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id="toc-Erosion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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range</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 112 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">112 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergreeks" title="Bergreeks – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bergreeks" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebirge" title="Gebirge – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gebirge" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سلسلة جبلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلسلة جبلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordelera" title="Cordelera – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cordelera" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordal" title="Cordal – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cordal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="परबत माला – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="परबत माला" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvytyrys%C3%BDi" title="Yvytyrysýi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvytyrysýi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D3%80%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81" title="МугӀрузул рахас – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="МугӀрузул рахас" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khunu_qullu" title="Khunu qullu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Khunu qullu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C4%9F_silsil%C9%99si" title="Dağ silsiləsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dağ silsiləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="سیراداغ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سیراداغ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soa%E2%81%BF-me%CC%8Dh" title="Soaⁿ-me̍h – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Soaⁿ-me̍h" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83_%D2%BB%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Тау һырты – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тау һырты" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%85%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Горны хрыбет – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Горны хрыбет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%B3" title="Горны сьцяг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Горны сьцяг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="परबत माला – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="परबत माला" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabukidan" title="Kabukidan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kabukidan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Планинска верига – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Планинска верига" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planinski_lanac" title="Planinski lanac – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Planinski lanac" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aradennad_venezio%C3%B9" title="Aradennad venezioù – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aradennad venezioù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serralada" title="Serralada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Serralada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poho%C5%99%C3%AD" title="Pohoří – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pohoří" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandundu" title="Mandundu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mandundu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjergk%C3%A6de" title="Bjergkæde – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bjergkæde" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebirge" title="Gebirge – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gebirge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4estik" title="Mäestik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mäestik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AC" title="Οροσειρά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οροσειρά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mountain range" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera" title="Cordillera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cordillera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montara_sistemo" title="Montara sistemo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Montara sistemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendikate" title="Mendikate – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mendikate" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87" title="رشته‌کوه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رشته‌کوه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha%C3%AEne_de_montagnes" title="Chaîne de montagnes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chaîne de montagnes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berchtme" title="Berchtme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Berchtme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliabhraon" title="Sliabhraon – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sliabhraon" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordilleira" title="Cordilleira – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cordilleira" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Дукъ – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дукъ" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EB%A7%A5" title="산맥 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="산맥" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="पर्वतमाला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पर्वतमाला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorje" title="Gorje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gorje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montaro" title="Montaro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Montaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabambantayan" title="Kabambantayan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kabambantayan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegunungan" title="Pegunungan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pegunungan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjallgar%C3%B0ur" title="Fjallgarður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fjallgarður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catena_montuosa" title="Catena montuosa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Catena montuosa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="רכס הרים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רכס הרים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Тау тизгин – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Тау тизгин" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ქედი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქედი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%80%D1%82" title="Таулы үстірт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Таулы үстірт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safu_ya_milima" title="Safu ya milima – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Safu ya milima" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%AAze%C3%A7iya" title="Rêzeçiya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rêzeçiya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Тоо кыры – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тоо кыры" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad%C3%ABina_de_cr%C3%ABps" title="Ciadëina de crëps – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ciadëina de crëps" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montes_continui" title="Montes continui – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Montes continui" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalnu_gr%C4%93da" title="Kalnu grēda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kalnu grēda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%86%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8A" title="Суварин цӀиргъ – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Суварин цӀиргъ" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalnag%C5%ABbris" title="Kalnagūbris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kalnagūbris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ma%27arlinsi" title="ma'arlinsi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ma'arlinsi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadena_de_monts" title="Cadena de monts – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cadena de monts" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegys%C3%A9g" title="Hegység – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hegység" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="हिमश्रृङ्खला – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="हिमश्रृङ्खला" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Планински венец – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Планински