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[o]" accesskey="o"> Meld aan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering">leer meer</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Bydraes</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n">Bespreking</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div 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id="toc-Topografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Topografie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klimaat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klimaat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Klimaat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klimaat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federale_deelgebiede" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federale_deelgebiede"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Federale deelgebiede </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federale_deelgebiede-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regering_en_politiek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regering_en_politiek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Regering en politiek </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regering_en_politiek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buitelandse_betrekkinge_en_die_weermag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buitelandse_betrekkinge_en_die_weermag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Buitelandse betrekkinge en die weermag </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Buitelandse_betrekkinge_en_die_weermag-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Wissel Buitelandse betrekkinge en die weermag subafdeling </button> <ul id="toc-Buitelandse_betrekkinge_en_die_weermag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Weermag_en_verdedigingsuitgawes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weermag_en_verdedigingsuitgawes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Weermag en verdedigingsuitgawes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weermag_en_verdedigingsuitgawes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rusland_op_pad_na_'n_post-westerse_wêreld" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rusland_op_pad_na_'n_post-westerse_wêreld"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Rusland op pad na 'n post-westerse wêreld </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rusland_op_pad_na_'n_post-westerse_wêreld-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veranderende_beleid_teenoor_Oekraïne_en_die_Weste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veranderende_beleid_teenoor_Oekraïne_en_die_Weste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Veranderende beleid teenoor Oekraïne en die Weste </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veranderende_beleid_teenoor_Oekraïne_en_die_Weste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Ekonomie </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ekonomie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Wissel Ekonomie subafdeling </button> <ul id="toc-Ekonomie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ekonomiese_ontwikkeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomiese_ontwikkeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Ekonomiese ontwikkeling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekonomiese_ontwikkeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landbou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landbou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Landbou </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landbou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buitelandse_handel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buitelandse_handel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Buitelandse handel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buitelandse_handel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buitelandse_beleggings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buitelandse_beleggings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Buitelandse beleggings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buitelandse_beleggings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Huidige_ekonomiese_hoofsektore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Huidige_ekonomiese_hoofsektore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Huidige ekonomiese hoofsektore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Huidige_ekonomiese_hoofsektore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomiese_ontwikkeling_in_die_vroeë_21ste_eeu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomiese_ontwikkeling_in_die_vroeë_21ste_eeu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Ekonomiese ontwikkeling in die vroeë 21ste eeu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekonomiese_ontwikkeling_in_die_vroeë_21ste_eeu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dalende_olieprys_en_Korona-krisis_in_2020" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dalende_olieprys_en_Korona-krisis_in_2020"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Dalende olieprys en Korona-krisis in 2020 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dalende_olieprys_en_Korona-krisis_in_2020-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bevolking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bevolking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Bevolking </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bevolking-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Wissel Bevolking subafdeling </button> <ul id="toc-Bevolking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-'n_Multi-etniese_samelewing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#'n_Multi-etniese_samelewing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 'n Multi-etniese samelewing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-'n_Multi-etniese_samelewing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etnonieme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etnonieme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Etnonieme </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etnonieme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bevolkingsdigtheid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bevolkingsdigtheid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Bevolkingsdigtheid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bevolkingsdigtheid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigrasie_en_emigrasie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigrasie_en_emigrasie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Immigrasie en emigrasie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigrasie_en_emigrasie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verstedeliking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verstedeliking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Verstedeliking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verstedeliking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Geskiedenis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Wissel Geskiedenis subafdeling </button> <ul id="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vroeë_periode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vroeë_periode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Vroeë periode </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vroeë_periode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kiëf-Roes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kiëf-Roes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Kiëf-Roes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kiëf-Roes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moskowië_en_die_eerste_tsare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moskowië_en_die_eerste_tsare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Moskowië en die eerste tsare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moskowië_en_die_eerste_tsare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keiserlike_Rusland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keiserlike_Rusland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Keiserlike Rusland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keiserlike_Rusland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sowjet-Rusland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sowjet-Rusland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Sowjet-Rusland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sowjet-Rusland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russiese_Federasie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russiese_Federasie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Russiese Federasie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russiese_Federasie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Taal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Godsdiens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Godsdiens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Godsdiens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Godsdiens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kultuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kultuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Kultuur </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kultuur-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Wissel Kultuur subafdeling </button> <ul id="toc-Kultuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Klassieke_musiek_en_ballet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klassieke_musiek_en_ballet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Klassieke musiek en ballet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klassieke_musiek_en_ballet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letterkunde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letterkunde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Letterkunde </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letterkunde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rolprente" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rolprente"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Rolprente </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rolprente-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beeldende_kuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beeldende_kuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Beeldende kuns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beeldende_kuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mediabedryf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mediabedryf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Mediabedryf </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mediabedryf-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Wissel Mediabedryf subafdeling </button> <ul id="toc-Mediabedryf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medialandskap_en_vryheid_van_mening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medialandskap_en_vryheid_van_mening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Medialandskap en vryheid van mening </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medialandskap_en_vryheid_van_mening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_nasionale_agentskap_Roskomnadsor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_nasionale_agentskap_Roskomnadsor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Die nasionale agentskap Roskomnadsor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_nasionale_agentskap_Roskomnadsor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_onder_beheer_van_die_staat,_energiereuse_en_oligarge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_onder_beheer_van_die_staat,_energiereuse_en_oligarge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Media onder beheer van die staat, energiereuse en oligarge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_onder_beheer_van_die_staat,_energiereuse_en_oligarge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toegang_tot_die_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toegang_tot_die_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Toegang tot die media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toegang_tot_die_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sien_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sien_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Sien ook </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sien_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Verwysings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verdere_leeswerk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verdere_leeswerk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Verdere leeswerk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verdere_leeswerk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Eksterne skakels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Wissel die inhoudsopgawe </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Rusland</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 320 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-320" aria-hidden="true" > 320 tale </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Урыстәыла – Abkasies" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Урыстәыла" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkasies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Atsjenees" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Atsjenees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Урысые – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Урысые" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – Switserse Duits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Россия – Suid-Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Россия" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Suid-Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Алтай тил</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A9%E1%88%B2%E1%8B%AB" title="ሩሲያ – Amharies" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሩሲያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharies" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%E1%BB%8D%E1%B9%A3ia" title="Rọṣia – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Rọṣia" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="रूस – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रूस" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="روسيا – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روسيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%A3%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܪܘܣܝܐ – Aramees" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܪܘܣܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramees" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="روسيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="روسيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="روسيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روسيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ৰাছিয়া – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰাছিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russie" title="Russie – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Russie" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Россия – Avaries" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Россия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaries" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossia" title="Rossia – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Rossia" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="रूस – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="रूस" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiya" title="Rusiya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Rusiya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiya" title="Rusiya – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rusiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87" title="روسیه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="روسیه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D3%99%D1%81%D3%99%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Рәсәй Федерацияһы – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рәсәй Федерацияһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Balinees" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ros%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Rosėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Rosėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusya" title="Rusya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Rusya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Расія – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Расія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Расея – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Расея" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslan" title="Ruslan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Ruslan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Русия – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Русия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="रूस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रूस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasia" title="Rasia – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Rasia" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ရသျားခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ရသျားခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risila" title="Risila – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Risila" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="রাশিয়া – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাশিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨུ་རུ་སུ། – Tibettaans" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨུ་རུ་སུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibettaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="রাশিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="রাশিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusija" title="Rusija – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rusija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%98%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%95" title="ᨑᨘᨔᨗᨕ – Buginees" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨑᨘᨔᨗᨕ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Оросой холбоото улас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Оросой холбоото улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAssia" title="Rússia – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rússia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B2%CC%A4-l%C3%B2%CC%A4-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86" title="Ngò̤-lò̤-sṳ̆ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ngò̤-lò̤-sṳ̆" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Росси – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Росси" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusya" title="Rusya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Rusya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%B2%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A2" title="ᏲᏂᎢ – Cherokees" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏲᏂᎢ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokees" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Cheyennees" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyennees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ڕووسیا – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕووسیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Korsikaans" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiye" title="Rusiye – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Rusiye" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusko" title="Rusko – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rusko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk%C3%B4" title="Ruskô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Ruskô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%A1%D1%81%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Рѡсїꙗ – Kerkslawies" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Рѡсїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Kerkslawies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%C3%A7%C3%A7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9%C4%95" title="Раççей Федерацийĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Раççей Федерацийĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwsia" title="Rwsia – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rwsia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rusland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruccia" title="Ruccia – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Ruccia" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusya" title="Rusya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Rusya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusojska" title="Rusojska – Benedesorbies" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Rusojska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Benedesorbies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="रूस – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="रूस" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%83%DE%AB%DE%90%DE%A9%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%B0" title="ރޫސީވިލާތް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ރޫސީވިލާތް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%93" title="ར་ཤི་ཡཱན་ཕེ་ཌི་རེ་ཤཱན – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ར་ཤི་ཡཱན་ཕེ་ཌི་རེ་ཤཱན" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ρωσία – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρωσία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossia" title="Rossia – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Rossia" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusio" title="Rusio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rusio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venemaa" title="Venemaa – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Venemaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errusia" title="Errusia – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errusia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87" title="روسیه – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روسیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosiya" title="Roosiya – Fulah" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Roosiya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fulah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4" title="Venäjä – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venäjä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinnemaa" title="Vinnemaa – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Vinnemaa" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Fidjiaans" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fidjiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – Faroëes" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroëes" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russie" title="Russie – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Russie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslun" title="Ruslun – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ruslun" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russie" title="Russie – Friuliaans" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Russie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusl%C3%A2n" title="Ruslân – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ruslân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_R%C3%BAis" title="An Rúis – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Rúis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiya" title="Rusiya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Rusiya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" title="俄羅斯 – Gan-Sjinees" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="俄羅斯" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risi" title="Risi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Risi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ruis" title="An Ruis – Skotse Gallies" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Ruis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Skotse Gallies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87" title="رۊسيه – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="رۊسيه" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rr%C3%BAsia" title="Rrúsia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Rrúsia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="रूस – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="रूस" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – Goties" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Goties" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="રશિયા – Goedjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રશિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Goedjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Roosh" title="Yn Roosh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Roosh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasha" title="Rasha – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Rasha" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B2-l%C3%B2-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%82" title="Ngò-lò-sṳ̂ – Hakka-Sjinees" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngò-lò-sṳ̂" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%ABsia" title="Rūsia – Hawais" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Rūsia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94" title="רוסיה – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוסיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="रूस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रूस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusija" title="Rusija – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rusija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska" title="Ruska – Oppersorbies" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Ruska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Oppersorbies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risi" title="Risi – Haïtiaans" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Risi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroszorsz%C3%A1g" title="Oroszország – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oroszország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ռուսաստան – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուսաստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ռուսիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ռուսիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Ibanees" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Ibanees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpaghara_Russia" title="Mpaghara Russia – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mpaghara Russia" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruusiq_(nuna)" title="Uruusiq (nuna) – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Uruusiq (nuna)" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Эрсече – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Эрсече" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAssland" title="Rússland – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rússland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%85%E1%93%9B%E1%93%B4" title="ᐅᓛᓴ – Inoektitoet" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐅᓛᓴ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inoektitoet" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2" title="ロシア – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロシア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosha" title="Rosha – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Rosha" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/rukygu%27e" title="rukygu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="rukygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslan" title="Ruslan – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ruslan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="რუსეთი – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუსეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossiya" title="Rossiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Rossiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusya" title="Rusya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Rusya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Урысей – Kabardiaans" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Урысей" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruusii" title="Ruusii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ruusii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roshya" title="Roshya – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Roshya" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Kongolees" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongolees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racia" title="Racia – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Racia" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Ресей – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ресей" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8" title="រុស្ស៊ី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រុស្ស៊ី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE" title="ರಷ್ಯಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಷ್ಯಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84" title="러시아 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러시아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Рочму – Komi-Permyaks" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Рочму" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyaks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Россия Федерация – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Россия Федерация" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%97%D8%B3" title="روٗس – Kasjmirs" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="روٗس" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kasjmirs" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – Keuls" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Keuls" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BBsya" title="Rûsya – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rûsya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Рочму – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Рочму" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russi" title="Russi – Kornies" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Russi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Орусия – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Орусия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Аьрасат – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Аьрасат" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Урусат – Lezghies" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Урусат" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwasha" title="Rwasha – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Rwasha" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3slandj" title="Róslandj – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Róslandj" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B9scia" title="Rùscia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Rùscia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruscia" title="Ruscia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ruscia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCssia" title="Rüssia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Rüssia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%C3%AD" title="Rusí – Lingaals" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Rusí" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingaals" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%8D" title="ປະເທດລັດເຊຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດລັດເຊຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusija" title="Rusija – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rusija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C4%ABveja" title="Krīveja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Krīveja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krievija" title="Krievija – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krievija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Madurees" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="रूस – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="रूस" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Россия мастор – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Россия мастор" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosia" title="Rosia – Malgassies" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Rosia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgassies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Россий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Россий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%ABhia" title="Rūhia – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rūhia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Minangkabaus" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabaus" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Русија – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Русија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="റഷ്യ – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റഷ്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Орос – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Орос" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯔꯁꯤꯌꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯔꯁꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC" title="ရုရှာ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ရုရှာ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="रशिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रशिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Россий – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Россий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russja" title="Russja – Maltees" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Russja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAssia" title="Rússia – Mirandees" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Rússia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ရုရှားနိုင်ငံ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရုရှားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Россия Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Россия Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87" title="روسیه – Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="روسیه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Neapolitaans" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – Nederduits" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslaand" title="Ruslaand – Nedersaksies" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Ruslaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8" title="रुस – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रुस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8" title="रुस – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रुस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rusland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8C%DF%AC%DF%99%DF%8C%DF%AC%DF%9B%DF%8C%DF%AB" title="ߌ߬ߙߌ߬ߛߌ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߌ߬ߙߌ߬ߛߌ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russie" title="Russie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Russie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Noord-Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Noord-Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%CA%BC%C3%A9%C3%A9%CA%BC_%C5%81ich%C3%AD%C3%AD%CA%BC%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Biʼééʼ Łichííʼí Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Biʼééʼ Łichííʼí Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%27a" title="Ven'a – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Ven'a" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raashiyaa" title="Raashiyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Raashiyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%8B%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ଋଷିଆ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଋଷିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%C3%A6%D1%80%C3%A6%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Уæрæсе – Osseties" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Уæрæсе" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Osseties" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B8" title="ਰੂਸ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੂਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russie" title="Russie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Russie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossia" title="Rossia – Nigeriese Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Rossia" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigeriese Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="रूस – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="रूस" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusha" title="Rusha – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Rusha" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosja" title="Rosja – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rosja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="روس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ρουσία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ρουσία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87" title="روسیه – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روسیه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAssia" title="Rússia – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rússia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusya" title="Rusya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rusya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Reto-Romaans" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Romaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiya" title="Rusiya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Rusiya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uburusiya" title="Uburusiya – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Uburusiya" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arusia" title="Arusia – Aromanies" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Arusia" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russie" title="Russie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Russie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Россия – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Россия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Росія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Росія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uburusiya" title="Uburusiya – Rwandees" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Uburusiya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Rwandees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="रास्या – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रास्या" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%B0" title="Арассыыйа – Sakhaans" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Арассыыйа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakhaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ – Santalies" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santalies" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B9ssia" title="Rùssia – Sardinies" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Rùssia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Sisiliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisiliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roushie" title="Roushie – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Roushie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="روس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="روس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruo%C5%A1%C5%A1a" title="Ruošša – Noord-Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ruošša" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Noord-Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%C3%AFi" title="Rusïi – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Rusïi" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusija" title="Rusija – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rusija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusya" title="Rusya – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Rusya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BB%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းရတ်ႈသျႃး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းရတ်ႈသျႃး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="රුසියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රුසියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusko" title="Rusko – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rusko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="روس – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="روس" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusija" title="Rusija – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rusija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Samoaans" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruo%C5%A1%C5%A1%C3%A2" title="Ruoššâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ruoššâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhashiya" title="Rhashiya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rhashiya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruushka" title="Ruushka – Somalies" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ruushka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Русија – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Русија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Rusland" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRashiya" title="IRashiya – Swazi" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IRashiya" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swazi" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashea" title="Rashea – Suid-Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Rashea" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Suid-Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslound" title="Ruslound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Ruslound" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Sundanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryssland" title="Ryssland – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ryssland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urusi" title="Urusi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Urusi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusyjo" title="Rusyjo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Rusyjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="உருசியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருசியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE" title="ರಷ್ಯಾ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ರಷ್ಯಾ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="రష్యా – Teloegoe" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రష్యా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teloegoe" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAsia" title="Rúsia – Tetoem" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Rúsia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetoem" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Русия – Tadjiks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Русия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadjiks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศรัสเซีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศรัสเซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A9%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%AB" title="ሩስያ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ሩስያ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russi%C3%BDa" title="Russiýa – Turkmeens" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Russiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmeens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusya" title="Rusya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rusya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urusij%C9%99t" title="Urusijət – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Urusijət" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%ABsia" title="Lūsia – Tongaans" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Lūsia" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasia" title="Rasia – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Rasia" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusya" title="Rusya – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rusya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhaxiya" title="Rhaxiya – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Rhaxiya" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Россия – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Россия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Toemboeka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Toemboeka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%ABtia" title="Rūtia – Tahities" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Rūtia" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahities" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Россия – Tuvinees" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Россия" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Россия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Россия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="روسىيە – Uighur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="روسىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uighur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Росія – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Росія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="روس – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossiya" title="Rossiya – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rossiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashia" title="Rashia – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Rashia" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B9sia" title="Rùsia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Rùsia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A4ma" title="Venäma – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Venäma" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nga" title="Nga – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Rusland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%C3%A4n" title="Rusän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Rusän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BBsseye" title="Rûsseye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Rûsseye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusya" title="Rusya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rusya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riisi" title="Riisi – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Riisi" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="俄罗斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%86%D3%99%D0%BD" title="Орсин Ниицән – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Орсин Ниицән" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRashiya" title="IRashiya – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IRashiya" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="რუსეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რუსეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="רוסלאנד – Jiddisj" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רוסלאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisj" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%E1%BB%8D%CC%81s%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Rọ́síà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Rọ́síà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngozlozswh" title="Ngozlozswh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ngozlozswh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Rusland" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ – Standaard Marokkaanse Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standaard Marokkaanse Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="俄罗斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" title="俄羅斯 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="俄羅斯" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%8D%CD%98-se-a" title="Lō͘-se-a – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lō͘-se-a" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" title="俄羅斯 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="俄羅斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRashiya" title="IRashiya – Zoeloe" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IRashiya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zoeloe" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q159#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c">Bladsy</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Rusland" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t">Bespreking</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Afrikaans </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rusland">Lees</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusland&action=edit" title="Hierdie bladsy is beskerm. U kan die bronteks besigtig. [e]" accesskey="e">Wys bronteks</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusland&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h">Wys geskiedenis</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Gereedskap </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rusland">Lees</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusland&action=edit">Wys bronteks</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusland&action=history">Wys geskiedenis</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Rusland" title="'n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j">Skakels hierheen</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Rusland" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k">Verwante veranderings</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Spesiale_bladsye" title="'n Lys van al die spesiale bladsye [q]" accesskey="q">Spesiale bladsye</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusland&oldid=2691360" title="'n Permanente skakel na hierdie weergawe van die bladsy">Permanente skakel</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusland&action=info" title="More information about this page">Bladinligting</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:CiteThisPage&page=Rusland&id=2691360&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Inligting oor hoe u hierdie bladsy kan verwys">Haal dié blad aan</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRusland">Kry verkorte URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRusland">Laai QR-kode af</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Druk/uitvoer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Rusland">Skep boek</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Rusland&action=show-download-screen">Laai af as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusland&printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p">Drukbare weergawe</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q159" title="Skakel na gekonnekteerde databank item [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata-item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox bordered" cellpadding="4" style="width: 250px; font-size: 88%;"> <caption style="margin-left: inherit; font-size: 120%;">Russiese Federasie Российская Федерация Rossijskaja Federatsija (<a href="/wiki/Russies" title="Russies">Russies</a>) </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"> <table style="text-align: center; margin: 0 auto; background: none;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border: 0; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 95%;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Rusland"><img alt="Vlag van Rusland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/125px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/188px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/250px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td style="border: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wapen van Rusland"><img alt="Wapen van Rusland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/85px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/128px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/170px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="517" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 95%;"> <td style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Vlag_van_Rusland" title="Vlag van Rusland">Vlag</a> </td> <td style="border: 0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wapen_van_Rusland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wapen van Rusland (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wapen</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Volkslied" title="Volkslied">Volkslied</a>: <a href="/wiki/Volkslied_van_die_Russiese_Federasie" title="Volkslied van die Russiese Federasie">Государственный гимн Российской Федерации</a> <center><audio 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARussian_Anthem_chorus.ogg&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARussian_Anthem_chorus.ogg&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARussian_Anthem_chorus.ogg&lang=tt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tt" label="татарча / tatarça ‪(tt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARussian_Anthem_chorus.ogg&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARussian_Anthem_chorus.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARussian_Anthem_chorus.ogg&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARussian_Anthem_chorus.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARussian_Anthem_chorus.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></center>(<a href="/wiki/Transliterasie" title="Transliterasie">tr.</a>: Gosoedarstwenni gimn Rossijskoi Federatsiji) (<a href="/wiki/Russies" title="Russies">Russies</a> vir: "Nasionale Volkslied van die Russiese Federasie") </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background: white;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Russian_Federation_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ligging van Rusland"><img alt="Ligging van Rusland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Russian_Federation_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Russian_Federation_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Russian_Federation_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Russian_Federation_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Russian_Federation_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Russian_Federation_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hoofstad" title="Hoofstad">Hoofstad</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou">Moskou</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2670708">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rusland&language=af&params=55_45_N_37_37_O_">55°45′N 37°37′O / 55.750°N 37.617°O / 55.750; 37.617</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Grootste stad </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou">Moskou</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amptelike_taal" title="Amptelike taal">Amptelike tale</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russies" title="Russies">Russies</a>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_regeringstipe" title="Lys van lande volgens regeringstipe">Regering</a> <div style="text-align: left;"> • <a href="/wiki/President" title="President">President</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eerste_minister" title="Eerste minister">Eerste minister</a></div> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;">Federale semi-presidensiële grondwetlike <a href="/wiki/Republiek" title="Republiek">republiek</a> <a href="/wiki/Wladimir_Poetin" title="Wladimir Poetin">Wladimir Poetin</a> <a href="/wiki/Michail_Misjoestin" title="Michail Misjoestin">Michail Misjoestin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_onafhanklikheidsdatum" title="Lys van lande volgens onafhanklikheidsdatum">Onafhanklikheid</a> <div style="text-align: left;">Vorming • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovensk_en_Staraya_Rusa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slovensk en Staraya Rusa (bladsy bestaan nie)">Slovensk en Staraya Rusa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rjoerik-dinastie" title="Rjoerik-dinastie">Rjoerik-dinastie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ki%C3%ABf-Roes" title="Kiëf-Roes">Kiëf-Roes</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wladimir-Soezda-Roes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wladimir-Soezda-Roes (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wladimir-Soezda-Roes</a> • <a href="/wiki/Moskowi%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskowië">Moskowië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tsaredom_van_Rusland" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsaredom van Rusland">Tsaredom van Rusland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russiese_Ryk" title="Russiese Ryk">Russiese Ryk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russiese_Sosialistiese_Federale_Sowjetrepubliek" title="Russiese Sosialistiese Federale Sowjetrepubliek">Russiese SFSR</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sowjetunie" title="Sowjetunie">Sowjetunie</a> • Russiese Federasie • Huidige grondwet</div> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> 2395 v.C.<a href="#cite_note-c-b90-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/862" title="862">862</a> <a href="/wiki/882" title="882">882</a> <a href="/wiki/1169" title="1169">1169</a> <a href="/wiki/1283" title="1283">1283</a> <a href="/wiki/16_Januarie" title="16 Januarie">16 Januarie</a> <a href="/wiki/1547" title="1547">1547</a> <a href="/wiki/22_Oktober" title="22 Oktober">22 Oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/1721" title="1721">1721</a> <a href="/wiki/6_November" title="6 November">6 November</a> <a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">1917</a> <a href="/wiki/10_Desember" title="10 Desember">10 Desember</a> <a href="/wiki/1922" title="1922">1922</a> <a href="/wiki/25_Desember" title="25 Desember">25 Desember</a> <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a> <a href="/wiki/12_Desember" title="12 Desember">12 Desember</a> <a href="/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oppervlakte" title="Oppervlakte">Oppervlakte</a>  - Totaal    - Water (%) </td> <td>  17 098 2462 (sonder <a href="/wiki/Krim" title="Krim">Krim</a> en <a href="/wiki/Sewastopol" title="Sewastopol">Sewastopol</a>)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> km2  (<a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_oppervlak" title="Lys van lande volgens oppervlak">1ste</a>) 6 601 670 myl2 13<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> (insluitende moerasse) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_bevolking" title="Lys van lande volgens bevolking">Bevolking</a>  - 2022-skatting  - <a href="/wiki/Bevolkingsdigtheid" title="Bevolkingsdigtheid">Digtheid</a> </td> <td>  147 182 123<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> (insluitende <a href="/wiki/Krim" title="Krim">Krim</a> en <a href="/wiki/Sewastopol" title="Sewastopol">Sewastopol</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_bevolking" title="Lys van lande volgens bevolking">9de</a>) 8,4 / km2 (<a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_bevolkingsdigtheid" title="Lys van lande volgens bevolkingsdigtheid">181ste</a>) 21,8 / myl2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bruto_binnelandse_produk" title="Bruto binnelandse produk">BBP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Koopkragpariteit" title="Koopkragpariteit">KKP</a>)  - Totaal  - Per capita </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2023" title="2023">2023</a>-skatting $4 989 miljard<a href="#cite_note-imf2-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_BBP_(Koopkragpariteit)" title="Lys van lande volgens BBP (Koopkragpariteit)">6de</a>) $34 837<a href="#cite_note-imf2-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_BBP_(Koopkragpariteit)_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="Lys van lande volgens BBP (Koopkragpariteit) per capita">(49ste)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_BBP_(nominaal)" title="Lys van lande volgens BBP (nominaal)">BBP</a> (nominaal)  - Totaal  - Per capita </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2023" title="2023">2023</a>-skatting $2 062 miljard<a href="#cite_note-imf2-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_BBP_(nominaal)" title="Lys van lande volgens BBP (nominaal)">12de</a>) $14 404<a href="#cite_note-imf2-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_BBP_(nominaal)_per_capita" title="Lys van lande volgens BBP (nominaal) per capita">(67ste)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Menslike_ontwikkelingsindeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Menslike ontwikkelingsindeks">MOI</a> (<a href="/wiki/2021" title="2021">2021</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/10px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/15px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/20px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a> 0,822<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_Menslike_Ontwikkelingsindeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Lys van lande volgens Menslike Ontwikkelingsindeks">52ste</a>)  –  baie hoog </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gini-ko%C3%ABffisi%C3%ABnt" title="Gini-koëffisiënt">Gini</a> (<a href="/wiki/2020" title="2020">2020</a>) </td> <td>36,0<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lys_van_lande_volgens_Gini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lys van lande volgens Gini (bladsy bestaan nie)">98ste</a>) –  medium </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Geld" title="Geld">Geldeenheid</a> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Roebel" title="Roebel">Roebel</a> (<code><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">RUB</a></code>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tydsone" title="Tydsone">Tydsone</a>  - <a href="/wiki/Somertyd" title="Somertyd">Somertyd</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Geko%C3%B6rdineerde_Universele_Tyd" title="Gekoördineerde Universele Tyd">UTC</a><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">+2</a> tot <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B12:00" title="UTC+12:00">+12</a>) nie toegepas nie (<a href="/wiki/Geko%C3%B6rdineerde_Universele_Tyd" title="Gekoördineerde Universele Tyd">UTC</a><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">+2</a> tot <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B12:00" title="UTC+12:00">+12</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_Internettopvlakdomeine" title="Lys van Internettopvlakdomeine">Internet-TLD</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/.ru" title=".ru">.ru</a> <a href="/wiki/.su" title=".su">.su</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.