cu nomenclatura planetară</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stereomoons.blogspot.com/2009/10/galileo-4-moons-at-400-years.html">Imaginile 3D ale lui Paul Schenk și videoclipurile de zbor cu Callisto și alți sateliți exteriori ai sistemului solar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/space/callisto/@13.1830935,-94.1384306,6879202m/data=!3m1!1e3">Google Callisto 3D</a>, harta interactivă a lunii</li></ul> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Sateli%C8%9Bii_lui_Jupiter" title="Format:Sateliții lui Jupiter">v</a> • <a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Sateli%C8%9Bii_lui_Jupiter" title="Discuție Format:Sateliții lui Jupiter">d</a> • <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Sateli%C8%9Bii_lui_Jupiter&action=edit">m</a></div></div><a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_lui_Jupiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Sateliții lui Jupiter">Sateliții lui Jupiter</a> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="3">Sateliții sunt enumerați conform creșterii distanței lor de la <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>. Numele temporare sunt scrise cu italice (cursive). </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Satelit_interior" title="Satelit interior">Interiori</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Metis_(satelit)" title="Metis (satelit)">Metis</a> · <a href="/wiki/Adrastea_(satelit)" title="Adrastea (satelit)">Adrastea</a> · <a href="/wiki/Amalthea_(satelit)" title="Amalthea (satelit)">Amalthea</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thebe_(satelit)" title="Thebe (satelit)">Thebe</a></div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="17"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Jupiter_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jupiter_family.jpg/200px-Jupiter_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jupiter_family.jpg/300px-Jupiter_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jupiter_family.jpg/400px-Jupiter_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2081" data-file-height="1654" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_galileeni" title="Sateliții galileeni">Galileeni</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Io_(satelit)" title="Io (satelit)">Io</a> · <a href="/wiki/Europa_(satelit)" title="Europa (satelit)">Europa</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(satelit)" title="Ganymede (satelit)">Ganymede</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Callisto</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;">Grupul Themisto </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/S/2018_J_4" title="S/2018 J 4">S/2018 J 4</a> · <a href="/wiki/Themisto_(satelit)" title="Themisto (satelit)">Themisto</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Grupul_Himalia" title="Grupul Himalia">Grupul Himalia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> · <a href="/wiki/Leda_(satelit)" title="Leda (satelit)">Leda</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ersa_(satelit)" title="Ersa (satelit)">Ersa</a> · <a href="/wiki/Himalia_(satelit)" title="Himalia (satelit)">Himalia</a> · <a href="/wiki/S/2018_J_2" title="S/2018 J 2">S/2018 J 2</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pandia_(satelit)" title="Pandia (satelit)">Pandia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lysithea_(satelit)" title="Lysithea (satelit)">Lysithea</a> · <a href="/wiki/Elara_(satelit)" title="Elara (satelit)">Elara</a> · <a href="/wiki/S/2011_J_3" title="S/2011 J 3">S/2011 J 3</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dia_(satelit)" title="Dia (satelit)">Dia</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;">Grupul Carpo </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Carpo_(satelit)" title="Carpo (satelit)">Carpo</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;">Grupul Valetudo </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Valetudo_(satelit)" title="Valetudo (satelit)">Valetudo</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Grupul_Ananke" title="Grupul Ananke">Grupul Ananke</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Euporie_(satelit)" title="Euporie (satelit)">Euporie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LV" title="Jupiter LV">Jupiter LV</a> · <a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_1" title="S/2021 J 1">S/2021 J 1</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eupheme_(satelit)" title="Eupheme (satelit)">Eupheme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LII" title="Jupiter LII">Jupiter LII</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LIV" title="Jupiter LIV">Jupiter LIV</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mneme_(satelit)" title="Mneme (satelit)">Mneme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Euanthe_(satelit)" title="Euanthe (satelit)">Euanthe</a> · <a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_16" title="S/2003 J 16">S/2003 J 16</a> · <a href="/wiki/Harpalyke_(satelit)" title="Harpalyke (satelit)">Harpalyke</a> · <a href="/wiki/Orthosie_(satelit)" title="Orthosie (satelit)">Orthosie</a> · <a href="/wiki/S/2022_J_3" title="S/2022 J 3">S/2022 J 3</a> · <a href="/wiki/Helike_(satelit)" title="Helike (satelit)">Helike</a> · <a href="/wiki/Praxidike_(satelit)" title="Praxidike (satelit)">Praxidike</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXIV" title="Jupiter LXIV">Jupiter LXIV</a> · <a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_12" title="S/2003 J 12">S/2003 J 12</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXVIII" title="Jupiter LXVIII">Jupiter LXVIII</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thelxinoe_(satelit)" title="Thelxinoe (satelit)">Thelxinoe</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thyone_(satelit)" title="Thyone (satelit)">Thyone</a> · <a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_2" title="S/2003 J 2">S/2003 J 2</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ananke_(satelit)" title="Ananke (satelit)">Ananke</a> · <a href="/wiki/Iocaste_(satelit)" title="Iocaste (satelit)">Iocaste</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hermippe_(satelit)" title="Hermippe (satelit)">Hermippe</a> · <a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_2" title="S/2021 J 2">S/2021 J 2</a> · <a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_3" title="S/2021 J 3">S/2021 J 3</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXX" title="Jupiter LXX">Jupiter LXX</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Grupul_Carme" title="Grupul Carme">Grupul Carme</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/S/2022_J_1" title="S/2022 J 1">S/2022 J 1</a> · <a href="/wiki/S/2022_J_2" title="S/2022 J 2">S/2022 J 2</a> · <a href="/wiki/S/2016_J_3" title="S/2016 J 3">S/2016 J 3</a> · <a href="/wiki/S/2018_J_3" title="S/2018 J 3">S/2018 J 3</a> · <a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_5" title="S/2021 J 5">S/2021 J 5</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pasithee_(satelit)" title="Pasithee (satelit)">Pasithee</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXIX" title="Jupiter LXIX">Jupiter LXIX</a> · <a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_24" title="S/2003 J 24">S/2003 J 24</a> · <a href="/wiki/Chaldene" title="Chaldene">Chaldene</a> · <a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_4" title="S/2021 J 4">S/2021 J 4</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXIII" title="Jupiter LXIII">Jupiter LXIII</a> · <a href="/wiki/Isonoe_(satelit)" title="Isonoe (satelit)">Isonoe</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kallichore_(satelit)" title="Kallichore (satelit)">Kallichore</a> · <a href="/wiki/Erinome" title="Erinome">Erinome</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kale_(satelit)" title="Kale (satelit)">Kale</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eirene_(satelit)" title="Eirene (satelit)">Eirene</a> · <a href="/wiki/Aitne_(satelit)" title="Aitne (satelit)">Aitne</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eukelade" title="Eukelade">Eukelade</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arche_(satelit)" title="Arche (satelit)">Arche</a> · <a href="/wiki/Taygete_(satelit)" title="Taygete (satelit)">Taygete</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXXII" title="Jupiter LXXII">Jupiter LXXII</a> · <a href="/wiki/Carme_(satelit)" title="Carme (satelit)">Carme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Herse_(satelit)" title="Herse (satelit)">Herse</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXI" title="Jupiter LXI">Jupiter LXI</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LI" title="Jupiter LI">Jupiter LI</a> · <a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_9" title="S/2003 J 9">S/2003 J 9</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXVI" title="Jupiter LXVI">Jupiter LXVI</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kalyke" title="Kalyke">Kalyke</a> · <a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_6" title="S/2021 J 6">S/2021 J 6</a> · <a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_10" title="S/2003 J 10">S/2003 J 10</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Grupul_Pasiphae" title="Grupul Pasiphae">Grupul Pasiphae</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Philophrosyne_(satelit)" title="Philophrosyne (satelit)">Philophrosyne</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eurydome_(satelit)" title="Eurydome (satelit)">Eurydome</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LVI" title="Jupiter LVI">Jupiter LVI</a> · <a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_4" title="S/2003 J 4">S/2003 J 4</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXVII" title="Jupiter LXVII">Jupiter LXVII</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hegemone_(satelit)" title="Hegemone (satelit)">Hegemone</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pasiphae_(satelit)" title="Pasiphae (satelit)">Pasiphae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sponde" title="Sponde">Sponde</a> · <a href="/wiki/Megaclite" title="Megaclite">Megaclite</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cyllene_(satelit)" title="Cyllene (satelit)">Cyllene</a> · <a href="/wiki/S/2016_J_4" title="S/2016 J 4">S/2016 J 4</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sinope_(satelit)" title="Sinope (satelit)">Sinope</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LIX" title="Jupiter LIX">Jupiter