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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Biology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet_and_digestion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet_and_digestion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Diet and digestion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet_and_digestion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sensory_organs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensory_organs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sensory organs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensory_organs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circulation_and_respiration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circulation_and_respiration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Circulation and respiration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circulation_and_respiration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jumping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jumping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Jumping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jumping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stridulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stridulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Stridulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stridulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Life cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swarming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swarming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Swarming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swarming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predators,_parasites,_and_pathogens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predators,_parasites,_and_pathogens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Predators, parasites, and pathogens</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Predators,_parasites,_and_pathogens-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Predators, parasites, and pathogens subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Predators,_parasites,_and_pathogens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anti-predator_defences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-predator_defences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Anti-predator defences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-predator_defences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Relationship with humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationship with humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_art_and_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art_and_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>In art and media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_art_and_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>As food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_pests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_pests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>As pests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_pests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detection_of_explosives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection_of_explosives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Detection of explosives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detection_of_explosives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>In literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_mechanical_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_mechanical_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>In mechanical engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_mechanical_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Grasshopper</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="جندب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جندب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%87" title="چکیرتکه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چکیرتکه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balang" title="Balang – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Balang" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="ঘাসফড়িং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঘাসফড়িং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C3%A1u-meh-kong" title="Chháu-meh-kong – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chháu-meh-kong" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokton" title="Lokton – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Lokton" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwiza" title="Hwiza – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hwiza" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceiliog_y_Gwair" title="Ceiliog y Gwair – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ceiliog y Gwair" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sak%C9%94%C9%A3u" title="Sakɔɣu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Sakɔɣu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AE" title="ملخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ملخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauteriau" title="Sauteriau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sauteriau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%EC%8A%A4%ED%98%B8%ED%8D%BC_(%EA%B3%A4%EC%B6%A9%EA%B5%B0)" title="그래스호퍼 (곤충군) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그래스호퍼 (곤충군)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belalang_daun" title="Belalang daun – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Belalang daun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%92%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="חגביים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חגביים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88" title="ہالو – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ہالو" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF" title="പുൽച്ചാടി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പുൽച്ചാടി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AC_%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="باج کاک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="باج کاک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B4" title="イナゴ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イナゴ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grashopper" title="Grashopper – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Grashopper" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konik_polny" title="Konik polny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konik polny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saanxume" title="Saanxume – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Saanxume" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Скакавац – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Скакавац" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99" title="ตั๊กแตน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตั๊กแตน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C9%94t" title="Gɔt – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Gɔt" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1ga%CC%B1u" title="A̱ga̱u – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱ga̱u" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9D%97%E8%99%AB" title="蝗虫 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蝗虫" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9D%97%E8%9F%B2" title="蝗蟲 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蝗蟲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9D%97%E8%9F%B2" title="蝗蟲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蝗蟲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godu" title="Godu – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Godu" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balang_batu" title="Balang batu – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Balang batu" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18398431#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Grasshoppers<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Induan" title="Induan">Induan</a>–<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>, <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">250–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:135.38461538462px; width:84.615384615385px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:135.38461538462px; width:84.615384615385px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:136.38461538462px; width:82.615384615385px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Bird_Grasshopper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/American_Bird_Grasshopper.jpg/220px-American_Bird_Grasshopper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/American_Bird_Grasshopper.jpg/330px-American_Bird_Grasshopper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/American_Bird_Grasshopper.jpg/440px-American_Bird_Grasshopper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="1226" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">American grasshopper (<i><a href="/wiki/Schistocerca_americana" title="Schistocerca americana">Schistocerca americana</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Acridomorpha" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insecta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthoptera" title="Orthoptera">Orthoptera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caelifera" title="Caelifera">Caelifera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infraorder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acrididea" title="Acrididea">Acrididea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Informal group</i>: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Acridomorpha</a><br /><small>Dirsh, 1966</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Superfamilies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acridoidea" title="Acridoidea">Acridoidea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumastacoidea" title="Eumastacoidea">Eumastacoidea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumoroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumoroidea">Pneumoroidea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proscopioidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Proscopioidea">Proscopioidea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrgomorphidae" title="Pyrgomorphidae">Pyrgomorphoidea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanaoceroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanaoceroidea">Tanaoceroidea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigonopterygoidea" title="Trigonopterygoidea">Trigonopterygoidea</a></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Grasshoppers</b> are a group of <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Suborder" class="mw-redirect" title="Suborder">suborder</a> <a href="/wiki/Caelifera" title="Caelifera">Caelifera</a>. They are amongst what are possibly the most ancient living groups of chewing herbivorous insects, dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">early Triassic</a> around 250 million years ago. </p><p>Grasshoppers are typically ground-dwelling insects with powerful hind legs which allow them to escape from threats by leaping vigorously. Their front legs are shorter and used for grasping food. As <a href="/wiki/Hemimetabolous" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemimetabolous">hemimetabolous</a> insects, they do not undergo <a href="/wiki/Complete_metamorphosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Complete metamorphosis">complete metamorphosis</a>; they hatch from an egg into a <a href="/wiki/Nymph_(biology)" title="Nymph (biology)">nymph</a> or "hopper" which undergoes five <a href="/wiki/Moult" class="mw-redirect" title="Moult">moults</a>, becoming more similar to the adult insect at each developmental stage.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grasshopper hears through the tympanal organ which can be found in the first segment of the abdomen attached to the thorax; while its sense of vision is in the compound eyes, a change in light intensity is perceived in the simple eyes (ocelli). At high population densities and under certain environmental conditions, some grasshopper species can change colour and behavior and form swarms. Under these circumstances, they are known as <a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locusts</a>. </p><p>Grasshoppers are plant-eaters, with a few species at times becoming serious <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a> of cereals, vegetables and pasture, especially when they swarm in the millions as locusts and destroy crops over wide areas. They protect themselves from <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a> by <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a>; when detected, many species attempt to <a href="/wiki/Deimatic_behaviour" title="Deimatic behaviour">startle</a> the predator with a brilliantly coloured wing flash while jumping and (if adult) launching themselves into the air, usually flying for only a short distance. Other species such as the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_grasshopper" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow grasshopper">rainbow grasshopper</a> have <a href="/wiki/Warning_coloration" class="mw-redirect" title="Warning coloration">warning coloration</a> which deters predators. Grasshoppers are affected by parasites and various diseases, and many predatory creatures feed on both nymphs and adults. The eggs are subject to attack by <a href="/wiki/Parasitoid" title="Parasitoid">parasitoids</a> and predators. Grasshoppers are diurnal insects, meaning they are most active during the day time. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grasshopper_at_Mungo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Grasshopper_at_Mungo.jpg/220px-Grasshopper_at_Mungo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Grasshopper_at_Mungo.jpg/330px-Grasshopper_at_Mungo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Grasshopper_at_Mungo.jpg/440px-Grasshopper_at_Mungo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2988" data-file-height="5312" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Schistocerca_nitens" title="Schistocerca nitens">Grey Bird Grasshopper</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mungo_National_Park" title="Mungo National Park">Mungo National Park</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p>Grasshoppers have had a long relationship with humans. Swarms of locusts can have devastating effects and cause famine, having done so since <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Biblical times</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even in smaller numbers, the insects can be serious pests. They are used as food in countries such as Mexico and Indonesia. They feature in art, symbolism and literature. The study of grasshopper species is called <a href="/wiki/Acridology" class="mw-redirect" title="Acridology">acridology</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grasshopper&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grasshoppers belong to the suborder Caelifera. Although "grasshopper" has been used as a common name for the suborder in general,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> modern sources restrict it to the more "evolved" <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may be placed in the infraorder <a href="/wiki/Acrididea" title="Acrididea">Acrididea</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have been referred to as "short-horned grasshoppers" in older texts<sup id="cite_ref-Imms_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imms-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to distinguish them from the also-obsolete term "long-horned grasshoppers" (now <a href="/wiki/Bush-cricket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush-cricket">bush-crickets</a> or katydids) with their much longer <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a> of the Caelifera, based on mitochondrial <a href="/wiki/Ribosomal_RNA" title="Ribosomal RNA">ribosomal RNA</a> of thirty-two taxa in six out of seven superfamilies, is shown as a <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ensifera" title="Ensifera">Ensifera</a> (crickets, <i>etc.</i>), Caelifera and all the superfamilies of grasshoppers except "<a href="/wiki/Pamphagidae" title="Pamphagidae">Pamphagoidea</a>" appear to be <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:85%;line-height:85%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Orthoptera" title="Orthoptera">Orthoptera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Ensifera" title="Ensifera">Ensifera</a> (crickets, katydids, etc.) </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>[6 superfamilies] <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gryllus_campestris_MHNT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gryllus_campestris_MHNT.jpg/35px-Gryllus_campestris_MHNT.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gryllus_campestris_MHNT.jpg/53px-Gryllus_campestris_MHNT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gryllus_campestris_MHNT.jpg/70px-Gryllus_campestris_MHNT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="2255" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Caelifera </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tridactyloidea" title="Tridactyloidea">Tridactyloidea</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ripipteryx_mopana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ripipteryx_mopana.jpg/50px-Ripipteryx_mopana.