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href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/american-elements"><span class="sr-only">LinkedIn</span></a> <a class="ming-link social instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/americanelements/"><span class="sr-only">Instagram</span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="container-fluid" id="main-content"> <div id="page-content">   <div class="banner">  <h1 class="short">Ruthenium</h1> <span class="element-item2 transition metal" aria-hidden="true"><span class="symbol2">Ru</span><span class="number">44</span><span class="weight">101.07</span></span>  </div>   <div id="element-tabs"> <ul class="nav nav-pills nav-justified" role="tablist"> <li><a href="#about" id="tab1" role="tab" aria-controls="about" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">About Ruthenium</a></li> <li class="active"><a href="#products" id="tab2" role="tab" aria-controls="products" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">Products</a></li> <li><a href="#properties" id="tab3" role="tab" aria-controls="properties" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">Properties</a></li> <li><a href="#safety" id="tab4" role="tab" aria-controls="safety" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="#isotopes" id="tab5" role="tab" aria-controls="isotopes" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">Isotopes</a></li> </ul> </div>  <div id="content"> <div class="tab-content"> <div class="tab-pane" id="about" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab1"> <h2>About Ruthenium</h2> <img src="images_graphics/element-bohr-models/ruthenium-bohr-model.jpg" alt="Ruthenium Bohr" width="200" height="200" class="image-left" /><p>Ruthenium was discovered in 1844 by Karl Ernst Claus and named for Ruthenia, the Latin word for Claus’s native Rus. It was the last member of the platinum group of elements to be officially discovered, and like other members of that family is notable for being hard and corrosion resistant. In fact, ruthenium is harder than both <a href="pt.html">platinum</a> and <a href="pd.html">palladium</a>, and like the more expensive <a href="rh.html">rhodium</a> can be used to harden alloys of those elements. Thin-coatings of <a href="platinum-ruthenium-black-172515-31-0">platinum-ruthenium</a> and palladium-ruthenium <a href="alloys.html">alloys</a> are often used to make electrical contacts wear-resistant. Additionally, ruthenium is added to <a href="ti.html">titanium</a> to impart corrosion resistance and used in high-temperature single-crystal superalloys used most commonly in <a href="aerospace-aircraft.html">aerospace</a> applications. Ruthenium is also compatible with vapor deposition for producing <a href="thin-film-evaporation-materials.html">thin films</a> as well for use in other <a href="semiconductors.html">semiconductor</a> processing techniques, and is under investigation for use in <a href="electronics-materials.html">microelectronics</a>.</p> <p>In addition to the roles it plays in its <a href="ruthenium-metal-7440-18-8">metallic</a> form, ruthenium finds many applications in the form of its compounds. <a href="ruthenium-oxide-12036-10-1">Ruthenium dioxide</a> and organometallic ruthenium complexes are used as <a href="catalysts">catalysts</a> in research, in organic and <a href="pharmaceuticals-cosmetics.html">pharmaceutical chemistry</a>, and in industrial settings. Ruthenium-based dyes have applications as biological stains in for light and electron microscopy, and are used in some dye-sensitized <a href="solar-energy-materials.html"> solar cells</a>. The oils in fingerprints react with <a href="ruthenium-viii-oxide-20427-56-9">ruthenium tetroxide</a> to produce darkly colored <a href="ruthenium-oxide-12036-10-1">ruthenium dioxide</a>, a process that is used to expose latent prints.</p> <p>Finally, there are a few uses for ruthenium in medical applications. A radioactive <a href="isotopes.html">isotope</a> of ruthenium is used in radiotherapy of eye tumors, and several ruthenium-centered complexes are under investigation for anticancer properties.</p> <p>Like other <a href="pt.html">platinum</a> group metals, ruthenium is typically obtained for commercial use as a byproduct from <a href="ni.html">nickel</a> and <a href="cu.html">copper</a> mining and processing, but can also be obtained from ores rich in platinum and from alluvial deposits. Along with <a href="rh.html">rhodium</a> and <a href="pd.html">palladium</a>, ruthenium is a decomposition product of <a href="uu.htm">uranium</a> and could theoretically be recovered from spent nuclear fuel, but the problems inherent in working with radioactive materials make this an impractical source for the rare element.</p> </div> <div class="tab-pane active" id="products" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab2"> <h2>Products</h2> <div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion"> <div class="panel panel-products"><div class="panel-heading activate-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#compound-products"><span class="panel-title">Compounds</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></div><div id="compound-products" class="panel-body collapse row"> <ul class="grid grid3 no-dot"> <li class="product"> <a href="ammonium-aquopentachlororuthenate-iii-68133-88-0">Ammonium Aquopentachlororuthenate(III)</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ammonium-hexachlororuthenate-iv-18746-63-9">Ammonium Hexachlororuthenate(IV)</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="barium-ruthenate-12009-17-5">Barium Ruthenate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="calcium-ruthenate-133174-44-4">Calcium Ruthenate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="chloropentaammineruthenium-ii-chloride-137729-23-8">Chloropentaammineruthenium(II) Chloride</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="hexaammineruthenium-ii-chloride-15305-72-3">Hexaammineruthenium(II) Chloride</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="hexaammineruthenium-iii-chloride-14282-91-8">Hexaammineruthenium(III) Chloride</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="iridium-ruthenium-oxide">Iridium Ruthenium Oxide</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="pentaamminechlororuthenium-iii-chloride-18532-87-1">Pentaamminechlororuthenium(III) Chloride</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="potassium-aquapentachlororuthenate-iii-dimer-14404-33-2">Potassium Aquapentachlororuthenate(III) Dimer</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="potassium-hexachlororuthenate-iii-25443-63-4">Potassium Hexachlororuthenate(III)</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="potassium-hexachlororuthenate-iv-23013-82-3">Potassium Hexachlororuthenate(IV)</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="potassium-hexacyanoruthenate-ii-hydrate-339268-21-2">Potassium Hexacyanoruthenate(II) Hydrate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="potassium-pentachloronitrosylruthenate-ii-14854-54-7">Potassium Pentachloronitrosylruthenate(II)</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="potassium-pentachlororuthenate-iii-hydrate">Potassium Pentachlororuthenate(III) Hydrate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="potassium-perruthenate-vii-10378-50-4">Potassium