LIX</a> · <a href="/wiki/Aoede_(satelit)" title="Aoede (satelit)">Aoede</a> · <a href="/wiki/Autonoe_(satelit)" title="Autonoe (satelit)">Autonoe</a> · <a href="/wiki/Callirrhoe_(satelit)" title="Callirrhoe (satelit)">Callirrhoe</a> · <a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_23" title="S/2003 J 23">S/2003 J 23</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kore_(satelit)" title="Kore (satelit)">Kore</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:People_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="WikiProject"><img alt="WikiProject" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a><a href="/wiki/Proiect:Astronomie" title="Proiect:Astronomie">Proiect</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Portal-puzzle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomie" title="Portal:Astronomie">Portal</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16513826">.mw-parser-output .navbox{margin:0 auto 0}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-image[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-list[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-even[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-title[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-image[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-list[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-even[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-title[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}}</style> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Jupiter" title="Format:Jupiter">v</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Jupiter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Jupiter — pagină inexistentă">d</a> • <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Jupiter&action=edit">m</a></div></div><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;">Caracteristici </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera_lui_Jupiter" title="Atmosfera lui Jupiter">Atmosfera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marea_Pat%C4%83_Ro%C8%99ie" title="Marea Pată Roșie">Marea Pată Roșie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera_lui_Jupiter#Ovalele_albe" title="Atmosfera lui Jupiter">Ovalele albe</a> · <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera_lui_Jupiter#Ovalul_BA" title="Atmosfera lui Jupiter">Ovalul BA</a>) · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetosfera_lui_Jupiter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnetosfera lui Jupiter — pagină inexistentă">Magnetosfera</a> · <a href="/wiki/Inelele_lui_Jupiter" title="Inelele lui Jupiter">Inele</a></div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/125px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/188px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/250px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2400" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Jupiter" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Jupiter">Sateliți</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> </div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Satelit_interior" title="Satelit interior">Sateliți interiori</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Metis_(satelit)" title="Metis (satelit)">Metis</a> · <a href="/wiki/Adrastea_(satelit)" title="Adrastea (satelit)">Adrastea</a> · <a href="/wiki/Amalthea_(satelit)" title="Amalthea (satelit)">Amalthea</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thebe_(satelit)" title="Thebe (satelit)">Thebe</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Jupiter#Sateliții_galileeni" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Jupiter">Sateliții galileeni</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Io_(satelit)" title="Io (satelit)">Io</a> · <a href="/wiki/Europa_(satelit)" title="Europa (satelit)">Europa</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(satelit)" title="Ganymede (satelit)">Ganymede</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Callisto</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Jupiter#Sateliții_neregulați" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Jupiter">Sateliții neregulați</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Grupul_Himalia" title="Grupul Himalia">Grupul Himalia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Grupul_Carme" title="Grupul Carme">Grupul Carme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Grupul_Ananke" title="Grupul Ananke">Grupul Ananke</a> · <a href="/wiki/Grupul_Pasipha%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Grupul Pasiphaë">Grupul Pasiphaë</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16513826"></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Explorarea_planetei_Jupiter" title="Explorarea planetei Jupiter">Explorare</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> </div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Trecut și prezent</div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Programul_Pioneer" title="Programul Pioneer">Programul Pioneer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">10</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">11</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Programul_Voyager" title="Programul Voyager">Programul