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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Butler_and_the_veterans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Butler_and_the_veterans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Butler and the veterans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Butler_and_the_veterans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reaction_to_Roosevelt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaction_to_Roosevelt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Reaction to Roosevelt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaction_to_Roosevelt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-McCormack–Dickstein_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#McCormack–Dickstein_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> 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id="toc-1933-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1934" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1934"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>1934</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1934-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Committee_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Committee_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Committee reports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Committee_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporaneous_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporaneous_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Contemporaneous reaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporaneous_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later reactions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_reactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later reactions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prescott_Bush" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prescott_Bush"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Prescott Bush</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prescott_Bush-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Film adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%89%D1%83_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Бизнес заговор срещу Франклин Рузвелт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бизнес заговор срещу Франклин Рузвелт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Plot" title="Business Plot – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Business Plot" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Plot" title="Business Plot – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Business Plot" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Plot" title="Business Plot – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Business Plot" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%A6%88%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%A4_%ED%94%8C%EB%A1%AF" title="비즈니스 플롯 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비즈니스 플롯" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Plot" title="Business Plot – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Business Plot" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Plot" title="Business Plot – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Business Plot" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_business_plot" title="The business plot – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="The business plot" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1933 plan to overthrow the U.S. government</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Business_Plot" title="Special:EditPage/Business Plot">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Business+Plot%22">"Business Plot"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Business+Plot%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Business+Plot%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Business+Plot%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Business+Plot%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Business+Plot%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brigadier_General_Smedley_Butler,_1927_(14773211711).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Brigadier_General_Smedley_Butler%2C_1927_%2814773211711%29.jpg/220px-Brigadier_General_Smedley_Butler%2C_1927_%2814773211711%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Brigadier_General_Smedley_Butler%2C_1927_%2814773211711%29.jpg/330px-Brigadier_General_Smedley_Butler%2C_1927_%2814773211711%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Brigadier_General_Smedley_Butler%2C_1927_%2814773211711%29.jpg/440px-Brigadier_General_Smedley_Butler%2C_1927_%2814773211711%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1741" data-file-height="2328" /></a><figcaption>The plot planned to install retired Major General <a href="/wiki/Smedley_Butler" title="Smedley Butler">Smedley Butler</a> as dictator of the United States.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Business Plot</b>, also called the <b>Wall Street Putsch</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <b>White House Putsch</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Political_conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Political conspiracy">political conspiracy</a> in 1933, in the United States, to overthrow the government of President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and install <a href="/wiki/Smedley_Butler" title="Smedley Butler">Smedley Butler</a> as dictator.<sup id="cite_ref-TG-20220111_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TG-20220111-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WP-20210113_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-20210113-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Butler, a retired Marine Corps major general, testified under oath that wealthy businessmen were plotting to create a <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> veterans' organization with him as its leader and use it in a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> to overthrow Roosevelt. In 1934, Butler testified under oath before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> <a href="/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee#McCormack–Dickstein_Committee_(1934–1937)" title="House Un-American Activities Committee">Special Committee on Un-American Activities</a> (the "<a href="/wiki/John_William_McCormack" class="mw-redirect" title="John William McCormack">McCormack</a>–<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dickstein_(congressman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Dickstein (congressman)">Dickstein</a> Committee") on these revelations.<sup id="cite_ref-Schlesinger,_p._85_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlesinger,_p._85-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although no one was prosecuted, the congressional committee final report said, "there is no question that these attempts were discussed, were planned, and might have been placed in execution when and if the financial backers deemed it expedient." </p><p>Early in the committee's gathering of testimony most major news media dismissed the plot, with a <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a></i> editorial characterizing it as a "gigantic hoax".<sup id="cite_ref-nyt112234_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt112234-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the committee's final report was released, the <i>Times</i> said the committee "purported to report that a two-month investigation had convinced it that General Butler's story of a Fascist march on Washington was alarmingly true" and "... also alleged that definite proof had been found that the much publicized Fascist march on Washington, which was to have been led by Major Gen. Smedley D. Butler, retired, according to testimony at a hearing, was actually contemplated".<sup id="cite_ref-time_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The individuals involved all denied the existence of a plot. </p><p>While historians have questioned whether a coup was actually close to execution, most agree that some sort of "wild scheme" was contemplated and discussed.<sup id="cite_ref-burk_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schmidt226_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmidt226-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fox_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schlesinger83_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schlesinger83-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business_Plot&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Butler_and_the_veterans">Butler and the veterans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business_Plot&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Butler and the veterans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bonus_Army" title="Bonus Army">Bonus Army</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evictbonusarmy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Evictbonusarmy.jpg/260px-Evictbonusarmy.