Perruthenate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="potassium-ruthenate-31111-21-4">Potassium Ruthenate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-acetate-72196-32-8">Ruthenium Acetate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-acetate-solution-72196-32-8">Ruthenium Acetate Solution</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-iii-bromide-14014-88-1">Ruthenium Bromide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="ruthenium-iii-bromide-hydrate-314075-07-5">Ruthenium(III) Bromide Hydrate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-carbide-12012-13-4">Ruthenium Carbide</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-chloride-10049-08-8">Ruthenium Chloride</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-iii-chloride-hydrate-14898-67-0">Ruthenium(III) Chloride Hydrate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-chloride-solution-14898-67-0">Ruthenium Chloride Solution</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-iii-chloride-trihydrate-13815-94-6">Ruthenium(III) Chloride Trihydrate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-fluoride-51621-05-7">Ruthenium Fluoride</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-iii-iodide-13896-65-6">Ruthenium Iodide</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-iii-iodide-hydrate-208346-20-7">Ruthenium(III) Iodide Hydrate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-nitrate-34513-98-9">Ruthenium Nitrate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-nitrate-solution-34513-98-9">Ruthenium Nitrate Solution</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-iii-nitrosylacetate">Ruthenium(III) Nitrosylacetate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-iii-nitrosyl-chloride-18902-42-6">Ruthenium(III) Nitrosyl Chloride</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-iii-nitrosyl-chloride-hydrate-32535-76-5">Ruthenium(III) Nitrosyl Chloride Hydrate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-iii-nitrosylnitrate-34513-98-9">Ruthenium(III) Nitrosyl Nitrate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-iii-nitrosylnitrate-solution-34513-98-9">Ruthenium(III) Nitrosyl Nitrate Solution</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-iii-nitrosylsulfate">Ruthenium(III) Nitrosylsulfate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-oxalate">Ruthenium Oxalate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="ruthenium-iii-oxoacetate-trihydrate-38998-79-7">Ruthenium(III) Oxoacetate Trihydrate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-oxide-12036-10-1">Ruthenium(IV) Oxide</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-oxide-anhydrous-12036-10-1">Ruthenium Oxide Anhydrous</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-iv-oxide-hydrate-32740-79-7">Ruthenium(IV) Oxide Hydrate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-viii-oxide-20427-56-9">Ruthenium(VIII) Oxide</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-red-11103-72-3">Ruthenium Red</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-red-tetrahydrate-12790-48-6">Ruthenium Red Tetrahydrate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-sulfate-41860-99-5">Ruthenium Sulfate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-sulfate-solution-41860-99-5">Ruthenium Sulfate Solution</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="rubidium-tetrafluoroborate-18909-68-7">Ruthenium Tetrafluoroborate</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-products"><div class="panel-heading activate-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#metallic-products"><span class="panel-title">Metallic Forms</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></div><div id="metallic-products" class="panel-body collapse row"> <ul class="grid grid3 no-dot"> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-balls-7440-18-8">Ruthenium Balls</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-band-7440-18-8">Ruthenium Bands</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-bars-7440-18-8">Ruthenium Bars</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-black-7440-18-8">Ruthenium Black</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-blocks-7440-18-8">Ruthenium Blocks</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-chunk-7440-18-8">Ruthenium Chunk</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-coil-7440-18-8">Ruthenium Coil</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-concentrate-7440-18-8">Ruthenium Concentrate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-crucibles-7440-18-8">Ruthenium Crucibles</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-cubes-7440-18-8">Ruthenium Cubes</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-cylinder-7440-18-8">Ruthenium Cylinder</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-disc-7440-18-8">Ruthenium Disc</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-flake-7440-18-8">Ruthenium Flake</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-flanges-7440-18-8">Ruthenium Flanges</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-foil-7440-18-8">Ruthenium Foil</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-granules-7440-18-8">Ruthenium Granules</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-ingot-7440-18-8">Ruthenium Ingot</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-lump-7440-18-8">Ruthenium Lump</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-mesh-7440-18-8">Ruthenium Mesh</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-metal-7440-18-8">Ruthenium Metal</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-microfoil-7440-18-8">Ruthenium Microfoil</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-microleaf-7440-18-8">Ruthenium Microleaf</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-on-activated-charcoal-catalyst-7440-18-8">Ruthenium on Activated Charcoal</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-on-alumina-catalyst-7440-18-8">Ruthenium on Alumina</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-on-carbon-catalyst-7440-18-8">Ruthenium on Carbon</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-on-silica-7440-18-8">Ruthenium on Silica</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-particles-7440-18-8">Ruthenium Particles</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-parts-7440-18-8">Ruthenium Parts</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-pellets-7440-18-8">Ruthenium Pellets</a></li> <li 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href="tris-2-2-bipyridine-ruthenium-ii-hexafluorophosphate-60804-74-2">Tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) Hexafluorophosphate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="tris-2-2-bipyridyl-d8-ruthenium-ii-hexafluorophosphate-67573-02-8">Tris(2,2'-bipyridyl-d8)ruthenium(II) Hexafluorophosphate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="tris-2-2-bipyrimide-ruthenium-ii-dichloride-65034-88-0">Tris(2,2'-bipyrimide)ruthenium(II) Dichloride</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="tris-4-7-diphenyl-1-10-phenanthroline-ruthenium-ii-bis-hexafluorophosphate-complex-123148-15-2">Tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) bis(hexafluorophosphate) Complex</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="tris-4-7-diphenyl-1-10-phenanthroline-ruthenium-ii-bis-perchlorate-complex-75213-31-9">Tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) Bis(perchlorate) Complex</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="tris-4-7-diphenyl-1-10-phenanthroline-ruthenium-ii-dichloride-complex-36309-88-3">Tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) Dichloride