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ripipteryx_mopana.jpg/75px-Ripipteryx_mopana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ripipteryx_mopana.jpg/100px-Ripipteryx_mopana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tetrigoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrigoidea">Tetrigoidea</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetrix_bipunctata01_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tetrix_bipunctata01_crop.jpg/50px-Tetrix_bipunctata01_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tetrix_bipunctata01_crop.jpg/75px-Tetrix_bipunctata01_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tetrix_bipunctata01_crop.jpg/100px-Tetrix_bipunctata01_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="682" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Eumastacoidea" title="Eumastacoidea">Eumastacoidea</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Genera_Insectorum_-_Eumastax_vittata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Genera_Insectorum_-_Eumastax_vittata.jpg/80px-Genera_Insectorum_-_Eumastax_vittata.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Genera_Insectorum_-_Eumastax_vittata.jpg/120px-Genera_Insectorum_-_Eumastax_vittata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Genera_Insectorum_-_Eumastax_vittata.jpg/160px-Genera_Insectorum_-_Eumastax_vittata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1262" data-file-height="601" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Proscopioidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Proscopioidea">Proscopioidea</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pseudoproscopia_spec._-_Tiergarten_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pseudoproscopia_spec._-_Tiergarten_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_crop.jpg/50px-Pseudoproscopia_spec._-_Tiergarten_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pseudoproscopia_spec._-_Tiergarten_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_crop.jpg/75px-Pseudoproscopia_spec._-_Tiergarten_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pseudoproscopia_spec._-_Tiergarten_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_crop.jpg/100px-Pseudoproscopia_spec._-_Tiergarten_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1814" data-file-height="1661" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pneumoroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumoroidea">Pneumoroidea</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bladder_Grasshopper_(Bullacris_intermedia)_(30068047440).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bladder_Grasshopper_%28Bullacris_intermedia%29_%2830068047440%29.jpg/50px-Bladder_Grasshopper_%28Bullacris_intermedia%29_%2830068047440%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bladder_Grasshopper_%28Bullacris_intermedia%29_%2830068047440%29.jpg/75px-Bladder_Grasshopper_%28Bullacris_intermedia%29_%2830068047440%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bladder_Grasshopper_%28Bullacris_intermedia%29_%2830068047440%29.jpg/100px-Bladder_Grasshopper_%28Bullacris_intermedia%29_%2830068047440%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3844" data-file-height="2635" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pyrgomorphoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrgomorphoidea">Pyrgomorphoidea</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyrgomorphidae_-_Phymateus_aegrotus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pyrgomorphidae_-_Phymateus_aegrotus.JPG/50px-Pyrgomorphidae_-_Phymateus_aegrotus.JPG" decoding="async" width="50" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pyrgomorphidae_-_Phymateus_aegrotus.JPG/75px-Pyrgomorphidae_-_Phymateus_aegrotus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pyrgomorphidae_-_Phymateus_aegrotus.JPG/100px-Pyrgomorphidae_-_Phymateus_aegrotus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="805" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Acridoidea" title="Acridoidea">Acridoidea</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Annualreportofag1119021903univ_0052AA2_Figure_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Annualreportofag1119021903univ_0052AA2_Figure_1.jpg/50px-Annualreportofag1119021903univ_0052AA2_Figure_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Annualreportofag1119021903univ_0052AA2_Figure_1.jpg/75px-Annualreportofag1119021903univ_0052AA2_Figure_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Annualreportofag1119021903univ_0052AA2_Figure_1.jpg/100px-Annualreportofag1119021903univ_0052AA2_Figure_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="328" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fossil_grasshoppers_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC00013.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Fossil_grasshoppers_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC00013.JPG/220px-Fossil_grasshoppers_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC00013.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Fossil_grasshoppers_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC00013.JPG/330px-Fossil_grasshoppers_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC00013.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Fossil_grasshoppers_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC00013.JPG/440px-Fossil_grasshoppers_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC00013.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4085" data-file-height="2764" /></a><figcaption>Fossil grasshoppers at the Royal Ontario Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>In evolutionary terms, the split between the Caelifera and the Ensifera is no more recent than the <a href="/wiki/Permo-Triassic_boundary" class="mw-redirect" title="Permo-Triassic boundary">Permo-Triassic boundary</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the earliest insects that are certainly Caeliferans are in the extinct families Locustopseidae and Locustavidae from the early Triassic, roughly 250 million years ago. The group diversified during the Triassic and have remained important plant-eaters from that time to now. The first modern families such as the Eumastacidae, Tetrigidae and Tridactylidae appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>, though some insects that might belong to the last two of these groups are found in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">early Jurassic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GrimaldiEngel2005_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrimaldiEngel2005-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morphological classification is difficult because many taxa have converged towards a common habitat type; recent taxonomists have concentrated on the internal genitalia, especially those of the male. This information is not available from fossil specimens, and the palaeontological taxonomy is founded principally on the venation of the hindwings.<sup id="cite_ref-TOLweb_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOLweb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Caelifera includes some 2,400 valid genera and about 11,000 known species. Many undescribed species probably exist, especially in <a href="/wiki/Tropical_wet_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical wet forest">tropical wet forests</a>. The Caelifera have a predominantly tropical distribution with fewer species known from temperate zones, but most of the superfamilies have representatives worldwide. They are almost exclusively herbivorous and are probably the oldest living group of chewing herbivorous insects.<sup id="cite_ref-TOLweb_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOLweb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most diverse superfamily is the <a href="/wiki/Acridoidea" title="Acridoidea">Acridoidea</a>, with around 8,000 species. The two main families in this are the Acrididae (grasshoppers and locusts) with a worldwide distribution, and the <a href="/wiki/Romaleidae" title="Romaleidae">Romaleidae</a> (lubber grasshoppers), found chiefly in the New World. The Ommexechidae and Tristiridae are South American, and the Lentulidae, Lithidiidae and Pamphagidae are mainly African. The Pauliniids are nocturnal and can swim or skate on water, and the Lentulids are wingless.<sup id="cite_ref-GrimaldiEngel2005_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrimaldiEngel2005-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pneumoridae are native to Africa, particularly southern Africa, and are distinguished by the inflated abdomens of the males.<sup id="cite_ref-Donelson_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donelson-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grasshopper&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grasshoppers have the typical insect body plan of head, <a href="/wiki/Thorax_(insect_anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorax (insect anatomy)">thorax</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abdomen#Invertebrates" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a>. The head is held vertically at an angle to the body, with the mouth at the bottom. The head bears a large pair of <a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">compound eyes</a> which give all-round vision, three simple eyes which can detect light and dark, and a pair of thread-like <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a> that are sensitive to touch and smell. The downward-directed mouthparts are modified for chewing and there are two sensory <a href="/wiki/Pedipalp" title="Pedipalp">palps</a> in front of the <a href="/wiki/Mandible_(insect_mouthpart)" title="Mandible (insect mouthpart)">jaws</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pfadt1to8_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfadt1to8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The thorax and abdomen are segmented and have a rigid <a href="/wiki/Cuticle" title="Cuticle">cuticle</a> made up of overlapping plates composed of <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a>. The three fused thoracic segments bear three pairs of legs and two pairs of wings. The forewings, known as <a href="/wiki/Tegmina" class="mw-redirect" title="Tegmina">tegmina</a>, are narrow and leathery while the hindwings are large and membranous, the veins providing strength. The legs are terminated by claws for gripping. The hind leg is particularly powerful. The legs of these species are so powerful that they can jump quite a long distance. they also use this to flee from danger.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The femur is robust and has several ridges where different surfaces join and the inner ridges bear <a href="/wiki/Stridulatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Stridulatory">stridulatory</a> pegs in some species. The posterior edge of the tibia bears a double row of spines and there are a pair of articulated spurs near its lower end. The interior of the thorax houses the muscles that control the wings and legs.<sup id="cite_ref-Pfadt1to8_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfadt1to8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_grasshoppers_utah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Two_grasshoppers_utah.jpg/220px-Two_grasshoppers_utah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Two_grasshoppers_utah.jpg/330px-Two_grasshoppers_utah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Two_grasshoppers_utah.jpg/440px-Two_grasshoppers_utah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Differential_grasshopper" title="Differential grasshopper">differential grasshoppers</a>, with visible spines along the <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibia</a> of the hind legs</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heupferd_fg01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Heupferd_fg01.jpg/220px-Heupferd_fg01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Heupferd_fg01.jpg/330px-Heupferd_fg01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Heupferd_fg01.jpg/440px-Heupferd_fg01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ensifera" title="Ensifera">Ensifera</a>, like this great green <a href="/wiki/Bush-cricket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush-cricket">bush-cricket</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Tettigonia_viridissima" title="Tettigonia viridissima">Tettigonia viridissima</a></i>, somewhat resemble grasshoppers but have over 20 segments in their <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a> and different <a href="/wiki/Ovipositor" title="Ovipositor">ovipositors</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The abdomen has eleven segments, the first of which is fused to the thorax and contains the <a href="/wiki/Tympanal_organ" title="Tympanal organ">tympanal organ</a> and hearing system. Segments two to eight are ring-shaped and joined by flexible membranes. Segments nine to eleven are reduced in size; segment nine bears a pair of <a href="/wiki/Cercus" title="Cercus">cerci</a> and segments ten and eleven have the reproductive organs. Female grasshoppers are normally <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">larger than males</a>, with short ovipositors.<sup id="cite_ref-Pfadt1to8_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfadt1to8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of the suborder "Caelifera" comes from the Latin and means <i>chisel-bearing</i>, referring to the shape of the ovipositor.<sup id="cite_ref-Himmelman2011_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Himmelman2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The grasshopper's auditory organs are located on its abdomen, rather than on its head. These organs consist of a pair of membranes, each positioned on either side of the first abdominal segment and tucked under the wings. Known as tympanal organs, these simple eardrums vibrate in response to sound waves, enabling the grasshopper to hear the songs of other grasshoppers.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those species that make easily heard noises usually do so by rubbing a row of pegs on the hind legs against the edges of the forewings (stridulation). These sounds are produced mainly by males to attract females, though in some species the females also stridulate.<sup id="cite_ref-AM_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AM-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grasshoppers may be confused with crickets, but they differ in many aspects; these include the number of segments in their antennae and the structure of the ovipositor, as well as the location of the tympanal organ and the methods by which sound is produced.<sup id="cite_ref-Guthrie_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guthrie-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ensiferans have antennae that can be much longer than the body and have at least 20–24 segments, while caeliferans have fewer segments in their shorter, stouter antennae.<sup id="cite_ref-AM_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AM-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grasshopper&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet_and_digestion">Diet and digestion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grasshopper&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diet and digestion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grasshopper_mouth_anatomy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Grasshopper_mouth_anatomy.svg/300px-Grasshopper_mouth_anatomy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Grasshopper_mouth_anatomy.svg/450px-Grasshopper_mouth_anatomy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Grasshopper_mouth_anatomy.svg/600px-Grasshopper_mouth_anatomy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Structure of mouthparts</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_of_insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive system of insects">Digestive system of insects</a></div> <p>Most grasshoppers are <a href="/wiki/Polyphagous" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphagous">polyphagous</a>, eating vegetation from multiple plant sources,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but some are <a href="/wiki/Omnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnivorous">omnivorous</a> and also eat animal tissue and animal faeces.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general their preference is for grasses, including many <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereals</a> grown as crops.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The digestive system is typical of insects, with Malpighian tubules discharging into the midgut. Carbohydrates are digested mainly in the crop, while proteins are digested in the ceca of the midgut. Saliva is abundant but largely free of enzymes, helping to move food and Malpighian secretions along the gut. Some grasshoppers possess <a href="/wiki/Cellulase" title="Cellulase">cellulase</a>, which by softening plant cell walls makes plant cell contents accessible to other digestive enzymes.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grasshoppers can also be <a href="/wiki/Cannibalism" title="Cannibalism">cannibalistic</a> when swarming.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grasshopper_eating_leaf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A differential grasshopper eating the leaf of a climbing pea plant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Grasshopper_eating_leaf.jpg/220px-Grasshopper_eating_leaf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Grasshopper_eating_leaf.jpg/330px-Grasshopper_eating_leaf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Grasshopper_eating_leaf.jpg/440px-Grasshopper_eating_leaf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Differential_grasshopper" title="Differential grasshopper">differential grasshopper</a> eating the leaf of a <a href="/wiki/Pea" title="Pea">climbing pea</a> plant. <a href="/wiki/Cellulase" title="Cellulase">Cellulase</a> in its <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">digestive tract</a> allows it to digest <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell walls</a> of plants.