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Evictbonusarmy.jpg/390px-Evictbonusarmy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Evictbonusarmy.jpg/520px-Evictbonusarmy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1418" data-file-height="1083" /></a><figcaption>Shacks erected by the <a href="/wiki/Bonus_Army" title="Bonus Army">Bonus Army</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Anacostia" title="Anacostia">Anacostia</a> flats burning after being set on fire by the US military (1932)</figcaption></figure> <p>On July 17, 1932, thousands of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> veterans converged on <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, set up tent camps, and demanded immediate payment of bonuses due to them according to the <a href="/wiki/World_War_Adjusted_Compensation_Act" title="World War Adjusted Compensation Act">World War Adjusted Compensation Act</a> of 1924 (which made certain bonuses initially due no earlier than 1925 and all no later than 1945). <a href="/wiki/Walter_W._Waters" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter W. Waters">Walter W. Waters</a>, a former Army <a href="/wiki/Sergeant" title="Sergeant">sergeant</a>, led this "<a href="/wiki/Bonus_Army" title="Bonus Army">Bonus Army</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was encouraged by an appearance from retired Marine Corps Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Smedley_Butler" title="Smedley Butler">Smedley Butler</a>, a popular military figure of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few days after Butler's arrival, President <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> ordered the marchers removed and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> troops under the command of Gen. <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> destroyed their camps.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Butler, although a self-described <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>, responded by supporting <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932 US presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-support_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-support-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1933, Butler started denouncing <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and bankers, going on to explain that for 33 years he had been a "high-class muscle man" for Wall Street, the bankers and big business, labeling himself as a "racketeer for Capitalism".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reaction_to_Roosevelt">Reaction to Roosevelt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business_Plot&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reaction to Roosevelt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roosevelt's election was upsetting for many conservative businessmen of the time, as his "campaign promise that the government would provide jobs for all the unemployed had the reverse effect of creating a new wave of unemployment by businessmen frightened by fears of socialism and reckless government spending".<sup id="cite_ref-power_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-power-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some writers have said concerns over the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> were also involved; <a href="/wiki/Jules_Archer" title="Jules Archer">Jules Archer</a>, in <i>The Plot to Seize the White House</i>, wrote that with the end of the gold standard, "conservative financiers were horrified. They viewed a currency not solidly backed by gold as <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflationary</a>, undermining both private and business fortunes and leading to national bankruptcy. Roosevelt was damned as a socialist or Communist out to destroy private enterprise by sapping the gold backing of wealth in order to subsidize the poor."<sup id="cite_ref-Jules_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jules-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="McCormack–Dickstein_Committee"><span id="McCormack.E2.80.93Dickstein_Committee"></span>McCormack–Dickstein Committee</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business_Plot&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: McCormack–Dickstein Committee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The McCormack–Dickstein Committee began examining evidence of an alleged plot on November 20, 1934. On November 24, the committee released a statement detailing the testimony it had heard and its preliminary findings. On February 15, 1935, the committee submitted its final report to the House of Representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-plotx_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plotx-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the committee hearings, Butler testified that Gerald C. MacGuire attempted to recruit him to lead a coup, promising him an army of 500,000 men for a march on <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and financial backing. Butler testified that the pretext for the coup would be that the president's health was failing.<sup id="cite_ref-archerquote_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archerquote-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Butler's support for Roosevelt in the election<sup id="cite_ref-support_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-support-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his reputation as a strong critic of capitalism,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Butler said the plotters felt his good reputation and popularity were vital in attracting support amongst the general public and saw him as easier to manipulate than others. Given a successful coup, Butler said that the plan was for him to have held near-absolute power in the newly created position of "Secretary of General Affairs", while Roosevelt would have assumed a <a href="/wiki/Figurehead" title="Figurehead">figurehead</a> role.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those implicated in the plot by Butler all denied any involvement. MacGuire was the only figure identified by Butler who testified before the committee. Others whom Butler accused were not called to testify because the "committee has had no evidence before it that would in the slightest degree warrant calling before it such men ... The committee will not take cognizance of names brought into testimony which constitute mere hearsay."<sup id="cite_ref-page1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-page1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the final day of the committee,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> January 29, 1935, <a href="/wiki/John_L._Spivak" title="John L. Spivak">John L. Spivak</a> published the first of two articles in the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist</a> magazine <i><a href="/wiki/New_Masses" title="New Masses">New Masses</a></i>, revealing portions of testimony to the committee that had been redacted as hearsay. Spivak argued that the plot was part of a plan by <a href="/wiki/J._P._Morgan_Jr." title="J. P. Morgan Jr.">J. P. Morgan</a> and other financiers who were coordinating with fascist groups to overthrow Roosevelt.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian Hans Schmidt concludes that while Spivak made a cogent argument for taking the suppressed testimony seriously, he embellished his article with his "overblown" claims regarding Jewish financiers, which Schmidt dismisses as <a href="/wiki/Guilt_by_association" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilt by association">guilt by association</a> not supported by the evidence of the Butler-MacGuire conversations themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt229_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt229-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 25, 1935, MacGuire died in a hospital in <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>, at the age of 36. His attending doctor at the hospital attributed the death to <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> and its complications, but also said that the accusations against MacGuire had led to his weakened condition and collapse which in turn led to the pneumonia.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Butler's_testimony_in_detail"><span id="Butler.27s_testimony_in_detail"></span>Butler's testimony in detail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business_Plot&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Butler's testimony in detail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Universal_Newsreel_-_Gen._Butler_bares_%22plot%22_by_fascists.ogv/220px--Universal_Newsreel_-_Gen._Butler_bares_%22plot%22_by_fascists.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="86" data-mwtitle="Universal_Newsreel_-_Gen._Butler_bares_"plot"_by_fascists.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Universal_Newsreel_-_Gen._Butler_bares_%22plot%22_by_fascists.