Complex</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="tris-acetonitrile-cyclopentadienylruthenium-ii-hexafluorophosphate-80049-61-2">Tris(acetonitrile)cyclopentadienylruthenium(II) Hexafluorophosphate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="tris-bathophenanthrolinedisulfonate-ruthenium-ii-solution-sodium-salt-301206-84-8">Tris(bathophenanthroline disulfonate)ruthenium(II) Solution Sodium Salt</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="tris-triphenylphosphine-ruthenium-ii-dichloride-15529-49-4">Tris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II) Dichloride</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-products"><div class="panel-heading activate-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#nanomaterials-products"><span class="panel-title">Nanomaterials</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></div><div id="nanomaterials-products" class="panel-body collapse row"> <ul class="grid grid3 no-dot"> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-nanoscale-foil-7440-18-8">Ruthenium Nanoscale Foil</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-nanoparticles-7440-18-8">Ruthenium Nanoparticles</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="ruthenium-nanoparticles-dispersion-7440-18-8">Ruthenium Nanoparticle Dispersion</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-nanorods-7440-18-8">Ruthenium Nanorods</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-nanowires-7440-18-8">Ruthenium Nanowires</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="ruthenium-oxide-nanoparticle-dispersion-12036-10-1">Ruthenium Oxide Nanoparticle Dispersion</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-oxide-nanoparticles-nanopowder-12036-10-1">Ruthenium Oxide Nanoparticles</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-products"><div class="panel-heading activate-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#semiconductor-optical-products"><span class="panel-title">Semiconductor & Optical</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></div><div id="semiconductor-optical-products" class="panel-body collapse row"> <ul class="grid grid3 no-dot"> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-phosphide">Ruthenium Phosphide</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-selenide-163207-14-5">Ruthenium Selenide</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-sulfide-12166-20-0">Ruthenium Sulfide</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-telluride-292066-50-3">Ruthenium Telluride</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-products"><div class="panel-heading activate-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sputtering-target-products"><span class="panel-title">Sputtering Targets</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></div><div id="sputtering-target-products" class="panel-body collapse row"> <ul class="grid grid3 no-dot"> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-oxide-rotatable-sputtering-target-12036-10-1">Ruthenium Oxide Rotatable Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-oxide-sputtering-target-12036-10-1">Ruthenium Oxide Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-phosphide-sputtering-target">Ruthenium Phosphide Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-rotatable-sputtering-target-7440-18-8">Ruthenium Rotatable Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-selenide-sputtering-target-163207-14-5">Ruthenium Selenide Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="ruthenium-silicon-alloy-sputtering-target">Ruthenium Silicon Alloy Sputtering Target </a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-sputtering-target-7440-18-8">Ruthenium Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-telluride-sputtering-target-292066-50-3">Ruthenium Telluride Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-vacuum-melted-target-7440-18-8">Ruthenium Vacuum Melted Target</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="ruthenium-vanadium-alloy-sputtering-target">Ruthenium Vanadium Alloy Sputtering Target </a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="strontium-ruthenate-sputtering-target-60862-59-1">Strontium Ruthenate Sputtering Target</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-products"><div class="panel-heading activate-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#isotope-products"><span class="panel-title">Isotopes</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></div><div id="isotope-products" class="panel-body collapse row"> <ul class="grid grid3 no-dot"> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-99-metal-isotope">Ruthenium 99 Metal Isotope</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-100-metal-isotope">Ruthenium 100 Metal Isotope</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-101-metal-isotope">Ruthenium 101 Metal Isotope</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ruthenium-104-metal-isotope">Ruthenium 104 Metal Isotope</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="openclose"> <div class="openall">+ Open All</div> <div class="closeall">- Close All</div> </div> </div> <div id="products-intro"> <p> Ruthenium is primarily used for wear-resistant electrical contacts and the production of thick-film resistors. Ruthenium is one of the most effective hardeners for <a href="pt.html">platinum</a> and <a href="pd.html">palladium</a> and is alloyed with these metals to make electrical contacts for extremely wear resistant electronics and laboratory equipment. The corrosion resistance of <a href="ti.html">titanium</a> is improved a hundredfold by the addition of 0.1% ruthenium. Ruthenium is also a versatile catalyst. <a href="hh.html">Hydrogen</a> <a href="chemicals.html">sulfide</a> can be split catalytically by light using an aqueous suspension of <a href="cd.html">cadmium</a> <a href="chemicals.html">sulfide</a> particles loaded with <a href="ruox.html">ruthenium dioxide</a>. Ruthenium is available as <a href="metals.html">metal</a> and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to <a href="Ultra_high_purity_metals_powders.htm">ultra-high purity</a>). <a href="rumst.html"><img src="ruthenium-sputtering-target.png" alt="High Purity (99.999%) Ruthenium (Ru) Sputtering Target" width="112" height="110" hspace="5" vspace="5" class="image-right"></a><a href="oxides.html"><img src="ruthenium-oxide-powder.png" alt="High Purity (99.999%) Ruthenium Oxide (RuO2·xH2O)Powder" width="122" height="118" class="image-left" /></a>Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Ruthenium <a href="nanomaterials-nanoparticles-nanotechnology.html">nanoparticles and nanopowders</a> provide ultra-high surface area. <a href="ruox.html">Ruthenium oxides</a> are available in powder and dense pellet form for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications.<a href="oxides.html"> Oxides</a> tend to be insoluble. <a href="Fluorides.html">Fluorides</a> are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Ruthenium is also available in soluble forms including <a href="chemicals.html">chlorides, nitrates and acetates</a>. These compounds can be manufactured as <a href="solutions">solutions</a> at specified stoichiometries.