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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Nomadic pattern in season</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomadic_pattern_in_season-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-David_Christian's_account" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#David_Christian's_account"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>David Christian's account</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-David_Christian's_account-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Around_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Around_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Around the world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Around_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cross-border_pastoralism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross-border_pastoralism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cross-border pastoralism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross-border_pastoralism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadismus" title="Nomadismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nomadismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoreo_n%C3%B3mada" title="Pastoreo nómada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pastoreo nómada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دامداری عشایری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دامداری عشایری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoralisme_nomade" title="Pastoralisme nomade – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pastoralisme nomade" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%AA%A9%EB%AF%BC" title="유목민 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유목민" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klajokliai-piemenys" title="Klajokliai-piemenys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Klajokliai-piemenys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadisch_pastoralisme" title="Nomadisch pastoralisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nomadisch pastoralisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%8A%E7%89%A7%E6%B0%91" title="遊牧民 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="遊牧民" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadisk_husdyrhold" title="Nomadisk husdyrhold – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nomadisk husdyrhold" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadisk_husdyrhald" title="Nomadisk husdyrhald – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nomadisk husdyrhald" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%CA%BBchmanchilik" title="Koʻchmanchilik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Koʻchmanchilik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Form of pastoralism where livestock are herded in order to find fresh pastures on which to graze</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><i>Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_anthropology" title="Category:Economic anthropology">a series</a> on</i></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff; color:var(--color-base,#202122);"><a href="/wiki/Economic_anthropology" title="Economic anthropology">Economic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Applied_anthropology" title="Applied anthropology">applied</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_development" title="Anthropology of development">development <br />anthropology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Basic concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">Commodification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">Debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_studies_of_finance" title="Social studies of finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embeddedness" title="Embeddedness">Embeddedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)" title="Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)" title="Redistribution (cultural anthropology)">Redistribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_theories_of_value" title="Anthropological theories of value">Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth#Anthropological_views" title="Wealth">Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_good" title="Limited good">Limited good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inalienable_possessions" title="Inalienable possessions">Inalienable possessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_pathway_diversion" title="Commodity pathway diversion">Singularization <span style="font-size:85%;">(commodity pathway)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spheres_of_exchange" title="Spheres of exchange">Spheres of exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">Social capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_capital" title="Cultural capital">Cultural capital</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Provisioning systems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">Hunting-gathering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">Pastoralism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nomadic pastoralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">Shifting cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_economy" title="Moral economy">Moral economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_economics" title="Peasant economics">Peasant economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Case studies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><i>Prestations</i></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kula_ring" title="Kula ring">Kula ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moka_exchange" title="Moka exchange">Moka exchange</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potlatch" title="Potlatch">Potlatch</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Gifting</i></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gifting_remittances" title="Gifting remittances">Gifting remittances</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organ_gifting" title="Organ gifting">Organ gifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_money" title="Shell money">Shell money</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Provisioning</i></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ach%C3%A9_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aché people">Aché people</a> (hunter-gatherers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batek_people" title="Batek people">Batek people</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Colonialism and