Voyager</a> (<a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">1</a> · <a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">2</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(sond%C4%83_spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83)" title="Ulysses (sondă spațială)">Ulysses</a> · <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(sond%C4%83_spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83)" title="Galileo (sondă spațială)">Galileo</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a> · <a href="/wiki/Noi_Orizonturi" class="mw-redirect" title="Noi Orizonturi">Noi Orizonturi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Juno_(sond%C4%83_spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83)" class="mw-redirect" title="Juno (sondă spațială)">Juno</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Viitor</div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moon_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16513826"></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;">Diverse </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_troian_al_lui_Jupiter" title="Asteroid troian al lui Jupiter">Asteroid troian al lui Jupiter</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cometa_Shoemaker-Levy_9" title="Cometa Shoemaker-Levy 9">Cometa Shoemaker-Levy 9</a> · (<a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_Jupiter_impact_event&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009 Jupiter impact event — pagină inexistentă">2009 Impact</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Lista_planetelor_minore_care_intersecteaz%C4%83_orbita_lui_Jupiter" title="Lista planetelor minore care intersectează orbita lui Jupiter">Planete minore care intersectează orbita lui Jupiter</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(zeu)" title="Jupiter (zeu)">Mitologie</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Symbol_category_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Categorie"><img alt="Categorie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/24px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/32px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Categorie:Jupiter" title="Categorie:Jupiter">Categorie:Jupiter</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Portal-puzzle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Jupiter" title="Portal:Jupiter">Portal:Jupiter</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Portal-puzzle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomie" title="Portal:Astronomie">Portal:Astronomie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Portal-puzzle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Sistemul_solar" title="Portal:Sistemul solar">Portal:Sistemul solar</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16513826"> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Sateli%C8%9Bi_solari" title="Format:Sateliți solari">v</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Sateli%C8%9Bi_solari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Sateliți solari — pagină inexistentă">d</a> • <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Sateli%C8%9Bi_solari&action=edit">m</a></div></div><a href="/wiki/List%C4%83_de_sateli%C8%9Bi_naturali" title="Listă de sateliți naturali">Sateliții naturali</a> din <a href="/wiki/Sistemul_solar" title="Sistemul solar">Sistemul solar</a> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;">Sateliți planetari </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Luna" title="Luna">Tereștri</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Marte" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Marte">Marțieni</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Jupiter" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Jupiter">Jovieni</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Saturn" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Saturn">Saturnieni</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Uranus" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Uranus">Uranieni</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Neptun" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Neptun">Neptunieni</a></div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Rhea_true_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rhea"><img alt="Rhea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rhea_true_color.jpg/80px-Rhea_true_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rhea_true_color.jpg/120px-Rhea_true_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rhea_true_color.jpg/160px-Rhea_true_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="602" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;">Alte sisteme de sateliți </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Pluto" class="mw-redirect" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Pluto">Plutonieni</a> • <a href="/wiki/Disnomia_(satelit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Disnomia (satelit)">Eridieni</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;">Cei mai mari sateliți </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(satelit)" title="Ganymede (satelit)">Ganymede</a> • <a href="/wiki/Titan_(satelit)" title="Titan (satelit)">Titan</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Callisto</a> • <a href="/wiki/Io_(satelit)" title="Io (satelit)">Io</a> • <a href="/wiki/Luna" title="Luna">Luna</a> • <a href="/wiki/Europa_(satelit)" title="Europa (satelit)">Europa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Triton_(satelit)" title="Triton (satelit)">Triton</a> <a href="/wiki/Titania_(satelit)" title="Titania (satelit)">Titania</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rhea_(satelit)" title="Rhea (satelit)">Rhea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oberon_(satelit)" title="Oberon (satelit)">Oberon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(satelit)" title="Iapetus (satelit)">Iapetus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charon_(satelit)" title="Charon (satelit)">Charon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Umbriel_(satelit)" title="Umbriel (satelit)">Umbriel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ariel_(satelit)" title="Ariel (satelit)">Ariel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dione_(satelit)" title="Dione (satelit)">Dione</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tethys_(satelit)" title="Tethys (satelit)">Tethys</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:People_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="WikiProject"><img alt="WikiProject" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a><a href="/wiki/Proiect:Astronomie" title="Proiect:Astronomie">Proiect</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Portal-puzzle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sistemul_solar" title="Portal:Sistemul solar">Portal</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16513826"> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Sistemul_solar" title="Format:Sistemul solar">v</a> • <a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Sistemul_solar" title="Discuție Format:Sistemul solar">d</a> • <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Sistemul_solar&action=edit">m</a></div></div><a href="/wiki/Sistemul_solar" title="Sistemul solar">Sistemul solar</a> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2"><figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Solar_System_Template_Final.png" decoding="async" width="666" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="36" usemap="#ImageMap_b58697f1be6c2d94" /><map name="ImageMap_b58697f1be6c2d94"><area href="/wiki/Soare" shape="circle" coords="0,0,90,35" alt="Soarele" title="Soarele" /><area href="/wiki/Mercur_(planet%C4%83)" shape="circle" coords="112,18,6" alt="Mercur" title="Mercur" /><area href="/wiki/Venus" shape="circle" coords="153,18,8" alt="Venus" title="Venus" /><area href="/wiki/Lun%C4%83" shape="circle" coords="203,8,4" alt="Luna" title="Luna" /><area href="/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" shape="circle" coords="194,18,8" alt="Pământ" title="Pământ" /><area href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Marte" shape="circle" coords="239,13,3" alt="Sateliții lui Marte" title="Sateliții lui Marte" /><area href="/wiki/Marte_(planet%C4%83)" shape="circle" coords="233,18,8" alt="Marte" title="Marte" /><area href="/wiki/Ceres_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" shape="circle" coords="271,18,8" alt="Ceres" title="Ceres" /><area href="/wiki/Centura_de_asteroizi" shape="rect" coords="256,0,288,35" alt="Centura de asteroizi" title="Centura de asteroizi" /><area href="/wiki/Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="316,18,15" alt="Jupiter" title="Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="329,5,6" alt="Sateliții lui Jupiter" title="Sateliții lui Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Saturn" shape="circle" coords="372,18,10" alt="Saturn" title="Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Saturn" shape="circle" coords="381,7,6" alt="Sateliții lui Saturn" title="Sateliții lui Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Uranus" shape="circle" coords="418,18,9" alt="Uranus" title="Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Uranus" shape="circle" coords="427,10,6" alt="Sateliții lui Uranus" title="Sateliții lui Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Neptun" shape="circle" coords="471,10,3" alt="Sateliții lui Neptun" title="Sateliții lui Neptun" /><area href="/wiki/Neptun_(planet%C4%83)" shape="circle" coords="462,18,12" alt="Neptun" title="Neptun" /><area href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Pluton" shape="circle" coords="508,13,3" alt="Sateliții lui Pluton" title="Sateliții lui Pluton" /><area href="/wiki/Pluton" shape="circle" coords="504,18,8" alt="Pluton" title="Pluton" /><area href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Haumea" shape="circle" coords="539,13,3" alt="Sateliții lui Haumea" title="Sateliții lui Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Haumea_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" shape="circle" coords="535,18,8" alt="Haumea" title="Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Makemake_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" shape="circle" coords="564,18,8" alt="Makemake" title="Makemake" /><area href="/wiki/Centura_Kuiper" shape="rect" coords="492,0,573,35" alt="Centura Kuiper" title="Centura Kuiper" /><area