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</div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-行星轨道" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#行星轨道"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>行星轨道</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-行星轨道-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关行星轨道子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-行星轨道-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-了解軌道" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#了解軌道"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>了解軌道</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-了解軌道-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-牛頓運動定律" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#牛頓運動定律"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>牛頓運動定律</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-牛頓運動定律-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-轨道运动分析" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#轨道运动分析"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>轨道运动分析</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-轨道运动分析-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-轨道参数" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#轨道参数"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>轨道参数</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-轨道参数-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-轨道周期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#轨道周期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>轨道周期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-轨道周期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-轨道衰变" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#轨道衰变"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>轨道衰变</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-轨道衰变-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-地球轨道" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地球轨道"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>地球轨道</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-地球轨道-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-重力的測量" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#重力的測量"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>重力的測量</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-重力的測量-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-在原子學說演化中的角色" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#在原子學說演化中的角色"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>在原子學說演化中的角色</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-在原子學說演化中的角色-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参看" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参看"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>参看</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参看-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>参考</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">轨道 (力学)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。108种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-108" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">108种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentelbaan" title="Wentelbaan – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wentelbaan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umlaufbahn" title="Umlaufbahn – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Umlaufbahn" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbita" title="Orbita – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Orbita" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="مدار – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مدار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AB%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%A0%DC%90_(%DC%A1%DC%A1%DC%A0%DC%A0%DC%98%DC%AC_%DC%9F%DC%98%DC%9F%DC%92%DC%90)" title="ܫܒܝܠܐ (ܡܡܠܠܘܬ ܟܘܟܒܐ) – 阿拉米语" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܫܒܝܠܐ (ܡܡܠܠܘܬ ܟܘܟܒܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93rbita" title="Órbita – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Órbita" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Orbit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="اوربیت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوربیت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Арбіта – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арбіта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Арбіта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Арбіта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Орбита – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Орбита" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2)" title="कक्षा (खगोल) – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कक्षा (खगोल)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A5_(%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9)" title="কক্ষপথ (গ্রহ) – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কক্ষপথ (গ্রহ)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitenn" title="Orbitenn – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Orbitenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarna_putanja" title="Planetarna putanja – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Planetarna putanja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92rbita" title="Òrbita – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Òrbita" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%84%DA%AF%DB%95" title="خولگە – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خولگە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob%C4%9B%C5%BEn%C3%A1_dr%C3%A1ha" title="Oběžná dráha – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oběžná dráha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oml%C3%B8bsbane" title="Omløbsbane – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Omløbsbane" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umlaufbahn" title="Umlaufbahn – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Umlaufbahn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Orbit" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbito" title="Orbito – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Orbito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93rbita" title="Órbita – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Órbita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbiit" title="Orbiit – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Orbiit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbita" title="Orbita – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Orbita" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_(%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87)" title="مدار (سیاره) – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدار (سیاره)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiertorata" title="Kiertorata – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiertorata" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbite" title="Orbite – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Orbite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baan_(astronomy)" title="Baan (astronomy) – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Baan (astronomy)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fithis" title="Fithis – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fithis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92rbit" title="Òrbit – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Òrbit" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reul-chuairt" title="Reul-chuairt – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Reul-chuairt" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93rbita" title="Órbita – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Órbita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruinlagh" title="Cruinlagh – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Cruinlagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%93%D7%AA%D7%99" title="מסלול כבידתי – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסלול כבידתי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80)" title="कक्षा (भौतिकी) – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कक्षा (भौतिकी)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarna_putanja" title="Planetarna putanja – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Planetarna putanja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92bit" title="Òbit – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Òbit" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%AE%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Ուղեծիր – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուղեծիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbita" title="Orbita – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Orbita" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orbit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebe_a_na-agba_ya" title="Ebe a na-agba ya – 伊博语" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ebe a na-agba ya" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="伊博语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbito" title="Orbito – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Orbito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbita" title="Orbita – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Orbita" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93_(%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6)" title="軌道 (力学) – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="軌道 (力学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aabit" title="Aabit – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aabit" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Orbit" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="ორბიტა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ორბიტა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timezzit" title="Timezzit – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Timezzit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Орбита – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Орбита" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಕಕ್ಷೆ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಕ್ಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B6%A4%EB%8F%84" title="궤도 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="궤도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%85" title="Чорх – 卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Чорх" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xulgeh" title="Xulgeh – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xulgeh" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Орбита – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Орбита" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbita" title="Orbita – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Orbita" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Bmlafbunn" title="Ëmlafbunn – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ëmlafbunn" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbita" title="Orbita – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Orbita" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbita" title="Orbita – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Orbita" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orb%C4%ABta" title="Orbīta – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Orbīta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Orbit" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Орбита – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Орбита" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%82" title="ഭ്രമണപഥം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭ്രമണപഥം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Тойрог зам – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тойрог зам" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कक्षा – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कक्षा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orbit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ပတ်လမ်းကြောင်း – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပတ်လမ်းကြောင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cmloopbahn" title="Ümloopbahn – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ümloopbahn" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baan_(hemellichaam)" title="Baan (hemellichaam) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Baan (hemellichaam)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bane" title="Bane – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bane" title="Bane – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bane" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbita" title="Orbita – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Orbita" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbiiti" title="Orbiiti – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Orbiiti" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A7_(%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8)" title="ਪੰਧ (ਤਾਰਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ) – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੰਧ (ਤਾਰਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbita" title="Orbita – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Orbita" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="مدار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مدار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93rbita" title="Órbita – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Órbita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit%C4%83_(astronomie)" title="Orbită (astronomie) – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Orbită (astronomie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Орбита – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Орбита" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Орбита – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Орбита" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Эргийэр ии – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эргийэр ии" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92rbita" title="Òrbita – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Òrbita" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbita" title="Orbita – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Orbita" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82" title="කක්ෂ – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කක්ෂ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Orbit" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obe%C5%BEn%C3%A1_dr%C3%A1ha" title="Obežná dráha – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Obežná dráha" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tir" title="Tir – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tir" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boterekwa" title="Boterekwa – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Boterekwa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbita" title="Orbita – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Orbita" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Орбита – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Орбита" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Orbit" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omloppsbana" title="Omloppsbana – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Omloppsbana" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mzunguko" title="Mzunguko – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mzunguko" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88" title="சுற்றுப்பாதை – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுற்றுப்பாதை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF" title="కక్ష్య – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కక్ష్య" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3" title="วงโคจร – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วงโคจร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligiran" title="Ligiran – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ligiran" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCnge" title="Yörünge – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yörünge" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Орбіта – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Орбіта" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="مدار – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مدار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitalar_haqida" title="Orbitalar haqida – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Orbitalar haqida" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92rbita" title="Òrbita – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Òrbita" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Orbit" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%B9_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o_(thi%C3%AAn_th%E1%BB%83)" title="Quỹ đạo (thiên thể) – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quỹ đạo (thiên thể)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbita" title="Orbita – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Orbita" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93%EF%BC%88%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%EF%BC%89" title="轨道（力学） – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="轨道（力学）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="軌道 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="軌道" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzungezohlelo" title="Uzungezohlelo – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Uzungezohlelo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4130#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-5ff6fd68" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-5ff6fd68" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Physics"></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Planetary_Orbits.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Planetary_Orbits.jpg/220px-Planetary_Orbits.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Planetary_Orbits.jpg/330px-Planetary_Orbits.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Planetary_Orbits.jpg/440px-Planetary_Orbits.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2678" data-file-height="3047" /></a><figcaption>行星的轨道</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orbit2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Orbit2.