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/Universal_Newsreel_-_Gen._Butler_bares_%22plot%22_by_fascists.ogv/Universal_Newsreel_-_Gen._Butler_bares_%22plot%22_by_fascists.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Universal_Newsreel_-_Gen._Butler_bares_%22plot%22_by_fascists.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/Universal_Newsreel_-_Gen._Butler_bares_%22plot%22_by_fascists.ogv/Universal_Newsreel_-_Gen._Butler_bares_%22plot%22_by_fascists.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/Universal_Newsreel_-_Gen._Butler_bares_%22plot%22_by_fascists.ogv/Universal_Newsreel_-_Gen._Butler_bares_%22plot%22_by_fascists.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/Universal_Newsreel_-_Gen._Butler_bares_%22plot%22_by_fascists.ogv/Universal_Newsreel_-_Gen._Butler_bares_%22plot%22_by_fascists.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUniversal_Newsreel_-_Gen._Butler_bares_%22plot%22_by_fascists.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>1935 newsreel footage of Smedley Butler describing his 1934 congressional committee testimony and views towards the alleged 1933 plot</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1933">1933</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business_Plot&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1933"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On July 1, 1933, Butler met with MacGuire and Bill Doyle for the first time. MacGuire was a $100-a-week bond salesman for Wall Street banking firm <a href="/wiki/Grayson_M._P._Murphy" title="Grayson M. P. Murphy">Grayson Murphy & Company</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-record_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-record-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a member of the Connecticut <a href="/wiki/American_Legion" title="American Legion">American Legion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ArcherP6_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArcherP6-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doyle was commander of the Massachusetts American Legion.<sup id="cite_ref-ArcherP6_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArcherP6-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Butler stated that he was asked to run for National Commander of the <a href="/wiki/American_Legion" title="American Legion">American Legion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 3 or 4, Butler held a second meeting with MacGuire and Doyle. He stated that they offered to get hundreds of supporters at the American Legion convention to ask for a speech.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MacGuire left a typewritten speech with Butler that they proposed he read at the convention. "It urged the American Legion convention to adopt a resolution calling for the United States to return to the gold standard, so that when veterans were paid the bonus promised to them, the money they received would not be worthless paper."<sup id="cite_ref-Jules_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jules-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inclusion of this demand further increased Butler's suspicion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Around August 1, MacGuire visited Butler alone. Butler stated that MacGuire told him <a href="/wiki/Grayson_M._P._Murphy" title="Grayson M. P. Murphy">Grayson Murphy</a> underwrote the formation of the American Legion in New York, and Butler told MacGuire that the American Legion was "nothing but a <a href="/wiki/Strikebreaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Strikebreaking">strikebreaking</a> outfit."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Butler never saw Doyle again.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On September 24,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MacGuire visited Butler's hotel room in <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late September Butler met with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sterling_Clark" title="Robert Sterling Clark">Robert Sterling Clark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clark was an art collector and an heir to the <a href="/wiki/Singer_Corporation" title="Singer Corporation">Singer Corporation</a> fortune.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Archer,_p._14_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archer,_p._14-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MacGuire had known Clark when Clark was a second lieutenant in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a>, where he had been nicknamed "the millionaire lieutenant".<sup id="cite_ref-Archer,_p._14_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archer,_p._14-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1934">1934</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business_Plot&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1934"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the first half of 1934, MacGuire traveled to Europe and mailed postcards to Butler.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 6, MacGuire wrote Clark and Clark's attorney a letter describing the <a href="/wiki/Croix-de-Feu" title="Croix-de-Feu">Croix-de-Feu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a nationalist French league of the Interwar period.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On August 22, Butler met MacGuire at a hotel, the last time Butler met him.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Butler's account, it was on this occasion that MacGuire asked Butler to run a new veterans' organization and lead a coup attempt against the President.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On September 13, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Comly_French" title="Paul Comly French">Paul Comly French</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">reporter</a> who had once been Butler's personal secretary,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> met MacGuire in his office.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late September, Butler told <a href="/wiki/Veterans_of_Foreign_Wars" title="Veterans of Foreign Wars">Veterans of Foreign Wars</a> (VFW) commander <a href="/wiki/James_E._Van_Zandt" title="James E. Van Zandt">James E. Van Zandt</a> that co-conspirators would be meeting him at an upcoming Veterans of Foreign Wars convention.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On November 20 the committee began examining evidence. French broke the story in the <i><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Record">Philadelphia Record</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i> on November 21.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 22, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> wrote its first article on the story and described it as a "gigantic hoax".<sup id="cite_ref-nyt112234_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt112234-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schmidt224_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmidt224-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Committee_reports">Committee reports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business_Plot&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Committee reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Congressional committee preliminary report of November 24, 1934 said: </p> <blockquote><p>This committee has had no evidence before it that would in the slightest degree warrant calling before it such men as <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a>, Gen. <a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson" title="Hugh S. Johnson">Hugh Johnson</a>, General <a href="/wiki/James_Harbord" title="James Harbord">Harbord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Lamont" title="Thomas W. Lamont">Thomas W. Lamont</a>, Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_Sims" title="William Sims">Sims</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hanford_MacNider" title="Hanford MacNider">Hanford MacNider</a>. </p><p>The committee will not take cognizance of names brought into the testimony which constitute mere hearsay. </p><p>This committee is not concerned with premature newspaper accounts especially when given and published prior to the taking of the testimony. </p><p> As the result of information which has been in possession of this committee for some time, it was decided to hear the story of Maj. Gen. Smedley D. Butler and such others as might have knowledge germane to the issue. ...