href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Eris" shape="circle" coords="601,14,3" alt="Sateliții lui Eris" title="Sateliții lui Eris" /><area href="/wiki/Eris_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" shape="circle" coords="597,18,8" alt="Eris" title="Eris" /><area href="/wiki/Discul_%C3%AEmpr%C4%83%C8%99tiat" shape="rect" coords="574,0,610,35" alt="Discul împrăștiat" title="Discul împrăștiat" /><area href="/wiki/Norul_lui_Oort" shape="rect" coords="611,0,635,35" alt="Norul lui Oort" title="Norul lui Oort" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;"><div style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Stea" title="Stea">Stea</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Soare" title="Soare">Soarele</a> · (<a href="/wiki/Heliosfer%C4%83" title="Heliosferă">Heliosferă</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;"><div style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83" title="Planetă">Planete</a> (și <a href="/wiki/Satelit_natural" title="Satelit natural">sateliți</a>)</div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Mercur_(planet%C4%83)" title="Mercur (planetă)">Mercur</a> · <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> · <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" title="Pământ">Pământ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lun%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Lună">Luna</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Marte_(planet%C4%83)" title="Marte (planetă)">Marte</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Marte" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Marte">sateliți</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Jupiter" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Jupiter">sateliți</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inelele_lui_Jupiter" title="Inelele lui Jupiter">inele</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Saturn" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Saturn">sateliți</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inelele_lui_Saturn" title="Inelele lui Saturn">inele</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Uranus" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Uranus">sateliți</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inelele_lui_Uranus" title="Inelele lui Uranus">inele</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Neptun_(planet%C4%83)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptun (planetă)">Neptun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Neptun" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Neptun">sateliți</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inelele_lui_Neptun" title="Inelele lui Neptun">inele</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;"><div style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83" title="Planetă pitică">Planete pitice</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" title="Ceres (planetă pitică)">Ceres</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_lui_Pluto" title="Sateliții lui Pluto">sateliți</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Haumea_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" title="Haumea (planetă pitică)">Haumea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sateli%C8%9Bii_naturali_ai_lui_Haumea" title="Sateliții naturali ai lui Haumea">sateliți</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Makemake_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" title="Makemake (planetă pitică)">Makemake</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Eris_(planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83)" title="Eris (planetă pitică)">Eris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(satelit)" title="Dysnomia (satelit)">satelit</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;"><div style="text-align:center">Probabil planete pitice</div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/50000_Quaoar" class="mw-redirect" title="50000 Quaoar">Quaoar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Weywot" title="Weywot">satelit</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Sedna" title="Sedna">Sedna</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Orcus" title="Orcus">Orcus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanth" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanth">satelit</a>)  · <a href="/wiki/(225088)_Gonggong" class="mw-redirect" title="(225088) Gonggong">Gonggong</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiangliu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiangliu — pagină inexistentă">satelit</a>) · <a href="/wiki/(307261)_2002_MS4" title="(307261) 2002 MS4">2002 MS4</a>  · <a href="/wiki/120347_Salacia" title="120347 Salacia">Salacia</a> (<a href="/wiki/120347_Salacia#Satelit" title="120347 Salacia">satelit</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;"><div style="text-align:center">Obiecte mici</div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> </div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83_minor%C4%83" title="Planetă minoră">Planete minore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lista_planetelor_minore" title="Lista planetelor minore">listă</a>)</div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroizi</a> (<a