development</i></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Anti-Politics_Machine" title="The Anti-Politics Machine">The Anti-Politics Machine</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Europe_and_the_People_Without_History" title="Europe and the People Without History">Europe and the <br />People Without History</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Political economy</i></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_economy" title="Jim Crow economy">Jim Crow economy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_affluent_society" title="Original affluent society">Original affluent society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalist%E2%80%93substantivist_debate" title="Formalist–substantivist debate">Formalist–substantivist debate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Transformation_(book)" title="The Great Transformation (book)">The Great Transformation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_economics" title="Peasant economics">Peasant economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_poverty" title="Culture of poverty">Culture of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy_in_anthropology" title="Political economy in anthropology">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_formation" title="State formation">State formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_anthropology" title="Nutritional anthropology">Nutritional anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_commodification" title="Heritage commodification">Heritage commodification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_development" title="Anthropology of development">Anthropology of development</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Major theorists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bohannan" title="Paul Bohannan">Paul Bohannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chayanov" title="Alexander Chayanov">Alexander Chayanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Diamond" title="Stanley Diamond">Stanley Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Firth" title="Raymond Firth">Raymond Firth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Godelier" title="Maurice Godelier">Maurice Godelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">David Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_I._Guyer" title="Jane I. Guyer">Jane I. Guyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Hart_(anthropologist)" title="Keith Hart (anthropologist)">Keith Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Harris" title="Marvin Harris">Marvin Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski" title="Bronisław Malinowski">Bronisław Malinowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss">Marcel Mauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Mintz" title="Sidney Mintz">Sidney Mintz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Sahlins" title="Marshall Sahlins">Marshall Sahlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schurtz" title="Heinrich Schurtz">Heinrich Schurtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_K._Schneider" title="Harold K. Schneider">Harold K. Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Wolf" title="Eric Wolf">Eric Wolf</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economic_%26_development_anthropology" title="Template:Economic & development anthropology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economic_%26_development_anthropology" title="Template talk:Economic & development anthropology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economic_%26_development_anthropology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economic & development anthropology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nomadic pastoralism</b> also known as Nomadic herding, is a form of <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralism</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> are <a href="/wiki/Herding" title="Herding">herded</a> in order to seek for fresh <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pastures</a> on which to <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">graze</a>. True nomads follow an irregular pattern of movement, in contrast with <a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">transhumance</a>, where seasonal pastures are fixed.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this distinction is often not observed and the term 'nomad' used for both—and in historical cases the regularity of movements is often unknown in any case. The herded <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> include <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">water buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">yaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Llamas">llamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkeys</a> or <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a>, or mixtures of species. <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">Nomadic</a> pastoralism is commonly practised in regions with little <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a>, typically in the <a href="/wiki/Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing world</a>, especially in the steppe lands north of the agricultural zone of Eurasia.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pastoralists often trade with sedentary <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_society" title="Agrarian society">agrarians</a>, exchanging meat for grains; however, they have been known to raid. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nomadic_Herders_Grazing_Livestock_in_Nigeria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Nomadic_Herders_Grazing_Livestock_in_Nigeria.jpg/220px-Nomadic_Herders_Grazing_Livestock_in_Nigeria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Nomadic_Herders_Grazing_Livestock_in_Nigeria.jpg/330px-Nomadic_Herders_Grazing_Livestock_in_Nigeria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Nomadic_Herders_Grazing_Livestock_in_Nigeria.jpg/440px-Nomadic_Herders_Grazing_Livestock_in_Nigeria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Nomadic Herders Grazing Livestock in Nigeria.