</p></blockquote> <p>The congressional committee final report, released on February 15, 1935, said: </p> <blockquote><p>In the last few weeks of the committee's official life it received evidence showing that certain persons had made an attempt to establish a fascist organization in this country. No evidence was presented and this committee had none to show a connection between this effort and any fascist activity of any European country. There is no question that these attempts were discussed, were planned, and might have been placed in execution when and if the financial backers deemed it expedient. </p><p>This committee received evidence from Maj. Gen Smedley D. Butler (retired), twice decorated by the Congress of the United States. He testified before the committee as to conversations with one Gerald C. MacGuire in which the latter is alleged to have suggested the formation of a fascist army under the leadership of General Butler. </p><p> MacGuire denied these allegations under oath, but your committee was able to verify all the pertinent statements made by General Butler, with the exception of the direct statement suggesting the creation of the organization. This, however, was corroborated in the correspondence of MacGuire with his principal, Robert Sterling Clark, of New York City, while MacGuire was abroad studying the various forms of veterans organizations of Fascist character.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporaneous_reaction">Contemporaneous reaction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business_Plot&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Contemporaneous reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On November 21, 1934, one day into the committee gathering testimony, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> ran an article with the headline, "Gen. Butler Bares 'Fascist Plot' To Seize Government by Force; Says Bond Salesman, as Representative of Wall St. Group, Asked Him to Lead Army of 500,000 in March on Capital – Those Named Make Angry Denials – Dickstein Gets Charge".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Record" title="The Philadelphia Record">The Philadelphia Record</a></i> also reported on the story on November 21 and 22, 1934.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A November 22, 1934, <i>New York Times</i> editorial published just two days into committee testimony dismissed Butler's story as "a gigantic hoax" and a "bald and unconvincing narrative."<sup id="cite_ref-nyt112234_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt112234-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schmidt224_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmidt224-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine reported on December 3, 1934, that the committee "alleged that definite proof had been found that the much publicized Fascist march on Washington, which was to have been led by Maj. Gen. Smedley D. Butler, retired, according to testimony at a hearing, was actually contemplated".<sup id="cite_ref-time_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thomas W. Lamont of <a href="/wiki/J.P._Morgan_%26_Co." title="J.P. Morgan & Co.">J.P. Morgan & Co.</a> called it "perfect moonshine."<sup id="cite_ref-schmidt224_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmidt224-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> Gen. Douglas MacArthur, alleged to be the back-up leader if Butler declined, referred to it as "the best laugh story of the year."<sup id="cite_ref-schmidt224_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmidt224-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By February 16, 1935, one day after the committee had released its final report, <i>The New York Times</i> had changed its tone, running on page one the headline: "Asks Laws To Curb Foreign Agitators; Committee In Report To House Attacks Nazis As The Chief Propagandists In Nation. State Department Acts Checks Activities Of An Italian Consul – Plan For March On Capital Is Held Proved." The article stated, "It also alleged that definite proof had been found that the much publicized Fascist march on Washington, which was to have been led by Major. Gen. Smedley D. Butler, retired, according to testimony at a hearing, was actually contemplated. The committee recalled testimony by General Butler, saying he had testified that Gerald C. MacGuire had tried to persuade him to accept the leadership of a Fascist army."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Separately, VFW commander <a href="/wiki/James_E._Van_Zandt" title="James E. Van Zandt">James E. Van Zandt</a> stated to the press, "Less than two months" after Gen. Butler warned him, "he had been approached by 'agents of Wall Street' to lead a Fascist dictatorship in the United States under the guise of a 'Veterans Organization'."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_reactions">Later reactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business_Plot&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Later reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>-winning historian <a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.</a> said in 1958, "Most people agreed with Mayor <a href="/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia">La Guardia</a> of New York in dismissing it as a 'cocktail putsch'".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Schlesinger's summation of the affair in 1958, "No doubt, MacGuire did have some wild scheme in mind, though the gap between contemplation and execution was considerable, and it can hardly be supposed that the Republic was in much danger."<sup id="cite_ref-schlesinger83_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schlesinger83-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian Robert F. Burk wrote, "At their core, the accusations probably consisted of a mixture of actual attempts at influence peddling by a small core of financiers with ties to veterans organizations and the self-serving accusations of Butler against the enemies of his pacifist and populist causes."<sup id="cite_ref-burk_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian Hans Schmidt wrote, "Even if Butler was telling the truth, as there seems little reason to doubt, there remains the unfathomable problem of MacGuire's motives and veracity. He may have been working both ends against the middle, as Butler at one point suspected. In any case, MacGuire emerged from the HUAC hearings as an inconsequential trickster whose base dealings could not possibly be taken alone as verifying such a momentous undertaking. If he was acting as an intermediary in a genuine probe, or as agent provocateur sent to fool Butler, his employers were at least clever enough to keep their distance and see to it that he self-destructed on the witness stand."<sup id="cite_ref-schmidt226_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmidt226-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prescott_Bush">Prescott Bush</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business_Plot&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Prescott Bush"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 2007, a BBC investigation reported that <a href="/wiki/Prescott_Bush" title="Prescott Bush">Prescott Bush</a>, father of U.S. President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> and grandfather of then-president <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, was to have been a "key liaison" between the 1933 Business Plotters and the newly emerged <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi regime in Germany</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this has been disputed by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_M._Katz" title="Jonathan M. Katz">Jonathan Katz</a> as a misconception caused by a clerical research error.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Katz, "Prescott Bush was too involved with the actual <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazis</a> to be involved with something that was so home grown as the Business Plot."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_adaptations">Film adaptations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business_Plot&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Film adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Angels_(1976_TV_series)" title="City of Angels (1976 TV series)">City of Angels</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Cannell" title="Stephen J. Cannell">Stephen J. Cannell</a>’s 1976 television detective series set in 1930s Los Angeles, featured a three-part pilot (later released separately on VHS and DVD), "The November Plan," loosely based on the Business Plot.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Business Plot inspired the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Comedy_mystery" class="mw-redirect" title="Comedy mystery">comedy mystery</a> film, <i><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_(2022_film)" title="Amsterdam (2022 film)">Amsterdam</a></i>, written and directed by American filmmaker <a href="/wiki/David_O._Russell" title="David O. Russell">David O. Russell</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Christian_Bale" title="Christian Bale">Christian Bale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margot_Robbie" title="Margot Robbie">Margot Robbie</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_David_Washington" title="John David Washington">John David Washington</a> as a trio of protagonists who uncover the conspiracy and prevent it from materializing.