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>兩個在質量上差異不大的物體會繞著共同<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%BF%83" title="質心">質心</a>運轉。圖中這個獨特的軌道，是相似於<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A5%E7%8E%8B%E6%98%9F" title="冥王星">冥王星</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A5%E5%8D%AB%E4%B8%80" title="冥卫一">查龍</a>的系統。</figcaption></figure> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="物理学">物理学</a>中，<b>轨道</b>是一个物体在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="引力">引力</a>作用下绕<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="空间">空间</a>中一点运行的路径，比如<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="行星">行星</a>绕一颗<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F" title="恒星">恒星</a>的轨迹，或<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="天然卫星">天然卫星</a>绕一颗行星的轨迹。行星的轨道一般都是椭圆，而且其绕行的质量中心在椭圆的一个<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E9%BB%9E" title="焦點">焦点</a>上。 </p><p>当前人们对轨道运动原理的认识基于<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="爱因斯坦">爱因斯坦</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E4%B9%89%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="广义相对论">广义相对论</a>，认为引力是由时空弯曲造成的，而轨道则是时空场的几何<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8B%E5%9C%B0%E7%BA%BF" title="测地线">测地线</a>。为了简化计算，通常用基于<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="开普勒定律">开普勒定律</a>的万有引力理论来作为相对论的近似。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93_(%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>历史上，人们用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%AC%E8%BD%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="本轮（页面不存在）">本轮</a>来描述行星的视运动，认为行星的运动是很多圆周运动合成的结果，这是一种几何方法，并没有涉及引力的概念。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="开普勒">开普勒</a>证明行星的运动轨迹是椭圆之前，用这种方法来预测行星的轨迹勉强可行。 </p><p>最开始，人们使用以地球为中心的太阳系<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%90%83" title="天球">天球</a>模型来解释行星的视运动。该模型假设存在一个完美的球体或圆环，所有的<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F" title="恒星">恒星</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="行星">行星</a>都在其表面运动。在更精确的测量了行星的运动后，人们引入了<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%87%E8%BC%AA%E5%92%8C%E6%9C%AC%E8%BC%AA" title="均輪和本輪">均轮和本轮</a>这样的理论来描述行星运动。这种系统能更精确的预测行星的位置，但随着测量结果越来越精确，需要加入更多的本轮到模型中，因此，这种模型变得越来越繁琐。 </p><p>17世紀初，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BB%E5%8D%9C%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="刻卜勒">约翰内斯·开普勒</a>對大量精密觀察的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94" title="天體">天體</a>軌道數據進行分析後，得出著名的3个<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="开普勒定律">行星运动定律</a>。第一，他发现<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="太阳系">太阳系</a>中行星轨道不是以往人们想象的正<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%86%E5%BD%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="圆形">圆形</a>，而是<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%AD%E5%9C%86" title="椭圆">椭圆</a>的；太阳也不是位于轨道中心，而是在一个<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E9%BB%9E_(%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95)" title="焦點 (幾何)">焦点</a>上。第二，行星的轨道速度，也不是恒定不變的，事實上行星的軌道速度與當下行星至太阳的距离有關。第三，他歸納出可通用於太阳系所有行星轨道性質的數學关系：行星到太阳距离的立方（以<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="天文单位">天文单位</a>（AU）计算）等于行星轨道周期的平方（以地球年计算）。以<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E6%98%9F" title="木星">木星</a>為例，它到太阳的距离約為5.2AU，轨道周期約为11.86<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%B9%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="地球年">地球年</a>，則滿足數學關係：<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 5.2^{3}\approx 11.86^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>5.2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>≈</mo> <msup> <mn>11.86</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 5.2^{3}\approx 11.86^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8a75d7e6b2869c11587d396b49008ee451e973e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:13.475ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 5.2^{3}\approx 11.86^{2}}"></span>。 </p><p>到了1687年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF" title="艾萨克·牛顿">艾萨克·牛顿</a>在他的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E6%9C%89%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="万有引力">万有引力</a>理论中证明了开普勒定律。一般而言，物體在單純重力作用下的運動軌道都屬於<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%86%E9%94%A5%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF" title="圆锥曲线">圓錐曲線</a>。牛頓表示，兩個天體在互相環繞的軌道上時，个別天體相對於<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%BF%83" title="質心">質心(質量中心)</a>的距離與自身<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="質量">質量</a>成反比。因此當計算兩個天體的運行軌道時，若其中一个天体质量比另一个明顯大很多，可以大質量物體的質量中心取代共同的質心，不僅方便、誤差也很小。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="爱因斯坦">爱因斯坦</a>认为，引力是时空弯曲造成的，因此，他推翻了牛顿的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%B7%9D%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="超距作用">超距作用</a>假设，该假设认为<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="引力">引力</a>的传播是一瞬间完成的。在相对论中，轨道是时空场的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8B%E5%9C%B0%E7%BA%BF" title="测地线">测地线</a>，这样得到的轨道和牛顿学说的预测很接近。这两种理论之间的差别是可以测量出来的。人们设计了一些实验来区分这两个理论，在实验能达到的精度范围内，基本上所有的实验结果都符合<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA" title="相对论">相对论</a>的结论。一般而言，两者之间的差别很小，除了超强引力场附近和超高速的情况下。<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="爱因斯坦">爱因斯坦</a>本人于1915年使用广义相对论解释了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%98%9F" title="水星">水星</a>轨道的反常近日点进动现象，这是<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" class="mw-redirect" title="相对论效应">相对论效应</a>的第一次理论计算验证。但是，对于大多数短时期的计算，人们通常使用牛顿理论的解法，因为它计算简便而且精度足够高。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="行星轨道"><span id=".E8.A1.8C.E6.98.9F.E8.BD.A8.E9.81.93"></span>行星轨道</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93_(%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：行星轨道"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在一個<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="行星系統">行星系統</a>內，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="行星">行星</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AE%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="矮行星">矮行星</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="小行星">小行星</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%97%E6%98%9F" title="彗星">彗星</a>和空間中的碎片，都以<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%A2%E5%9C%93%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="橢圓軌道">橢圓軌道</a>繞著中心的恆星運轉著。有些以<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%8B%E7%89%A9%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="拋物線">拋物線</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="雙曲線">雙曲線</a>軌道繞著中心恆星的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%97%E6%98%9F" title="彗星">彗星</a>，則被認為是未受到這顆恆星的重力束縛住，而不是這個行星系統內的天體。迄今，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽系">太陽系</a>發現軌道明確是雙曲線的彗星仅有一例<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在行星系統內，如果一對天體的質量中心是在大質量的天體之內，另一個天體便是跟隨這這個天體的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F" title="衛星">衛星</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F" title="人造衛星">人造衛星</a>。 </p><p>由於相互間的引力攝動，太陽系內行星軌道的<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%81%E7%8E%87" title="扁率">扁率</a>會間逐漸變動。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%98%9F" title="水星">水星</a>太陽系內最小的行星，軌道有著最大的<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%81%E7%8E%87" title="扁率">扁率</a>，在當前這世紀，<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F" title="火星">火星</a>軌道的<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%81%E7%8E%87" title="扁率">扁率</a>是第二大的，軌道<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%81%E7%8E%87" title="扁率">扁率</a>最小的則是<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F" title="金星">金星</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%98%9F" title="海王星">海王星</a>。 </p><p>當兩個天體互相環繞，<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E6%98%9F%E9%BB%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="近星點">近星點</a>是這兩個天體彼此最接近的位置，<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A0%E6%98%9F%E9%BB%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="遠星點">遠星點</a>則是這兩個天體彼此距離最遠的位置。. </p><p>在橢圓軌道上，繞行與被繞行系統的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%BF%83" title="質心">質心</a>將在兩者軌道的一個<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E9%BB%9E" title="焦點">焦點</a>上，在另一個焦點上則沒有任何物體。當行星接近近星點時，行星的<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="速度">速度</a>將會增加，而在接近遠星點時，行星的速度將會降低。 </p><p>參見：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="开普勒定律">克卜勒行星運動定律</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="了解軌道"><span id=".E4.BA.86.E8.A7.A3.E8.BB.8C.E9.81.93"></span>了解軌道</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93_(%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：了解軌道"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>参看: <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF%E5%A4%A7%E7%82%AE" title="牛顿大炮">牛頓大炮</a></i> </p><p>簡單了解軌道的方法如下： </p> <ul><li>當物體被拋出去時，會向著原先圍繞旋轉的對象掉落。然而，如果速度夠快的話，軌道的彎曲度會使他落在被圍繞物體的前方。</li> <li>一種力量，像是重力，會將在直線上飛行的物體拉入彎曲的路徑上。</li> <li>當物體掉落時，如果速度夠快（有足夠的切線速度），便會脫離原先的軌道。使用數學分析來理解是非常有用的，因為物體的運動可以在三度空間座標中用相對於質心的一維震盪來描素。</li></ul> <p>加農炮發射的例子（見下圖），是最常被用來作為行星附近（即<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>附近）軌道的說明圖。