%D1%80%D1%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".рф (bladsy bestaan nie)">.рф</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_landskakelkodes" title="Lys van landskakelkodes">Skakelkode</a> </td> <td>+7 </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">1. <a href="/wiki/Tale_van_Rusland" title="Tale van Rusland">27 andere inheemse tale</a> word sedert 1991 in verskeie streke as amptelike tale erken. 2. met <a href="/wiki/Krim" title="Krim">Krim</a> en <a href="/wiki/Sewastopol" title="Sewastopol">Sewastopol</a> is Rusland se oppervlakte 17 125 191 km² (6 612 073 myl²).<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> Rusland (<a href="/wiki/Russies" title="Russies">Russies</a>: Росси́я, Rossija, [rɐˈsʲijə], <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Ru-Rossiya.ogg" class="internal" title="Ru-Rossiya.ogg">luister</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mediahulp" title="Wikipedia:Mediahulp">hulp</a>·<a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Ru-Rossiya.ogg" title="Lêer:Ru-Rossiya.ogg">inligting</a>)), amptelik die Russiese Federasie (<a href="/wiki/Russies" title="Russies">Russies</a>: Росси́йская Федерaция, Rossijskaja Federatsija, [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə], <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Ru-Rossiyskaya_Federatsiya.ogg" class="internal" title="Ru-Rossiyskaya Federatsiya.ogg">luister</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mediahulp" title="Wikipedia:Mediahulp">hulp</a>·<a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Ru-Rossiyskaya_Federatsiya.ogg" title="Lêer:Ru-Rossiyskaya Federatsiya.ogg">inligting</a>)), is 'n <a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">land</a> wat gedeeltelik in <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> en gedeeltelik in <a href="/wiki/Asi%C3%AB" title="Asië">Asië</a> lê. Die land lê egter vanuit 'n politieke oogpunt in Europa omdat die belangrikste deel, ook die hoofstad, <a href="/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou">Moskou</a>, Europees is en sowat 70 persent van die bevolking daar woon. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Russia_87.74494E_66.20034N.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Russia_87.74494E_66.20034N.jpg/220px-Russia_87.74494E_66.20034N.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Russia_87.74494E_66.20034N.jpg/330px-Russia_87.74494E_66.20034N.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Russia_87.74494E_66.20034N.jpg/440px-Russia_87.74494E_66.20034N.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nasa" title="Nasa">Nasa</a>-Satellietbeeld van Rusland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Kamchatka_Volcano_Koryaksky_(24231533812).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kamchatka_Volcano_Koryaksky_%2824231533812%29.jpg/220px-Kamchatka_Volcano_Koryaksky_%2824231533812%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kamchatka_Volcano_Koryaksky_%2824231533812%29.jpg/330px-Kamchatka_Volcano_Koryaksky_%2824231533812%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kamchatka_Volcano_Koryaksky_%2824231533812%29.jpg/440px-Kamchatka_Volcano_Koryaksky_%2824231533812%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5874" data-file-height="3671" /></a><figcaption>Rusland se Verre Ooste: Petropawlofsk-Kamtsjatski, geleë teen die voet van die Korjakski-vulkaan op die skiereiland <a href="/wiki/Kamtsjatka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamtsjatka">Kamtsjatka</a></figcaption></figure> Met sy oppervlak van 17 098 246 km² is Rusland by verre die grootste land ter wêreld, byna twee maal so groot soos die tweede grootste land, <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a>. Dit grens aan (antikloksgewys van NW na SO): <a href="/wiki/Noorwe%C3%AB" title="Noorweë">Noorweë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estland" title="Estland">Estland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Letland" title="Letland">Letland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Litaue" title="Litaue">Litaue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pole" title="Pole">Pole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFne" title="Oekraïne">Oekraïne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgi%C3%AB" title="Georgië">Georgië</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbeidjan" title="Azerbeidjan">Azerbeidjan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasakstan" title="Kasakstan">Kasakstan</a>, die <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China">Volksrepubliek China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Mongolië">Mongolië</a> en <a href="/wiki/Noord-Korea" title="Noord-Korea">Noord-Korea</a>. Verder is dit deur 'n see of smal seestraat geskei van die <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_State_van_Amerika" title="Verenigde State van Amerika">Verenigde State van Amerika</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkye" title="Turkye">Turkye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swede" title="Swede">Swede</a> en <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. Die moderne Russiese landsnaam Rossija vir Rusland het sy oorsprong in die Griekse weergawe Rossia van die historiese Oos-Slawiese benaming Roes (Rus) vir gebiede in die huidige Europese state Rusland, Belarus en Oekraïne wat deur Slawiërs bewoon is. Die vroegste bewoners het hulle sowat 100 000 jaar gelede in die weste van moderne Rusland gevestig. Voordat Slawiese groepe hulle vanaf die 6de eeu n.C. vanuit hul stamland in noordelike en suidelike rigting begin uitbrei het, is die noorde van Ruslad deur Fins-Oegriese en Baltiese volke bewoon, terwyl Indo-Europese <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppevolke</a> soos Koergan, Kimmerers, <a href="/wiki/Skiti%C3%ABrs" title="Skitiërs">Skitiërs</a>, Sarmate en Alane hulle in die suidelike streke gevestig het. Hulle is later opgevolg deur Grieke, Gote, Hunne en Aware. Die oorspronklike Slawiese stamgebied was tussen die noordelike en suidelike streke in 'n gebied geleë wat rofweg deur die riviere Dnjepr en Boeg begrens is. Skandinawiese Wikings het vanaf die 8de eeu Oos-Europese riviere as krygers en handelaars bevaar en hulle hier met die Slawiese meerderheidsbevolking begin vermeng. Hierdie krygerkooplui, na wie ook as Waragiërs of Roes verwys word, het onder leiding van hul legendariese aanvoerder Rjoerik grootliks bygedra tot die stigting van die eerste Oos-Slawiese staat <a href="/wiki/Ki%C3%ABf-Roes" title="Kiëf-Roes">Kiëf-Roes</a> met vroeë stedelike sentra in Nowgorod (gestig in 862) en Kiëf (tans <a href="/wiki/Kijif" title="Kijif">Kijif</a>, 879). Hul handelsbetrekkinge het tot <a href="/wiki/Konstantinopel" title="Konstantinopel">Konstantinopel</a> gestrek. In die suidelike steppelandskappe en langs die Wolgarivier het Turkvolke uit Asië - Chasare en Wolga-Bulgare - ryke gestig wat handel gedryf het met die Roes, maar ook oorlog teen hulle gevoer het. Noue betrekkinge met die <a href="/wiki/Bisantynse_Ryk" title="Bisantynse Ryk">Bisantynse Ryk</a> het grootliks bygedra tot Kiëf-Roes se aanvaarding van die Ortodokse Christelike geloof in 988. Kiëf-Roes het uiteindelik verbrokkel en in talle klein <a href="/wiki/Feodalisme" title="Feodalisme">feodale</a> Russiese state verdeel. Die belangrikste hiervan was die Groothertogdom van Moskou of <a href="/wiki/Moskowi%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskowië">Moskowië</a>. Moskou het mettertyd die omringende Russiese prinsdomme herenig en die plek van Kiëf-Roes ingeneem. Teen die 18de eeu het die land begin uitbrei en tot die groot en multi-etniese <a href="/wiki/Russiese_Ryk" title="Russiese Ryk">Russiese Ryk</a> ontwikkel wat gestrek het van Pole in die weste tot die <a href="/wiki/Stille_Oseaan" title="Stille Oseaan">Stille Oseaan</a>. In die 20ste eeu het Rusland as die <a href="/wiki/Russiese_Sosialistiese_Federale_Sowjetrepubliek" title="Russiese Sosialistiese Federale Sowjetrepubliek">Russiese Sosialistiese Federale Sowjetrepubliek</a> (RSFSR) die kernland gevorm van die <a href="/wiki/Sowjetunie" title="Sowjetunie">Sowjetunie</a>, die wêreld se eerste en grootste grondwetlik sosialistiese staat en saam met die Verenigde State van Amerika een van die wêreld se twee <a href="/wiki/Supermoondheid" title="Supermoondheid">supermoondhede</a>. Toe die Sowjetunie in 1991 verbrokkel, is die Russiese Federasie gestig as sy <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a>-opvolger. Rusland is 'n permanente lid van die <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Nasies" title="Verenigde Nasies">Verenigde Nasies</a> se <a href="/wiki/Veiligheidsraad" title="Veiligheidsraad">Veiligheidsraad</a> en 'n voorste lid van die <a href="/wiki/Gemenebes_van_Onafhanklike_State" title="Gemenebes van Onafhanklike State">Gemenebes van Onafhanklike State</a> (GOS) en die <a href="/wiki/G8" class="mw-redirect" title="G8">G8</a> (deelname tans opgeskort). Die binne- en buitelandse beleid van die Russiese Federasie word in die 21ste eeu deur twee kwessies oorheers. Die demokratiseringsproses in die Russiese binnelandse beleid het tot stilstand gekom, terwyl die land op internasionale vlak pogings onderneem om sy historiese status as grootmoondheid te herwin. In 'n multipolêre wêreld, waar die Volksrepubliek China dieselfde aspirasies huldig, maar met 'n veel groter en meer gevorderde industriële basis, is sulke verwagtinge moontlik te hoog gestel. Met die Verenigde State as grootskaalse netto-energie-uitvoerder, onder meer van vloeibare gas, is daar intussen 'n strawwe mededinger op Rusland se belangrikste uitvoermarkte, alhoewel die land se grootste gasuitvoerder Gazprom tans op die Europese mark nog substansiële kostevoordele bo Amerikaanse produsente geniet.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologie">Etimologie</h2></div> Die naam "Rusland" is ontleen aan 'n Middeleeuse Latynse naam vir Roes, 'n Middeleeuse staat wat veral deur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oos-Slawi%C3%ABrs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oos-Slawiërs (bladsy bestaan nie)">Oos-Slawiërs</a> bevolk was.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In die moderne geskiedenisskrywing word na dié staat algemeen as <a href="/wiki/Ki%C3%ABf-Roes" title="Kiëf-Roes">Kiëf-Roes</a> verwys, genoem na sy hoofstad <a href="/wiki/Kijif" title="Kijif">Kijif</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Die naam Roes op sigself is ontleen aan die vroeë Middeleeuse <a href="/wiki/Roes_(volk)" title="Roes (volk)">Roes-volk</a>, wat oorspronklik 'n groep <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noormanne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noormanne (bladsy bestaan nie)">Noorse</a> handelaars en krygers was wat hulle van oorkant die <a href="/wiki/Oossee" title="Oossee">Oossee</a> eers in die noordelike streek <a href="/wiki/Weliki_Nowgorod" title="Weliki Nowgorod">Nowgorod</a> gevestig het en later 'n staat rondom Kijif gestig het.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> 'n Ander Middeleeuse Latynse naam vir Roes was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roeteni%C3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roetenië (bladsy bestaan nie)">Roetenië</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In Russies is die huidige landsnaam Росси́я (Rossija) ontleen aan die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Middel-Grieks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middel-Grieks (bladsy bestaan nie)">Middel-Griekse</a> naam vir Roes, Ρωσία (Rosía).<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> 'n Nuwe weergawe van die naam Roes, Росия (Rosija), is ontleen aan dié Griekse term en vir die eerste keer gebruik in 1387,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> voordat dit in die 15de eeu in amptelike gebruik gekom het, hoewel die land tot aan die einde van die 17de eeu deur sy inwoners steeds Roes of die "Russiese land" genoem is.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hellberg-Hirn-18">[18]</a> Daar is twee woorde in Russies wat in <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> as Russe vertaal kan word – русские (russkije) wat verwys na etniese <a href="/wiki/Russe" title="Russe">Russe</a> en россияне (rossijane) wat verwys na Russiese burgers, ongeag hul etnisiteit.<a href="#cite_note-Hellberg-Hirn-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografie">Geografie</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Russian_Federation_Relief_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Russian_Federation_Relief_Map.png/220px-Russian_Federation_Relief_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Russian_Federation_Relief_Map.png/330px-Russian_Federation_Relief_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Russian_Federation_Relief_Map.png/440px-Russian_Federation_Relief_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1896" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Topografiese kaart van Rusland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Vasyugan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Vasyugan.jpg/220px-Vasyugan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Vasyugan.jpg/330px-Vasyugan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Vasyugan.jpg/440px-Vasyugan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption>Die Wasjoegan-rivier op die vlaktes van Wes-<a href="/wiki/Siberi%C3%AB" title="Siberië">Siberië</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:View_on_Sotsji_from_black_sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/View_on_Sotsji_from_black_sea.jpg/220px-View_on_Sotsji_from_black_sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/View_on_Sotsji_from_black_sea.jpg/330px-View_on_Sotsji_from_black_sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/View_on_Sotsji_from_black_sea.jpg/440px-View_on_Sotsji_from_black_sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sotsji" title="Sotsji">Sotsji</a> in die <a href="/wiki/Krasnodar-krai" title="Krasnodar-krai">Krasnodar-krai</a></figcaption></figure> Die Russiese Federasie lê uitgestrek oor die grootste deel van Noord-<a href="/wiki/Eurasi%C3%AB" title="Eurasië">Eurasië</a>. Vanweë sy grootte is daar groot eentonigheid én afwisseling. Sy klimaat, plantegroei en <a href="/wiki/Grondsoorte" title="Grondsoorte">grondsoorte</a> strek oor 'n groot gebied. Saam met die klimaat wissel die plantegroei: van die <a href="/wiki/Toendra" title="Toendra">toendra</a> van die Oos-Europese Vlakte en die <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a> (naaldboomwoude) tot die <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> (grasvelde) en halfwoestyn aan die <a href="/wiki/Kaspiese_See" title="Kaspiese See">Kaspiese See</a>. Daar is 28 <a href="/wiki/Unesco" title="Unesco">Unesco</a>-<a href="/wiki/W%C3%AArelderfenisgebied" title="Wêrelderfenisgebied">Wêrelderfenisgebiede</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> in die land. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topografie">Topografie</h3></div> Die twee punte van Rusland wat die verste van mekaar geleë is, is sowat 8 000 km uitmekaar: die grens met Pole en die verre suidooste van die <a href="/wiki/Koerile" title="Koerile">Koerile</a>-eilande naby Japan. Rusland is oor elf tydsones versprei. Van die totale oppervlakte word 45 persent deur bosgebiede, 4 persent deur waterliggame, 13 persent deur landboustreke, 19 persent deur <a href="/wiki/Rendier" title="Rendier">rendierweivelde</a> en 19 persent deur ander landerye beslaan.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Die land het die wêreld se grootste oppervlakte woude<a href="#cite_note-loc-22">[22]</a> en is bekend as "die longe van Europa".