</p> </div> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="properties" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab3"> <h2>Ruthenium Properties</h2> <p><img src="ruthenium-block.png" alt="Ruthenium(Ru) atomic and molecular weight, atomic number and elemental symbol" hspace="10" class="image-left" /><strong>Ruthenium</strong> is a Block D, Group 8, Period 5 element. <img src="ruthenium-bohr.jpg" alt="Ruthenium Bohr Model" width="200" height="200" class="image-right"/></a>. It is found in pentlandite, pyroxenite, and platinum group metal ores. Ruthenium was first discovered by Karl Klaus in 1844. The name Ruthenium, originates from the Latin word 'Ruthenia' meaning Russia.</p> <div id="table-wrapper"> <div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion2"> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#general-properties">General Properties<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="general-properties"> <table class="table properties-table" > <tr> <th id="symbol">Symbol:</th> <td width="64">Ru</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-number">Atomic Number:</th> <td>44</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-weight">Atomic Weight:</th> <td>101.07</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="element-category">Element Category:</th> <td>transition metal</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="group-period-block">Group, Period, Block:</th> <td>8, 5, d</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="color">Color:</th> <td>silvery white metallic/ silvery-white</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="other-names">Other Names:</th> <td>Ruthénium, Rutenio, Rutênio</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#physical-properties">Physical Properties<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div id="physical-properties" class="panel-collapse collapse"> <table class="properties-table table"> <tr> <th id="melting-point">Melting Point:</th> <td width="64">2334°C, 4233 °F, 2607 K</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="boiling-point">Boiling Point:</th> <td>4150 °C, 7502 °F, 4423 K</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="density">Density:</th> <td>12.45 g·cm<sup>3</sup> (estimated)</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="liquid-density">Liquid Density @ Melting Point:</th> <td>10.65 g·cm<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="density-20-degrees-C">Density @ 20°C:</th> <td>12.2 g/cm<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="solid-density">Density of Solid:</th> <td>12370 kg·m<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="specific-heat">Specific Heat:</th> <td>0.24 (kJ/kg K)</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="superconductivity-temperature">Superconductivity Temperature:</th> <td> 0.49 [or -272.66 °C (-458.79 °F)] K</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="triple-point">Triple Point:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="critical-point">Critical Point:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="fusion-heat">Heat of Fusion (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th> <td>23.7</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="vaporization-heat">Heat of Vaporization (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th> <td>567</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomization-heat">Heat of Atomization (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th> <td>641.031</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="thermal-conductivity">Thermal Conductivity:</th> <td>117 W·m<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="thermal-expansion">Thermal Expansion:</th> <td>(25 °C) 6.4 µm/(m·K)</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="electrical-resistivity">Electrical Resistivity:</th> <td>(0 °C) 71 nΩ·m</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="tensile-strength">Tensile Strength:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="molar-heat-capacity">Molar Heat Capacity:</th> <td>24.06 J·mol<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="youngs-modulus">Young's Modulus:</th> <td>447 GPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="shear-modulus">Shear Modulus:</th> <td>173 GPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="bulk-modulus">Bulk Modulus:</th> <td>220 GPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="poisson-ratio">Poisson Ratio:</th> <td>0.3</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="mohs-hardness">Mohs Hardness:</th> <td>6.5</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="vickers-hardness">Vickers Hardness:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="brinell-hardness">Brinell Hardness:</th> <td>2160 MPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="speed-of-sound">Speed of Sound:</th> <td>(20 °C) 5970 m·s<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="pauling-electronegativity">Pauling Electronegativity:</th> <td>2.2</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="sanderson-electronegativity">Sanderson Electronegativity:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="allerd-rochow-electronegativity">Allred Rochow Electronegativity:</th> <td>1.42</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="mulliken-jaffe-electronegativity">Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="allen-electronegativity">Allen Electronegativity:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="pauling-electropositivity">Pauling Electropositivity:</th> <td>1.8</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="reflectivity">Reflectivity (%):</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="refractive-index">Refractive Index:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#chemical-properties">Chemical Properties<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div id="chemical-properties" class="panel-collapse collapse"> <table class="properties-table table"> <tr> <th id="electrons">Electrons:</th> <td width="64">44</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="protons">Protons:</th> <td>44</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="neutrons">Neutrons:</th> <td>57</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="electron-configuration">Electron Configuration:</th> <td>[Kr] 4d<sup>7</sup> 5s<sup>1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-radius">Atomic Radius:</th> <td>134 pm</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-radius-non-bonded">Atomic Radius,<br /> non-bonded (Å):</th> <td>2.13</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="covalent-radius">Covalent Radius:</th> <td>146±7 pm</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="covalent-radius-non-bonded">Covalent Radius (Å):</th> <td>1.36</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="van-der-waals-radius">Van der Waals Radius:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="oxidation-states">Oxidation States:</th> <td>8, 7, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1, -2 (mildly acidic oxide)</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="phase">Phase:</th> <td>Solid</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="crystal-structure">Crystal Structure:</th> <td>hexagonal