想像一門被架在高山頂上的加農炮，以平行的方向將砲彈發射出去。如果這座山的高度足以超越大氣層，便能忽略空氣對砲彈所產生的阻力（摩擦力）。 </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Newton_Cannon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Newton_Cannon.svg/300px-Newton_Cannon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Newton_Cannon.svg/450px-Newton_Cannon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Newton_Cannon.svg/600px-Newton_Cannon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span> </p><p>如果加农炮以一个较低的初速度发射一枚炮弹，这个炮弹的轨迹将向地面弯曲，并在A点落到地面。当发射的初速度增加时，炮弹在地面上的落点变得更远（如B点），这是因为，在炮弹跌向地面的时候，地面也在远离炮弹（相对第一点）。从技术意义上讲，所有这些运动的轨迹都是“轨道”，它们都是围绕地球引力中心椭圆轨道的一部分，当炮弹接触地面时该轨道被打断。但如果砲彈以足夠快的速度發射，地面的曲度和砲彈落下的彈道弧度相同時，砲彈便在軌道（C）上運行了。像（D）這樣的軌道是圓形的，而如果砲彈發射的速度再增加，軌道便會成為橢圓的（E）或更為橢圓的（F）。當速度增加到所謂的<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%83%E9%80%B8%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="逃逸速度">逃逸速度</a>時，軌道便會從橢圓變成為拋物線，砲彈也將飛至無窮遠處不再回來。如果速度更快，軌道將會成為雙曲線。 </p><p>一旦进入轨道，航天器需要足够高的速度来维持在大气层外。如果一条椭圆轨道延伸到了稠密大气中，该轨道上的航天器就会逐渐降低速度，并再入大气层。有时候，人们会故意使一个航天器进入大气层，这个过程通常被称为大气制动。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="牛頓運動定律"><span id=".E7.89.9B.E9.A0.93.E9.81.8B.E5.8B.95.E5.AE.9A.E5.BE.8B"></span>牛頓運動定律</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93_(%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：牛頓運動定律"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在只有兩個物體的系統中，它們只會因為自身的重力相互影響著，它們的軌道能用<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="牛顿运动定律">牛顿运动定律</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E6%9C%89%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="萬有引力">萬有引力</a>確實的計算。簡單的說，力量的總和就是質量與加速度的乘積，重力正比於質量，而與距離的平方成反比。 </p><p>在計算上，可以很方便的使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%A7%E6%A8%99%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="座標系統">座標系統</a>，將重的物體置於中心（原點），可以說輕的物體在軌道上繞著重的物體運轉。一個靜止不動的物體，在距離大質量物體較遠時的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8D%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="位能">位能</a>，比較近時要高，因為他將向大質量物體掉落下去。兩個物體的互動，軌道是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%86%E9%94%A5%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF" title="圆锥曲线">圓錐曲線</a>，可以是開放（不再返回）或封閉（複回）的軌道，則全看系統<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="動能">動能</a>+<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8D%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="位能">位能</a>的總<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a>。在開放軌道的系統中，在軌道上每一點的速度都會大於在那個點的<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%83%E9%80%B8%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="逃逸速度">逃逸速度</a>，而再封閉軌道上每一個點的速度都會低於逃逸速度。 </p><p>一個開放軌道的形狀是<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="雙曲線">雙曲線</a>（當軌道速度大於逃逸速度）或是<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%8B%E7%89%A9%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="拋物線">拋物線</a>（當軌道速度等於逃逸速度），這兩個物體在軌道上會先彼此接近，當兩個物體到達最接近的距離的前後，軌道開始彎曲，然後兩個物體再彼此遠離。一些來自太陽系外的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%97%E6%98%9F" title="彗星">彗星</a>，就是這種軌道。 </p><p>封閉軌道的形狀是<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%A2%E5%9C%93%E5%BD%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="橢圓形">橢圓形</a>，在一些特殊的狀況下，環繞的物體與中心保持等距離，也就是軌道是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%93%E5%BD%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="圓形">圓形</a>。換言之，像在軌道上最接近地球的點叫作<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E5%9C%B0%E9%BB%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="近地點">近地點</a>，當圍繞著另一個不是地球的天體運轉時，最接近的點就可以叫做近星點（近拱點），衛星在軌道上離地球最遠的點叫<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A0%E5%9C%B0%E9%BB%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="遠地點">遠地點</a>(遠星點，也叫做遠拱點）。連結近拱點和遠拱點的線叫做<b>拱點線</b>（line-of-apsides），這是橢圓的主軸，是橢圓內部最長的部份。 </p><p>在封閉軌道上的天體經過一定的時間後會在重複他的路線，這就是<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BB%E5%8D%9C%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="刻卜勒">刻卜勒</a>由經驗所獲得的定律，可以使用牛頓定律推導出來。這些公式的描述如下： </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="轨道运动分析"><span id=".E8.BD.A8.E9.81.93.E8.BF.90.E5.8A.A8.E5.88.86.E6.9E.90"></span>轨道运动分析</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93_(%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：轨道运动分析"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(参看<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="轨道方程" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Orbit equation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="轨道方程（页面不存在）">轨道方程</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_equation" class="extiw" title="en:Orbit equation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Orbit equation</span></a></span>）</span></span>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="开普勒第一定律">克卜勒行星運動第一定律</a>） </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{r}={\frac {d^{2}r}{dt^{2}}}-r\left({\frac {d\theta }{dt}}\right)^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msup> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <msup> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mi>r</mi> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>θ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{r}={\frac {d^{2}r}{dt^{2}}}-r\left({\frac {d\theta }{dt}}\right)^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/426c6045aecfa78d8d41be6e6ddd93378902d27c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:20.966ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{r}={\frac {d^{2}r}{dt^{2}}}-r\left({\frac {d\theta }{dt}}\right)^{2}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>和 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{\theta }={\frac {1}{r}}{\frac {d}{dt}}\left(r^{2}{\frac {d\theta }{dt}}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>θ</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>r</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>d</mi> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>θ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{\theta }={\frac {1}{r}}{\frac {d}{dt}}\left(r^{2}{\frac {d\theta }{dt}}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bb2a15775df27a8021d6e2798dc8ce2701a8606b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:19.275ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{\theta }={\frac {1}{r}}{\frac {d}{dt}}\left(r^{2}{\frac {d\theta }{dt}}\right)}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>因为力是完全径向的，加速度与力成正比，因此横行加速度为0。可以得到, </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}\left(r^{2}{\frac {d\theta }{dt}}\right)=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>d</mi> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>θ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}\left(r^{2}{\frac {d\theta }{dt}}\right)=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d0fca3aa2aa3ed086fc43cbb2529d55c14ff6040" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:16.206ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}\left(r^{2}{\frac {d\theta }{dt}}\right)=0}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>积分之后可得到 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r^{2}{\frac {d\theta }{dt}}=h}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>θ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>h</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r^{2}{\frac {d\theta }{dt}}=h}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3aaa19a7607b0476a3b428341a14f594389e753e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:9.683ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r^{2}{\frac {d\theta }{dt}}=h}"></span></dd></dl> <p>对于任意常数<i>h</i>积分有 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {d\theta }{dt}}={h \over r^{2}}=hu^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>θ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>h</mi> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>h</mi> <msup> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {d\theta }{dt}}={h \over r^{2}}=hu^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/33aee5df72e27ffff497f39952413ffd38866cfe" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:16.001ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {d\theta }{dt}}={h \over r^{2}}=hu^{2}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>引入辅助变量 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u={1 \over r}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>u</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>r</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u={1 \over r}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/edb030fe58ea5d65b793046e1fc6503b68f913de" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:6.427ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u={1 \over r}}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>如果径向加速度的大小为<i>f(r)</i>，则从运动方程的径向部分中消去时间变量，得： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {d^{2}u}{d\theta ^{2}}}+u={\frac {f(1/u)}{h^{2}u^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msup> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>u</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <msup> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <msup> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {d^{2}u}{d\theta ^{2}}}+u={\frac {f(1/u)}{h^{2}u^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9f1ae7e404573724d2f13dfdd1334f36226aa3ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:19.285ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {d^{2}u}{d\theta ^{2}}}+u={\frac {f(1/u)}{h^{2}u^{2}}}}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>牛顿的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E6%9C%89%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="万有引力定律">万有引力定律</a>说明，这个力与距离的平方成反比： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(1/u)=f(r)={F(r) \over m}={GM \over r^{2}}=GMu^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>F</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mi>M</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mi>M</mi> <msup> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(1/u)=f(r)={F(r) \over m}={GM \over r^{2}}=GMu^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a5c3c38b59e20a6f1f8ae53cde0a810409b1f3d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:40.466ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(1/u)=f(r)={F(r) \over m}={GM \over r^{2}}=GMu^{2}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>其中<i>G</i>是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="引力常数">引力常数</a>, <i>m</i>是轨道天体（行星）质量，<i>M</i>是中心天体（太阳）质量。