<a href="#cite_note-guardianforest-23">[23]</a> Net die <a href="/wiki/Amasonerivier" title="Amasonerivier">Amasonereënwoud</a> absorbeer meer <a href="/wiki/Koolstofdioksied" title="Koolstofdioksied">koolstofdioksied</a>. Dit voorsien Europa en die hele wêreld van 'n enorme hoeveelheid <a href="/wiki/Suurstof" title="Suurstof">suurstof</a>. Russiese <a href="/wiki/Hengel" title="Hengel">hengelvlote</a> het toegang tot drie van die wêreld se oseane – die <a href="/wiki/Atlantiese_Oseaan" title="Atlantiese Oseaan">Atlantiese</a>, die <a href="/wiki/Arktiese_Oseaan" title="Arktiese Oseaan">Arktiese</a> en die <a href="/wiki/Stille_Oseaan" title="Stille Oseaan">Stille Oseaan</a> – en hulle verskaf baie van die wêreld se visvoorraad.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Die <a href="/wiki/Kaspiese_See" title="Kaspiese See">Kaspiese See</a> is die bron van wat beskou word as die wêreld se beste <a href="/wiki/Kaviaar" title="Kaviaar">kaviaar</a>. Die grootste deel van Rusland – sowat driekwart van die totale oppervlakte – bestaan uit uitgestrekte vlaktes (die Oos-Europese en Wes-Siberiese Vlaktes is die grootstes op aarde), hoofsaaklik steppe na die suide en digte woude na die noorde met <a href="/wiki/Toendra" title="Toendra">toendra</a> aan die noordelike kus. Bergreekse word aangetref aan die suidelike grense: die <a href="/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus">Kaukasus</a>, met <a href="/wiki/Elbroes" title="Elbroes">Elbroes</a>, teen 5 642 m (18 511 vt) is Rusland en Europa se hoogste punt, gevolg deur <a href="/wiki/Dychtaoe" title="Dychtaoe">Dychtaoe</a> met 'n hoogte van 5 205 m; en die Altai, asook in die oostelike dele, soos die Werchojansk-reeks en die vulkane op die <a href="/wiki/Kamtsjatka-skiereiland" title="Kamtsjatka-skiereiland">Kamtsjatka-skiereiland</a>. Die <a href="/wiki/Oeralgebergte" title="Oeralgebergte">Oeralgebergte</a> strek noord-suid en skei Europa van Asië. Dit is ook ryk aan minerale bronne. Altesaam 10% van die wêreld se bewerkbare grond lê in Rusland.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Rusland se kuslyn is langer as 37 000 km aan die Arktiese en die Stille Oseaan, sowel as die <a href="/wiki/Oossee" title="Oossee">Oossee</a>, <a href="/wiki/See_van_Azof" title="See van Azof">See van Azof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swartsee" title="Swartsee">Swartsee</a> en <a href="/wiki/Kaspiese_See" title="Kaspiese See">Kaspiese See</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cia-26">[26]</a> Die <a href="/wiki/Barentssee" title="Barentssee">Barentssee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witsee" title="Witsee">Witsee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karasee" title="Karasee">Karasee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laptefsee" title="Laptefsee">Laptefsee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oos-Siberiese_See" title="Oos-Siberiese See">Oos-Siberiese See</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsjoekotkasee" title="Tsjoekotkasee">Tsjoekotkasee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beringsee" title="Beringsee">Beringsee</a>, <a href="/wiki/See_van_Ochotsk" title="See van Ochotsk">See van Ochotsk</a> en die <a href="/wiki/See_van_Japan" title="See van Japan">See van Japan</a> is met Rusland verbind. Groot eilande en eilandgroepe sluit in <a href="/wiki/Nowaja_Zemlja" title="Nowaja Zemlja">Nowaja Zemlja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef-land" title="Franz Josef-land">Franz Josef-land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sewernaja_Zemlja" title="Sewernaja Zemlja">Sewernaja Zemlja</a>, die <a href="/wiki/Nieu-Siberiese_Eilande" title="Nieu-Siberiese Eilande">Nieu-Siberiese Eilande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrangeleiland" title="Wrangeleiland">Wrangeleiland</a>, die Koerile-eilande en <a href="/wiki/Sachalin" title="Sachalin">Sachalin</a>. Rusland het duisende riviere en mere en het dus een van die wêreld se grootste binnelandse waterbronne. Die grootste van sy watermassas is die <a href="/wiki/Baikalmeer" title="Baikalmeer">Baikalmeer</a>, die wêreld se diepste en mees onbesoedelde varswatermeer.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Dit bevat meer as 'n vyfde van die wêreld se vars water.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Ander groot mere is onder andere die <a href="/wiki/Ladogameer" title="Ladogameer">Ladogameer</a> en die <a href="/wiki/Onegameer" title="Onegameer">Onegameer</a>. Van sy 100 000 riviere<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-29">[29]</a> is die <a href="/wiki/Wolga" title="Wolga">Wolga</a> die land se bekendste, nie net omdat dit die langste rivier in Europa is nie, maar ook vanweë sy groot rol in die Russiese geskiedenis. Rusland se talle natuurlike hulpbronne sluit in <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aardgas" title="Aardgas">aardgas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steenkool" title="Steenkool">steenkool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hout" title="Hout">hout</a> en <a href="/wiki/Mineraal" title="Mineraal">minerale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cia-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-countrybrief-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klimaat">Klimaat</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Russia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Russia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/220px-Russia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Russia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/330px-Russia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Russia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/440px-Russia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>Klimaatsones in Rusland volgens die <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen-klimaatklassifikasie" title="Köppen-klimaatklassifikasie">Köppen-klimaatklassifikasie</a></figcaption></figure> Vier klimaatsones word in die Russiese Federasie aangetref – van noord na suid: die arktiese, subarktiese, gematigde en subtropiese sone. Verskeie faktore bepaal Rusland se klimaat. Die enorme grootte van die land en die feit dat baie dele ver van die see is, veroorsaak dat daar in die grootste gebied 'n kontinentale klimaat is, behalwe in die toendra en die verre suidooste. Berge in die suide verhinder die vloei van warm lugmassas van die <a href="/wiki/Indiese_Oseaan" title="Indiese Oseaan">Indiese Oseaan</a> af en die vlaktes in die weste en noorde stel die land bloot aan Arktiese en Atlantiese invloede.<a href="#cite_note-congress-31">[31]</a> In die grootste deel van die land is daar hoofsaaklik twee seisoene: <a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">winter</a> en <a href="/wiki/Somer" title="Somer">somer</a>. Die <a href="/wiki/Lente" title="Lente">lente</a> en <a href="/wiki/Herfs" title="Herfs">herfs</a> is gewoonlik net kort tydperke van wisseling tussen baie lae en baie hoë temperature. Die koudste maand is Januarie (Februarie aan die kus), die warmste is gewoonlik Julie. Groot temperatuurverskille is tipies. In die winter word dit kouer van suid na noord sowel as van wes na oos. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federale_deelgebiede">Federale deelgebiede</h2></div> <dl><dd><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Die hoofartikel vir hierdie afdeling is: <a href="/wiki/Federale_deelgebiede_van_Rusland" title="Federale deelgebiede van Rusland">Federale deelgebiede van Rusland</a>.</div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Russian_Regions-EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Russian_Regions-EN.svg/220px-Russian_Regions-EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Russian_Regions-EN.svg/330px-Russian_Regions-EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Russian_Regions-EN.svg/440px-Russian_Regions-EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1550" /></a><figcaption>Rusland se federale deelgebiede</figcaption></figure> Die Russiese Federasie bestaan vanaf 18 Maart 2014 uit 85 deelgebiede (Russies: субъекты; soebjekti). Hierdie gebiede het 'n gelyke verteenwoordiging in die <a href="/wiki/Staatsdoema" title="Staatsdoema">Staatsdoema</a> (2 afgevaardigdes per deelgebied), maar die mate van outonomie verskil. Rusland onderskei die volgende ses kategorieë (soos vanaf 1 Maart 2008): 22 outonome republieke (state), 46 <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">oblaste</a> (provinsies), 8 <a href="/wiki/Krai" title="Krai">krais</a> (distrikte), 1 <a href="/wiki/Outonome_oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Outonome oblast">outonome oblast</a>, 5 outonome distrikte en 3 <a href="/wiki/Federale_stede_van_Rusland" title="Federale stede van Rusland">federale stede</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou">Moskou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sewastopol" title="Sewastopol">Sewastopol</a> en <a href="/wiki/Sint_Petersburg" title="Sint Petersburg">Sint Petersburg</a>), wat vergelykbaar is met oblaste. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regering_en_politiek">Regering en politiek</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Moscow_Kremlin_(8707177088).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Moscow_Kremlin_%288707177088%29.jpg/220px-Moscow_Kremlin_%288707177088%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Moscow_Kremlin_%288707177088%29.jpg/330px-Moscow_Kremlin_%288707177088%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Moscow_Kremlin_%288707177088%29.jpg/440px-Moscow_Kremlin_%288707177088%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5634" data-file-height="3753" /></a><figcaption>'n Nagaansig van die <a href="/wiki/Moskouse_Kremlin" title="Moskouse Kremlin">Moskouse Kremlin</a>, setel van die president van Rusland, maar ook 'n eersterangse kompleks van katedrale, musea en paleise</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Mikhail_Mishustin%27s_Cabinet_(2020-01-21).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Mikhail_Mishustin%27s_Cabinet_%282020-01-21%29.jpg/220px-Mikhail_Mishustin%27s_Cabinet_%282020-01-21%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Mikhail_Mishustin%27s_Cabinet_%282020-01-21%29.jpg/330px-Mikhail_Mishustin%27s_Cabinet_%282020-01-21%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Mikhail_Mishustin%27s_Cabinet_%282020-01-21%29.jpg/440px-Mikhail_Mishustin%27s_Cabinet_%282020-01-21%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4471" data-file-height="2231" /></a><figcaption>Eerste minister <a href="/wiki/Michail_Misjoestin" title="Michail Misjoestin">Michail Misjoestin</a> se nuwe kabinet op 21 Januarie 2020</figcaption></figure> Volgens die Russiese <a href="/wiki/Grondwet" title="Grondwet">grondwet</a>, wat op 12 Desember 1993 tydens 'n nasionale referendum aanvaar is, is Rusland 'n <a href="/wiki/Federasie" title="Federasie">federasie</a> en 'n semi-presidensiële <a href="/wiki/Republiek" title="Republiek">republiek</a>, waarin die <a href="/wiki/President" title="President">president</a> die <a href="/wiki/Staatshoof" title="Staatshoof">staatshoof</a> is<a href="#cite_note-constitution-32">[32]</a> en die <a href="/wiki/Eerste_minister" title="Eerste minister">eerste minister</a> die regeringshoof. Die Russiese Federasie is in wese 'n verteenwoordigende demokrasie. Die uitvoerende mag lê by die regering.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Die wetgewende mag lê by die regering en die twee kamers van die Federale Vergadering.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Die regering word gereguleer deur 'n stelsel van skeiding van magte soos bepaal in die <a href="/wiki/Grondwet" title="Grondwet">grondwet</a>. Die federale regering bestaan uit die volgende: <ul><li>Wetgewende mag: Die Federale Vergadering met sy twee kamers, die Staatsdoema (450 lede) en Federale Raad (176 lede), maak federale wette, verklaar oorlog, keur verdrae goed en kan die toekenning van geld aan ander instellings goed- of afkeur.</li> <li>Uitvoerende mag: Die president is die hoofaanvoerder van die weermag, kan wetsontwerpe veto en stel die kabinet saam.</li> <li>Geregtelike mag: Die konstitusionele hof, hooggeregshof, die hooggeregshof van arbitrasie en laer federale howe, waarvan die regters deur die Federale Raad aangestel word op aanbeveling van die president, vertolk wette en kan wette terugtrek wat hulle as ongrondwetlik beskou.</li></ul> Volgens die Russiese grondwet is grondwetlike justisie in die howe gebaseer op die gelykheid van alle burgers,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> die regters is onafhanklik en net onderworpe aan die wet,<a href="#cite_note-constitution1-36">[36]</a> verhore moet oop wees vir die publiek en beskuldigdes word verdediging gewaarborg.<a href="#cite_note-constitution1-36">[36]</a> Sedert 1996 is daar 'n moratorium op die <a href="/wiki/Doodstraf" title="Doodstraf">doodstraf</a>, hoewel dit nog nie wetlik afgeskaf is nie. Die president word deur die volk gekies vir 'n termyn van ses jaar.<a href="#cite_note-constitution-32">[32]</a> Hy is vir 'n tweede termyn herkiesbaar, maar nie vir 'n derde termyn nie.<a href="#cite_note-constitution-32">[32]</a> Die laaste verkiesing is op 18 Maart 2018 gehou. Regeringsdepartemente bestaan uit die eerste minister en onderpremiers, ministers en ander verkose individue, wat almal deur die president aangestel word. Van die belangrikste politieke partye in Rusland is <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Rusland" title="Verenigde Rusland">Verenigde Rusland</a>, die <a href="/wiki/Kommunistiese_Party_van_die_Russiese_Federasie" title="Kommunistiese Party van die Russiese Federasie">Kommunistiese Party</a>, die <a href="/wiki/Liberaal-Demokratiese_Party_van_Rusland" title="Liberaal-Demokratiese Party van Rusland">Liberaal-Demokratiese Party van Rusland</a> en <a href="/wiki/Regverdige_Rusland" title="Regverdige Rusland">Regverdige Rusland</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buitelandse_betrekkinge_en_die_weermag">Buitelandse betrekkinge en die weermag</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:2010_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade-5.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/2010_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade-5.jpeg/170px-2010_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade-5.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/2010_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade-5.jpeg/255px-2010_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade-5.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/2010_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade-5.jpeg/340px-2010_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade-5.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1528" data-file-height="2295" /></a><figcaption>Die Oorwinningsdag-parade van 2010 in Moskou</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Russian_paratroopers_106th_VDD.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Russian_paratroopers_106th_VDD.JPG/220px-Russian_paratroopers_106th_VDD.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Russian_paratroopers_106th_VDD.JPG/330px-Russian_paratroopers_106th_VDD.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Russian_paratroopers_106th_VDD.JPG/440px-Russian_paratroopers_106th_VDD.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Russiese valskermsoldate tydens 'n oefening in Kasakstan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Russian_honour_guard_in_Alexander_Garden-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Russian_honour_guard_in_Alexander_Garden-1.jpg/220px-Russian_honour_guard_in_Alexander_Garden-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Russian_honour_guard_in_Alexander_Garden-1.jpg/330px-Russian_honour_guard_in_Alexander_Garden-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Russian_honour_guard_in_Alexander_Garden-1.jpg/440px-Russian_honour_guard_in_Alexander_Garden-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="1988" /></a><figcaption>Soldate vorm 'n eregarde terwyl 'n krans neergelê word by die Graf van die Onbekende Soldaat in die Alexandertuin vlakby die Moskouse Kremlin</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_(%D0%92.