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Gil Dillenbeck, played by Robert De Niro, is based on Major General Smedley Butler. During the end of the film, a clip of Dillenbeck speaking before the congressional committee is played alongside footage of Butler's actual testimony, revealing it to be the same speech.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business_Plot&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coups_and_coup_attempts_by_country#United_States" title="List of coups and coup attempts by country">List of coups and coup attempts by country § United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business_Plot&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business_Plot&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2012/02/12/145472726/when-the-bankers-plotted-to-overthrow-fdr">"When The Bankers Plotted To Overthrow FDR"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/All_Things_Considered" title="All Things Considered">All Things Considered</a>. 12 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=When+The+Bankers+Plotted+To+Overthrow+FDR&rft.date=2012-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2012%2F02%2F12%2F145472726%2Fwhen-the-bankers-plotted-to-overthrow-fdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness+Plot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TG-20220111-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TG-20220111_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenton2022" class="citation news cs1">Denton, Sally (11 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/jan/11/trump-fdr-roosevelt-coup-attempt-1930s">"Why is so little known about the 1930s coup attempt against FDR?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Why+is+so+little+known+about+the+1930s+coup+attempt+against+FDR%3F&rft.date=2022-01-11&rft.aulast=Denton&rft.aufirst=Sally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2022%2Fjan%2F11%2Ftrump-fdr-roosevelt-coup-attempt-1930s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness+Plot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WP-20210113-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WP-20210113_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockell2021" class="citation news cs1">Brockell, Gillian (13 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2021/01/13/fdr-roosevelt-coup-business-plot/">"Wealthy bankers and businessmen plotted to overthrow FDR. A retired general foiled it"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Wealthy+bankers+and+businessmen+plotted+to+overthrow+FDR.+A+retired+general+foiled+it.&rft.date=2021-01-13&rft.aulast=Brockell&rft.aufirst=Gillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fhistory%2F2021%2F01%2F13%2Ffdr-roosevelt-coup-business-plot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness+Plot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schlesinger,_p._85-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schlesinger,_p._85_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schlesinger, p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt112234-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt112234_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt112234_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt112234_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1934/11/22/archives/credulity-unlimited.html">"Credulity Unlimited"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Vol. LXXXIV, no. 28061 (Late City ed.). 22 November 1934. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Credulity+Unlimited&rft.volume=LXXXIV&rft.issue=28061&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1934-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1934%2F11%2F22%2Farchives%2Fcredulity-unlimited.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness+Plot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-time-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-time_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-time_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livejournal.com/users/bailey83221/47109.html">"Plot Without Plotters"</a>. <i>Time magazine</i>. 3 December 1934.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+magazine&rft.atitle=Plot+Without+Plotters&rft.date=1934-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livejournal.com%2Fusers%2Fbailey83221%2F47109.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness+Plot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burk-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-burk_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burk_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurk1990" class="citation book cs1">Burk, Robert F. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/corporatestatet00burk"><i>The Corporate State and the Broker State: The Du Ponts and American National Politics, 1925–1940</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-17272-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-17272-8"><bdi>0-674-17272-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Corporate+State+and+the+Broker+State%3A+The+Du+Ponts+and+American+National+Politics%2C+1925%E2%80%931940&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-674-17272-8&rft.aulast=Burk&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcorporatestatet00burk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness+Plot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schmidt226-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schmidt226_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schmidt226_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidt p. 226, 228, 229, 230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fox-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fox_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2007" class="citation book cs1">Fox (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/clarksofcooperst00webe"><i>The Clarks of Cooperstown</i></a>. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26347-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26347-6"><bdi>978-0-307-26347-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clarks+of+Cooperstown&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-307-26347-6&rft.au=Fox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclarksofcooperst00webe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness+Plot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schlesinger83-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schlesinger83_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schlesinger83_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schlesinger, p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Archer">Archer (2007) [1973]</a>, pp. 3—5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-support-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-support_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-support_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidt, p. 219 <span style="font-size:87%;">"Declaring himself a "Hoover-for-Ex-President <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>," Smedley used the bonus issue and the army's use of gas in routing the "Bonus Expeditionary Force" – recalling infamous gas warfare during the Great War – to disparage Hoover during the <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932 general elections</a>. He came out for the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> "despite the fact that my family for generations has been Republican," and shared the platform when Republican <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Sen.</a> <a href="/wiki/George_W._Norris" title="George W. Norris">George W. Norris</a> opened a coast-to-coast stump for FDR in Philadelphia. ... Butler was pleased with the election results that saw Hoover defeated; although he admitted that he had exerted himself in the campaign more "to get rid of Hoover than to put in Roosevelt," and to "square a debt." FDR, his old <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> ally, was a "nice fellow" and might make a good president, but Smedley did not expect much influence in the new administration."</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smedley D. Butler, <i><a href="/wiki/War_is_a_Racket" class="mw-redirect" title="War is a Racket">War is a Racket</a></i> (Los Angeles: Feral House, 1935, 2003), 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-power-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-power_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_L._Bernstein2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Bernstein" title="Peter L. Bernstein">Peter L. Bernstein</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/powerofgoldhisto00bern"><i>The Power of Gold: the history of an obsession</i></a></span>. New York: John Wiley & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Gold%3A+the+history+of+an+obsession&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Peter+L.+Bernstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpowerofgoldhisto00bern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness+Plot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jules-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jules_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jules_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJules_Archer1973" class="citation book cs1">Jules Archer (1973). <i>The Plot to Seize the White House: The Shocking True Story of the Conspiracy to Overthrow FDR</i>. Skyhorse Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Plot+to+Seize+the+White+House%3A+The+Shocking+True+Story+of+the+Conspiracy+to+Overthrow+FDR&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.date=1973&rft.au=Jules+Archer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness+Plot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plotx-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-plotx_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archer, p. x <i>(Foreword)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archerquote-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-archerquote_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archer, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidt, p. 231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger2003" class="citation book cs1">Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. (2003). <i>The politics of upheaval, 1935–1936</i> (1st Mariner books ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-34087-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-34087-4"><bdi>0-618-34087-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+upheaval%2C+1935%E2%80%931936&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=1st+Mariner+books&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-618-34087-4&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Arthur+M.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness+Plot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-page1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-page1_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Public Statement on Preliminary findings of HUAC, November 24, 1934, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archer, p. 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpivak1935" class="citation news cs1">Spivak, John L. (29 January 1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/new-masses/1935/v14n05-jan-29-1935-NM.pdf">"Wall Street's Fascist Conspiracy: Testimony that the Dickstein Committee Suppressed"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>New Masses</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Masses&rft.atitle=Wall+Street%27s+Fascist+Conspiracy%3A+Testimony+that+the+Dickstein+Committee+Suppressed&rft.date=1935-01-29&rft.aulast=Spivak&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fhistory%2Fusa%2Fpubs%2Fnew-masses%2F1935%2Fv14n05-jan-29-1935-NM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness+Plot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidt229-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt229_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidt, p. 229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1935/03/26/archives/gc-mguire-dies-accused-of-plot-was-named-as-leading-wall-st-move-to.html">G.C. M'Guire Dies; Accused of 'Plot'</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> (March 26, 1935) (subscription). An image of the article is also accessible down the page <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imgur.com/gallery/ryG41">here</a>. Retrieved July 27, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidt, p. 224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-record-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-record_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCormack%E2%80%93Dickstein_Committee#Testimony_of_Gerald_C._Macguire" class="extiw" title="s:McCormack–Dickstein Committee">s:McCormack–Dickstein Committee#Testimony of Gerald C. Macguire</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArcherP6-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ArcherP6_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArcherP6_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Archer, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCormack%E2%80%93Dickstein_Committee#Testimony_of_Gerald_C._Macguire" class="extiw" title="s:McCormack–Dickstein Committee">Wikisource: McCormack–Dickstein Committee report, testimony of Gerald C. MacGuire</a> This was consistent with MacGuire's testimony: "You are a past department commander in the American Legion?" "No, sir; never held an office in the American Legion, I have just been a Legionnaire – oh, I beg your pardon. I did hold one office. I was on the distinguished guest committee of the Legion in 1933, I believe."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCormack%E2%80%93Dickstein_Committee#Page_1" class="extiw" title="s:McCormack–Dickstein Committee">Wikisource: McCormack–Dickstein Committee report, p. 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCormack%E2%80%93Dickstein_Committee#Doyle_and_MacGuire's_second_visit" class="extiw" title="s:McCormack–Dickstein Committee">Wikisource: McCormack–Dickstein Committee report (Doyle and MacGuire's second visit)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCormack%E2%80%93Dickstein_Committee#Third_visit_with_MacGuire" class="extiw" title="s:McCormack–Dickstein Committee">Wikisource: McCormack–Dickstein Committee report (Third visit with MacGuire)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archer, p. 178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCormack%E2%80%93Dickstein_Committee#Page_20" class="extiw" title="s:McCormack–Dickstein Committee">Wikisource: McCormack–Dickstein Committee report, p. 20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCormack%E2%80%93Dickstein_Committee#Meeting_in_hotel" class="extiw" title="s:McCormack–Dickstein Committee">Wikisource: McCormack–Dickstein Committee report (Meeting in hotel)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCormack%E2%80%93Dickstein_Committee#Meeting_with_Clark" class="extiw" title="s:McCormack–Dickstein Committee">Wikisource: McCormack–Dickstein Committee report (Meeting with Clark)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidt, pp. 239, 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archer,_p._14-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Archer,_p._14_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archer,_p._14_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Archer, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCormack%E2%80%93Dickstein_Committee#Page_3" class="extiw" title="s:McCormack–Dickstein Committee">Wikisource: McCormack–Dickstein Committee report, p. 3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCormack%E2%80%93Dickstein_Committee#Page_10" class="extiw" title="s:McCormack–Dickstein Committee">Wikisource: McCormack–Dickstein Committee report, p. 10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archer, p. 153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCormack%E2%80%93Dickstein_Committee#Page_3" class="extiw" title="s:McCormack–Dickstein Committee">Wikisource: McCormack–Dickstein Committee report, p. 3</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCormack%E2%80%93Dickstein_Committee#Page_20" class="extiw" title="s:McCormack–Dickstein Committee">p. 20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mennonite Church Historical Archives <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcusa-archives.org/Archives/scannedphotos/Mennonite%20Central%20Committee,%201920-%20(IX)/Civilian%20Public%20Service%20(CPS)%20Photos,%201941-47%20(IX-13-2-2)/General,%20Paul%20C%20French%20(1-2a)/French,%20Paul%20Comly%20-%200D2%20-%201944.pdf">Paul French Biographical Information</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604000410/http://www.mcusa-archives.org/Archives/scannedphotos/Mennonite%20Central%20Committee%2C%201920-%20%28IX%29/Civilian%20Public%20Service%20%28CPS%29%20Photos%2C%201941-47%20%28IX-13-2-2%29/General%2C%20Paul%20C%20French%20%281-2a%29/French%2C%20Paul%20Comly%20-%200D2%20-%201944.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-06-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCormack%E2%80%93Dickstein_Committee#Page_5" class="extiw" title="s:McCormack–Dickstein Committee">Wikisource: McCormack–Dickstein Committee report, p. 5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archer, p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schmidt224-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schmidt224_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schmidt224_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schmidt224_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schmidt224_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt1998" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Hans (1998). <i>Maverick Marine</i> (reprint, illustrated ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-0957-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-0957-4"><bdi>0-8131-0957-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maverick+Marine&rft.pages=224&rft.edition=reprint%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8131-0957-4&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness+Plot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fara.us/assets/htmldocuments/uploads/24383_h._rep._no._74-153_1935.pdf">74th Congress House of Representatives Report, pursuant to House Resolution No. 198</a>, 73d Congress, February 15, 1935. Quoted in: George Seldes, <i>1000 Americans</i> (1947), pp. 290–92. See also Schmidt, p. 245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Gen. Butler Bares 'Fascist Plot' To Seize Government by Force; Says Bond Salesman, as Representative of Wall St. Group, Asked Him to Lead Army of 500,000 in March on Capital – Those Named Make Angry Denials – Dickstein Gets Charge". <i>The New York Times</i>: 1. 