</figcaption></figure> <p>Of the estimated 30–40 million nomadic pastoralists worldwide, most are found in <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism_in_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic pastoralism in Central Asia">central Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> region of North and West Africa, such as <a href="/wiki/Fulani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani people">Fulani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuaregs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuaregs">Tuaregs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toubou_people" title="Toubou people">Toubou</a>, with some also in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, such as traditionally <a href="/wiki/Bedouins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedouins">Bedouins</a>, and in other parts of Africa, such as <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>. Increasing numbers of stock may lead to <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a> of the area and <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a> if lands are not allowed to fully recover between one grazing period and the next. Increased <a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a> and fencing of land has reduced the amount of land for this practice. </p><p>There is substantive uncertainty over the extent to which the various causes for degradation affect grassland. Different causes have been identified which include overgrazing, mining, agricultural reclamation, pests and rodents, soil properties, tectonic activity, and climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simultaneously, it is maintained that some, such as overgrazing and overstocking, may be overstated while others, such as climate change, mining and agricultural reclamation, may be under reported. In this context, there is also uncertainty as to the long-term effect of human behavior on the grassland as compared to non-biotic factors.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_history">Origin and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomadic_pastoralism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_in_500_BCE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/World_in_500_BCE.png/300px-World_in_500_BCE.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/World_in_500_BCE.png/450px-World_in_500_BCE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/World_in_500_BCE.png/600px-World_in_500_BCE.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1986" /></a><figcaption>Overview map of the world in the mid 1st millennium BC: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#800080; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> nomadic pastoralists</div></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">Nomadic</a> pastoralism was a result of the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>. During that revolution, humans began <a href="/wiki/Domestic_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic animals">domesticating animals</a> and plants for food and started forming cities. Nomadism generally has existed in symbiosis with such settled cultures trading animal products (meat, hides, wool, cheese and other animal products) for manufactured items not produced by the nomadic herders. <a href="/wiki/Henri_Fleisch" title="Henri Fleisch">Henri Fleisch</a> tentatively suggested the <a href="/wiki/Shepherd_Neolithic" title="Shepherd Neolithic">Shepherd Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">industry</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> may date to the <a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipaleolithic">Epipaleolithic</a> and that it may have been used by one of the first cultures of <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> <a href="/wiki/Shepherd" title="Shepherd">shepherds</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Beqaa valley">Beqaa valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CopelandWescombe1966_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CopelandWescombe1966-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andrew Sherratt demonstrates that "early farming populations used livestock mainly for meat, and that other applications were explored as agriculturalists adapted to new conditions, especially in the semi‐arid zone."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Maasai_herder_Kenya,_1979.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Young_Maasai_herder_Kenya%2C_1979.jpg/220px-Young_Maasai_herder_Kenya%2C_1979.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Young_Maasai_herder_Kenya%2C_1979.jpg/330px-Young_Maasai_herder_Kenya%2C_1979.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Young_Maasai_herder_Kenya%2C_1979.jpg/440px-Young_Maasai_herder_Kenya%2C_1979.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption>A young <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</a> cattle herder in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the past it was asserted that pastoral nomads left no presence archaeologically or were impoverished, but this has now been challenged,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was clearly not so for many ancient <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomad" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian nomad">Eurasian nomads</a>, who have left very rich <a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">kurgan</a> burial sites. Pastoral nomadic sites are identified based on their location outside the zone of agriculture, the absence of grains or grain-processing equipment, limited and characteristic architecture, a predominance of sheep and goat bones, and by <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographic</a> <a href="/wiki/Analogy" title="Analogy">analogy</a> to modern pastoral nomadic peoples<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Juris_Zarins" title="Juris Zarins">Juris Zarins</a> has proposed that pastoral nomadism began as a cultural lifestyle in the wake of the 6200 BC climatic crisis when <a href="/wiki/Harifian" class="mw-redirect" title="Harifian">Harifian</a> pottery making hunter-gatherers in the Sinai fused with <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a> agriculturalists to produce the <a href="/wiki/Munhata" title="Munhata">Munhata</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> culture, a nomadic lifestyle based on animal <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domestication</a>, developing into the <a href="/wiki/Yarmoukian" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarmoukian">Yarmoukian</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thence into a <b>circum-Arabian nomadic pastoral complex</b>, and spreading <a href="/wiki/Proto-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Semitic">Proto-Semitic</a> languages.