带入前面的等式得到： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {d^{2}u}{d\theta ^{2}}}+u={\frac {GM}{h^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msup> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>u</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <msup> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mi>M</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {d^{2}u}{d\theta ^{2}}}+u={\frac {GM}{h^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e977531553ba3892b2355dbe56111737f8eea792" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:16.812ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {d^{2}u}{d\theta ^{2}}}+u={\frac {GM}{h^{2}}}}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>所以对于引力–，或更一般地，对于任何的平方反比律，等式的右面变成了一个常数，and the equation is seen to be the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AE%80%E8%B0%90%E6%8C%AF%E8%8D%A1%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="简谐振荡器（页面不存在）">调和方程</a>（up to a shift of origin of the dependent variable）。 </p><p>所以，轨道方程为： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r={\frac {1}{u}}={\frac {h^{2}/GM}{1+e\cos {(\theta -\phi )}}}={\frac {\ell }{1+e\cos {(\theta -\phi )}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>u</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msup> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mi>M</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mi>e</mi> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>θ</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>ℓ</mi> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mi>e</mi> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>θ</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r={\frac {1}{u}}={\frac {h^{2}/GM}{1+e\cos {(\theta -\phi )}}}={\frac {\ell }{1+e\cos {(\theta -\phi )}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d0bd9734cb3fe9eaad4839fbb4fa3ba7679ad078" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:46.377ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r={\frac {1}{u}}={\frac {h^{2}/GM}{1+e\cos {(\theta -\phi )}}}={\frac {\ell }{1+e\cos {(\theta -\phi )}}}}"></span>,</dd></dl> <p>其中<i>φ</i>和<i>e</i>是任意的积分常数。 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ell ={h^{2} \over GM}=a(1-e^{2})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ℓ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mi>M</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ell ={h^{2} \over GM}=a(1-e^{2})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/957b605ae7bff732d6448391687db68221ea94b2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:21.451ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ell ={h^{2} \over GM}=a(1-e^{2})}"></span></dd></dl> <p>是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%93%E9%8C%90%E6%88%AA%E9%9D%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="圓錐截面">半正焦弦</a>，和<i>a</i>是半长轴。这可以视为极坐标（<i>r</i>,<i>θ</i>）中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%86%E9%94%A5%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF" title="圆锥曲线">圆锥曲线</a>的方程。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="轨道参数"><span id=".E8.BD.A8.E9.81.93.E5.8F.82.E6.95.B0"></span>轨道参数</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93_(%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：轨道参数"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>参看: <a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93%E6%A0%B9%E6%95%B8" title="軌道根數">轨道根數</a> </p><p>对于一般的椭圆轨道，轴的长度、离心率、最小和最大的距离之间的关系为： </p> <dl><dd>半长轴 = (近拱点 +远拱点)/2 = 极半径</dd> <dd>近拱点 = 半长轴× (1 - 偏心率) = 最小距离</dd> <dd>远拱点 = 半长轴× (1 +偏心率) = 最大距离</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="轨道周期"><span id=".E8.BD.A8.E9.81.93.E5.91.A8.E6.9C.9F"></span>轨道周期</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93_(%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：轨道周期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>参看: <a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F" title="轨道周期">轨道周期</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="轨道衰变"><span id=".E8.BD.A8.E9.81.93.E8.A1.B0.E5.8F.98"></span>轨道衰变</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93_(%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：轨道衰变"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="轨道衰变">軌道衰變</a></div> <p>如果軌道的某一部分進入了大氣層，它的軌道就會因為<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%96%E6%9B%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="拖曳">拖曳</a>而衰變。每一次通過近心點，這個物體就會與大氣摩擦，並且失去能量。每次，物體都是很精確的在動能最大時損失能量，因此軌道的離心率都會降低（更接近圓軌道）。這與擺錘的能量損失會使他在最低點的速度減慢，與最高點的高度降低現象是相似的。在連續不斷的作用下，軌道受大氣影響的路徑一次比一次長，受到的影響也一次比一次明顯。最後，作用的影響變得很大，即使以最大動能也不能繼續維持軌道在受到大氣層拖曳影響的極限之上。當這種情況發生時，物體將迅速的以螺旋形路徑下降並與中心物體交會。 </p><p>大氣層邊界的變化很大，當<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E6%A5%B5%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%9F" title="太陽極大期">太陽極大期</a>時，大氣層會產生拖曳作用的高度與<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E6%A5%B5%E5%B0%8F%E6%9C%9F" title="太陽極小期">太陽極小期</a>時相差達100公里以上。 </p><p>有些具有良好傳導性的衛星也會因為<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="地球磁場">地球磁場</a>的拖曳作用而發生軌道衰變。基本上，金屬線切過磁場時，其作用就像發電機一樣。金屬線會將電子由接近真空的一端移動至接近真空的另一端，軌道能量就會在金屬線中轉換成熱。 </p><p>軌道可以使用火箭馬達在路經中的某一點改變動能而進行人為的改變，這是將化學能或電能轉換成動能。以這些方法可以促進軌道的形狀和指向的改變。 </p><p>另一種以人為方法影響軌道的方法是使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E5%B8%86" title="太阳帆">太陽帆</a>或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7%E5%B8%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="磁性帆（页面不存在）">磁性帆</a>。這種形式的推力除了來自太陽之外，不需要使用火箭或其他形式的能量輸入來推進，因此可以不受限制的使用。可以參考<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9C%E6%98%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="靜星（页面不存在）">靜星</a>（statite）所提出的這一種使用方法。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%AD%A5%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="同步轨道">同步軌道</a>上環繞中心運轉的物體也會因為<a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E6%B1%90%E5%8A%9B" title="潮汐力">潮汐力</a>產生軌道衰變。在軌道上的物體因為拖曳使主體產生<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BD%AE%E6%B1%90%E9%9A%86%E8%B5%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="潮汐隆起（页面不存在）">潮汐隆起</a>，並且因為在同步軌道之中的物體運動得比表面上的物體為快，因此隆起物的移動會滯後一個小的角度。隆起物的重力因而會在衛星的主軸上延著運動方向產生一個微小的分量。隆起的近端會使衛星減速得比遠端造成的加速還大，結果使得軌道衰變。反過來說，衛星給了隆起物一個<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%AD%E7%9F%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="扭矩">扭矩</a>，並且加速了他的自轉。人造衛星相對於行星來說是太微小了，因此對行星的潮汐效應影響不了軌道，但是在太陽系內有些衛星在這種機制下遭受過潮汐力造成的軌道衰變。火星最內側的衛星<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E8%A1%9B%E4%B8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="火衛一">弗伯斯</a>是一個最好的例子，在五千萬年內不是將撞擊至火星的表面，就是將被破壞而形成一個環帶。 </p><p>最後，軌道還會因為<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-disambig" title="重力波">重力波</a>的輻射而衰變。這個機制對絕大多數的天體都是極端微弱的，只有在很巨大的質量和加速度的結合下，例如一對密接的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B4%9E" title="黑洞">黑洞</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E6%98%9F" title="中子星">中子星</a>互繞的情況下，才會顯現出來。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="地球轨道"><span id=".E5.9C.B0.E7.90.83.E8.BD.A8.E9.81.93"></span>地球轨道</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93_(%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：地球轨道"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>更多细节请参看<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="地球轨道">地球轨道</a>。</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E5%9C%B0%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="近地轨道">近地轨道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%A4%AD%E5%9C%86%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="高椭圆轨道">高椭圆轨道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%90%8C%E6%AD%A5%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="地球同步轨道">地球同步轨道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E5%9C%B0%E9%9D%9C%E6%AD%A2%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="對地靜止軌道">对地静止轨道</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%B9%E5%9C%B0%E9%9D%99%E6%AD%A2%E8%BD%AC%E7%A7%BB%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="对地静止转移轨道（页面不存在）">对地静止转移轨道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%81%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="极轨道">极轨道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E5%90%8C%E6%AD%A5%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="太阳同步轨道">太阳同步轨道</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="重力的測量"><span id=".E9.87.8D.E5.8A.9B.E7.9A.84.E6.B8.AC.E9.87.8F"></span>重力的測量</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93_(%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：重力的測量"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="重力常數">重力常數</a><i>G</i>被測定的值為： </p> <ul><li>(6.6742 ± 0.001）× 10<sup>−11</sup> N·m²/kg²</li> <li>(6.6742 ± 0.001) × 10<sup>−11</sup> m³/（kg·s²）</li> <li>(6.6742 ± 0.001) × 10<sup>−11</sup> (kg/m³)<sup>-1</sup>s<sup>-2</sup>.