close-packed</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="magnetic-ordering">Magnetic Ordering:</th> <td>paramagnetic</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="electron-affinity">Electron Affinity (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>)</th> <td>101.274</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="1-ionization">1<sup>st</sup> Ionization Energy:</th> <td>710.19 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="2-ionization">2<sup>nd</sup> Ionization Energy:</th> <td>1617.11 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="3-ionization">3<sup>rd</sup> Ionization Energy:</th> <td>2746.96 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion3"> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#identifiers">Identifiers<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="identifiers"> <table class="table properties-table" > <tr> <th id="cas-number">CAS Number:</th> <td width="64">7440-18-8</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="ec-number">EC Number:</th> <td>231-127-1</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="mdl-number">MDL Number:</th> <td>MFCD00011207</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="beilstein-number">Beilstein Number:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="smile-id">SMILES Identifier:</th> <td>[Ru]</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="inchi-id">InChI Identifier:</th> <td>InChI=1S/Ru</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="inchi-key">InChI Key:</th> <td>KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="pubchem-cid">PubChem CID:</th> <td>23950</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="chemspider-id">ChemSpider ID:</th> <td>22390</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#abundance">Abundance<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="abundance"> <table class="table properties-table" > <tr> <th class="abundance" id="earth-total">Earth - Total:</th> <td width="64">1.18 ppm</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="mercury-total">Mercury - Total:</th> <td>0.91 ppm</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="venus-total">Venus - Total:</th> <td>1.23 ppm</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-seawater-weight">Earth - Seawater (Oceans), ppb by weight:</th> <td>0.0007</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-seawater-atoms">Earth - Seawater (Oceans), ppb by atoms:</th> <td>0.000043</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-crust-weight">Earth - Crust (Crustal Rocks), ppb by weight:</th> <td>1.0</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-crust-atoms">Earth - Crust (Crustal Rocks), ppb by atoms:</th> <td>0.2</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-sun-weight">Sun - Total, ppb by weight:</th> <td>5.0</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-sun-atoms">Sun - Total, ppb by atoms:</th> <td>0.06</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-stream-weight">Stream, ppb by weight:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-stream-atoms">Stream, ppb by atoms:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-meterorite-carbonaceous-weight">Meterorite (Carbonaceous), ppb by weight:</th> <td>830</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-meterorite-carbonaceous-atoms">Meterorite (Carbonaceous), ppb by atoms:</th> <td>160</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-human-body-weight">Typical Human Body, ppb by weight:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-human-body-atoms">Typical Human Body, ppb by atom:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-universe-weight">Universe, ppb by weight:</th> <td>4</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-universe-atoms">Universe, ppb by atom:</th> <td>0.05</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#history">History<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="history"> <table class="table properties-table" > <tr> <th id="discovered">Discovered By:</th> <td width="64">Joint Institute for Nuclear Research</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="discovery-date">Discovery Date:</th> <td>1964</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="first-isolation">First Isolation:</th> <td>Nils Gabriel Sefström (1830)</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="safety" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab4"> <h2>Health, Safety & Transportation Information for Ruthenium</h2> <p>Ruthenium in its elemental form is considered a carcinogen. Safety data for Ruthenium and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the Products tab. The below information applies to elemental (metallic) Ruthenium.<br /> </p> <table class="safety-table"> <thead> <tr> <th colspan="2" id="safety-data">Safety Data</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#signalword" >Signal Word </a></th> <td>Danger</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#hazardstatements" >Hazard Statements </a></th> <td>H228</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="hazard-codes.html#hazardcodes" >Hazard Codes</a></th> <td>F</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#riskcodes" >Risk Codes </a></th> <td>11</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#safetyprecautions" >Safety Precautions </a></th> <td>16-22-24/25</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#rtecs" >RTECS Number </a></th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#transportation" >Transport Information</a></th> <td>UN 3089 4.1/PG 2</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#wgk" >WGK Germany </a></th> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="hazard-codes.html" >Globally Harmonized System of <br /> Classification and Labelling (GHS) </a></th> <td><a href="hazard-codes.html#flame"><img src="flame.png" alt="Flame-Flammables" width="42" height="42" /></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion4"> <div class="panel panel-products"><div class="panel-heading panel-heading-sds activate-panel active-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sds"><span class="panel-title">Review and Print SDS for Ruthenium Metal</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></div> <div id="sds" class="panel-body collapse in row"> <div class="view view-sds-pane view-id-sds_pane view-display-id-block sds-content view-dom-id-5836c2b548ab870367ce1e8d00b6487f"> <div class="view-header"> <div class="link-container"> <span class="print_pdf"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/printpdf/ruthenium-metal-7440-18-8/sds" title="Display a PDF version of this page." class="print-pdf" rel="nofollow">Create Printable PDF</a></span></div> <h2 class="centered">SAFETY DATA SHEET</h2> <div id="sds-date"> <div><strong>Date Created:</strong> 05/15/2015</div> <div><strong>Date Revised:</strong> 05/15/2015</div> </div> </div> <div class="view-content"> <div> <hr><h3>SECTION 1. IDENTIFICATION</h3> <p><strong>Product Name:</strong> Ruthenium Metal</p> <p><strong>Product Number:</strong> All applicable American Elements product codes, e.g. RU-M-02, RU-M-03, RU-M-04, RU-M-05 </p> <p><strong>CAS #:</strong> 7440-18-8 </p> <p><strong>Relevant identified uses of the substance: </strong> Scientific research and development </p> <p>Supplier details:<br /> American Elements<br /> 1093 Broxton Ave. Suite 2000<br /> Los Angeles, CA 90024<br /> Tel: +1 310-208-0551<br /> Fax: +1 310-208-0351<br /> <br /> Emergency telephone number:<br /> Domestic, North America +1 800-424-9300<br /> International +1 703-527-3887</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION</h3> <p>Classification of the substance or mixture<br /> Classification according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008<br /> The substance is not classified as hazardous to health or the environment according to the CLP regulation.