%D0%92._%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD;_26_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2018).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%28%D0%92.%D0%92._%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%3B_26_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2018%29.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%28%D0%92.%D0%92._%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%3B_26_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2018%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%28%D0%92.%D0%92._%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%3B_26_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2018%29.jpg/330px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%28%D0%92.%D0%92._%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%3B_26_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2018%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%28%D0%92.%D0%92._%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%3B_26_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2018%29.jpg/440px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%28%D0%92.%D0%92._%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%3B_26_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2018%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Wat moderne wapentegnologieë betref, het Rusland nog steeds die status van supermoondheid. Die foto wys die Russiese Departement van Verdediging se beheersentrum vir die ultramoderne en unieke hipersoniese Avangard-wapenstelsel in Moskou</figcaption></figure> In die internasionale reg word erken dat Rusland die plek van die voormalige <a href="/wiki/Sowjetunie" title="Sowjetunie">Sowjetunie</a> ingeneem het.<a href="#cite_note-uk-37">[37]</a> Rusland sit die internasionale verpligtinge van die Sowjetunie voort, het die land se permanente plek ingeneem in die Veiligheidsraad van die <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Nasies" title="Verenigde Nasies">Verenigde Nasies</a> en het sy lidmaatskap oorgeneem van ander internasionale organisasies, asook sy regte en verpligtinge wat internasionale verdrae en skuld betref. Rusland se buitelandse beleid het vele fasette. Die land het diplomatieke betrekkinge met 178 lande en het 140 ambassades.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Sy buitelandse beleid word bepaal deur die president en word geïmplementeer deur die departement van buitelandse sake.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> As een van die vyf permanente lede van die VN se Veiligheidsraad speel Rusland 'n belangrike rol in die handhawing van internasionale vrede en veiligheid – asook in die oplossing van internasionale konflikte deur sy deelname aan die <a href="/wiki/Midde-Ooste" title="Midde-Ooste">Midde-Oosterse</a> Kwartet, die sesparty-samesprekings met <a href="/wiki/Noord-Korea" title="Noord-Korea">Noord-Korea</a> en die oplossing van die <a href="/wiki/Kosowo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosowo">Kosowo</a>-konflik. Rusland is lid van die <a href="/wiki/G8" class="mw-redirect" title="G8">G8</a> (groep van agt nywerheidslande, maar tans opgeskort), die Europese Raad, die <a href="/wiki/OVSE" title="OVSE">Organisasie vir Veiligheid en Samewerking in Europa</a> en die Asiaties-Pasifiese Ekonomiese Samewerkingsforum. Rusland speel ook gewoonlik 'n leidende rol in streekorganisasies soos die <a href="/wiki/Gemenebes_van_Onafhanklike_State" title="Gemenebes van Onafhanklike State">Gemenebes van Onafhanklike State</a> (GOS), Eurasiese Ekonomiese Gemeenskap, die Verdragsorganisasie vir Kollektiewe Veiligheid en die Shanghaise Samewerkingsorganisasie. Sedert die verbrokkeling van die Sowjetunie het Rusland 'n vriendskapliker dog wispelturige verhouding met die Noord-Atlantiese Verdragsorganisasie (<a href="/wiki/NAVO" title="NAVO">Navo</a>). Die Navo-Russiese Raad is in 2002 gestig om samewerking tussen hulle te bevorder.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weermag_en_verdedigingsuitgawes">Weermag en verdedigingsuitgawes</h3></div> Rusland het Sowjet-bates oorsee oorgeneem en die meeste van die Sowjetunie se vervaardigings- en verdedigingsgeriewe is in die land self.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Die Russiese weermag bestaan uit die grondmag, vloot en lugmag. In 2006 het die weermag 1,03 miljoen lede in aktiewe diens gehad. Rusland het die grootste voorraad <a href="/wiki/Kernwapen" title="Kernwapen">kernwapens</a> in die wêreld en die tweede grootste vloot ballistiese-missiel-duikbote.<a href="#cite_note-fas-42">[42]</a> Die land vervaardig al sy eie militêre toerusting en is sedert 2001 die grootste verskaffer van wapens: Hy is verantwoordelik vir sowat 30% van wapenverkope wêreldwyd<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> en voer wapens na sowat 80 lande uit.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Net soos in die Sowjetunie is daar diensplig vir alle manlike burgers tussen 18 en 27 jaar. Weens verskeie probleme is die tydperk in 2008 begin verkort sodat kontraksoldate teen 2010 70% van die weermag kan uitmaak. Verdedigingsuitgawes het die afgelope ses jaar verviervoudig.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Die regering se amptelike militêre uitgawes in 2008 is $40 miljard,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> hoewel verskeie bronne soos Amerikaanse Intelligensie<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> en die Internasionale Instituut vir Strategiese Studies<a href="#cite_note-iiss-48">[48]</a> dit heelwat hoër raam.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Tussen 2006 en 2015 word sowat $200 miljard bestee aan die opgradering van militêre toerusting.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rusland_op_pad_na_'n_post-westerse_wêreld">Rusland op pad na 'n post-westerse wêreld</h3></div> Die huidige tweeledige NAVO-strategie teenoor die Russiese Federasie, wat op militêre afskrikking en gelyktydige dialoogvoering steun, word in Moskou as bevestiging vir die vermoede geïnterpreteer dat die weste 'n aggressiewe beleid teen die land volg. So teken Russiese politici beswaar aan teen die "demonisering" van Rusland (wat ook ingang tot westerse media vind) en westerse bewerings oor 'n "dreigende gevaar uit die ooste" wat volgens die Russiese standpunt hoegenaamd nie bestaan nie. Desondanks tree Rusland op die internasionale toneel as teenspeler van die supermoondheid Verenigde State op, soos ook weerspieël word in stygende verdedigingsuitgawes. In 2016 is die Russiese militêre besteding met 5,4 persent verhoog. Ekonomies betaal die Russiese Federasie 'n hoë prys vir hierdie beleid. So het die militêre ekonoom Wasili Satsepkin daarop gewys dat die militarisering van Rusland se staatsbesteding ekonomiese groei belemmer. Slegs die korrupte burokrasie trek volgens hom voordeel uit stygende verdedigingsuitgawes.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Sergei Sipljaef, 'n deskundige op die gebied van die volkereg, vrees dat Rusland se beleid van selfisolering, sy politieke veldtog teen die weste en grootskaalse beleggings in die wapenbedryf vir die Russiese ekonomie op die lang termyn op bankrotskap sal uitloop. Die geskiedenis van die Sowjetunie se verbrokkeling het volgens hom reeds die bewys gelewer dat Moskou militêre wedywering met die VSA nie kan bekostig nie.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Veranderende_beleid_teenoor_Oekraïne_en_die_Weste">Veranderende beleid teenoor Oekraïne en die Weste</h3></div> Die Donbas-konflik in die Russiessprekendce ooste van Oekraïne en die Russiese anneksasie van die Krim-skiereiland word deur politieke analiste as uitvloeisels van Moskou se drasties veranderende binne- en buitelandse beleid beskou. Westerse deskundiges verskil nogtans oor die gevolgtrekkings waartoe regerings in Europa en Washington moet kom. Een hipotese beweer dat die opkoms van outoritêr-nasionalistiese strominge in Rusland tot 'n meer aggressiewe buitelandse beleid sal lei. 'n Ander teorie vewys in verband met Moskou se veranderende buitelandse beleid na Russiese vrese oor die sogenaamde "bonte rewolusies" in lande soos Oekraïne wat moontlik ook in Rusland aanhangers sal vind. Terwyl Rusland ekonomiese uitdagings in die gesig staar wat uit dalende pryse vir fossiele brandstowwe voortspruit, probeer Moskou moontlik die Russiese publiek se aandag op konflikte met ander lande te vestig en steun te werf vir 'n meer aggressiewe buitelandse beleid. Sommige analitici staan krities teenoor die optrede van westerse rolspelers soos NAVO, VSA en Europese Unie wat met hul poging om hul invloedsfeer na Oekraïne - en dus naby Rusland se grense - uit te brei net soos Moskou verantwoordelikheid dra vir die eskalerende Oekraïne-konflik.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomie">Ekonomie</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekonomiese_ontwikkeling">Ekonomiese ontwikkeling</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Vaz_project_C_MIMS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Vaz_project_C_MIMS.jpg/220px-Vaz_project_C_MIMS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Vaz_project_C_MIMS.jpg/330px-Vaz_project_C_MIMS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Vaz_project_C_MIMS.jpg/440px-Vaz_project_C_MIMS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2094" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Die Russiese motorvervaardiger Lada het reeds in die Sowjet-era begin om sy motors na Westerse lande uit te voer. Lada se "Projek C" is in 2006 in Moskou vertoon</figcaption></figure> Voor die <a href="/wiki/Oktoberrewolusie" class="mw-redirect" title="Oktoberrewolusie">Oktoberrewolusie</a> was Rusland in vergelyking met ander Europese state 'n relatief onderontwikkelde land wat net oor 'n klein aantal nywerheidsgebiede in sy Europese gedeelte beskik het. Die ontwikkeling van die land se hoofsaaklike nywerheidsektore het oneweredig verloop, terwyl 'n groot deel van die beleggings uit die buiteland gekom het. Die nuwe Sowjet-regering het belowe om die Russiese nywerheidsektor vinnig te ontwikkel en die ekonomiese vooruitgang van onderontwikkelde landelike gebiede te bevorder. Net soos in baie ander wêrelddele het die beleid van industrialisering in Rusland aanvanklik op swaar nywerhede soos die <a href="/wiki/Yster" title="Yster">yster</a>- en <a href="/wiki/Staal" title="Staal">staalbedryf</a> gekonsentreer. Gedurende <a href="/wiki/Josef_Stalin" title="Josef Stalin">Josef Stalin</a> se heerskappy het in die 1930's grootskaalse beleggings in bestaande nywerheidsgebiede in die Europese gedeelte van die land plaasgevind, tog het ook steeds meer nywerhede in die ooste ontstaan. Belangrike projekte het staalfabrieke in die suidelike Oeral-berggebied en die Koezbas-steenkoolmynstreek van Wes-Siberië ingesluit. In vergelyking met ander ekonomieë het Rusland taamlik laat van <a href="/wiki/Steenkool" title="Steenkool">steenkool</a> na alternatiewe energiebronne begin omskakel. Vanaf die 1960's is die ontginning van <a href="/wiki/Ruolie" title="Ruolie">ruolie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aardgas" title="Aardgas">aardgas</a> en <a href="/wiki/Waterkrag" title="Waterkrag">waterkrag</a> egter vinnig ontwikkel. Waterkragsentrales in Wes-Siberië het die basis vir die opbou van die plaaslike <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminiumnywerhede</a> gevorm. Die vervaardiging van verbruikersgoedere het daarenteen dekades lank min aandag geniet. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landbou">Landbou</h3></div> In teenstelling met die groeiende nywerheidsektor het die <a href="/wiki/Landbou" title="Landbou">landbou</a> steeds die Achilleshiel van die Russiese ekonomie gevorm. Sedert die 1960's was die land verskeie kere gedwing om <a href="/wiki/Graan" title="Graan">graan</a> uit ander lande in te voer. Alhoewel die voedselproduksie aansienlik verhoog is, was hierdie groei net groot genoeg om met die bevolkingsaanwas tred te kan hou. Westerse deskundiges blameer die Sowjet-regering se agrariese beleid wat plase tot groot, maar minder effektiewe kollektiewe (kolkhozi) en staatsbeheerde bedrywe (sovkhozi) saamgesmelt het. Die staat se voorkeur vir grootskaalse projekte, wat kenmerkend vir die land se industriële projekte in die 20ste eeu was, is sodoende ook na die landbousektor uitgebrei. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buitelandse_handel">Buitelandse handel</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Territorial_waters_-_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Territorial_waters_-_Russia.svg/220px-Territorial_waters_-_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Territorial_waters_-_Russia.svg/330px-Territorial_waters_-_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Territorial_waters_-_Russia.svg/440px-Territorial_waters_-_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Die eksklusiewe ekonomiese sone van Rusland</figcaption></figure> Die Sowjet-regering het tydens Stalin se heerskappy groot moeite gedoen om 'n hoë graad van selfvoorsiening te bereik en sodoende heelwat beperkings op buitelandse handel geplaas. Die stigting van die Raad vir Onderlinge Ekonomiese Bystand (ROEB, Engelse afkorting: COMECON), die Oosbloklande se handelsorganisasie, het van die Sowjetunie en sy satellietstate ná die <a href="/wiki/Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Tweede Wêreldoorlog">Tweede Wêreldoorlog</a> 'n soort geslote mark gemaak wat nouliks in die wêreldekonomie geïntegreer was. Sowjet-Rusland se politieke leiers het uiteindelik besef dat die invoer van Westerse tegnologieë voordelig vir die land se ekonomiese ontwikkeling sou wees en hul ekonomiese beleid verander. Sowjet-Rusland het vervolgens handelsbande met lande dwarsoor die wêreld aangeknoop. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buitelandse_beleggings">Buitelandse beleggings</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Major_russian_gas_pipelines_to_europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Major_russian_gas_pipelines_to_europe.png/220px-Major_russian_gas_pipelines_to_europe.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Major_russian_gas_pipelines_to_europe.png/330px-Major_russian_gas_pipelines_to_europe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Major_russian_gas_pipelines_to_europe.png/440px-Major_russian_gas_pipelines_to_europe.png 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="807" /></a><figcaption>Pyplynnetwerk van Rusland na Wes-Europa</figcaption></figure> Volgens die amptelike statistiekdiens Rosstat het buitelandse beleggings in die Russiese Federasie in 2011 met 66,1 persent gestyg tot VS$ 190,6 miljard, waarvan VS$ 18,415 miljard regstreekse beleggings ('n toename van 33,3 persent teenoor die vorige jaar). Teen die einde van 2011 het die totale buitelandse belegging in die Russiese ekonomie VS$ 347,2 miljard beloop – 'n toename van 15,7 persent teenoor 2010.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In die tydperk tussen 2015 en 2018 het <a href="/wiki/Regstreekse_buitelandse_belegging" title="Regstreekse buitelandse belegging">regstreekse buitelandse beleggings</a> (RBB) slegs 0,2 persent van die Russiese Federasie se bruto geografiese produk beloop – die laagste persentasie van alle opkomende markte (laer as in Nigerië met 0,3 persent, Venezuela met 0,5 persent en Oekraïne met 2,7 persent). As herbeleggings in ag geneem word, styg hierdie ekonomiese aanwyser tot 1,5 persent van die BGP – meer as in Saoedi-Arabië, Nigerië, Suid-Korea, Suid-Afrika en Venezuela. Sanksies, wat ná die besetting van die Krim-skiereiland en sy inlywing by die Russiese Federasie ingestel is, bly 'n belangrike faktor as buitelandse ondernemings beleggings in die land oorweeg, net soos die slegte beleggingsklimaat en lae groeivooruitsigte.