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> Central Asia, nomadic populations are associated with the earliest transmissions of <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> grains through the region that eventually became central for the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-spengler_2014_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spengler_2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a> spread <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Steppe pastoralist</a> ancestry and <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> across large parts of Eurasia.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the medieval period in Central Asia, nomadic communities exhibited isotopically diverse diets, suggesting a multitude of subsistence strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-hermes_2018_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hermes_2018-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomadic_pattern_in_season">Nomadic pattern in season</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomadic_pastoralism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nomadic pattern in season"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reindeer_milking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Reindeer_milking.jpg/220px-Reindeer_milking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Reindeer_milking.jpg/330px-Reindeer_milking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Reindeer_milking.jpg/440px-Reindeer_milking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="826" /></a><figcaption> Reindeer milking in a forest; western <a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a>, late 1800s</figcaption></figure> <p>Often traditional nomadic groups settle into a regular seasonal pattern of transhumance. An example of a normal nomadic cycle in the northern hemisphere is: </p> <ul><li>Spring (early April to the end of June) – transition</li> <li>Summer (end of June to late September) – a higher plateau</li> <li>Autumn (mid-September to end of November) – transition</li> <li>Winter (from December to the end of March) – <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> plains.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The movements in this example are about 180 to 200 km. Camps are established in the same place each year; often semi-permanent shelters are built in at least one place on this migration route. </p><p>In sub-regions, such as in <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, the nomadic pastoralist cycle is as follows: </p> <ul><li>In the rainy season, the groups live in a village intended for a comfortable stay. The villages are often made of sturdy material as clay. Old men and women remain in this village when the other people move the herds in the dry season.</li> <li>In the dry season, the people move their herds to southern villages with a more temporary character. They then move inland, where they stay in tent camps.</li></ul> <p>In Chad, the sturdy villages are called hillé, the less sturdy villages are called dankhout and the tents ferik.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="David_Christian's_account"><span id="David_Christian.27s_account"></span>David Christian's account</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomadic_pastoralism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: David Christian's account"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheep_and_herder_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sheep_and_herder_India.jpg/220px-Sheep_and_herder_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sheep_and_herder_India.jpg/330px-Sheep_and_herder_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sheep_and_herder_India.jpg/440px-Sheep_and_herder_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption>A boy herding a flock of sheep in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/David_Christian_(historian)" title="David Christian (historian)">David Christian</a> made the following observations about pastoralism.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agriculturist lives from domesticated plants and the pastoralist lives from domesticated animals. Since animals are higher on the food chain, pastoralism supports a thinner population than agriculture. Pastoralism predominates where low rainfall makes farming impractical. Full pastoralism required the <a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products revolution</a> when animals began to be used for wool, milk, riding and traction as well as meat. Where grass is poor herds must be moved, which leads to nomadism. Some peoples are fully nomadic while others live in sheltered winter camps and lead their herds into the steppe in summer. Some nomads travel long distances, usually north in summer and south in winter. Near mountains, herds are led uphill in summer and downhill in winter (<a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">transhumance</a>). Pastoralists often trade with or raid their agrarian neighbors. </p><p>Christian distinguished 'Inner Eurasia', which was pastoral with a few hunter-gatherers in the far north, from 'Outer Eurasia', a crescent of agrarian civilizations from Europe through India to China. High civilization is based on agriculture where tax-paying peasants support landed aristocrats, kings, cities, literacy and scholars. Pastoral societies are less developed and as a result, according to Christian, more egalitarian. One tribe would often dominate its neighbors, but these 'empires' usually broke up after a hundred years or so. The heartland of pastoralism is the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian steppe">Eurasian steppe</a>. In the center of Eurasia pastoralism extended south to Iran and surrounded agrarian oasis cities. When pastoral and agrarian societies went to war, horse-borne mobility counterbalanced greater numbers. Attempts by agrarian civilizations to conquer the steppe usually failed until the last few centuries. Pastoralists frequently raided and sometimes collected regular tribute from their farming neighbors. Especially in north China<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Iran, they would sometimes conquer agricultural societies, but these dynasties were usually short-lived and broke up when the nomads became 'civilized' and lost their warlike virtues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Around_the_world">Around the world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomadic_pastoralism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Around the world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hargeisa_camel_trader.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Hargeisa_camel_trader.jpg/160px-Hargeisa_camel_trader.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Hargeisa_camel_trader.jpg/240px-Hargeisa_camel_trader.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Hargeisa_camel_trader.jpg/320px-Hargeisa_camel_trader.