<br /> Classification according to Directive 67/548/EEC or Directive 1999/45/EC<br /> Not applicable<br /> Information concerning particular hazards for human and environment:<br /> No information known.<br /> Hazards not otherwise classified<br /> No information known.<br /> Label elements<br /> Labelling according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008<br /> Not applicable<br /> Hazard pictograms<br /> Not applicable<br /> Signal word<br /> Not applicable<br /> Hazard statements<br /> Not applicable<br /> WHMIS classification<br /> Not controlled<br /> Classification system<br /> HMIS ratings (scale 0-4)<br /> (Hazardous Materials Identification System)<br /> HEALTH<br /> FIRE<br /> REACTIVITY<br /> 0 <br /> 0 <br /> 0 <br /> Health (acute effects) = 0<br /> Flammability = 0<br /> Physical Hazard = 0<br /> Other hazards<br /> Results of PBT and vPvB assessment<br /> PBT:<br /> Not applicable.<br /> vPvB:<br /> Not applicable.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 3. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS</h3> <p>Chemical characterization: Substances<br /> CAS# Description:<br /> 7440-18-8 Ruthenium<br /> Identification number(s):<br /> EC number:<br /> 231-127-1</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 4. FIRST AID MEASURES</h3> <p>Description of first aid measures<br /> General information<br /> No special measures required.<br /> After inhalation<br /> Seek medical treatment in case of complaints.<br /> After skin contact<br /> Generally the product does not irritate the skin.<br /> After eye contact<br /> Rinse opened eye for several minutes under running water. If symptoms persist, consult a doctor.<br /> After swallowing<br /> If symptoms persist consult doctor.<br /> Information for doctor<br /> Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed<br /> No further relevant information available.<br /> Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed<br /> No further relevant information available.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 5. FIREFIGHTING MEASURES </h3> <p>Extinguishing media<br /> Suitable extinguishing agents<br /> Special powder for metal fires. Do not use water.<br /> For safety reasons unsuitable extinguishing agents<br /> Water<br /> Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture<br /> If this product is involved in a fire, the following can be released:<br /> Metal oxide fume<br /> Advice for firefighters<br /> Protective equipment:<br /> No special measures required</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES </h3> <p>Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures<br /> Not required.<br /> Environmental precautions:<br /> Do not allow material to be released to the environment without proper governmental permits.<br /> Do not allow product to reach sewage system or any water course.<br /> Do not allow to penetrate the ground/soil.<br /> Methods and material for containment and cleaning up:<br /> Pick up mechanically.<br /> Prevention of secondary hazards:<br /> No special measures required.<br /> Reference to other sections<br /> See Section 7 for information on safe handling<br /> See Section 8 for information on personal protection equipment.<br /> See Section 13 for disposal information.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 7. HANDLING AND STORAGE </h3> <p>Handling<br /> Precautions for safe handling<br /> Keep container tightly sealed.<br /> Store in cool, dry place in tightly closed containers.<br /> Information about protection against explosions and fires:<br /> No special measures required.<br /> Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities<br /> Storage<br /> Requirements to be met by storerooms and receptacles:<br /> No special requirements.<br /> Information about storage in one common storage facility:<br /> Store away from mineral acids<br /> Further information about storage conditions:<br /> Keep container tightly sealed.<br /> Store in cool, dry conditions in well sealed containers.<br /> Specific end use(s)<br /> No further relevant information available.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION </h3> <p>Additional information about design of technical systems:<br /> No further data; see section 7.<br /> Control parameters<br /> Components with limit values that require monitoring at the workplace:<br /> The product does not contain any relevant quantities of materials with critical values<br /> that have to be monitored at the workplace.<br /> Additional information:<br /> No data<br /> Exposure controls<br /> Personal protective equipment<br /> General protective and hygienic measures<br /> The usual precautionary measures for handling chemicals should be followed.<br /> Maintain an ergonomically appropriate working environment.<br /> Breathing equipment:<br /> Not required.<br /> Protection of hands:<br /> Not required.<br /> Penetration time of glove material (in minutes)<br /> Not determined<br /> Eye protection:<br /> Safety glasses<br /> Body protection:<br /> Protective work clothing.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES</h3> <p>Information on basic physical and chemical properties<br /> General Information<br /> Appearance:<br /> Form: Solid in various forms<br /> Color: Silver-colored<br /> Odor: Odorless<br /> Odor threshold: Not determined.<br /> pH-value: Not applicable.<br /> Change in condition<br /> Melting point/Melting range: 2334 °C (4233 °F)<br /> Boiling point/Boiling range: 4150 °C (7502 °F)<br /> Sublimation temperature / start: Not determined<br /> Flammability (solid, gaseous)<br /> Not determined.<br /> Ignition temperature: Not determined<br /> Decomposition temperature: Not determined<br /> Auto igniting: Not determined.<br /> Danger of explosion: Not determined.<br /> Explosion limits:<br /> Lower: Not determined<br /> Upper: Not determined<br /> Vapor pressure: Not applicable.<br /> Density at 20 °C (68 °F): 12.45 g/cm³ (103.895 lbs/gal)<br /> Relative density<br /> Not determined.<br /> Vapor density<br /> Not applicable.<br /> Evaporation rate<br /> Not applicable.<br /> Solubility in / Miscibility with Water: Insoluble<br /> Partition coefficient (n-octanol/water): Not determined.<br /> Viscosity:<br /> dynamic: Not applicable.<br /> kinematic: Not applicable.<br /> Other information<br /> No further relevant information available.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY </h3> <p>Reactivity<br /> No information known.<br /> Chemical stability<br /> Stable under recommended storage conditions.<br /> Thermal decomposition / conditions to be avoided:<br /> Decomposition will not occur if used and stored according to specifications.<br /> Possibility of hazardous reactions<br /> No dangerous reactions known<br /> Conditions to avoid<br /> No further relevant information available.