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensory_organs">Sensory organs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grasshopper&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sensory organs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anacridium_aegyptium_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Anacridium_aegyptium_-_01.jpg/220px-Anacridium_aegyptium_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Anacridium_aegyptium_-_01.jpg/330px-Anacridium_aegyptium_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Anacridium_aegyptium_-_01.jpg/440px-Anacridium_aegyptium_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Frontal view of Egyptian locust (<i><a href="/wiki/Anacridium_aegyptium" title="Anacridium aegyptium">Anacridium aegyptium</a></i>) showing the <a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">compound eyes</a>, tiny <a href="/wiki/Simple_eye_in_invertebrates" title="Simple eye in invertebrates">ocelli</a> and numerous <a href="/wiki/Seta" title="Seta">setae</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Grasshoppers have a typical insect nervous system, and have an extensive set of external sense organs. On the side of the head are a pair of large <a href="/wiki/Compound_eyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound eyes">compound eyes</a> which give a broad field of vision and can detect movement, shape, colour and distance. There are also three simple eyes (<a href="/wiki/Ocelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocelli">ocelli</a>) on the forehead which can detect light intensity, a pair of antennae containing olfactory (smell) and touch receptors, and mouthparts containing gustatory (taste) receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the front end of the abdomen there is a pair of tympanal organs for sound reception. There are numerous fine hairs (<a href="/wiki/Setae" class="mw-redirect" title="Setae">setae</a>) covering the whole body that act as mechanoreceptors (touch and wind sensors), and these are most dense on the antennae, the <a href="/wiki/Palp" class="mw-redirect" title="Palp">palps</a> (part of the mouth), and on the cerci at the tip of the abdomen.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are special receptors (<a href="/wiki/Campaniform_sensilla" title="Campaniform sensilla">campaniform sensillae</a>) embedded in the cuticle of the legs that sense pressure and cuticle distortion.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are internal "chordotonal" sense organs specialized to detect position and movement about the joints of the exoskeleton. The receptors convey information to the central nervous system through sensory neurons, and most of these have their cell bodies located in the periphery near the receptor site itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circulation_and_respiration">Circulation and respiration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grasshopper&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Circulation and respiration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Insect_morphology#Circulatory_system" title="Insect morphology">Insect morphology § Circulatory system</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system_of_insects" title="Respiratory system of insects">Respiratory system of insects</a></div> <p>Like other insects, grasshoppers have an <a href="/wiki/Open_circulatory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Open circulatory system">open circulatory system</a> and their body cavities are filled with <a href="/wiki/Haemolymph" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemolymph">haemolymph</a>. A heart-like structure in the upper part of the abdomen pumps the fluid to the head from where it percolates past the tissues and organs on its way back to the abdomen. This system circulates nutrients throughout the body and carries <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_waste" title="Metabolic waste">metabolic wastes</a> to be excreted into the gut. Other functions of the haemolymph include wound healing, heat transfer and the provision of hydrostatic pressure, but the circulatory system is not involved in gaseous exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Respiration is performed using <a href="/wiki/Trachea#Invertebrates" title="Trachea">tracheae</a>, air-filled tubes, which open at the surfaces of the thorax and abdomen through pairs of valved <a href="/wiki/Spiracle_(arthropods)" title="Spiracle (arthropods)">spiracles</a>. Larger insects may need to actively ventilate their bodies by opening some spiracles while others remain closed, using abdominal muscles to expand and contract the body and pump air through the system.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jumping">Jumping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grasshopper&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Jumping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grasshoppers jump by extending their large back legs and pushing against the substrate (the ground, a twig, a blade of grass or whatever else they are standing on); the reaction force propels them into the air.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large grasshopper, such as a locust, can jump about a metre (20 body lengths) without using its wings; the acceleration peaks at about 20 g.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They jump for several reasons; to escape from a predator, to launch themselves into flight, or simply to move from place to place. For the escape jump in particular there is strong selective pressure to maximize take-off velocity, since this determines the range. This means that the legs must thrust against the ground with both high force and a high velocity of movement. A fundamental property of <a href="/wiki/Muscle_contraction#Force-length_and_force-velocity_relationships" title="Muscle contraction">muscle</a> is that it cannot contract with high force and high velocity at the same time. Grasshoppers overcome this by using a <a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">catapult</a> mechanism to amplify the <a href="/wiki/Power_(physics)#Mechanical_power" title="Power (physics)">mechanical power</a> produced by their muscles.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The jump is a three-stage process.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First, the grasshopper fully flexes the lower part of the leg (tibia) against the upper part (femur) by activating the flexor tibiae muscle (the back legs of the grasshopper in the top photograph are in this preparatory position). Second, there is a period of co-contraction in which force builds up in the large, <a href="/wiki/Pennate_muscle" title="Pennate muscle">pennate</a> extensor tibiae muscle, but the tibia is kept flexed by the simultaneous contraction of the flexor tibiae muscle. The extensor muscle is much stronger than the flexor muscle, but the latter is aided by specialisations in the joint that give it a large effective mechanical advantage over the former when the tibia is fully flexed.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Co-contraction can last for up to half a second, and during this period the extensor muscle shortens and stores elastic strain energy by distorting stiff cuticular structures in the leg.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extensor muscle contraction is quite slow (almost isometric), which allows it to develop high force (up to 14 N in the desert locust), but because it is slow only low power is needed. The third stage of the jump is the trigger relaxation of the flexor muscle, which releases the tibia from the flexed position. The subsequent rapid tibial extension is driven mainly by the relaxation of the elastic structures, rather than by further shortening of the extensor muscle. In this way the stiff cuticle acts like the elastic of a <a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">catapult</a>, or the bow of a bow-and-arrow. Energy is put into the store at low power by slow but strong muscle contraction, and retrieved from the store at high power by rapid relaxation of the mechanical elastic structures.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stridulation">Stridulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grasshopper&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Stridulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Grasshoppers.ogg" title="File:Grasshoppers.ogg">Grasshopper stridulation</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="18" data-mwtitle="Grasshoppers.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Grasshoppers.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/Grasshoppers.ogg/Grasshoppers.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Several unidentified grasshoppers stridulating</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Male grasshoppers spend much of the day <a href="/wiki/Stridulation" title="Stridulation">stridulating</a>, singing more actively under optimal conditions and being more subdued when conditions are adverse; females also stridulate, but their efforts are insignificant when compared to the males. Late-stage male nymphs can sometimes be seen making stridulatory movements, although they lack the equipment to make sounds, demonstrating the importance of this behavioural trait. The songs are a means of communication; the male stridulation seems to express reproductive maturity, the desire for social cohesion and individual well-being. Social cohesion becomes necessary among grasshoppers because of their ability to jump or fly large distances, and the song can serve to limit dispersal and guide others to favourable habitat. The generalised song can vary in phraseology and intensity, and is modified in the presence of a rival male, and changes again to a courtship song when a female is nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-AES_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AES-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In male grasshoppers of the family Pneumoridae, the enlarged abdomen amplifies stridulation.<sup id="cite_ref-Donelson_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donelson-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grasshopper&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Life cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grasshoppermetasnodgrass.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Grasshoppermetasnodgrass.svg/130px-Grasshoppermetasnodgrass.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Grasshoppermetasnodgrass.svg/195px-Grasshoppermetasnodgrass.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Grasshoppermetasnodgrass.svg/260px-Grasshoppermetasnodgrass.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>Six stages (instars) of development, from newly hatched nymph to fully winged adult</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_eastern_Lubber_grasshopers_(Romalea_microptera),_mating.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Two_eastern_Lubber_grasshopers_%28Romalea_microptera%29%2C_mating.jpg/220px-Two_eastern_Lubber_grasshopers_%28Romalea_microptera%29%2C_mating.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Two_eastern_Lubber_grasshopers_%28Romalea_microptera%29%2C_mating.jpg/330px-Two_eastern_Lubber_grasshopers_%28Romalea_microptera%29%2C_mating.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Two_eastern_Lubber_grasshopers_%28Romalea_microptera%29%2C_mating.jpg/440px-Two_eastern_Lubber_grasshopers_%28Romalea_microptera%29%2C_mating.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3210" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Romalea_microptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Romalea microptera">Romalea microptera</a></i> grasshoppers: female (larger) is laying eggs, with male in attendance.</figcaption></figure> <p>In most grasshopper species, conflicts between males over females rarely escalate beyond ritualistic displays. Some exceptions include the chameleon grasshopper (<i><a href="/wiki/Kosciuscola" title="Kosciuscola">Kosciuscola tristis</a></i>), where males may fight on top of ovipositing females; engaging in leg grappling, biting, kicking and mounting.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The newly emerged female grasshopper has a preoviposition period of a week or two while she increases in weight and her eggs mature. After mating, the female of most species digs a hole with her <a href="/wiki/Ovipositor" title="Ovipositor">ovipositor</a> and lays a batch of eggs in a pod in the ground near food plants, generally in the summer. After laying the eggs, she covers the hole with soil and litter.<sup id="cite_ref-Pfadt1to8_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfadt1to8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some, like the semi-aquatic <i><a href="/wiki/Cornops_aquaticum" title="Cornops aquaticum">Cornops aquaticum</a></i>, deposit the pod directly into plant tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eggs in the pod are glued together with a froth in some species. After a few weeks of development, the eggs of most species in temperate climates go into <a href="/wiki/Diapause" title="Diapause">diapause</a>, and pass the winter in this state. Diapause is broken by a sufficiently low ground temperature, with development resuming as soon as the ground warms above a certain threshold temperature. The embryos in a pod generally all hatch out within a few minutes of each other. They soon shed their membranes and their exoskeletons harden. These first <a href="/wiki/Instar" title="Instar">instar</a> nymphs can then jump away from predators.<sup id="cite_ref-UW_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UW-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grasshoppers undergo <a href="/wiki/Incomplete_metamorphosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Incomplete metamorphosis">incomplete metamorphosis</a>: they <a href="/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">repeatedly moult</a>, each instar becoming larger and more like an adult, with the wing-buds increasing in size at each stage. The number of instars varies between species but is often six. After the final moult, the wings are inflated and become fully functional. The migratory grasshopper, <i>Melanoplus sanguinipes</i>, spends about 25 to 30 days as a nymph, depending on sex and temperature, and lives for about 51 days as an adult.<sup id="cite_ref-UW_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UW-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swarming">Swarming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grasshopper&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Swarming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">Locust</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_7007_Plague_locusts_on_the_move.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/CSIRO_ScienceImage_7007_Plague_locusts_on_the_move.jpg/260px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_7007_Plague_locusts_on_the_move.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/CSIRO_ScienceImage_7007_Plague_locusts_on_the_move.jpg/390px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_7007_Plague_locusts_on_the_move.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/CSIRO_ScienceImage_7007_Plague_locusts_on_the_move.jpg/520px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_7007_Plague_locusts_on_the_move.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2657" data-file-height="1761" /></a><figcaption>Millions of <a href="/wiki/Australian_plague_locust" title="Australian plague locust">plague locusts</a> on the move in Australia</figcaption></figure> <p>Locusts are the swarming phase of certain species of short-horned grasshoppers in the family Acrididae. Swarming behaviour is a response to overcrowding. Increased tactile stimulation of the hind legs causes an increase in levels of <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This causes the grasshopper to change colour, feed more and breed faster. The transformation of a solitary individual into a swarming one is induced by several contacts per minute over a short period.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following this transformation, under suitable conditions dense nomadic bands of flightless nymphs known as "hoppers" can occur, producing <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromones</a> which attract the insects to each other. With several generations in a year, the locust population can build up from localised groups into vast accumulations of flying insects known as plagues, devouring all the vegetation they encounter. The <a href="/wiki/Albert%27s_swarm" title="Albert's swarm">largest recorded locust swarm</a> was one formed by the now-extinct <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_locust" title="Rocky Mountain locust">Rocky Mountain locust</a> in 1875; the swarm was 1,800 miles (2,900 km) long and 110 miles (180 km) wide,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one estimate puts the number of locusts involved at 3.5 trillion.<sup id="cite_ref-Lockwood_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockwood-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An adult <a href="/wiki/Desert_locust" title="Desert locust">desert locust</a> can eat about 2 g (0.1 oz) of plant material each day, so the billions of insects in a large swarm can be very destructive, stripping all the foliage from plants in an affected area and consuming stems, flowers, fruits, seeds and bark.<sup id="cite_ref-Capinera1181_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capinera1181-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predators,_parasites,_and_pathogens"><span id="Predators.2C_parasites.2C_and_pathogens"></span>Predators, parasites, and pathogens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grasshopper&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Predators, parasites, and pathogens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cottontop_tamarin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Cottontop_tamarin.JPG/220px-Cottontop_tamarin.