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">camel</a> trader in <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nomadic pastoralism was historically widespread throughout less fertile regions of Earth. It is found in areas of low rainfall such as the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Africa" title="Northeast Africa">Northeast Africa</a> inhabited, among other ethnic groups, by <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somalis</a> (where <a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">camel</a>, cattle, sheep and goat nomadic pastoralism is especially common).<sup id="cite_ref-Lewisapd_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewisapd-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nomadic <a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">transhumance</a> is also common in areas of harsh climate, such as <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a> and Russia inhabited by the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nenets_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenets people">Nenets people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chukchis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chukchis">Chukchis</a>. There are an estimated 30–40 million nomads in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pastoral nomads and semi-nomadic pastoralists form a significant but declining minority in such countries as <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> (probably less than 3%), <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (4%), and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (at most 10%). They comprise less than 2% of the population in the countries of North Africa except <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian steppe">Eurasian steppe</a> has been largely populated by pastoralist nomads since the late prehistoric times, with a succession of peoples known by the names given to them by surrounding literate <a href="/wiki/Sedentism" title="Sedentism">sedentary</a> societies, including the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian">Proto-Indo-Iranians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jie_people" title="Jie people">Jie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Pannonian Avars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dzungars" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzungars">Dzungars</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Turkics" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkics">Turkics</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, Russia and China, and the <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turkic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic people">Turkic people</a> of Eastern Europe and <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism_in_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic pastoralism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> were nomadic people who practiced nomadic transhumance on harsh Asian <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppes</a>. Some remnants of these populations are nomadic to this day. In Mongolia, about 40% of the population continues to live a traditional nomadic lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, it is estimated that a little over five million herders are dispersed over the pastoral counties, and more than 11 million over the semi-pastoral counties. This brings the total of the (semi)nomadic herder population to over 16 million, in general living in remote, scattered and resource-poor communities.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nomad-Tuaregs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nomad-Tuaregs.jpg/220px-Nomad-Tuaregs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nomad-Tuaregs.jpg/330px-Nomad-Tuaregs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nomad-Tuaregs.jpg/440px-Nomad-Tuaregs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> nomads in southern <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the Middle Hills and <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalaya</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, people living above about 2,000 m practise <a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">transhumance</a> and nomadic pastoralism because settled agriculture becomes less productive due to steep slopes, cooler temperatures and limited irrigation possibilities. Distances between summer and winter pasture may be short, for example in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Pokhara" title="Pokhara">Pokhara</a> where a valley at about 800 meters elevation is less than 20 km. from alpine pastures just below the <a href="/wiki/Annapurna" title="Annapurna">Annapurna</a> Himalaya, or distances may be 100 km or more. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Rapti_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapti zone">Rapti zone</a> some 100 km west of Pokhara the <a href="/wiki/Kham_Magar" title="Kham Magar">Kham Magar</a> move their herds between winter pastures just north of India and summer pastures on the southern slopes of <a href="/wiki/Dhaulagiri" title="Dhaulagiri">Dhaulagiri</a> Himalaya. In far western Nepal, ethnic Tibetans living in Dolpo and other valleys north among the high Himalaya moved their herds north to winter on the plains of the upper <a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Zangbo_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarlung Zangbo River">Brahmaputra</a> basin in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> proper, until this practice was prohibited after <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Tibet_(1950%E2%80%931951)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Tibet (1950–1951)">China took over Tibet</a> in 1950–51.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nomadic <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami people</a>, an indigenous people of northern Finland, Sweden, Norway, and the <a href="/wiki/Kola_Peninsula" title="Kola Peninsula">Kola Peninsula</a> of Russia, practise a form of nomadic transhumance based on <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a>. In the 14th and 15th century, when reindeer population was sufficiently reduced that Sami could not subsist on hunting alone, some Sami, organized along family lines, became reindeer herders. Each family has traditional territories on which they herd, arriving at roughly the same time each season. Only a small fraction of Sami have subsisted on reindeer herding over the past century; as the most colorful part of the population, they are well known. But as elsewhere in Europe, transhumance is dying out.