<br /> Incompatible materials:<br /> Mineral acids<br /> Hazardous decomposition products:<br /> Metal oxide fume</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION </h3> <p>Information on toxicological effects<br /> Acute toxicity:<br /> No effects known.<br /> LD/LC50 values that are relevant for classification:<br /> No data<br /> Skin irritation or corrosion:<br /> No irritant effect<br /> Eye irritation or corrosion:<br /> No irritant effect.<br /> Sensitization:<br /> No sensitizing effects known.<br /> Germ cell mutagenicity:<br /> No effects known.<br /> Carcinogenicity:<br /> No classification data on carcinogenic properties of this material is available from the EPA, IARC, NTP, OSHA or ACGIH.<br /> Reproductive toxicity:<br /> No effects known.<br /> Specific target organ system toxicity - repeated exposure:<br /> No effects known.<br /> Specific target organ system toxicity - single exposure:<br /> No effects known.<br /> Aspiration hazard:<br /> No effects known.<br /> Subacute to chronic toxicity:<br /> No effects known.<br /> Additional toxicological information:<br /> To the best of our knowledge the acute and chronic toxicity of this substance is not fully known.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION </h3> <p>Toxicity<br /> Aquatic toxicity:<br /> No further relevant information available.<br /> Persistence and degradability<br /> No further relevant information available.<br /> Bioaccumulative potential<br /> No further relevant information available.<br /> Mobility in soil<br /> No further relevant information available.<br /> Additional ecological information:<br /> General notes:<br /> Do not allow material to be released to the environment without proper governmental permits.<br /> Avoid transfer into the environment.<br /> Results of PBT and vPvB assessment<br /> PBT:<br /> Not applicable.<br /> vPvB:<br /> Not applicable.<br /> Other adverse effects<br /> No further relevant information available.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS </h3> <p>Waste treatment methods<br /> Recommendation<br /> Consult state, local or national regulations to ensure proper disposal.<br /> Uncleaned packagings:<br /> Recommendation:<br /> Disposal must be made according to official regulations.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 14. TRANSPORT INFORMATION </h3> <p>UN-Number<br /> DOT, ADN, IMDG, IATA<br /> Not applicable<br /> UN proper shipping name<br /> DOT, ADN, IMDG, IATA<br /> Not applicable<br /> Transport hazard class(es)<br /> DOT, ADR, ADN, IMDG, IATA<br /> Class<br /> Not applicable<br /> Packing group<br /> DOT, IMDG, IATA<br /> Not applicable<br /> Environmental hazards:<br /> Not applicable.<br /> Special precautions for user<br /> Not applicable.<br /> Transport in bulk according to Annex II of MARPOL73/78 and the IBC Code<br /> Not applicable.<br /> Transport/Additional information:<br /> DOT<br /> Marine Pollutant (DOT):<br /> No</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 15. REGULATORY INFORMATION </h3> <p>Safety, health and environmental regulations/legislation specific for the substance or mixture<br /> National regulations<br /> All components of this product are listed in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxic Substances Control Act Chemical substance Inventory.<br /> All components of this product are listed on the Canadian Domestic Substances List (DSL).<br /> SARA Section 313 (specific toxic chemical listings)<br /> Substance is not listed.<br /> California Proposition 65<br /> Prop 65 - Chemicals known to cause cancer<br /> Substance is not listed.<br /> Prop 65 - Developmental toxicity<br /> Substance is not listed.<br /> Prop 65 - Developmental toxicity, female<br /> Substance is not listed.<br /> Prop 65 - Developmental toxicity, male<br /> Substance is not listed.<br /> Information about limitation of use:<br /> For use only by technically qualified individuals.<br /> Other regulations, limitations and prohibitive regulations<br /> Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC) according to the REACH Regulations (EC) No. 1907/2006.<br /> Substance is not listed.<br /> The conditions of restrictions according to Article 67 and Annex XVII of the Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH) for the manufacturing, placing on the market and use must be observed.<br /> Substance is not listed.<br /> Annex XIV of the REACH Regulations (requiring Authorisation for use)<br /> Substance is not listed.<br /> REACH - Pre-registered substances<br /> Substance is listed.<br /> Chemical safety assessment:<br /> A Chemical Safety Assessment has not been carried out.</p> <hr><h3>16. OTHER INFORMATION</h3> <p>Safety Data Sheet according to Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH). The above information is believed to be correct but does not purport to be all inclusive and shall be used only as a guide. The information in this document is based on the present state of our knowledge and is applicable to the product with regard to appropriate safety precautions. It does not represent any guarantee of the properties of the product. American Elements shall not be held liable for any damage resulting from handling or from contact with the above product. See reverse side of invoice or packing slip for additional terms and conditions of sale. COPYRIGHT 1997-2016 AMERICAN ELEMENTS. LICENSED GRANTED TO MAKE UNLIMITED PAPER COPIES FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY. </p> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="isotopes" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab5"> <h2>Ruthenium Isotopes</h2> <p>Naturally occurring ruthenium (Ru) has seven stable isotopes: <sup>96</sup>Ru, <sup>98</sup>Ru, <sup>99</sup>Ru, <sup>100</sup>Ru, <sup>101</sup>Ru, <sup>102</sup>Ru and <sup>104</sup>Ru.</p> <table class="isotopes-table"> <tr> <th scope="col" id="nuclide">Nuclide</th> <th scope="col" id="mass">Isotopic Mass</th> <th scope="col" id="half-life">Half-Life</th> <th scope="col" id="decay">Mode of Decay</th> <th scope="col" id="nuclear-spin">Nuclear Spin</th> <th scope="col" id="magnetic-moment">Magnetic Moment</th> <th scope="col" id="binding-energy">Binding Energy (MeV)</th> <th scope="col" id="natural-abundance">Natural Abundance<br /> (% by atom)</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>87</sup>Ru</th> <td>86.94918(64)#</td> <td>50# ms [>1.5 µs]</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>87</sup>Tc</td> <td>1/2-#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>700.99</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>88</sup>Ru</th> <td>87.94026(43)#</td> <td>1.3(3) s [1.2(+3-2) s]</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>88</sup>Tc</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>717.45</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>89</sup>Ru</th> <td>88.93611(54)#</td> <td>1.38(11) s</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>89</sup>Tc</td> <td>(7/2)(+#)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>729.26</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>90</sup>Ru</th> <td>89.92989(32)#</td> <td>11.7(9) s</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>90</sup>Tc</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>743.86</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>91</sup>Ru</th> <td>90.92629(63)#</td> <td>7.9(4) s</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>91</sup>Tc</td> <td>(9/2+)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>754.73</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>92</sup>Ru</th> <td>91.92012(32)#</td> <td>3.65(5) min</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>92</sup>Tc</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>768.4</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>93</sup>Ru</th> <td>92.91705(9)</td> <td>59.7(6) s</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>93</sup>Tc</td> <td>(9/2)+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>779.27</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>94</sup>Ru</th> <td>93.911360(14)</td> <td>51.8(6) min</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>94</sup>Tc</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>792.94</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>95</sup>Ru</th> <td>94.910413(13)</td> <td>1.643(14) h</td> <td>EC to <sup>95</sup>Tc</td> <td>5/2+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>801.95</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>96</sup>Ru</th> <td>95.907598(8)</td> <td>Observationally Stable</td> <td>-</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>812.83</td> <td>27.83</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>97</sup>Ru</th> <td>96.907555(9)</td> <td>2.791(4) d</td> <td>EC to <sup>97</sup>Tc</td> <td>5/2+</td> <td>-0.78</td> <td>820.91</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>98</sup>Ru</th> <td>97.905287(7)</td> <td>STABLE</td> <td>-</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>830.85</td> <td>5.54</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>99</sup>Ru</th> <td>98.9059393(22)</td> <td>STABLE</td> <td>-</td> <td>5/2+</td> <td>-0.6413</td> <td>838.93</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>100</sup>Ru</th> <td>99.9042195(22)</td> <td>STABLE</td> <td>-</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>847.94</td> <td>1.87</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>101</sup>Ru</th> <td>100.9055821(22)</td> <td>STABLE</td> <td>-</td> <td>5/2+</td> <td>-0.7189</td> <td>859.74</td> <td>12.76</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>102</sup>Ru</th> <td>101.9043493(22)</td> <td>STABLE</td> <td>-</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>867.82</td> <td>12.6</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>103</sup>Ru</th> <td>102.9063238(22)</td> <td>39.26(2) d</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>103</sup>Rh</td> <td>3/2+</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>875.9</td> <td>17.06</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>104</sup>Ru</th> <td>103.905433(3)</td> <td>Observationally Stable</td> <td>-</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>883.98</td> <td>31.55</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>105</sup>Ru</th> <td>104.907753(3)</td> <td>4.44(2) h</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>105</sup>Rh</td> <td>3/2+</td> <td>-0.3</td> <td>892.06</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>106</sup>Ru</th> <td>105.907329(8)</td> <td>373.59(15) d</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>106</sup>Rh</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>900.14</td> <td>18.62</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>107</sup>Ru</th> <td>106.90991(13)</td> <td>3.75(5) min</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>107</sup>Rh</td> <td>(5/2)+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>908.21</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>108</sup>Ru</th> <td>107.91017(12)</td> <td>4.55(5) min</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>108</sup>Rh</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>906.98</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>109</sup>Ru</th> <td>108.91320(7)</td> <td>34.5(10) s</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>109</sup>Rh</td> <td>(5/2+)#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>915.06</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>110</sup>Ru</th> <td>109.91414(6)</td> <td>11.6(6) s</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>110</sup>Rh</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>923.13</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>111</sup>Ru</th> <td>110.91770(8)</td> <td>2.12(7) s</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>111</sup>Rh</td> <td>(5/2+)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>931.21</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>112</sup>Ru</th> <td>111.91897(8)</td> <td>1.75(7) s</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>112</sup>Rh</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>939.29</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>113</sup>Ru</th> <td>112.92249(8)</td> <td>0.80(5) s</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>113</sup>Rh</td> <td>(5/2+)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>938.05</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>114</sup>Ru</th> <td>113.92428(25)#</td> <td>0.53(6) s</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>114</sup>Rh; ß<sup>-</sup> + n to <sup>113</sup>Rh</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>946.13</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>115</sup>Ru</th> <td>114.92869(14)</td> <td>740(80) ms</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>115</sup>Rh; ß<sup>-</sup> + n to <sup>114</sup>Rh</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>954.21</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>116</sup>Ru</th> <td>115.93081(75)#</td> <td>400# ms [>300 ns]</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>116</sup>Rh</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>952.97</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>117</sup>Ru</th> <td>116.93558(75)#</td> <td>300# ms [>300 ns]</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>117</sup>Rh</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>961.05</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>118</sup>Ru</th> <td>117.93782(86)#</td> <td>200# ms [>300 ns]</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>118</sup>Rh</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>969.13</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>119</sup>Ru</th> <td>118.94284(75)#</td> <td>170# ms [>300 ns]</td> <td>Unknwon</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>967.89</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>120</sup>Ru</th> <td>119.94531(86)#</td> <td>80# ms [>300 ns]</td> <td>Unknwon</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>975.97</td> <td>-</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.11.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.americanelements.com/css/bootstrap/js/bootstrap.js"></script> <script src="https://www.americanelements.com/css/slippry.min.js"></script> <div class="scrollup">^</div> </div> <script> $(document).ready(function(){ $(window).scroll(function () { if ($(this).scrollTop() > 350) { $('.scrollup').fadeIn(500); } else { $('.scrollup').fadeOut(); } }); $('.scrollup').click(function () { $("html, body").animate({ scrollTop: 0 }, 400); return false; }); $(window).scroll(function() { clearTimeout($.data(this, 'scrollTimer')); $.data(this, 'scrollTimer', setTimeout(function() { 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