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Cottontop_tamarin.JPG/330px-Cottontop_tamarin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Cottontop_tamarin.JPG/440px-Cottontop_tamarin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cottontop_tamarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cottontop tamarin">Cottontop tamarin</a> monkey eating a grasshopper</figcaption></figure> <p>Grasshoppers have a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a> at different stages of their lives; eggs are eaten by <a href="/wiki/Bee-flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Bee-flies">bee-flies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ground_beetle" title="Ground beetle">ground beetles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blister_beetle" title="Blister beetle">blister beetles</a>; hoppers and adults are taken by other insects such as ants and , <a href="/wiki/Robber_flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Robber flies">robber flies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sphecid_wasp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphecid wasp">sphecid wasps</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spiders</a>, and by many birds and small mammals including dogs and cats.<sup id="cite_ref-Capinera1709_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capinera1709-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eggs and nymphs are under attack by <a href="/wiki/Parasitoid" title="Parasitoid">parasitoids</a> including <a href="/wiki/Blow_flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Blow flies">blow flies</a>, flesh flies, and <a href="/wiki/Tachinid_flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachinid flies">tachinid flies</a>. External parasites of adults and nymphs include mites.<sup id="cite_ref-Capinera1709_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capinera1709-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female grasshoppers parasitised by mites produce fewer eggs and thus have fewer offspring than unaffected individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unidentified_Phlaeoba,_near_Godean_Street,_Yogyakarta,_2015-03-17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Unidentified_Phlaeoba%2C_near_Godean_Street%2C_Yogyakarta%2C_2015-03-17.jpg/170px-Unidentified_Phlaeoba%2C_near_Godean_Street%2C_Yogyakarta%2C_2015-03-17.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Unidentified_Phlaeoba%2C_near_Godean_Street%2C_Yogyakarta%2C_2015-03-17.jpg/255px-Unidentified_Phlaeoba%2C_near_Godean_Street%2C_Yogyakarta%2C_2015-03-17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Unidentified_Phlaeoba%2C_near_Godean_Street%2C_Yogyakarta%2C_2015-03-17.jpg/340px-Unidentified_Phlaeoba%2C_near_Godean_Street%2C_Yogyakarta%2C_2015-03-17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1913" data-file-height="2338" /></a><figcaption>Grasshopper with parasitic <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mites</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mermis_nigrescens" title="Mermis nigrescens">grasshopper nematode</a> (<i>Mermis nigrescens</i>) is a long slender worm that infects grasshoppers, living in the insects' <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">hemocoel</a>. Adult worms lay eggs on plants and the host becomes infected when the foliage is eaten.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Spinochordodes_tellinii" title="Spinochordodes tellinii">Spinochordodes tellinii</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Paragordius_tricuspidatus" title="Paragordius tricuspidatus">Paragordius tricuspidatus</a></i> are parasitic worms that infect grasshoppers and alter the behaviour of their hosts. When the worms are sufficiently developed, the grasshopper is persuaded to leap into a nearby body of water where it drowns, thus enabling the parasite to continue with the next stage of its <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life cycle</a>, which takes place in water.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_1367_Locusts_attacked_by_the_fungus_Metarhizium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/CSIRO_ScienceImage_1367_Locusts_attacked_by_the_fungus_Metarhizium.jpg/220px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_1367_Locusts_attacked_by_the_fungus_Metarhizium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/CSIRO_ScienceImage_1367_Locusts_attacked_by_the_fungus_Metarhizium.jpg/330px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_1367_Locusts_attacked_by_the_fungus_Metarhizium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/CSIRO_ScienceImage_1367_Locusts_attacked_by_the_fungus_Metarhizium.jpg/440px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_1367_Locusts_attacked_by_the_fungus_Metarhizium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">Locusts</a> killed by the naturally occurring fungus, <i><a href="/wiki/Metarhizium" title="Metarhizium">Metarhizium</a></i>, an environmentally friendly means of biological control. <a href="/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a>, 2005<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Grasshoppers are affected by diseases caused by <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a>. The bacteria <i><a href="/wiki/Serratia_marcescens" title="Serratia marcescens">Serratia marcescens</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa" title="Pseudomonas aeruginosa">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</a></i> have both been implicated in causing disease in grasshoppers, as has the <a href="/wiki/Entomopathogenic_fungus" title="Entomopathogenic fungus">entomopathogenic fungus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Beauveria_bassiana" title="Beauveria bassiana">Beauveria bassiana</a></i>. This widespread fungus has been used to control various pest insects around the world, but although it infects grasshoppers, the infection is not usually lethal because basking in the sun has the result of raising the insects' temperature above a threshold tolerated by the fungus.<sup id="cite_ref-Capinera_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capinera-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fungal <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogen</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Entomophaga_grylli" title="Entomophaga grylli">Entomophaga grylli</a></i> is able to influence the behaviour of its grasshopper host, causing it to climb to the top of a plant and cling to the stem as it dies. This ensures wide dispersal of the fungal spores liberated from the corpse.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fungal pathogen <i><a href="/wiki/Metarhizium_acridum" title="Metarhizium acridum">Metarhizium acridum</a></i> is found in Africa, Australia and Brazil where it has caused <a href="/wiki/Epizootic" title="Epizootic">epizootics</a> in grasshoppers. It is being investigated for possible use as a microbial insecticide for locust control.<sup id="cite_ref-Capinera_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capinera-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Microsporidia" title="Microsporidia">microsporidian</a> fungus <i><a href="/wiki/Nosema_locustae" title="Nosema locustae">Nosema locustae</a></i>, once considered to be a protozoan, can be lethal to grasshoppers. It has to be consumed by mouth and is the basis for a bait-based commercial microbial pesticide. Various other microsporidians and protozoans are found in the gut.<sup id="cite_ref-Capinera_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capinera-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-predator_defences">Anti-predator defences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grasshopper&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Anti-predator defences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anti-predator_adaptation" title="Anti-predator adaptation">Anti-predator adaptation</a></div> <p>Grasshoppers exemplify a range of <a href="/wiki/Anti-predator_adaptation" title="Anti-predator adaptation">anti-predator adaptations</a>, enabling them to avoid detection, to escape if detected, and in some cases to avoid being eaten if captured. Grasshoppers are often <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflaged</a> to avoid detection by predators that hunt by sight; some species can change their coloration to suit their surroundings.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several species such as the hooded leaf grasshopper <i><a href="/wiki/Phyllochoreia" title="Phyllochoreia">Phyllochoreia ramakrishnai</a></i> (Eumastacoidea) are detailed <a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">mimics</a> of leaves. Stick grasshoppers (Proscopiidae) mimic wooden sticks in form and coloration.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grasshoppers often have <a href="/wiki/Deimatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Deimatic">deimatic</a> patterns on their wings, giving a sudden flash of bright colours that may startle predators long enough to give time to escape in a combination of jump and flight.<sup id="cite_ref-Cott378_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cott378-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some species are genuinely <a href="/wiki/Aposematic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aposematic">aposematic</a>, having both bright warning coloration and sufficient toxicity to dissuade predators. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictyophorus_productus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictyophorus productus">Dictyophorus productus</a></i> (Pyrgomorphidae) is a "heavy, bloated, sluggish insect" that makes no attempt to hide; it has a bright red abdomen. A <i><a href="/wiki/Cercopithecus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cercopithecus">Cercopithecus</a></i> monkey that ate other grasshoppers refused to eat the species.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another species, the rainbow or painted grasshopper of Arizona, <i><a href="/wiki/Dactylotum_bicolor" title="Dactylotum bicolor">Dactylotum bicolor</a></i> (Acridoidea), has been shown by experiment with a natural predator, the <a href="/wiki/Little_striped_whiptail" title="Little striped whiptail">little striped whiptail</a> lizard, to be aposematic.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atractomorpha_lata,_Burdwan,_West_Bengal,_India_27_10_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gaudy grasshopper, Atractomorpha lata, evades predators with camouflage."><img alt="Gaudy grasshopper, Atractomorpha lata, evades predators with camouflage." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Atractomorpha_lata%2C_Burdwan%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India_27_10_2012.jpg/150px-Atractomorpha_lata%2C_Burdwan%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India_27_10_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Atractomorpha_lata%2C_Burdwan%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India_27_10_2012.jpg/225px-Atractomorpha_lata%2C_Burdwan%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India_27_10_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Atractomorpha_lata%2C_Burdwan%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India_27_10_2012.jpg/300px-Atractomorpha_lata%2C_Burdwan%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India_27_10_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3657" data-file-height="2485" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gaudy grasshopper, <i><a href="/wiki/Atractomorpha_(grasshopper)" title="Atractomorpha (grasshopper)">Atractomorpha lata</a></i>, evades predators with <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Titanacris_Albipes_Vol.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lubber grasshopper, Titanacris albipes, has deimatically coloured wings, used to startle predators."><img alt="Lubber grasshopper, Titanacris albipes, has deimatically coloured wings, used to startle predators." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Titanacris_Albipes_Vol.jpg/150px-Titanacris_Albipes_Vol.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Titanacris_Albipes_Vol.jpg/225px-Titanacris_Albipes_Vol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Titanacris_Albipes_Vol.jpg/300px-Titanacris_Albipes_Vol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5396" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lubber grasshopper, <i><a href="/wiki/Titanacris_albipes" title="Titanacris albipes">Titanacris albipes</a></i>, has <a href="/wiki/Deimatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Deimatic">deimatically</a> coloured wings, used to startle predators.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phyllochoreia_ramakrishnai_female_Wayanad.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leaf grasshopper, Phyllochoreia ramakrishnai, mimics a green leaf."><img alt="Leaf grasshopper, Phyllochoreia ramakrishnai, mimics a green leaf." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Phyllochoreia_ramakrishnai_female_Wayanad.jpg/150px-Phyllochoreia_ramakrishnai_female_Wayanad.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Phyllochoreia_ramakrishnai_female_Wayanad.jpg/225px-Phyllochoreia_ramakrishnai_female_Wayanad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Phyllochoreia_ramakrishnai_female_Wayanad.jpg/300px-Phyllochoreia_ramakrishnai_female_Wayanad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1573" data-file-height="1168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leaf grasshopper, <i><a href="/wiki/Phyllochoreia" title="Phyllochoreia">Phyllochoreia ramakrishnai</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">mimics</a> a green leaf.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dactylotum_bicolor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painted grasshopper, Dactylotum bicolor, deters predators with warning coloration."><img alt="Painted grasshopper, Dactylotum bicolor, deters predators with warning coloration." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Dactylotum_bicolor.jpg/150px-Dactylotum_bicolor.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Dactylotum_bicolor.jpg/225px-Dactylotum_bicolor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Dactylotum_bicolor.jpg/300px-Dactylotum_bicolor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Painted grasshopper, <i><a href="/wiki/Dactylotum_bicolor" title="Dactylotum bicolor">Dactylotum bicolor</a></i>, deters predators with <a href="/wiki/Warning_coloration" class="mw-redirect" title="Warning coloration">warning coloration</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aularches_miliaris_at_Mangunan_Orchard,_Dlingo,_Bantul,_Yogyakarta_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spotted grasshopper, Aularches miliaris, defends itself with toxic foam and warning colours.[63]"><img alt="Spotted grasshopper, Aularches miliaris, defends itself with toxic foam and warning colours.[63]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Aularches_miliaris_at_Mangunan_Orchard%2C_Dlingo%2C_Bantul%2C_Yogyakarta_07.jpg/150px-Aularches_miliaris_at_Mangunan_Orchard%2C_Dlingo%2C_Bantul%2C_Yogyakarta_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Aularches_miliaris_at_Mangunan_Orchard%2C_Dlingo%2C_Bantul%2C_Yogyakarta_07.jpg/225px-Aularches_miliaris_at_Mangunan_Orchard%2C_Dlingo%2C_Bantul%2C_Yogyakarta_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Aularches_miliaris_at_Mangunan_Orchard%2C_Dlingo%2C_Bantul%2C_Yogyakarta_07.jpg/300px-Aularches_miliaris_at_Mangunan_Orchard%2C_Dlingo%2C_Bantul%2C_Yogyakarta_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2447" data-file-height="1925" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spotted grasshopper, <i><a href="/wiki/Aularches_miliaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Aularches miliaris">Aularches miliaris</a></i>, defends itself with toxic foam and warning colours.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_humans">Relationship with humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grasshopper&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Relationship with humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grasshopper_detail_in_Rachel_Ruysch_Flowers_in_a_Vase_c_1685.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Grasshopper_detail_in_Rachel_Ruysch_Flowers_in_a_Vase_c_1685.jpg/220px-Grasshopper_detail_in_Rachel_Ruysch_Flowers_in_a_Vase_c_1685.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Grasshopper_detail_in_Rachel_Ruysch_Flowers_in_a_Vase_c_1685.jpg/330px-Grasshopper_detail_in_Rachel_Ruysch_Flowers_in_a_Vase_c_1685.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Grasshopper_detail_in_Rachel_Ruysch_Flowers_in_a_Vase_c_1685.jpg/440px-Grasshopper_detail_in_Rachel_Ruysch_Flowers_in_a_Vase_c_1685.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Detail of grasshopper on table in <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Ruysch" title="Rachel Ruysch">Rachel Ruysch</a>'s painting <i>Flowers in a Vase</i>, c. 1685. National Gallery, London</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_art_and_media">In art and media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grasshopper&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In art and media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grasshoppers are occasionally depicted in artworks, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a> painter <a href="/wiki/Balthasar_van_der_Ast" title="Balthasar van der Ast">Balthasar van der Ast</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">still life</a> oil painting, <i>Flowers in a Vase with Shells and Insects</i>, c. 1630, now in the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery, London">National Gallery, London</a>, though the insect may be a bush-cricket.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another orthopteran is found in <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Ruysch" title="Rachel Ruysch">Rachel Ruysch</a>'s still life <i>Flowers in a Vase</i>, c. 1685. The seemingly static scene is animated by a "grasshopper on the table that looks about ready to spring", according to the gallery curator Betsy Wieseman, with other invertebrates including a spider, an ant, and two caterpillars.