href="/wiki/List%C4%83_de_asteroizi_notabili" title="Listă de asteroizi notabili">listă</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vulcanoid_(asteroid)" title="Vulcanoid (asteroid)">Vulcanoizi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Centura_de_asteroizi" title="Centura de asteroizi">Centura de asteroizi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Troian_(asteroid)" title="Troian (asteroid)">Troieni</a> · <a href="/wiki/Centaur_(planet%C4%83_minor%C4%83)" title="Centaur (planetă minoră)">Centauri</a> · <a href="/wiki/Damocloid" title="Damocloid">Damocloizi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroizi</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Obiect_transneptunian" title="Obiect transneptunian">Obiecte transneptuniene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Centura_Kuiper" title="Centura Kuiper">Centura Kuiper</a> · <a href="/wiki/Discul_%C3%AEmpr%C4%83%C8%99tiat" title="Discul împrăștiat">Discul împrăștiat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Obiect_deta%C8%99at" title="Obiect detașat">Obiecte detașate</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sednoid" title="Sednoid">Sednoizi</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Norul_lui_Hills" title="Norul lui Hills">Norul lui Hills</a> · <a href="/wiki/Norul_lui_Oort" title="Norul lui Oort">Norul lui Oort</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><div style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Comet%C4%83" title="Cometă">Comete</a></div></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/C/1956_R1_(Arend-Roland)" title="C/1956 R1 (Arend-Roland)">C/1956 R1 (Arend-Roland)</a>  · <a href="/wiki/C/2011_L4" title="C/2011 L4">C/2011 L4</a>  · <a href="/wiki/C/2012_E2_(SWAN)" title="C/2012 E2 (SWAN)">C/2012 E2 (SWAN)</a>  · <a href="/wiki/C/2012_F6_(Lemmon)" title="C/2012 F6 (Lemmon)">C/2012 F6 (Lemmon)</a>  · <a href="/wiki/C/2012_S1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2012 S1">C/2012 S1 (ISON)</a>  · <a href="/wiki/C/2013_A1" title="C/2013 A1">C/2013 A1</a>  · <a href="/wiki/27P/Crommelin" title="27P/Crommelin">Crommelin</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Cometa_Elenin" title="Cometa Elenin">Elenin</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Cometa_Encke" title="Cometa Encke">Encke</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Cometa_Hale-Bopp" title="Cometa Hale-Bopp">Hale-Bopp</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Cometa_Halley" title="Cometa Halley">Halley</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Cometa_Hyakutake" title="Cometa Hyakutake">Hyakutake</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Cometa_Kohoutek" title="Cometa Kohoutek">Kohoutek</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Cometa_Lexell" title="Cometa Lexell">Lexell</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Cometa_McNaught" title="Cometa McNaught">McNaught</a>  · <a href="/wiki/67P/Ciuriumov-Gherasimenko" title="67P/Ciuriumov-Gherasimenko">67P/Ciuriumov-Gherasimenko</a>  · <a href="/wiki/130P/McNaught-Hughes" title="130P/McNaught-Hughes">130P/McNaught-Hughes</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Shoemaker-Levy_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoemaker-Levy 9">Shoemaker-Levy 9</a>  · <a href="/wiki/109P/Swift-Tuttle" title="109P/Swift-Tuttle">Swift-Tuttle</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Cometa_West" title="Cometa West">West</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16513826"></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";vertical-align:middle;"><div style="text-align:center">Altele</div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Eclips%C4%83_de_Lun%C4%83" title="Eclipsă de Lună">Eclipsă de Lună</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eclips%C4%83_de_Soare" title="Eclipsă de Soare">Eclipsă de Soare</a> · <a href="/wiki/Geneza_%C8%99i_evolu%C8%9Bia_Sistemului_Solar" title="Geneza și evoluția Sistemului Solar">Geneză și evoluție</a> · <a href="/wiki/Descoperirea_%C8%99i_explorarea_sistemului_solar" title="Descoperirea și explorarea sistemului solar">Descoperire și explorare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cronologia_explor%C4%83rii_sistemului_solar" title="Cronologia explorării sistemului solar">Cronologia explorării</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Lista_planetelor_sistemului_solar" title="Lista planetelor sistemului solar">Lista planetelor</a> · <a href="/wiki/List%C4%83_de_sateli%C8%9Bi_naturali" title="Listă de sateliți naturali">Lista sateliților naturali</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tranzit_astronomic" title="Tranzit astronomic">Tranzit astronomic</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:People_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="WikiProject"><img alt="WikiProject" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a><a href="/wiki/Proiect:Astronomie" title="Proiect:Astronomie">Proiect</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Portal-puzzle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sistemul_solar" title="Portal:Sistemul solar">Portal</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> 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