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mesta" title="Mesta">Mesta</a> was an association of sheep owners, (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_nobility" title="Spanish nobility">Spanish nobility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_order" title="Religious order">religious orders</a>) that had an important economic and political role in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">medieval Castile</a>. To preserve the <a href="/wiki/Right-of-way_(transportation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-of-way (transportation)">rights of way</a> of its transhumant herds through <i><a href="/wiki/Glen" title="Glen">cañadas</a></i>, the Mesta acted against small peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Chad, nomadic pastoralists include the <a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_people" title="Zaghawa people">Zaghawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toubou_people" title="Toubou people">Kreda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amdang_people" title="Amdang people">Mimi</a>. Farther north in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bedouins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedouins">Bedouins</a> also practice pastoralism.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cross-border_pastoralism">Cross-border pastoralism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomadic_pastoralism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cross-border pastoralism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometimes nomadic pastoralists move their herds across international borders in search of new grazing terrain or for trade. This cross-border activity can occasionally lead to tensions with national governments as this activity is often informal and beyond their control and regulation. In East Africa, for example, over 95% of cross-border trade is through unofficial channels and the unofficial trade of live cattle, camels, sheep and goats from <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> sold to <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> generates an estimated total value of between US$250 and US$300 million annually (100 times more than the official figure).<sup id="cite_ref-ODI_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This trade helps lower <a href="/wiki/Food_prices" title="Food prices">food prices</a>, increase food security, relieve border tensions and promote regional integration.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are also risks as the unregulated and undocumented nature of this trade runs risks, such as allowing disease to spread more easily across national borders. Furthermore, governments are unhappy with lost tax revenue and foreign exchange revenues.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been initiatives seeking to promote cross-border trade and also document it, in order to both stimulate regional growth and food security, but also to allow the effective vaccination of livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initiatives include Regional Resilience Enhancement Against Drought (RREAD), the Enhanced Livelihoods in Mandera Triangle/Enhanced Livelihoods in Southern Ethiopia (ELMT/ELSE) as part of the Regional Enhanced Livelihoods in Pastoral Areas (RELPA) programme in East Africa, and the Regional Livelihoods Advocacy Project (REGLAP) funded by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission_Humanitarian_Aid_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commission Humanitarian Aid Office">European Commission Humanitarian Aid Office (ECHO)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomadic_pastoralism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holistic_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Holistic management">Holistic management</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomadic_pastoralism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 26em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlench2001" class="citation book cs1">Blench, Roger (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/eps.pdf"><i>Pastoralists in the new millennium</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. FAO. pp. <span class="nowrap">11–</span>12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pastoralists+in+the+new+millennium&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=FAO&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odi.org.uk%2Fwork%2Fprojects%2Fpdn%2Feps.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomadic+pastoralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard,_Rosenberg,_and_Tignor2015" class="citation book cs1">Pollard, Rosenberg, and Tignor, Elizabeth, Clifford, and Robert (2015). <i>Worlds Together Worlds Apart</i>. New York: W.W. 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"Rangeland degradation in North China: Perceptions of pastoralists". <i>Environmental Research</i>. <b>110</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">302–</span>307. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ER....110..302H">2010ER....110..302H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envres.2009.12.007">10.1016/j.envres.2009.12.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20106474">20106474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Research&rft.atitle=Rangeland+degradation+in+North+China%3A+Perceptions+of+pastoralists&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E302-%3C%2Fspan%3E307&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20106474&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.envres.2009.12.007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010ER....110..302H&rft.aulast=Ho&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Azadi%2C+Hossein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomadic+pastoralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHo2001" class="citation journal cs1">Ho, P. 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Cambridge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oriental Institute of Chicago "Nomads, Tribes, and the State in the Ancient Near East: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perrot J. (1964), "Les deux premières campagnes de fouilles à Munhata" Syria XLI pp. 323-45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mellaart, James (1975), The Neolithic of the Near East (London: Thames and Hudson), pp. 239-241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zarins, Juris (1992) "Pastoral Nomadism in Arabia: Ethnoarchaeology and the Archaeological Record," in O. Bar-Yosef and A. 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