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grasshoppers are also featured in cinema. The 1957 film <i><a href="/wiki/Beginning_of_the_End_(film)" title="Beginning of the End (film)">Beginning of the End</a></i> portrayed giant grasshoppers attacking <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Senn2007_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Senn2007-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1998 <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar</a> animated film <i><a href="/wiki/A_Bug%27s_Life" title="A Bug's Life">A Bug's Life</a></i>, the antagonists are a gang of grasshoppers, with their leader Hopper serving as the main villain.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The protagonists of the 1971 <i><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">tokusatsu</a></i> series <i><a href="/wiki/Kamen_Rider_(1971_TV_series)" title="Kamen Rider (1971 TV series)">Kamen Rider</a></i> primarily carry a grasshopper motif (for example Kamen Rider Black's Batta Man form), which continues to serve as the baseline visual template for most entries in the <a href="/wiki/Kamen_Rider" title="Kamen Rider">media franchise</a> it has given birth to since. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grasshopper&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Londres_-_Lombard_Street.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Londres_-_Lombard_Street.JPG/220px-Londres_-_Lombard_Street.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Londres_-_Lombard_Street.JPG/330px-Londres_-_Lombard_Street.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Londres_-_Lombard_Street.JPG/440px-Londres_-_Lombard_Street.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gresham" title="Thomas Gresham">Thomas Gresham</a>'s gilded grasshopper symbol, <a href="/wiki/Lombard_Street,_London" title="Lombard Street, London">Lombard Street, London</a>, 1563</figcaption></figure> <p>Grasshoppers are sometimes used as symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-Hazard_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hazard-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Greek Archaic Era</a>, the grasshopper was the symbol of the <i><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Roche2005_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roche2005-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly because they were among the most common insects on the dry plains of <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roche2005_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roche2005-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Native Athenians for a while wore golden grasshopper brooches to symbolise that they were of pure Athenian lineage with no foreign ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-Roche2005_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roche2005-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, <a href="/wiki/Peisistratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peisistratus">Peisistratus</a> hung the figure of a kind of grasshopper before the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis of Athens</a> as <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">apotropaic magic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquities_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquities-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another symbolic use of the grasshopper is Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gresham" title="Thomas Gresham">Thomas Gresham</a>'s gilded grasshopper in <a href="/wiki/Lombard_Street,_London" title="Lombard Street, London">Lombard Street, London</a>, dating from 1563;<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the building was for a while the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Royal_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardian Royal Exchange">Guardian Royal Exchange</a>, but the company declined to use the symbol for fear of confusion with the locust.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grasshoppers appearing in dreams have been interpreted as symbols of "Freedom, independence, spiritual enlightenment, inability to settle down or commit to decision". Locusts are taken literally to mean devastation of crops in the case of farmers; figuratively as "wicked men and women" for non-farmers; and "Extravagance, misfortune, & ephemeral happiness" by "gypsies".<sup id="cite_ref-Klein_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_food">As food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grasshopper&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: As food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fried_grasshoper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Fried_grasshoper.jpg/220px-Fried_grasshoper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Fried_grasshoper.jpg/330px-Fried_grasshoper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Fried_grasshoper.jpg/440px-Fried_grasshoper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Fried grasshoppers from Gunung Kidul, <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Special_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogyakarta Special Region">Yogyakarta</a>, Indonesia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inago_no_tsukudani_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Inago_no_tsukudani_02.jpg/220px-Inago_no_tsukudani_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Inago_no_tsukudani_02.jpg/330px-Inago_no_tsukudani_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Inago_no_tsukudani_02.jpg/440px-Inago_no_tsukudani_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption> Sweet-and-salty grasshoppers dish in Japan (<i><a href="/wiki/Inago_no_Tsukudani" class="mw-redirect" title="Inago no Tsukudani">Inago no Tsukudani</a></i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In some countries, grasshoppers are used as food.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In southern <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, grasshoppers, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Chapulines" title="Chapulines">chapulines</a></i>, are eaten in a variety of dishes, such as in <a href="/wiki/Tortilla" title="Tortilla">tortillas</a> with chilli sauce.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grasshoppers are served on skewers in some Chinese food markets, like the <a href="/wiki/Donghuamen_Night_Market" title="Donghuamen Night Market">Donghuamen Night Market</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fried grasshoppers (<i>walang goreng</i>) are eaten in the <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Kidul_Regency" title="Gunung Kidul Regency">Gunung Kidul Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta" title="Special Region of Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> in Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grasshoppers are a beloved delicacy in Uganda; they are usually eaten fried (most commonly in November and May after the rains).<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In America, the <a href="/wiki/Ohlone" title="Ohlone">Ohlone</a> burned grassland to herd grasshoppers into pits where they could be collected as food.<sup id="cite_ref-Margolin_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margolin-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is recorded in the Bible that <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> ate locusts and wild honey (Greek: ἀκρίδες καὶ μέλι ἄγριον, <i>akrídes kaì méli ágrion</i>) while living in the wilderness.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, because of a tradition of depicting him as an <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">ascetic</a>, attempts have been made to explain that the <i>locusts</i> were in fact a suitably ascetic <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian">vegetarian</a> food such as <a href="/wiki/Carob" title="Carob">carob</a> beans, notwithstanding the fact that the word <i>ἀκρίδες</i> means plainly <i>grasshoppers</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, with the search for alternative healthy and sustainable protein sources, grasshoppers are being cultivated by commercial companies operating grasshopper farms and are being used as food and protein supplements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_pests">As pests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grasshopper&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: As pests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grasshopper_eating_the_maize_leaf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Grasshopper_eating_the_maize_leaf.jpg/220px-Grasshopper_eating_the_maize_leaf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Grasshopper_eating_the_maize_leaf.jpg/330px-Grasshopper_eating_the_maize_leaf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Grasshopper_eating_the_maize_leaf.jpg/440px-Grasshopper_eating_the_maize_leaf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1129" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption>Crop pest: grasshopper eating a <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> leaf</figcaption></figure> <p>Grasshoppers eat large quantities of foliage both as adults and during their development, and can be serious pests of arid land and prairies. Pasture, grain, forage, vegetable and other crops can be affected. Grasshoppers often bask in the sun, and thrive in warm sunny conditions, so drought stimulates an increase in grasshopper populations. A single season of drought is not normally sufficient to stimulate a major population increase, but several successive dry seasons can do so, especially if the intervening winters are mild so that large numbers of nymphs survive. Although sunny weather stimulates growth, there needs to be an adequate food supply for the increasing grasshopper population. This means that although precipitation is needed to stimulate plant growth, prolonged periods of cloudy weather will slow nymphal development.<sup id="cite_ref-Capinera1710_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capinera1710-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grasshoppers can best be prevented from becoming pests by manipulating their environment. Shade provided by trees will discourage them and they may be prevented from moving onto developing crops by removing coarse vegetation from fallow land and field margins and discouraging thick growth beside ditches and on roadside verges. With increasing numbers of grasshoppers, predator numbers may increase, but this seldom happens rapidly enough to have much effect on populations. Biological control is being investigated, and spores of the protozoan parasite <i><a href="/wiki/Nosema_locustae" title="Nosema locustae">Nosema locustae</a></i> can be used mixed with bait to control grasshoppers, being more effective with immature insects.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a small scale, <a href="/wiki/Azadirachta_indica" title="Azadirachta indica">neem products</a> can be effective as a feeding deterrent and as a disruptor of nymphal development. <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">Insecticides</a> can be used, but adult grasshoppers are difficult to kill, and as they move into fields from surrounding rank growth, crops may soon become reinfested.<sup id="cite_ref-Capinera1710_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capinera1710-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some grasshopper species, like the Chinese rice grasshopper, are a pest in <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> paddies. Ploughing exposes the eggs on the surface of the field, to be destroyed by sunshine or eaten by natural enemies. Some eggs may be buried too deeply in the soil for hatching to take place.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Locust plagues can have devastating effects on human populations, causing <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famines</a> and population upheavals. They are mentioned in both the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur’an</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> and have also been held responsible for <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> epidemics, resulting from the corpses of locusts drowned in the Mediterranean Sea and decomposing on beaches.<sup id="cite_ref-Capinera1181_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capinera1181-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a> and other organisations monitor locust activity around the world. Timely application of pesticides can prevent nomadic bands of hoppers from forming before dense swarms of adults can build up.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides conventional control using contact insecticides,<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">biological pest control</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Entomopathogenic_fungus" title="Entomopathogenic fungus">entomopathogenic fungus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Metarhizium_acridum" title="Metarhizium acridum">Metarhizium acridum</a></i>, which specifically infects grasshoppers, has been used with some success.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detection_of_explosives">Detection of explosives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grasshopper&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Detection of explosives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2020, researchers from <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a> announced they had engineered "cyborg grasshoppers" capable of accurately detecting explosives. In the project, funded by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Research" title="Office of Naval Research">US Office of Naval Research</a>, researchers fitted grasshoppers with lightweight sensor backpacks that recorded and transmitted the electrical activity of their antennal lobes to a computer. According to the researchers, the grasshoppers were able to detect the location of the highest concentration of explosives. The researchers also tested the effect of combining sensorial information from several grasshoppers on detection accuracy. The neural activity from seven grasshoppers yielded an average detection accuracy rate of 80%, whereas a single grasshopper yielded a 60% rate.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_literature">In literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grasshopper&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian-sn%E1%B8%A5m_2.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Egyptian-sn%E1%B8%A5m_2.PNG" decoding="async" width="136" height="46" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="136" data-file-height="46" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian hieroglyphs "snḥm"</figcaption></figure> <p>The Egyptian word for locust or grasshopper was written <i>snḥm</i> in the consonantal hieroglyphic writing system. The pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> compared the armies of the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a> to locusts: "They covered the mountains and valleys and were like locusts in their multitude."<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of <a href="/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables" title="Aesop's Fables">Aesop's Fables</a>, later retold by <a href="/wiki/La_Fontaine" class="mw-redirect" title="La Fontaine">La Fontaine</a>, is the tale of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ant_and_the_Grasshopper" title="The Ant and the Grasshopper">The Ant and the Grasshopper</a></i>. The ant works hard all summer, while the grasshopper plays. In winter, the ant is ready but the grasshopper starves. <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Maugham" class="mw-redirect" title="Somerset Maugham">Somerset Maugham</a>'s short story "The Ant and the Grasshopper" explores the fable's symbolism via complex framing.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other human weaknesses besides improvidence have become identified with the grasshopper's behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-Klein_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So an unfaithful woman (hopping from man to man) is "a grasshopper" in "Poprygunya", an 1892 short story by <a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Anton Chekhov</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Loehlin2010_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loehlin2010-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Paris" title="Jerry Paris">Jerry Paris</a>'s 1969 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Grasshopper_(1970_film)" title="The Grasshopper (1970 film)">The Grasshopper</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-www.museumofflight.org_aeronca-l-3b-o-58b-grasshopper_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.museumofflight.org_aeronca-l-3b-o-58b-grasshopper-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_mechanical_engineering">In mechanical engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grasshopper&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In mechanical engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DMM_12236_Halbbalancier-Dampfmaschine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/DMM_12236_Halbbalancier-Dampfmaschine.jpg/180px-DMM_12236_Halbbalancier-Dampfmaschine.