</li></ul> <p>因此這個常數的因次是密度<sup>-1</sup>時間<sup>-2</sup>，這對應於以下的性質。 </p><p>距離的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E5%9B%A0%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="比例因數（页面不存在）">定標</a>（包括物體的大小、維持相同的密度）給予相似的軌道，而毋須顧慮到時間：舉個例子，如果距離被減半，質量為八分之一，重力是16分之一，而重力加速度是二分之一，因此軌道周期維持不變。相似的，當一個物體由塔下墜，它落到地面所需的時間，由塔的尺度或地球的尺度測量都是一樣的。 </p><p>當所有的密度是原來的四倍，若在相同的軌道上，則速度會加倍。 </p><p>當所有的密度是原來的四倍，但所有的尺寸都減半，軌道還是相同的，有著一樣的軌道速度。 </p><p>這些性質可以由下面的公式來解釋。 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle GT^{2}\sigma =3\pi \left({\frac {a}{r}}\right)^{3},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> <msup> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>σ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>a</mi> <mi>r</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle GT^{2}\sigma =3\pi \left({\frac {a}{r}}\right)^{3},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92535af69773d85afeb2cc17e4c2c9267350d02d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:18.066ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle GT^{2}\sigma =3\pi \left({\frac {a}{r}}\right)^{3},}"></span></dd></dl> <p>對一個半長軸為<i>a</i>的橢圓軌道，一個小物體繞著半徑為<i>r</i>，平均密度為σ的球體，<i>T</i>是軌道週期。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="在原子學說演化中的角色"><span id=".E5.9C.A8.E5.8E.9F.E5.AD.90.E5.AD.B8.E8.AA.AA.E6.BC.94.E5.8C.96.E4.B8.AD.E7.9A.84.E8.A7.92.E8.89.B2"></span>在原子學說演化中的角色</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93_(%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：在原子學說演化中的角色"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>當探測原子結構的實驗在20世紀初期進行時，早期的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a>圖像在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E4%BE%96%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="庫侖定律">庫侖力</a>而不是重力的約束下被描繪成微型的太陽系。這與<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="電動力學">電動力學</a>的論述不符，但是承襲這種圖像導出了精力充沛的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="電子">電子</a>狀態必須被限制在波函數的軌道上，因此模型進一步的導致<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="量子力學">量子論</a>的發展。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参看"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E7.9C.8B"></span>参看</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93_(%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：参看"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E9%A3%9E%E6%9C%BA" title="航天飞机">航天飞机</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%86%E5%BD%A2%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="圆形轨道（页面不存在）">圆形轨道</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clarke%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clarke轨道（页面不存在）">Clarke轨道</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93%E5%92%8Corbital_spaceflights%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亚轨道和orbital spaceflights区别（页面不存在）">亚轨道和orbital spaceflights区别</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%A2%E5%9C%93%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="橢圓軌道">椭圆轨道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%83%E9%80%B8%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="逃逸速度">逃逸速度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="重力">重力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B%E5%BD%88%E5%BC%93" class="mw-redirect" title="重力彈弓">重力弹弓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E6%9B%BC%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="霍曼轉移軌道">霍曼转移轨道</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8C%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="双曲线轨道（页面不存在）">双曲线轨道</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="轨道方程（页面不存在）">轨道方程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F" title="轨道周期">轨道周期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="轨道速度">轨道速度</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%9B%E7%89%A9%E7%BA%BF%E8%BD%A8%E8%BF%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="抛物线轨迹（页面不存在）">抛物线轨迹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%88%E9%81%93" class="mw-disambig" title="彈道">弹道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93%E6%A0%B9%E6%95%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="轨道根数">轨道根数</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83"></span>参考</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93_(%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：参考"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abell, Morrison，Wolff，宇宙大爆炸，第5版，1987，Saunders College Publishing</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93_(%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>An on-line orbit plotter: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060207080804/http://www.bridgewater.edu/departments/physics/ISAW/PlanetOrbit.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20060207080804/http://www.bridgewater.edu/departments/physics/ISAW/PlanetOrbit.html</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204054322/http://www.braeunig.us/space/orbmech.htm">Orbital Mechanics</a>（Rocket and Space Technology）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phy.hk/wiki/chinesehtm/Motion.htm">受不同種類的力作用下的運行規跡 (Java模擬)</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210520003726/http://www.phy.hk/wiki/chinesehtm/Motion.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="Template:軌道"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="Template talk:軌道"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:軌道"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="引力的轨道" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">引力的<a class="mw-selflink selflink">轨道</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">类型</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">一般</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%92%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="盒軌道">盒軌道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%8B%E7%89%A9%E7%B7%9A%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="拋物線軌道">捕獲軌道</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="圆轨道" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Circular orbit"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%86%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="圆轨道（页面不存在）">圆轨道</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_orbit" class="extiw" title="en:Circular orbit"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Circular orbit</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%A2%E5%9C%93%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="橢圓軌道">橢圓軌道</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%A4%AD%E5%9C%86%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="大椭圆轨道">高橢圓軌道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%8B%E7%89%A9%E7%B7%9A%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="拋物線軌道">逃逸轨道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%B9%84%E5%BD%A2%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="馬蹄形軌道">馬蹄形軌道</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="双曲线轨道" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hyperbolic trajectory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8C%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="双曲线轨道（页面不存在）">双曲线轨道</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_trajectory" class="extiw" title="en:Hyperbolic trajectory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hyperbolic trajectory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="倾斜轨道" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Inclined orbit"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%80%BE%E6%96%9C%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="倾斜轨道（页面不存在）">倾斜轨道</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclined_orbit" class="extiw" title="en:Inclined orbit"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Inclined orbit</span></a></span>）</span></span> / <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="无倾斜轨道" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Non-inclined orbit"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E5%80%BE%E6%96%9C%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无倾斜轨道（页面不存在）">无倾斜轨道</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-inclined_orbit" class="extiw" title="en:Non-inclined orbit"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Non-inclined orbit</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%9C%97%E6%97%A5%E7%82%B9" title="拉格朗日点">拉格朗日点</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%BB%E5%88%87%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="吻切軌道">吻切軌道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%8B%E7%89%A9%E7%B7%9A%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="拋物線軌道">拋物線軌道</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="停泊轨道" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Parking