21 November 1934.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gen.+Butler+Bares+%27Fascist+Plot%27+To+Seize+Government+by+Force%3B+Says+Bond+Salesman%2C+as+Representative+of+Wall+St.+Group%2C+Asked+Him+to+Lead+Army+of+500%2C000+in+March+on+Capital+%E2%80%93+Those+Named+Make+Angry+Denials+%E2%80%93+Dickstein+Gets+Charge&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1934-11-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness+Plot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1935/02/16/archives/asks-laws-to-curb-foreign-agitators-committee-in-report-to-house.html">"Asks Laws to Curb Foreign Agitators; Committee in Report to House Attacks Nazis as the Chief Propagandists in Nation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Vol. LXXXIV, no. 28147 (Late City ed.). 16 February 1935. pp. 1, 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Asks+Laws+to+Curb+Foreign+Agitators%3B+Committee+in+Report+to+House+Attacks+Nazis+as+the+Chief+Propagandists+in+Nation.&rft.volume=LXXXIV&rft.issue=28147&rft.pages=1%2C+4&rft.date=1935-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1935%2F02%2F16%2Farchives%2Fasks-laws-to-curb-foreign-agitators-committee-in-report-to-house.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness+Plot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schlesinger, p 85; Wolfe, Part IV: "But James E. Van Zandt, national commander of the Veterans of Foreign Wars and subsequently a Republican congressman, corroborated Butler's story and said that he, too, had been approached by "agents of Wall Street". "Zandt had been called immediately after the August 22 meeting with MacGuire by Butler and warned that...he was going to be approached by the coup plotters for his support at an upcoming VFW convention. He said that, just as Butler had warned, he had been approached "by agents of Wall Street" who tried to enlist him in their plot."<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061020014333/http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/68822.html">"Says Butler Described. Offer"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>: 3. 23 November 1934. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/68822.html">the original</a> on 20 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Says+Butler+Described.+Offer.&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1934-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbailey83221.livejournal.com%2F68822.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness+Plot" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Quoted material from the NYT</i><br />Schmidt, p. 224: "But James E. Van Zandt, national commander of the Veterans of Foreign Wars and subsequently a Republican congressman, corroborated Butler's story and said that he, too, had been approached by "agents of Wall Street."<br />Archer, pp. 3, 5, 29, 32, 129, 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfe, Part IV: "New York's Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia,..  a (supporter) of the fascist program of Mussolini, coined the term <i>cocktail putsch</i> to describe the Butler story: It's a joke of some kind, he told the wire services, "someone at a party had suggested the idea to the ex-marine as a joke."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorton2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Horton, Scott (28 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harpers.org/blog/2007/07/1934-the-plot-against-america/">"1934: The Plot Against America"</a>. <i>Harper's Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2022</span>. <q>A not-to-miss program on the BBC this morning... The Congressional committee kept the names of many of the participants under wraps and no criminal action was ever brought against them. But a few names have leaked out. And one is Prescott Bush, the grandfather of the incumbent president. Prescott Bush was of course deep into the business of the Hamburg-America Lines, and had tight relations throughout this period with the new Government that had come to power in Germany a year earlier under Chancellor Aldoph Hitler. It appears that Bush was to have formed a key liaison for the group with the new German government.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harper%27s+Magazine&rft.atitle=1934%3A+The+Plot+Against+America&rft.date=2007-07-28&rft.aulast=Horton&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fharpers.org%2Fblog%2F2007%2F07%2F1934-the-plot-against-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness+Plot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.democracynow.org/2022/1/26/jonathan_katz_book_gangsters_of_capitalism">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Gangsters of Capitalism": Jonathan Katz on the Parallels Between Jan. 6 and 1934 Anti-FDR Coup Plot"</a>. <i>Democracy Now!</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Democracy+Now%21&rft.atitle=%22Gangsters+of+Capitalism%22%3A+Jonathan+Katz+on+the+Parallels+Between+Jan.+6+and+1934+Anti-FDR+Coup+Plot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2022%2F1%2F26%2Fjonathan_katz_book_gangsters_of_capitalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness+Plot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.democracynow.org/2022/1/26/jonathan_katz_book_gangsters_of_capitalism">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Gangsters of Capitalism": Jonathan Katz on the Parallels Between Jan. 6 and 1934 Anti-FDR Coup Plot"</a>. <i>Democracy Now!</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democracy+Now%21&rft.atitle=%E2%80%9CGangsters+of+Capitalism%E2%80%9D%3A+Jonathan+Katz+on+the+Parallels+Between+Jan.+6+and+1934+Anti-FDR+Coup+Plot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2022%2F1%2F26%2Fjonathan_katz_book_gangsters_of_capitalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness+Plot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mysteryfile.com/blog/?p=16580">"Michael Shonk, "City of Angels" (review), Mystery File [blog], April 12, 2012"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Shonk%2C+%22City+of+Angels%22+%28review%29%2C+Mystery+File+%5Bblog%5D%2C+April+12%2C+2012.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmysteryfile.com%2Fblog%2F%3Fp%3D16580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness+Plot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollin2022" class="citation news cs1">Collin, Robbie (29 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/amsterdam-review-margot-robbie-christian-bales-star-power-cant/">"Amsterdam, review: Margot Robbie's star power can't save this tangled comic thriller"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Amsterdam%2C+review%3A+Margot+Robbie%27s+star+power+can%27t+save+this+tangled+comic+thriller&rft.date=2022-09-29&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Collin&rft.aufirst=Robbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffilms%2F0%2Famsterdam-review-margot-robbie-christian-bales-star-power-cant%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness+Plot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DAM-fjGIaIg">"General Gilbert Dillenbeck and Major General Smedley Butler"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>. 2 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=General+Gilbert+Dillenbeck+and+Major+General+Smedley+Butler&rft.date=2023-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DDAM-fjGIaIg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness+Plot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business_Plot&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCormack–Dickstein_Committee"><i>The McCormack Dickstein Committee</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+McCormack+Dickstein+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FMcCormack%E2%80%93Dickstein_Committee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness+Plot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Archer" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Archer, Jules (2007) [1973]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060211190309/http://clubhousewreckards.com/plot/plottoseizethewhitehouse.htm"><i>The Plot to Seize the White House</i></a>. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1602390362" title="Special:BookSources/978-1602390362"><bdi>978-1602390362</bdi></a>. Archived from the original on 11 February 2006. <q>Book Information and Chapter</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Plot+to+Seize+the+White+House&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1602390362&rft.aulast=Archer&rft.aufirst=Jules&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clubhousewreckards.com%2Fplot%2Fplottoseizethewhitehouse.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness+Plot" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/491493">online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenton2012" class="citation book cs1">Denton, Sally (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/plotsagainstpres0000dent"><i>The Plots Against the President: FDR, A Nation in Crisis, and the Rise of the American Right</i></a>. Bloomsbury Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1608190898" title="Special:BookSources/978-1608190898"><bdi>978-1608190898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Plots+Against+the+President%3A+FDR%2C+A+Nation+in+Crisis%2C+and+the+Rise+of+the+American+Right&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1608190898&rft.aulast=Denton&rft.aufirst=Sally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplotsagainstpres0000dent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness+Plot" class="Z3988"></span> Interview of the author and an excerpt are available at NPR's "When The Bankers Plotted To Overthrow FDR" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2012/02/12/145472726/when-the-bankers-plotted-to-overthrow-fdr.html">here</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeran1999" class="citation journal cs1">Feran, Tim (12 February 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130116084218/http://store.aetv.com/html/search/index.jhtml?search=The+Plot+to+Overthrow+FDR&itemType=All&x=15&y=10">"History Channel Looks At Plot to Oust FDR"</a>. <i>Columbus Dispatch (Ohio)</i>: 1H. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://store.aetv.com/html/search/index.jhtml?search=The+Plot+to+Overthrow+FDR&itemType=All&x=15&y=10">the original</a> on 16 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbus+Dispatch+%28Ohio%29&rft.atitle=History+Channel+Looks+At+Plot+to+Oust+FDR&rft.pages=1H&rft.date=1999-02-12&rft.aulast=Feran&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstore.aetv.com%2Fhtml%2Fsearch%2Findex.jhtml%3Fsearch%3DThe%2BPlot%2Bto%2BOverthrow%2BFDR%26itemType%3DAll%26x%3D15%26y%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness+Plot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger_Jr.1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.">Schlesinger Jr., Arthur M.</a> (1958). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsofupheav0000schl"><i>The Politics of Upheaval: 1935–1936, The Age of Roosevelt, Volume III (The Age of Roosevelt)</i></a></span>. Mariner Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0618340874" title="Special:BookSources/0618340874"><bdi>0618340874</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Upheaval%3A+1935%E2%80%931936%2C+The+Age+of+Roosevelt%2C+Volume+III+%28The+Age+of+Roosevelt%29&rft.pub=Mariner+Books&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=0618340874&rft.aulast=Schlesinger+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Arthur+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticsofupheav0000schl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness+Plot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt1998" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Hans (1998). <i>Maverick Marine: General Smedley D. Butler and the Contradictions of American Military History</i>. University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813109574" title="Special:BookSources/0813109574"><bdi>0813109574</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maverick+Marine%3A+General+Smedley+D.+Butler+and+the+Contradictions+of+American+Military+History&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0813109574&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness+Plot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeldes1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Seldes" title="George Seldes">Seldes, George</a> (1947). <i>1000 Americans: The Real Rulers of the U.S.A</i>. Boni & Gaer. pp. <span class="nowrap">292–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000ANE968">B000ANE968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1000+Americans%3A+The+Real+Rulers+of+the+U.S.A.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E292-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.pub=Boni+%26+Gaer&rft.date=1947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000ANE968%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Seldes&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness+Plot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpivak1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_L._Spivak" title="John L. Spivak">Spivak, John L.</a> (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maninhistime00spiv"><i>A Man in His Time</i></a></span>. Horizon Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">294–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007DMOCW">B0007DMOCW</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Man+in+His+Time&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E294-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.pub=Horizon+Press&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0007DMOCW%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Spivak&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaninhistime00spiv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness+Plot" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business_Plot&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2005" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, Cecil (18 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080821154015/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/051118.html">"Oh, Smedley: Was there really a fascist plot to overthrow the United States government?"</a>. <i>The Straight Dope</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straightdope.com/columns/051118.html">the original</a> on 21 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straight+Dope&rft.atitle=Oh%2C+Smedley%3A+Was+there+really+a+fascist+plot+to+overthrow+the+United+States+government%3F&rft.date=2005-11-18&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Cecil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straightdope.com%2Fcolumns%2F051118.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness+Plot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>U.S. House of Representatives, Special Committee on Un-American Activities, Public Statement, 73rd Congress, 2nd session, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1934) <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCormack%E2%80%93Dickstein_Committee#Public_Statement_on_Preliminary_findings_of_HUAC,_November_24,_1934" class="extiw" title="s:McCormack–Dickstein Committee">s:McCormack–Dickstein Committee#Public Statement on Preliminary findings of HUAC, November 24, 1934</a></li> <li>U.S. House of Representatives, Special Committee on Un-American Activities, Investigation of Nazi Propaganda Activities and Investigation of Certain Other Propaganda Activities, Hearings 73-D.C.-6, Part 1, 73rd Congress, 2nd session, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1935).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpivak1935" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_L._Spivak" title="John L. Spivak">Spivak, John L.</a> (January–February 1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coat.ncf.ca/our_magazine/links/53/spivak-NewMasses.pdf">"Wall Street's Fascist Conspiracy: Testimony that the Dickstein MacCormack Committee Suppressed; Wall Street's Fascist Conspiracy: Morgan Pulls the Strings"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>New Masses</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Masses&rft.atitle=Wall+Street%27s+Fascist+Conspiracy%3A+Testimony+that+the+Dickstein+MacCormack+Committee+Suppressed%3B+Wall+Street%27s+Fascist+Conspiracy%3A+Morgan+Pulls+the+Strings&rft.date=1935-01%2F1935-02&rft.aulast=Spivak&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoat.ncf.ca%2Four_magazine%2Flinks%2F53%2Fspivak-NewMasses.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness+Plot" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Business_Plot&oldid=1273741062">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Business_Plot&oldid=1273741062</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1933" title="Category:Conflicts in 1933">Conflicts in 1933</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1933_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1933 in the United States">1933 in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Political history of the United States">Political history of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Category:Presidency of Franklin D. 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