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/DMM_12236_Halbbalancier-Dampfmaschine.jpg/270px-DMM_12236_Halbbalancier-Dampfmaschine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/DMM_12236_Halbbalancier-Dampfmaschine.jpg/360px-DMM_12236_Halbbalancier-Dampfmaschine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2872" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Grasshopper_beam_engine" title="Grasshopper beam engine">grasshopper beam engine</a>, 1847</figcaption></figure> <p>The name "Grasshopper" was given to the <a href="/wiki/Aeronca_L-3" title="Aeronca L-3">Aeronca L-3</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piper_L-4" class="mw-redirect" title="Piper L-4">Piper L-4</a> light aircraft, both used for <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> and other support duties in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The name is said to have originated when Major General <a href="/wiki/Innis_P._Swift" title="Innis P. Swift">Innis P. Swift</a> saw a Piper making a rough landing and remarked that it looked like a grasshopper for its bouncing progress.<sup id="cite_ref-www.museumofflight.org_aeronca-l-3b-o-58b-grasshopper_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.museumofflight.org_aeronca-l-3b-o-58b-grasshopper-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Grasshopper_beam_engine" title="Grasshopper beam engine">Grasshopper beam engines</a> were <a href="/wiki/Beam_engine" title="Beam engine">beam engines</a> pivoted at one end, the long horizontal arm resembling the hind leg of a grasshopper. The type was patented by William Freemantle in 1803.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grasshopper&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The symbol is a wordplay on the name Gresham and "grass".<sup id="cite_ref-Hazard_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hazard-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grasshopper&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/grasshopper-insect">"grasshopper | Description, Features, & Species"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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BugGuide. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170804214918/http://bugguide.net/node/view/16133">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suborder+Caelifera+%E2%80%93+Grasshoppers&rft.pub=BugGuide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbugguide.net%2Fnode%2Fview%2F16133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orthoptera.org.uk/about_orthoptera">"About Orthoptera: Crickets and grasshoppers"</a>. 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Richards O.W. & Davies R.G. (1970) <i>A General Textbook of Entomology</i> 9th Ed. Methuen 886 pp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlookRowell1997" class="citation journal cs1">Flook, P.K.; Rowell, C.H.F. (1997). 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(2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220162119/http://caspar.bgsu.edu/~mooi/Home/Publications_files/MvS_Behav05.pdf">"Alternate tactics in male bladder grasshoppers Bullacris membracioides (Orthoptera: Pneumoridae)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Behaviour</i>. <b>142</b> (6): 761–778. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1568539054729088">10.1163/1568539054729088</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caspar.bgsu.edu/~mooi/Home/Publications_files/MvS_Behav05.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behaviour&rft.atitle=Alternate+tactics+in+male+bladder+grasshoppers+Bullacris+membracioides+%28Orthoptera%3A+Pneumoridae%29&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=761-778&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1568539054729088&rft.aulast=Donelson&rft.aufirst=Nathan+C.&rft.au=van+Staaden%2C+Moira+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaspar.bgsu.edu%2F~mooi%2FHome%2FPublications_files%2FMvS_Behav05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pfadt1to8-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pfadt1to8_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pfadt1to8_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pfadt1to8_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pfadt1to8_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfadt, 1994. pp. 1–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/fascinating-facts-about-grasshoppers-1968334">"10 Fascinating Facts About Grasshoppers"</a>. <i>ThoughtCo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=10+Fascinating+Facts+About+Grasshoppers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Ffascinating-facts-about-grasshoppers-1968334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Himmelman2011-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Himmelman2011_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHimmelman2011" class="citation book cs1">Himmelman, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qp7Q4Vn9l-oC&pg=PA45"><i>Cricket Radio</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06102-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06102-6"><bdi>978-0-674-06102-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171127023307/https://books.google.com/books?id=qp7Q4Vn9l-oC&pg=PA45">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cricket+Radio&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-674-06102-6&rft.aulast=Himmelman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqp7Q4Vn9l-oC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/fascinating-facts-about-grasshoppers-1968334">"10 Fascinating Facts About Grasshoppers"</a>. <i>ThoughtCo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=10+Fascinating+Facts+About+Grasshoppers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Ffascinating-facts-about-grasshoppers-1968334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AM-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AM_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AM_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://australian.museum/learn/animals/insects/grasshoppers-crickets-katydids-and-locusts-order-orthoptera/">"Grasshoppers, crickets, katydids and locusts: Order Orthoptera"</a>. Australian Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150418022639/http://australianmuseum.net.au/grasshoppers-crickets-katydids-and-locusts-order-orthoptera">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grasshoppers%2C+crickets%2C+katydids+and+locusts%3A+Order+Orthoptera&rft.pub=Australian+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faustralian.museum%2Flearn%2Fanimals%2Finsects%2Fgrasshoppers-crickets-katydids-and-locusts-order-orthoptera%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guthrie-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guthrie_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuthrie,_David_Maltby1987" class="citation book cs1">Guthrie, David Maltby (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MkW8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA106"><i>Aims and Methods in Neuroethology</i></a>. Manchester University Press. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-2320-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-2320-0"><bdi>978-0-7190-2320-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171127023308/https://books.google.com/books?id=MkW8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA106">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aims+and+Methods+in+Neuroethology&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-2320-0&rft.au=Guthrie%2C+David+Maltby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMkW8AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidowitz,_Goggy" class="citation web cs1">Davidowitz, Goggy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150507144753/http://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_grasshopper_new.php">"Grasshoppers"</a>. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_grasshopper_new.php">the original</a> on 7 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grasshoppers&rft.pub=Arizona-Sonora+Desert+Museum&rft.au=Davidowitz%2C+Goggy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.desertmuseum.org%2Fbooks%2Fnhsd_grasshopper_new.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'NeillWoodsStreett1997" class="citation journal cs1">O'Neill, Kevin M.; Woods, Stephen A.; Streett, Douglas A. (1 December 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ee/article/26/6/1224/2464391">"Grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Foraging on Grasshopper Feces: Observational and Rubidium-Labeling Studies"</a>. <i>Environmental Entomology</i>. <b>26</b> (6): 1224–1231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fee%2F26.6.1224">10.1093/ee/26.6.1224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Entomology&rft.atitle=Grasshopper+%28Orthoptera%3A+Acrididae%29+Foraging+on+Grasshopper+Feces%3A+Observational+and+Rubidium-Labeling+Studies&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1224-1231&rft.date=1997-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fee%2F26.6.1224&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=Kevin+M.&rft.au=Woods%2C+Stephen+A.&rft.au=Streett%2C+Douglas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fee%2Farticle%2F26%2F6%2F1224%2F2464391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill,_Kevin_M.Woods,_Stephen_A.Streett,_Douglas_A.1997" class="citation journal cs1">O'Neill, Kevin M.; Woods, Stephen A.; Streett, Douglas A. (1997). "Grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Foraging on Grasshopper Feces: Observational and Rubidium-Labeling Studies". <i>Environmental Entomology</i>. <b>26</b> (6): 1224–1231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fee%2F26.6.1224">10.1093/ee/26.6.1224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Entomology&rft.atitle=Grasshopper+%28Orthoptera%3A+Acrididae%29+Foraging+on+Grasshopper+Feces%3A+Observational+and+Rubidium-Labeling+Studies&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1224-1231&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fee%2F26.6.1224&rft.au=O%27Neill%2C+Kevin+M.&rft.au=Woods%2C+Stephen+A.&rft.au=Streett%2C+Douglas+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2012" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Lawrence Irwin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H9iXwIC_l3cC&pg=PA399"><i>Insect Molecular Biology and Biochemistry</i></a>. Academic Press. p. 399. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-384747-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-384747-8"><bdi>978-0-12-384747-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171127023308/https://books.google.com/books?id=H9iXwIC_l3cC&pg=PA399">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insect+Molecular+Biology+and+Biochemistry&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-12-384747-8&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+Irwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH9iXwIC_l3cC%26pg%3DPA399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinclair2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_A._Sinclair" title="David A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CSIRO+ScienceImage+1367+Locusts+attacked+by+the+fungus+Metarhizium&rft.pub=CSIRO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceimage.csiro.au%2Fimage%2F1367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Capinera-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Capinera_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Capinera_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Capinera_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Capinera, 2008. pp. 1229–1230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValovage,_W.D.Nelson,_D.R.1990" class="citation journal cs1">Valovage, W.D.; Nelson, D.R. (1990). "Host Range and Recorded Distribution of <i>Entomophaga grylli</i> (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales), a Fungal Pathogen of Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae), in North Dakota". <i>Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society</i>. <b>63</b> (3): 454–458. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25085205">25085205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Kansas+Entomological+Society&rft.atitle=Host+Range+and+Recorded+Distribution+of+Entomophaga+grylli+%28Zygomycetes%3A+Entomophthorales%29%2C+a+Fungal+Pathogen+of+Grasshoppers+%28Orthoptera%3A+Acrididae%29%2C+in+North+Dakota&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=454-458&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25085205%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Valovage%2C+W.D.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+D.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cott, pp. 25–26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogue,_C.L.1993" class="citation book cs1">Hogue, C.L. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3CTf8bnlndwC"><i>Latin American Insects and Entomology</i></a>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3CTf8bnlndwC/page/n178">167</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520078499" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520078499"><bdi>978-0520078499</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+American+Insects+and+Entomology&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0520078499&rft.au=Hogue%2C+C.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_3CTf8bnlndwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cott378-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cott378_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cott, p. 378</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cott, p. 291</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGovernMitchellKnisley1984" class="citation journal cs1">McGovern, George M.; Mitchell, Joseph C.; Knisley, C. Barry (1984). "Field Experiments on Prey Selection by the Whiptail Lizard, Cnemidophorus inornatus, in Arizona". <i>Journal of Herpetology</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 347–349. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1564093">10.2307/1564093</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1564093">1564093</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Herpetology&rft.atitle=Field+Experiments+on+Prey+Selection+by+the+Whiptail+Lizard%2C+Cnemidophorus+inornatus%2C+in+Arizona&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=347-349&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1564093&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1564093%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McGovern&rft.aufirst=George+M.&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Joseph+C.&rft.au=Knisley%2C+C.+Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHingston,_R.W.G.1927" class="citation journal cs1">Hingston, R.W.G. (1927). "The liquid-squirting habit of oriental grasshoppers". <i>Transactions of the Entomological Society of London</i>. <b>75</b>: 65–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2311.1927.tb00060.x">10.1111/j.1365-2311.1927.tb00060.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Entomological+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=The+liquid-squirting+habit+of+oriental+grasshoppers&rft.volume=75&rft.pages=65-69&rft.date=1927&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2311.1927.tb00060.x&rft.au=Hingston%2C+R.W.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/balthasar-van-der-ast-flowers-in-a-vase-with-shells-and-insects">"Flowers in a Vase with Shells and Insects"</a>. The National Gallery. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092300/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/balthasar-van-der-ast-flowers-in-a-vase-with-shells-and-insects">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flowers+in+a+Vase+with+Shells+and+Insects&rft.pub=The+National+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgallery.org.uk%2Fpaintings%2Fbalthasar-van-der-ast-flowers-in-a-vase-with-shells-and-insects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/rachel-ruysch-flowers-in-a-vase">"Flowers in a Vase"</a>. The National Gallery. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124951/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/rachel-ruysch-flowers-in-a-vase">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flowers+in+a+Vase&rft.pub=The+National+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgallery.org.uk%2Fpaintings%2Frachel-ruysch-flowers-in-a-vase&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/podcasts/the-national-gallery-podcast-episode-nineteen">"The National Gallery Podcast: Episode Nineteen"</a>. The National Gallery. May 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103240/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/podcasts/the-national-gallery-podcast-episode-nineteen">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2015</span>. <q>Betsy Wieseman: Well, there are two caterpillars that I can see. I particularly like the one right in the foreground that's just dangling from his thread and looking to land somewhere. It's this wonderful little suggestion of movement. There's a grasshopper on the table that looks about ready to spring to the other side and then nestled up between the rose and the peony is a wonderful spider and an ant on the petals of the rose.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+National+Gallery+Podcast%3A+Episode+Nineteen&rft.pub=The+National+Gallery&rft.date=2008-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgallery.org.uk%2Fpodcasts%2Fthe-national-gallery-podcast-episode-nineteen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Senn2007-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Senn2007_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenn,_Bryan2007" class="citation book cs1">Senn, Bryan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WJ6vBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109"><i>A Year of Fear: A Day-by-Day Guide to 366 Horror Films</i></a>. McFarland. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3196-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3196-0"><bdi>978-0-7864-3196-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171127023308/https://books.google.com/books?id=WJ6vBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Year+of+Fear%3A+A+Day-by-Day+Guide+to+366+Horror+Films&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3196-0&rft.au=Senn%2C+Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWJ6vBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParihar2014" class="citation web cs1">Parihar, Parth (4 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://princetonbuffer.princeton.edu/2014/01/04/a-bugs-life-colonial-allegory/">"A Bug's Life: Colonial Allegory"</a>. Princeton Buffer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402175749/https://princetonbuffer.princeton.edu/2014/01/04/a-bugs-life-colonial-allegory/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Bug%27s+Life%3A+Colonial+Allegory&rft.pub=Princeton+Buffer&rft.date=2014-01-04&rft.aulast=Parihar&rft.aufirst=Parth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprincetonbuffer.princeton.edu%2F2014%2F01%2F04%2Fa-bugs-life-colonial-allegory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hazard-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hazard_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hazard_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazard2000" class="citation book cs1">Hazard, Mary E. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wtFtcD-u6YoC&pg=PA9"><i>Elizabethan Silent Language</i></a>. University of Nebraska Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-2397-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-2397-8"><bdi>0-8032-2397-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171127023308/https://books.google.com/books?id=wtFtcD-u6YoC&pg=PA9">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2017. <q>research into Elizabethan wordplay reveals the proprietary nature of Gresham's grasshopper.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabethan+Silent+Language&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8032-2397-8&rft.aulast=Hazard&rft.aufirst=Mary+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwtFtcD-u6YoC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roche2005-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roche2005_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roche2005_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roche2005_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoche2005" class="citation book cs1">Roche, Paul (2005). <i>Aristophanes: The Complete Plays: A New Translation by Paul Roche</i>. New American Library. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-21409-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-451-21409-6"><bdi>978-0-451-21409-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aristophanes%3A+The+Complete+Plays%3A+A+New+Translation+by+Paul+Roche&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-451-21409-6&rft.aulast=Roche&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquities-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A_Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquities_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=fascinum-cn">A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Fascinum</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnell,_Tim1998" class="citation web cs1">Connell, Tim (9 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/books/the-citys-golden-grasshopper/163810.article">"The City's golden grasshopper"</a>. Times Higher Education Supplement. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161129085021/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/books/the-citys-golden-grasshopper/163810.article">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+City%27s+golden+grasshopper&rft.pub=Times+Higher+Education+Supplement&rft.date=1998-01-09&rft.au=Connell%2C+Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fbooks%2Fthe-citys-golden-grasshopper%2F163810.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klein-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klein_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klein_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2012" class="citation journal cs1">Klein, Barrett A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4553613">"The Curious Connection Between Insects and Dreams"</a>. <i>Insects</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 1–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Finsects3010001">10.3390/insects3010001</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4553613">4553613</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26467945">26467945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Insects&rft.atitle=The+Curious+Connection+Between+Insects+and+Dreams&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4553613%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26467945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Finsects3010001&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Barrett+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4553613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmanFrederichUyttenbroeckHatt2016" class="citation journal cs1">Aman, Paul; Frederich, Michel; Uyttenbroeck, Roel; Hatt, Séverin; Malik, Priyanka; Lebecque, Simon; Hamaidia, Malik; Miazek, Krystian; Goffin, Dorothée; Willems, Luc; Deleu, Magali; Fauconnier, Marie-Laure; Richel, Aurore; De Pauw, Edwin; Blecker, Christophe; Arnaud, Monty; Francis, Frédéric; Haubruge, Eric; Danthine, Sabine (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://popups.ulg.ac.be/1780-4507/index.php?id=12974">"Grasshoppers as a food source? A review"</a>. <i>Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement</i>. <b>20</b>: 337–352. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1370-6233">1370-6233</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160531110646/http://popups.ulg.ac.be/1780-4507/index.php?id=12974">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biotechnologie%2C+Agronomie%2C+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+et+Environnement&rft.atitle=Grasshoppers+as+a+food+source%3F+A+review&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=337-352&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=1370-6233&rft.aulast=Aman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Frederich%2C+Michel&rft.au=Uyttenbroeck%2C+Roel&rft.au=Hatt%2C+S%C3%A9verin&rft.au=Malik%2C+Priyanka&rft.au=Lebecque%2C+Simon&rft.au=Hamaidia%2C+Malik&rft.au=Miazek%2C+Krystian&rft.au=Goffin%2C+Doroth%C3%A9e&rft.au=Willems%2C+Luc&rft.au=Deleu%2C+Magali&rft.au=Fauconnier%2C+Marie-Laure&rft.au=Richel%2C+Aurore&rft.au=De+Pauw%2C+Edwin&rft.au=Blecker%2C+Christophe&rft.au=Arnaud%2C+Monty&rft.au=Francis%2C+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft.au=Haubruge%2C+Eric&rft.au=Danthine%2C+Sabine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpopups.ulg.ac.be%2F1780-4507%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D12974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy,_Diana2011" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Diana (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9j3iBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT754"><i>Oaxaca al Gusto: An Infinite Gastronomy</i></a>. University of Texas Press. p. 754. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77389-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77389-9"><bdi>978-0-292-77389-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171127023308/https://books.google.com/books?id=9j3iBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT754">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oaxaca+al+Gusto%3A+An+Infinite+Gastronomy&rft.pages=754&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-292-77389-9&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9j3iBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/china/beijing/restaurants/street-food-hawkers/donghuamen-night-market">"Dōnghuámén Night Market"</a>. Lonely Planet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150311091450/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/china/beijing/restaurants/street-food-hawkers/donghuamen-night-market">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2015</span>. <q>the bustling night market near Wangfujing Dajie is a veritable food zoo: lamb, beef and chicken skewers, corn on the cob, smelly dòufu (tofu), cicadas, grasshoppers, kidneys, quail eggs, snake, squid</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%C5%8Dnghu%C3%A1m%C3%A9n+Night+Market&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Fchina%2Fbeijing%2Frestaurants%2Fstreet-food-hawkers%2Fdonghuamen-night-market&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306121955/https://umkmjogja.com/product/walang-goreng-khas-gunung-kidul">"Walang Goreng Khas Gunung Kidul"</a> (in Indonesian). UMKM Jogja. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://umkmjogja.com/product/walang-goreng-khas-gunung-kidul">the original</a> on 6 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Walang+Goreng+Khas+Gunung+Kidul&rft.pub=UMKM+Jogja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fumkmjogja.com%2Fproduct%2Fwalang-goreng-khas-gunung-kidul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46357020">"The Ugandan love of grasshoppers - and how to harvest them"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+Ugandan+love+of+grasshoppers+-+and+how+to+harvest+them&rft.date=2018-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-46357020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Margolin-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Margolin_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargolinHarney2012" class="citation book cs1">Margolin, Malcolm; Harney, Michael (illus.) (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MjX3oUTYKnAC&pg=PT54"><i>The Ohlone Way: Indian Life in the San Francisco–Monterey Bay Area</i></a>. Heyday. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59714-219-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59714-219-9"><bdi>978-1-59714-219-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171127023307/https://books.google.com/books?id=MjX3oUTYKnAC&pg=PT54">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ohlone+Way%3A+Indian+Life+in+the+San+Francisco%E2%80%93Monterey+Bay+Area&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Heyday&rft.date=2012-10&rft.isbn=978-1-59714-219-9&rft.aulast=Margolin&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft.au=Harney%2C+Michael+%28illus.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMjX3oUTYKnAC%26pg%3DPT54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Mark#1:6" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Mark">Mark 1:6</a>; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#3:4" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 3:4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock" class="citation web cs1">Brock, Sebastian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924102311/http://www.sjc.ox.ac.uk/3763/John-the-Baptists-Diet.pdf.download">"St John the Baptist's diet – according to some early Eastern Christian sources"</a>. St John's College, Oxford. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sjc.ox.ac.uk/3763/John-the-Baptists-Diet.pdf.download">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St+John+the+Baptist%27s+diet+%E2%80%93+according+to+some+early+Eastern+Christian+sources&rft.pub=St+John%27s+College%2C+Oxford&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sjc.ox.ac.uk%2F3763%2FJohn-the-Baptists-Diet.pdf.download&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelhoffer2004" class="citation journal cs1">Kelhoffer, James A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-141403">"Did John the Baptist Eat Like a Former Essene? Locust-Eating in the Ancient Near East and at Qumran"</a>. <i>Dead Sea Discoveries</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 293–314. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1568517042643756">10.1163/1568517042643756</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4193332">4193332</a>. <q>There is no reason, however, to question the plausibility of Mark 1:6c, that John regularly ate these foods while in the wilderness.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dead+Sea+Discoveries&rft.atitle=Did+John+the+Baptist+Eat+Like+a+Former+Essene%3F+Locust-Eating+in+the+Ancient+Near+East+and+at+Qumran&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=293-314&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1568517042643756&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4193332%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kelhoffer&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.kb.se%2Fresolve%3Furn%3Durn%3Anbn%3Ase%3Auu%3Adiva-141403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Capinera1710-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Capinera1710_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Capinera1710_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Capinera, 2008. pp. 1710–1712</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/registration/fs_PC-117001_01-Oct-00.pdf">"<i>Nosema Locustae</i> (117001) Fact Sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. October 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817073223/https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/registration/fs_PC-117001_01-Oct-00.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nosema+Locustae+%28117001%29+Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=U.S.+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=2000-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww3.epa.gov%2Fpesticides%2Fchem_search%2Freg_actions%2Fregistration%2Ffs_PC-117001_01-Oct-00.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantwise.org/KnowledgeBank/Datasheet.aspx?dsid=38206">"Rice grasshopper (Oxya chinensis)"</a>. Plantwise. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525024556/http://www.plantwise.org/KnowledgeBank/Datasheet.aspx?dsid=38206">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Reshafim. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/bestiary/insects.htm">the original</a> on 1 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Insects&rft.pub=Reshafim&rft.date=2010-01&rft.aulast=Dollinger&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reshafim.org.il%2Fad%2Fegypt%2Fbestiary%2Finsects.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSopher1994" class="citation journal cs1">Sopher, H. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-15356444/somerset-maugham-s-the-ant-and-the-grasshopper">"Somerset Maugham's "The Ant and the Grasshopper": The Literary Implications of Its Multilayered Structure"</a>. <i>Studies in Short Fiction</i>. <b>31</b> (1 (Winter 1994)): 109–. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402151114/https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-15356444/somerset-maugham-s-the-ant-and-the-grasshopper">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Movie+Review%3A+The+Grasshopper+%281969%29&rft.date=1970-05-28&rft.aulast=Greenspun&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fmovie%2Freview%3Fres%3D9F0CE4DC1538EE34BC4051DFB366838B669EDE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.museumofflight.org_aeronca-l-3b-o-58b-grasshopper-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-www.museumofflight.org_aeronca-l-3b-o-58b-grasshopper_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.museumofflight.org_aeronca-l-3b-o-58b-grasshopper_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumofflight.org/aircraft/aeronca-l-3b-o-58b-grasshopper">"Aeronca L-3B Grasshopper"</a>. The Museum of Flight. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171123034005/http://www.museumofflight.org/aircraft/aeronca-l-3b-o-58b-grasshopper">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aeronca+L-3B+Grasshopper&rft.pub=The+Museum+of+Flight&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumofflight.org%2Faircraft%2Faeronca-l-3b-o-58b-grasshopper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen,_C._Peter" class="citation web cs1">Chen, C. Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww2db.com/aircraft_spec.php?aircraft_model_id=140">"L-4 Grasshopper"</a>. <i>World War II Database</i>. Lava Development. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525024409/http://ww2db.com/aircraft_spec.php?aircraft_model_id=140">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+War+II+Database&rft.atitle=L-4+Grasshopper&rft.au=Chen%2C+C.+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww2db.com%2Faircraft_spec.php%3Faircraft_model_id%3D140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=332">"Piper L-4 Grasshopper Light Observation Aircraft (1941)"</a>. Military Factory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170101103311/http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=332">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Piper+L-4+Grasshopper+Light+Observation+Aircraft+%281941%29&rft.pub=Military+Factory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.militaryfactory.com%2Faircraft%2Fdetail.asp%3Faircraft_id%3D332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley1982" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, T.E. (1982). <i>The Beam Engine</i>. Senecio. pp. 95–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906831-02-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-906831-02-4"><bdi>0-906831-02-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beam+Engine&rft.pages=95-96&rft.pub=Senecio&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-906831-02-4&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=T.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animatedengines.com/grasshopper.html">"Grasshopper Beam Engine"</a>. Animated Engines. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161210091100/http://www.animatedengines.com/grasshopper.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grasshopper+Beam+Engine&rft.pub=Animated+Engines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animatedengines.com%2Fgrasshopper.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickinson,_H.W.1939" class="citation book cs1">Dickinson, H.W. (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qQU6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA108"><i>A short history of the steam engine</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+the+steam+engine&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1939&rft.au=Dickinson%2C+H.