orbit"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%9C%E6%B3%8A%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="停泊轨道（页面不存在）">停泊轨道</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking_orbit" class="extiw" title="en:Parking orbit"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Parking orbit</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%86%E8%A1%8C%E5%92%8C%E9%80%86%E8%A1%8C" title="順行和逆行">顺行/逆行</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%AD%A5%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="同步轨道">同步轨道</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%90%8C%E6%AD%A5%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="半同步轨道">半同步</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亚同步轨道" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Subsynchronous orbit"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E5%90%8C%E6%AD%A5%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亚同步轨道（页面不存在）">亚同步</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsynchronous_orbit" class="extiw" title="en:Subsynchronous orbit"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Subsynchronous orbit</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E6%9B%BC%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="霍曼轉移軌道">转移轨道</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%BF%83%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="地心轨道">地心</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%90%8C%E6%AD%A5%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="地球同步轨道">地球同步轨道</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E9%9D%9C%E6%AD%A2%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="地球靜止軌道">地球靜止軌道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%90%8C%E6%AD%A5%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="地球同步轉移軌道">地球同步轉移軌道</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%93%E5%9C%B0%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="墓地轨道">墓地轨道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E5%9C%B0%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="近地轨道">低地球軌道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="中地球轨道">中地球轨道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="高地球軌道">高地球軌道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AA%E7%94%B5%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="闪电轨道">闪电轨道</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="近赤道轨道" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Near-equatorial orbit"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%91%E8%B5%A4%E9%81%93%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="近赤道轨道（页面不存在）">近赤道轨道</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-equatorial_orbit" class="extiw" title="en:Near-equatorial orbit"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Near-equatorial orbit</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E7%90%83%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="月球軌道">月球軌道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%81%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="极轨道">极轨道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E5%90%8C%E6%AD%A5%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="太阳同步轨道">太阳同步轨道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%8D%E5%8E%9F%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="凍原軌道">凍原軌道</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>火星 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="火星轨道">火星轨道</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="火星同步轨道" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Areosynchronous orbit"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F%E5%90%8C%E6%AD%A5%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="火星同步轨道（页面不存在）">火星同步轨道</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areosynchronous_orbit" class="extiw" title="en:Areosynchronous orbit"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Areosynchronous orbit</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="火星静止轨道" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Areostationary orbit"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F%E9%9D%99%E6%AD%A2%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="火星静止轨道（页面不存在）">火星静止轨道</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areostationary_orbit" class="extiw" title="en:Areostationary orbit"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Areostationary orbit</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li>拉格朗日点 <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="远距离逆行轨道" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Distant retrograde orbit"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9C%E8%B7%9D%E7%A6%BB%E9%80%86%E8%A1%8C%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="远距离逆行轨道（页面不存在）">远距离逆行轨道</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distant_retrograde_orbit" class="extiw" title="en:Distant retrograde orbit"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Distant retrograde orbit</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%95%E8%BD%AE%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="晕轮轨道">晕轮轨道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E8%96%A9%E5%A6%82%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="利薩如軌道">利薩如軌道</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%95%E6%9C%88%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="绕月轨道">绕月轨道</a></li> <li>太阳 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%BF%83%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="日心軌道">日心軌道</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="地球轨道">地球轨道</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E5%90%8C%E6%AD%A5%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="太阳同步轨道">太阳同步轨道</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93%E6%A0%B9%E6%95%B8" title="軌道根數">参数</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>形状</li><li>大小</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">e</span></span>  <a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93%E9%9B%A2%E5%BF%83%E7%8E%87" title="軌道離心率">离心率</a></li> <li><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">a</span></span>  <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%95%B7%E8%BB%B8" title="半長軸">半長軸</a></li> <li><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">b</span></span>  <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E7%9F%AD%E8%BB%B8" title="半短軸">半短軸</a></li> <li><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">Q</span></span>, <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">q</span></span>  <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%B1%E9%BB%9E" title="拱點">拱點</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">方向</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">i</span></span>  <a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93%E5%82%BE%E8%A7%92" title="軌道傾角">倾角</a></li> <li><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">Ω</span></span>  <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%87%E4%BA%A4%E9%BB%9E%E9%BB%83%E7%B6%93" title="升交點黃經">升交点经度</a></li> <li><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">ω</span></span>  <a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E5%BF%83%E9%BB%9E%E5%B9%85%E8%A7%92" title="近心點幅角">近心點幅角</a></li> <li><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">ϖ</span></span>  <a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E5%BF%83%E9%BB%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%BA%A6" title="近心點經度">近心點經度</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">位置</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">M</span></span>  <a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E8%BF%91%E9%BB%9E%E8%A7%92" title="平近點角">平近點角</a></li> <li><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">ν</span></span>, <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">θ</span></span>, <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">f</span></span>  <a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%BF%91%E9%BB%9E%E8%A7%92" title="真近點角">真近點角</a></li> <li><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">E</span></span>  <a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E8%BF%91%E9%BB%9E%E8%A7%92" title="偏近點角">偏近點角</a></li> <li><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">L</span></span>  <a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E9%BB%83%E7%B6%93" title="平黃經">平黃經</a></li> <li><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">l</span></span>  <a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E9%BB%83%E7%B6%93" title="真黃經">真黃經</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">变化</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">T</span></span>  <a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F" title="轨道周期">轨道周期</a></li> <li><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">n</span></span>  <a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="平均运动">平均运动</a></li> <li><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">v</span></span>  <a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="轨道速度">轨道速度</a></li> <li><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><i>t</i><sub>0</sub></span></span>  <a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%86%E5%85%83" title="曆元">曆元</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="轨道机动" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Orbital maneuver"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93%E6%9C%BA%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="轨道机动（页面不存在）">机动</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_maneuver" class="extiw" title="en:Orbital maneuver"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Orbital maneuver</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E6%A4%AD%E5%9C%86%E8%BD%AC%E7%A7%BB" title="双椭圆转移">双椭圆转移</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="碰撞规避" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Collision avoidance (spacecraft)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B0%E6%92%9E%E8%A7%84%E9%81%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="碰撞规避（页面不存在）">碰撞规避</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision_avoidance_(spacecraft)" class="extiw" title="en:Collision avoidance (spacecraft)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Collision avoidance (spacecraft)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94V" title="ΔV">ΔV</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="ΔV预算" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Delta-v budget"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%94V%E9%A2%84%E7%AE%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ΔV预算（页面不存在）">ΔV预算</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta-v_budget" class="extiw" title="en:Delta-v budget"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Delta-v budget</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B%E5%8A%A9%E6%8E%A8" title="重力助推">重力助推</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="重力转向" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gravity turn"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B%E8%BD%AC%E5%90%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="重力转向（页面不存在）">重力转向</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_turn" class="extiw" title="en:Gravity turn"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gravity turn</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E6%9B%BC%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="霍曼轉移軌道">霍曼轉移軌道</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="轨道倾角更改" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Orbital inclination change"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93%E5%80%BE%E8%A7%92%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="轨道倾角更改（页面不存在）">轨道倾角更改</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_inclination_change" class="extiw" title="en:Orbital inclination change"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Orbital inclination change</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E8%BD%AC%E7%A7%BB" title="低能量转移">低能量转移</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B%E5%8A%A9%E6%8E%A8#奥伯特效应" title="重力助推">奥伯特效应</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="轨道定相" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Orbit phasing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93%E5%AE%9A%E7%9B%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="轨道定相（页面不存在）">定相</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_phasing" class="extiw" title="en:Orbit phasing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Orbit phasing</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E7%AE%AD%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="火箭方程">火箭方程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93%E4%BA%A4%E6%9C%83" title="空間交會">交会</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="转位、对接和提取" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Transposition, docking, and extraction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%AC%E4%BD%8D%E3%80%81%E5%AF%B9%E6%8E%A5%E5%92%8C%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="转位、对接和提取（页面不存在）">转位、对接和提取</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposition,_docking,_and_extraction" class="extiw" title="en:Transposition, docking, and extraction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Transposition, docking, and extraction</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="航天动力学">航天动力学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%90%83%E5%9D%90%E6%A0%87%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="天球坐标系统">天球坐标系统</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="特征能量" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Characteristic energy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%81%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特征能量（页面不存在）">特征能量</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_energy" class="extiw" title="en:Characteristic energy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Characteristic energy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="宇宙速度">宇宙速度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E6%9B%86%E8%A1%A8" title="星曆表">星曆表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E9%81%93%E5%9D%90%E6%A8%99%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="赤道坐標系統">赤道坐標系統</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="星下点轨迹" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ground track"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E4%B8%8B%E7%82%B9%E8%BD%A8%E8%BF%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="星下点轨迹（页面不存在）">星下点轨迹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_track" class="extiw" title="en:Ground track"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ground track</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%88%BE%E7%90%83" title="希爾球">希爾球</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="行星际运输网络" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Interplanetary Transport Network"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E9%99%85%E8%BF%90%E8%BE%93%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="行星际运输网络（页面不存在）">行星际运输网络</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interplanetary_Transport_Network" class="extiw" title="en:Interplanetary Transport Network"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Interplanetary Transport Network</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="开普勒定律">开普勒定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%9C%97%E6%97%A5%E7%82%B9" title="拉格朗日点">拉格朗日点</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%E4%BD%93%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="N体问题">N体问题</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="轨道方程" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Orbit equation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="轨道方程（页面不存在）">轨道方程</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_equation" class="extiw" title="en:Orbit equation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Orbit equation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="轨道状态向量" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Orbital state vectors"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="轨道状态向量（页面不存在）">轨道状态向量</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_state_vectors" class="extiw" title="en:Orbital state vectors"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Orbital state vectors</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%9D%E5%8B%95" title="攝動">攝動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%86%E8%A1%8C%E5%92%8C%E9%80%86%E8%A1%8C" title="順行和逆行">順行和逆行</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="比轨道能量" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Specific orbital energy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="比轨道能量（页面不存在）">比轨道能量</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_orbital_energy" class="extiw" title="en:Specific orbital energy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Specific orbital energy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%A7%92%E5%8A%A8%E9%87%8F" title="比角动量">比角动量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A4%E8%A1%8C%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93%E8%A6%81%E7%B4%A0%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F" title="两行轨道要素形式">两行轨道要素形式</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="列表级条目"><img alt="列表级条目" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="轨道列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of orbits"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="轨道列表（页面不存在）">轨道列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_orbits" class="extiw" title="en:List of orbits"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of orbits</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/38580-interstellar-object-spotted-comet-asteroid-mystery.html">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-10-27</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520003658/https://www.space.com/38580-interstellar-object-spotted-comet-asteroid-mystery.html">存档</a>于2021-05-20）.</cite><span 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