венец" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandavan-tendrombohitra" title="Tandavan-tendrombohitra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tandavan-tendrombohitra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="പർവതനിരകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പർവതനിരകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="पर्वतरांग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पर्वतरांग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%B7%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%B7%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ქჷნდჷრი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქჷნდჷრი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="سلسله جبليه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سلسله جبليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjaran" title="Banjaran – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Banjaran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebergte_(aardrijkskunde)" title="Gebergte (aardrijkskunde) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gebergte (aardrijkskunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="हिमशृङ्खला – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हिमशृङ्खला" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="山脈 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="山脈" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%84)" title="РагӀ (рельеф) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="РагӀ (рельеф)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beragkeed" title="Beragkeed – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Beragkeed" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjellkjede" title="Fjellkjede – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fjellkjede" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjellkjede" title="Fjellkjede – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fjellkjede" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadena_de_montanha" title="Cadena de montanha – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cadena de montanha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%80" title="ਪਰਬਤ ਲੜੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਰਬਤ ਲੜੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%81%D8%A7%DA%91%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="پہاڑی دھارا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پہاڑی دھارا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%97%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%86" title="ជួរភ្នំ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ជួរភ្នំ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81a%C5%84cuch_g%C3%B3rski" title="Łańcuch górski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Łańcuch górski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordilheira" title="Cordilheira – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cordilheira" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan%C8%9B_montan" title="Lanț montan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lanț montan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walla" title="Walla – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Walla" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Горы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Горы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Горный хребет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Горный хребет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Сис (география) – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сис (география)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vargmali" title="Vargmali – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vargmali" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7" title="جبلن جا سلسلا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جبلن جا سلسلا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohorie" title="Pohorie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pohorie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorovje" title="Gorovje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gorovje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%95%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="زنجیرەچیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زنجیرەچیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Планински масив – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Планински масив" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planinski_masiv" title="Planinski masiv – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Planinski masiv" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoristo" title="Vuoristo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vuoristo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergskedja" title="Bergskedja – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bergskedja" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulubundukin" title="Bulubundukin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bulubundukin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="மலைத் தொடர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மலைத் தொடர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azrar_n_idurar" title="Azrar n idurar – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Azrar n idurar" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83_%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Тау сырты – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тау сырты" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2" title="เทือกเขา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทือกเขา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D3%AF%D2%B3" title="Қаторкӯҳ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Қаторкӯҳ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%B1rada%C4%9F" title="Sıradağ – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sıradağ" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Гірський хребет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гірський хребет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>A <b>mountain range</b> (mountain chain, mountain belt) is a geographic area with many <a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">mountains</a>. A 'mountain system' or 'system of mountain ranges' includes geological features that are in the same region as a mountain range. </p><p>Mountain ranges usually include highlands or <a href="/wiki/Mountain_pass" title="Mountain pass">mountain passes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">valleys</a>. Individual mountains in the same range do not always have the same geology or <a href="/wiki/Petrology" title="Petrology">petrology</a>. They may be a mix of different <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">orogenic expressions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">terrains</a>, for example <a href="/wiki/Thrust_fault" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrust fault">thrust sheets</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fault-block_mountain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fault-block mountain (not yet started)">uplifted blocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)" title="Fold (geology)">fold</a> mountains, and <a href="/wiki/Volcanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic">volcanic</a> landforms. This results in a variety of <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a> types. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_ranges">Major ranges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_range&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Major ranges" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_range&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Major ranges"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most geologically young mountain ranges on the Earth's land surface are associated with either in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ring_of_Fire" title="Pacific Ring of Fire">Pacific Ring of Fire</a> or the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpide_Belt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpide Belt (not yet started)">Alpide Belt</a>. The Pacific Ring of Fire includes the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> of South America, extends through the <a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_Cordillera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American Cordillera (not yet started)">North American Cordillera</a> along the Pacific Coast, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleutian_Range&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleutian Range (not yet started)">Aleutian Range</a>, on through <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamchatka">Kamchatka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, to <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Andes is 7,000 kilometres (4,350 mi) long and is often described as the world's longest mountain system.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Alpide belt includes <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and southeast Asia, through the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, and ends in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The belt also includes other European and Asian mountain ranges. The Himalayas contain the highest mountains in the world, including <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a>, at 8,848 metres (29,029 ft) of elevation.