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqQU6AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grasshopper&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapinera,_John_L.2008" class="citation book cs1">Capinera, John L., ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC&pg=PA1710"><i>Encyclopedia of Entomology</i></a> (2nd ed.). Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6242-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6242-1"><bdi>978-1-4020-6242-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Entomology&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-6242-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di9ITMiiohVQC%26pg%3DPA1710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman,_R._F.Simpson,_Stephen_J.Douglas,_Angela_E.2013" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, R. F.; Simpson, Stephen J.; Douglas, Angela E. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NXJEi8fo7CkC&pg=PA163"><i>The Insects: Structure and Function</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11389-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11389-2"><bdi>978-0-521-11389-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Insects%3A+Structure+and+Function&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-521-11389-2&rft.au=Chapman%2C+R.+F.&rft.au=Simpson%2C+Stephen+J.&rft.au=Douglas%2C+Angela+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNXJEi8fo7CkC%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCott,_Hugh1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_B._Cott" title="Hugh B. Cott">Cott, Hugh</a> (1940). <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Coloration_in_Animals" title="Adaptive Coloration in Animals"><i>Adaptive Coloration in Animals</i></a>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adaptive+Coloration+in+Animals&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1940&rft.au=Cott%2C+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfadt,_Robert_E.1994" class="citation book cs1">Pfadt, Robert E. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zimx6Q9y1CMC"><i>Field Guide to Common Western Grasshoppers</i></a> (2nd ed.). Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Guide+to+Common+Western+Grasshoppers&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wyoming+Agricultural+Experiment+Station&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Pfadt%2C+Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzimx6Q9y1CMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrasshopper" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grasshopper&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Caelifera" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Caelifera">Caelifera</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Grasshoppers" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Grasshoppers">Grasshoppers</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Caelifera" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Caelifera">Caelifera</a> at Wikispecies</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/grasshopper" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:grasshopper"><i>grasshopper</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orthoptera" title="Template:Orthoptera"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orthoptera" title="Template talk:Orthoptera"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orthoptera" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orthoptera"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_Orthoptera_families" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Orthoptera" title="Orthoptera">Orthoptera</a> families</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insecta</a></li> <li>Subclass: <a href="/wiki/Pterygota" title="Pterygota">Pterygota</a></li> <li>Infraclass: <a href="/wiki/Neoptera" title="Neoptera">Neoptera</a></li> <li>Superorder: <a href="/wiki/Orthopterida" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopterida">Orthopterida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Ensifera" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Ensifera" title="Ensifera">Ensifera</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.15em"><a href="/wiki/Grylloidea" title="Grylloidea">Grylloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_(insect)" title="Cricket (insect)">Gryllidae <small>(crickets)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogoplistidae" title="Mogoplistidae">Mogoplistidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oecanthidae" title="Oecanthidae">Oecanthidae <small>(tree crickets and allies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalangopsidae" title="Phalangopsidae">Phalangopsidae <small>(spider and beetle crickets)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigonidiidae" title="Trigonidiidae">Trigonidiidae <small>(sword-tailed and wood crickets)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.15em"><a href="/wiki/Gryllotalpoidea" title="Gryllotalpoidea">Gryllotalpoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gryllotalpidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gryllotalpidae">Gryllotalpidae <small>(mole crickets)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant_cricket" title="Ant cricket">Myrmecophilidae <small>(ant crickets)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.15em"><a href="/wiki/Hagloidea" title="Hagloidea">Hagloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophalangopsidae" title="Prophalangopsidae">Prophalangopsidae <small>(grigs)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.15em"><a href="/wiki/Rhaphidophoridae" title="Rhaphidophoridae">Rhaphidophoroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhaphidophoridae" title="Rhaphidophoridae">Rhaphidophoridae <small>(cave and camel crickets; cave wetas)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.15em"><a href="/wiki/Schizodactyloidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Schizodactyloidea">Schizodactyloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schizodactylidae" title="Schizodactylidae">Schizodactylidae <small>(dune crickets or splay-footed crickets)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.15em"><a href="/wiki/Stenopelmatoidea" title="Stenopelmatoidea">Stenopelmatoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anostostomatidae" title="Anostostomatidae">Anostostomatidae <small>(wetas, king crickets)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooloola_(insect)" title="Cooloola (insect)">Cooloolidae <small>(Cooloola monster and relatives)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gryllacrididae" title="Gryllacrididae">Gryllacrididae <small>(leaf-rolling crickets)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenopelmatidae" title="Stenopelmatidae">Stenopelmatidae <small>(Jerusalem crickets)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.15em"><a href="/wiki/Tettigoniidae" title="Tettigoniidae">Tettigonioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tettigoniidae" title="Tettigoniidae">Tettigoniidae <small>(katydids, bush-crickets or long-horned grasshoppers)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Caelifera" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Caelifera" title="Caelifera">Caelifera</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Acrididea" title="Acrididea">Acrididea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Acridoidea" title="Acridoidea">Acridoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrididae" title="Acrididae">Acrididae <small>(grasshoppers, locusts)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dericorythidae" title="Dericorythidae">Dericorythidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lathiceridae" title="Lathiceridae">Lathiceridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentulidae" title="Lentulidae">Lentulidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithidiidae" title="Lithidiidae">Lithidiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ommexechidae" title="Ommexechidae">Ommexechidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphagidae" title="Pamphagidae">Pamphagidae <small>(toad grasshoppers)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphagodidae" title="Pamphagodidae">Pamphagodidae</a> (synonym <a href="/wiki/Charilaidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Charilaidae">Charilaidae</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrgacrididae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrgacrididae">Pyrgacrididae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaleidae" title="Romaleidae">Romaleidae <small>(lubber grasshoppers)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristiridae" title="Tristiridae">Tristiridae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Eumastacoidea" title="Eumastacoidea">Eumastacoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chorotypidae" title="Chorotypidae">Chorotypidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episactidae" title="Episactidae">Episactidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumastacidae" title="Eumastacidae">Eumastacidae <small>(monkey grasshoppers or matchstick grasshoppers)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euschmidtiidae" title="Euschmidtiidae">Euschmidtiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastacideidae" title="Mastacideidae">Mastacideidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morabidae" title="Morabidae">Morabidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proscopiidae" title="Proscopiidae">Proscopiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thericleidae" title="Thericleidae">Thericleidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Pneumoroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumoroidea">Pneumoroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumoridae" title="Pneumoridae">Pneumoridae <small>(bladder grasshoppers)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Pyrgomorphidae" title="Pyrgomorphidae">Pyrgomorphoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrgomorphidae" title="Pyrgomorphidae">Pyrgomorphidae <small>(gaudy grasshoppers)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Tanaoceroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanaoceroidea">Tanaoceroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanaoceridae" title="Tanaoceridae">Tanaoceridae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Tetrigidae" title="Tetrigidae">Tetrigoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrigidae" title="Tetrigidae">Tetrigidae <small>(grouse locusts, pygmy locusts or groundhoppers)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Trigonopterygoidea" title="Trigonopterygoidea">Trigonopterygoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trigonopterygidae" title="Trigonopterygidae">Trigonopterygidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyronotidae" title="Xyronotidae">Xyronotidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Tridactylidea" title="Tridactylidea">Tridactylidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Tridactyloidea" title="Tridactyloidea">Tridactyloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandgroper_(insect)" title="Sandgroper (insect)">Cylindrachetidae <small>(sandgropers)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripipterygidae" title="Ripipterygidae">Ripipterygidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridactylidae" title="Tridactylidae">Tridactylidae <small>(pygmy mole crickets)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_interactions_with_insects" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Insects_in_culture" title="Template:Insects in culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Insects_in_culture" title="Template talk:Insects in culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Insects_in_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Insects in culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_interactions_with_insects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_interactions_with_insects" title="Human interactions with insects">Human interactions with insects</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects<br />of <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a><br />in culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_art" title="Insects in art">Insects in art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beetlewing" title="Beetlewing">Beetlewing</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musca_depicta" title="Musca depicta">Musca depicta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropods_in_film" title="Arthropods in film">Arthropods in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_literature" title="Insects in literature">Insects in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_music" title="Insects in music">Insects in music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_insect-inspired_songs" title="List of insect-inspired songs">List of insect-inspired songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_on_stamps" title="Insects on stamps">Insects on stamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In fishing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">Fishing bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">Fly fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_fly" title="Artificial fly">Artificial fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_tying" title="Fly tying">Fly tying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_medicine" title="Insects in medicine">In medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apitherapy" title="Apitherapy">Apitherapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apitoxin" title="Apitoxin">Apitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melittin" title="Melittin">Melittin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lytta_vesicatoria" title="Lytta vesicatoria">Spanish fly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantharidin" title="Cantharidin">Cantharidin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_mythology" title="Insects in mythology">In mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bees_in_mythology" title="Bees in mythology">Bees in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicadas_in_mythology" title="Cicadas in mythology">Cicadas in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">Scarab (artifact)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomimetics" title="Biomimetics">Biomimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockroach_racing" title="Cockroach racing">Cockroach racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockroaches_in_popular_culture" title="Cockroaches in popular culture">Cockroaches in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_fighting" title="Cricket fighting">Cricket fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomological_warfare" title="Entomological warfare">Entomological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flea_circus" title="Flea circus">Flea circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_ethics" title="Insects in ethics">Insects in ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_religion" title="Insects in religion">Insects in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingzhe" title="Jingzhe">Jingzhe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_entomology" title="Economic entomology">Economic<br />entomology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneficial_insect" title="Beneficial insect">Beneficial insect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">Biological pest control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">Beekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bee_pollen" title="Bee pollen">Bee pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crop_plants_pollinated_by_bees" title="List of crop plants pollinated by bees">List of crop plants pollinated by bees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">Beeswax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis">Propolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">Royal jelly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmine" title="Carmine">Carmine/Cochineal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cochineal" title="Polish cochineal">Polish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">Chitin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">Kermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">Sericulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)#Insects" title="Pest (organism)">Harmful<br />insects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insect_bites_and_stings" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect bites and stings">Insect bites and stings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_sting_allergy" title="Insect sting allergy">Insect sting allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_bug" title="Bed bug">Bed bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworm" title="Woodworm">Woodworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-stored_product_entomology" title="Home-stored product entomology">Home-stored product entomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_moth" title="Clothes moth">Clothes moth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Jan Swammerdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Fabre" title="Jean-Henri Fabre">Jean-Henri Fabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Zinsser" title="Hans Zinsser">Hans Zinsser</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Rats,_Lice_and_History" title="Rats, Lice and History">Rats, Lice and History</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Lafcadio Hearn</a> (<i>Insect Literature</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concerns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bees_and_toxic_chemicals" title="Bees and toxic chemicals">Bees and toxic chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_insects" 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