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Distribution_of_Mid-Oceanic_Ridges.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/World_Distribution_of_Mid-Oceanic_Ridges.gif/300px-World_Distribution_of_Mid-Oceanic_Ridges.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/World_Distribution_of_Mid-Oceanic_Ridges.gif/450px-World_Distribution_of_Mid-Oceanic_Ridges.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/World_Distribution_of_Mid-Oceanic_Ridges.gif/600px-World_Distribution_of_Mid-Oceanic_Ridges.gif 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-ocean ridge">mid-ocean ridges</a>, the world's longest mountain range (chain)</figcaption></figure> <p>Mountain ranges outside of these two systems include the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Cordillera" title="Arctic Cordillera">Arctic Cordillera</a>, the world's northernmost mountain system. If the definition of a mountain range includes underwater mountains, then the <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-ocean ridge">ocean ridges</a> form the longest continuous mountain system on Earth, with a length of 65,000 kilometres (40,400 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divisions_and_categories">Divisions and categories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_range&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Divisions and categories" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_range&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Divisions and categories"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many mountain ranges have sub-ranges within them. It can be thought of as a parent-child relationship. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains range</a> is the parent of its own ranges, two of which are the <a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Mountains_(New_Hampshire)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White Mountains (New Hampshire) (not yet started)">White Mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge Mountains</a>. The White Mountains are a child of the Appalachians, and there are also children of the Whites, like the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandwich_Range&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandwich Range (not yet started)">Sandwich Range</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidential_Range&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidential Range (not yet started)">Presidential Range</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_range&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Climate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_range&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Climate"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_photo_of_the_Andes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Aerial_photo_of_the_Andes.jpg/170px-Aerial_photo_of_the_Andes.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Aerial_photo_of_the_Andes.jpg/255px-Aerial_photo_of_the_Andes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Aerial_photo_of_the_Andes.jpg/340px-Aerial_photo_of_the_Andes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1048" data-file-height="1298" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>, the world's longest mountain range on the surface of a continent, seen from the air.</figcaption></figure> <p>The position of mountains influences <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, such as rain or snow. When air masses move up and over mountains, the air cools producing <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> (rain or snow). As the air descends on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leeward&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leeward (not yet started)">leeward</a> side, it warms again and is drier, having been stripped of much of its moisture. Often, a <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> will occur on the leeward side of a range. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erosion">Erosion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_range&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Erosion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_range&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Erosion"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mountain ranges are always being <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">eroded</a>. Erosion is at work while the mountains are being uplifted and long after until the mountains are reduced to low hills and plains. The <a href="/wiki/Basin_(geology)" title="Basin (geology)">basins</a> next to an eroding mountain range are filled with <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> which are buried and turned into <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rock</a>. </p><p>The early <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> uplift of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> are an example. As the uplift was occurring some 10,000 feet (3,000 m) of mostly <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> sedimentary <a href="/wiki/Strata" title="Strata">strata</a> were removed by erosion and spread as sand and clays across the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mass of rock was removed as the range was actively undergoing uplift. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_range&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_range&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg" class="citation web cs1">Rosenberg, Matt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101204224637/http://geography.about.com/cs/earthquakes/a/ringoffire.htm">"Pacific Ring of Fire"</a>. About.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geography.about.com/cs/earthquakes/a/ringoffire.htm">the original</a> on 2010-12-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pacific+Ring+of+Fire&rft.pub=About.com&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeography.about.com%2Fcs%2Fearthquakes%2Fa%2Fringoffire.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFThorpe2012" class="citation book cs1">Thorpe, Edgar (2012). <i>The Pearson General Knowledge Manual</i>. Pearson Education India. p. A-36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pearson+General+Knowledge+Manual&rft.pages=A-36&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFChester2008" class="citation book cs1">Chester, Roy (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/furnaceofcreatio00ches"><i>Furnace of creation, cradle of destruction</i></a>. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/furnaceofcreatio00ches/page/77">77</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814409206" title="Special:BookSources/9780814409206"><bdi>9780814409206</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Furnace+of+creation%2C+cradle+of+destruction&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=AMACOM+Div+American+Mgmt+Assn&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780814409206&rft.aulast=Chester&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffurnaceofcreatio00ches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8608913.stm">"Nepal and China agree on Mount Everest's height"</a>. BBC. 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nepal+and+China+agree+on+Mount+Everest%27s+height&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F8608913.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/midoceanridge.html">"The mid-ocean ridge is the longest mountain range on Earth"</a>. US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Service. 11 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+mid-ocean+ridge+is+the+longest+mountain+range+on+Earth&rft.pub=US+National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Service&rft.date=2013-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foceanservice.noaa.gov%2Ffacts%2Fmidoceanridge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150124041536/http://cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/romo5/wegemann/sec6.htm">"USGS: <i>A guide to the geology of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/romo5/wegemann/sec6.htm">the original</a> on 2015-01-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS%3A+A+guide+to+the+geology+of+Rocky+Mountain+National+Park%2C+Colorado&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cr.nps.gov%2Fhistory%2Fonline_books%2Fromo5%2Fwegemann%2Fsec6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_range&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Other websites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_range&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Other websites"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671870">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671876">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8662964">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mountain ranges"><span style="">Mountain ranges</span></a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peakbagger.com/rangindx.aspx">Peakbagger Ranges Home Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bivouac.com/PgxPg.asp?PgxId=276">Bivouac.com</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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