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In die tydperk tussen 2015 en 2018 het <a href="/wiki/Regstreekse_buitelandse_belegging" title="Regstreekse buitelandse belegging">regstreekse buitelandse beleggings</a> (RBB) slegs 0,2 persent van die Russiese Federasie se bruto geografiese produk beloop – die laagste persentasie van alle opkomende markte (laer as in Nigerië met 0,3 persent, Venezuela met 0,5 persent en Oekraïne met 2,7 persent). As herbeleggings in ag geneem word, styg hierdie ekonomiese aanwyser tot 1,5 persent van die BGP – meer as in Saoedi-Arabië, Nigerië, Suid-Korea, Suid-Afrika en Venezuela. Sanksies, wat ná die besetting van die Krim-skiereiland en sy inlywing by die Russiese Federasie ingestel is, bly 'n belangrike faktor as buitelandse ondernemings beleggings in die land oorweeg, net soos die slegte beleggingsklimaat en lae groeivooruitsigte.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Huidige_ekonomiese_hoofsektore">Huidige ekonomiese hoofsektore</h3></div> Die nywerheidsektor het in die eerste ses maande van 2008 32,7 persent van Rusland se <a href="/wiki/Bruto_binnelandse_produk" title="Bruto binnelandse produk">bruto binnelandse produk</a> (BBP) opgelewer; die energiesektor was die belangrikste bedryf wat 10,6 persent bygedra het. Die tweede grootste sektor is handel, die gastebedryf en vervoer wat 30,3 persent van die BBP verteenwoordig het. Die finansiële sektor het 14,4, ander openbare en privaat dienste 13,9, die boubedryf 5,7 en die landbousektor 3,0 persent van die BBP opgelewer ('n groot deel van die landbouprodukte word egter op privaat grond verbou en informeel bemark).<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekonomiese_ontwikkeling_in_die_vroeë_21ste_eeu">Ekonomiese ontwikkeling in die vroeë 21ste eeu</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Rosneft-azs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Rosneft-azs.jpg/220px-Rosneft-azs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Rosneft-azs.jpg/330px-Rosneft-azs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Rosneft-azs.jpg/440px-Rosneft-azs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>'n <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosneft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosneft (bladsy bestaan nie)">Rosneft</a>-vulstasie. Rusland is die grootste uitvoerder van aardgas en die tweede grootste olie-uitvoerder in die wêreld</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:View_on_Innopolis_University_campus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/View_on_Innopolis_University_campus.jpg/220px-View_on_Innopolis_University_campus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/View_on_Innopolis_University_campus.jpg/330px-View_on_Innopolis_University_campus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/View_on_Innopolis_University_campus.jpg/440px-View_on_Innopolis_University_campus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4161" data-file-height="2769" /></a><figcaption>Digitalisering is een van die kernbeleide van Rusland se regering: Innopolis-universiteitskampus in 'n tegnologiepark buite <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a></figcaption></figure> Sedert die begin van die huidige eeu het stygende oliepryse, toenemende buitelandse beleggings, hoër binnelandse verbruik en groter politieke stabiliteit Rusland se ekonomiese groei 'n hupstoot gegee. Die land het die jaar 2007 vir die negende agtereenvolgende jaar met ekonomiese groei afgesluit, met 'n gemiddeld van 7% per jaar sedert die finansiële krisis van 1998. In 2007 was Rusland se bruto binnelandse produk (BBP) VS$2 076 miljard, die sewende grootste in die wêreld en 8,1% hoër as die vorige jaar. Die gemiddelde salaris in Rusland was vroeg in 2008 sowat VS$640 per maand in vergelyking met VS$80 in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Sowat 14% van Russe het in 2007 onder die broodlyn gelewe<a href="#cite_note-RIA-59">[59]</a> – heelwat minder as die 40% in 1998, toe die ekonomie op sy grootste laagtepunt was sedert die verbrokkeling van die <a href="/wiki/Sowjetunie" title="Sowjetunie">Sowjetunie</a>. Werkloosheid was 4,8% in 2018 en 4,6% in 2019 in vergelyking met sowat 12,4% in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Rusland het die wêreld se grootste natuurlike-gas-, tweede grootste steenkool- en agtste grootste oliereserwes. Dit is die grootste uitvoerder van aardgas in die wêreld en die tweede grootste olie-uitvoerder. Olie, aardgas, metale en hout maak 80% van die land se uitvoer uit. In 2001 het 'n meer gestroomlynde belastingstelsel (met 'n basiese belastingkoers van 13 persent) die las op die land se burgers verlig en staatsinkomste verhoog.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Die ekonomiese ontwikkeling van die land is egter oneweredig aangesien die Moskou-streek 'n buitengewoon groot deel tot die BBP bydra.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> 'n Groot deel van Rusland, veral plattelandse gebiede, vaar veel swakker. In 2019 is 300 nywerheidstede as sogenaamde «monostede» geklassifiseer vanweë hul eensydige industriële struktuur. Die spektrum van hierdie monostede strek van Beringofski, 'n klein nedersetting van 700 siele op die eiland Tsjoekotka, tot Togliatti, 'n stad met 'n bevolking van meer as 700 000.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Ondanks alle ekonomiese uitdagings het die middelklas gegroei van net 8 miljoen mense in 2000 tot 55 miljoen in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Rusland het in 2007 altesaam 110 miljardêrs gehad, die grootste getal buite die <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_State_van_Amerika" title="Verenigde State van Amerika">VSA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Ondanks die land se sterk ekonomiese groei lys die <a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAreldbank" title="Wêreldbank">Wêreldbank</a> verskeie uitdagings wat die Russiese ekonomie in die gesig staar, onder meer die diversifisering van die ekonomie en die aanmoediging van die groei van klein en middelslag-besighede. Die diversifisering van Rusland se uitvoere, veral die vervaardiging van industriële goedere waarmee Russiese ondernemings op die wêreldmark kan meeding, word gekeer deur strukturele besonderhede. So word Russiese nywerheidsprodukte tans grotendeels in staatsondernemings vervaardig. Westerse analitici wys daarop dat meer as twee derdes van die Russiese ekonomie in staatsbesit of in groot konglomerate gekonsentreer is. Hierdie groot ondernemings oorheers die Russiese mark en kan self baie van sy reëls opstel. Anders as in die geval van suksesvolle rolspelers op die wêreldmark is daar in Rusland steeds 'n gebrek aan innovatiewe middelgroot ondernemings in die nywerheidsektor.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dalende_olieprys_en_Korona-krisis_in_2020">Dalende olieprys en Korona-krisis in 2020</h3></div> Die verbrokkeling van die olieproduksie-ooreenkoms tussen Rusland en <a href="/wiki/Saoedi-Arabi%C3%AB" title="Saoedi-Arabië">Saoedi-Arabië</a> vroeg in 2020 het, net soos die uitwissing van miljarde se waarde op internasionale effektebeurse as gevolg van die <a href="/wiki/Koronaviruspandemie_van_2019-2020" class="mw-redirect" title="Koronaviruspandemie van 2019-2020">Koronaviruspandemie van 2019-2020</a> in Maart 2020, skokgolwe deur die Russiese ekonomie gestuur, soos weerspieël in die volatiliteit van Russiese effektebeurse en die roebel-wisselkoers wat in die eerste drie maande van 2020 elkeen twintig persent van hul waarde verloor het.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Ekonomiese aanwysers </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Aanwyser</th> <th>2017</th> <th>2018</th> <th>Ter vergelyking: Duitsland </th></tr> <tr> <td>Bruto binnelandse produk (BBP, nominaal, in miljard €)</td> <td>1397</td> <td>1403</td> <td>3344,4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>BBP per capita (in €)</td> <td>9516</td> <td>9557</td> <td>40340 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bevolking (miljoen)</td> <td>146,8</td> <td>146,8</td> <td>82,9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wisselkoers, 1 € = ? roebel, jaarlikse gemiddeld</td> <td>65,94</td> <td>74,04</td> <td>- </td></tr></tbody></table> Bron: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gtai.de/gtai-de/trade/wirtschaftsumfeld/wirtschaftsausblick/russland/wirtschaftsausblick-russland-203142">Germany Trade and Invest (GTAI): Wirtschaftliche Eckdaten Russlands</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200419074628/https://www.gtai.de/gtai-de/trade/wirtschaftsumfeld/wirtschaftsausblick/russland/wirtschaftsausblick-russland-203142">Geargiveer</a> 19 April 2020 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bevolking">Bevolking</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="'n_Multi-etniese_samelewing">'n Multi-etniese samelewing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_population_dencity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_population_dencity.svg/220px-Federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_population_dencity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_population_dencity.svg/330px-Federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_population_dencity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_population_dencity.svg/440px-Federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_population_dencity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="2710" /></a><figcaption>Federale subjekte volgens bevolkingsdigtheid in 2010</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Percentage_of_Russians_by_region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Percentage_of_Russians_by_region.svg/220px-Percentage_of_Russians_by_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Percentage_of_Russians_by_region.svg/330px-Percentage_of_Russians_by_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Percentage_of_Russians_by_region.svg/440px-Percentage_of_Russians_by_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Verspreiding van etniese Russe volgens streke in 2010: <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;">    >80%    70—79%    50—69%    20—49%    <20% </div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:COB_data_Russia.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/COB_data_Russia.PNG/220px-COB_data_Russia.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/COB_data_Russia.PNG/330px-COB_data_Russia.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/COB_data_Russia.PNG/440px-COB_data_Russia.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Buitelandse bevolking in Rusland volgens herkoms in 2002</figcaption></figure> Die Russiese Federasie het 'n uiteenlopende, veelrassige bevolking van 144,5 miljoen, wat tot sowat 160 verskillende etniese groepe en <a href="/wiki/Inheemse_volke" title="Inheemse volke">inheemse volke</a> behoort:<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russe" title="Russe">Russe</a>: 80,9%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartare" title="Tartare">Tartare</a>: 3,9%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFners" title="Oekraïners">Oekraïners</a>: 1,4%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basjkiri%C3%ABrs" title="Basjkiriërs">Basjkiriërs</a>: 1,2%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsjoewasji%C3%ABrs" title="Tsjoewasjiërs">Tsjoewasjiërs</a>: 1,1%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeni%C3%ABrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Armeniërs">Armeniërs</a>: 0,8%</li> <li>Ander: 10,7%</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etnonieme">Etnonieme</h3></div> Die Afrikaanse terme «Rus» en «Russe» word in Russies deur twee woorde met verskillende betekenisse weergegee. Terwyl vir etniese Oos-Slawiese Russe die etnoniem русский (Roesski, meervoudsvorm: Roesskije) gebruik word, word na Russiese staatsburgers met afwykende etniese agtergronde sedert die 1990's as россиянин (Rossijanin) verwys. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bevolkingsdigtheid">Bevolkingsdigtheid</h3></div> Hoewel die bevolking groot is, is die bevolkingsdigtheid klein vanweë die geweldige grootte van die land. Die digtheid is die hoogste in Europese Rusland, naby die <a href="/wiki/Oeral-gebergte" class="mw-redirect" title="Oeral-gebergte">Oeral-gebergte</a> en in Suidwes-<a href="/wiki/Siberi%C3%AB" title="Siberië">Siberië</a>. Die bevolking is oneweredig oor die land versprei; twee derdes is in die Europese deel gekonsentreer, terwyl groot gebiede in Siberië feitlik onbewoon is. Afgeleë en onherbergsame streke, wat tydens die Sowjet-periode onder dwang bevolk was, is tans vanweë die haglike lewensomstandighede en ongereelde loonbetalings in talle mynboudorpe grotendeels weer ontvolk. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigrasie_en_emigrasie">Immigrasie en emigrasie</h3></div> In 2006 het 186 380 immigrante Rusland binnegekom, waarvan 95% van <a href="/wiki/Gemenebes_van_Onafhanklike_State" title="Gemenebes van Onafhanklike State">GOS</a>-lande is.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Daar is ook sowat 10 miljoen onwettige immigrante van oud-republieke van die Sowjetunie.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Die Russiese bevolking neem nogtans af, veral as gevolg van die lae geboortekoers en die lae lewensverwagting van mans (wat onder meer aan drankmisbruik toegeskryf word).<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Daarnaas is emigrasie 'n beslissende faktor in die land se demografiese ontwikkeling – miljoene Russe het hulle sedert die 1990's in Europese en oorsese lande gevestig. Duitsland is die belangrikste bestemming vir Russiese emigrante met 'n Russiessprekende gemeenskap van sowat vier miljoen – die grootste buite Rusland. Die Russiese Federasie het – as 'n land met 'n krimpende bevolking – van die liberaalste immigrasiewette ter wêreld. Die Russiese arbeidsmark is aantreklik genoeg vir honderdduisende immigrante uit Europa (onder wie meer as 100 000 elk uit Duitsland en die Verenigde Koninkryk). Immigrante mag na vyf jaar se permanente verblyf in die land die burgerskap van die Russiese Federasie aanneem as hulle Russies magtig is en 'n sodanige taaltoets slaag. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verstedeliking">Verstedeliking</h3></div> In vergelyking met slegs 18 persent in 1918 woon tans 73 persent van die burgers in stedelike gebiede.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Die twee grootste stede is <a href="/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou">Moskou</a> (11 514 000 inwoners volgens die sensus van 2010) en <a href="/wiki/Sint_Petersburg" title="Sint Petersburg">Sint Petersburg</a> (4 848 000). Elf ander stede het meer as 'n miljoen inwoners: <a href="/wiki/Jekaterinburg" title="Jekaterinburg">Jekaterinburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nizjni_Nowgorod" title="Nizjni Nowgorod">Nizjni Nowgorod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nowosibirsk" title="Nowosibirsk">Nowosibirsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oefa" title="Oefa">Oefa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omsk" title="Omsk">Omsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perm" title="Perm">Perm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rostof_aan_die_Don" title="Rostof aan die Don">Rostof aan die Don</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsjeljabinsk" title="Tsjeljabinsk">Tsjeljabinsk</a> en <a href="/wiki/Wolgograd" title="Wolgograd">Wolgograd</a>. <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russiese_stede_met_meer_as_’n_miljoen_inwoners" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Russiese_stede_met_meer_as_miljoen_inwoners" title="Sjabloon:Russiese stede met meer as miljoen inwoners"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bespreek"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloonbespreking:Russiese_stede_met_meer_as_miljoen_inwoners" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Russiese stede met meer as miljoen inwoners"><abbr title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-wysig"><a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Russiese_stede_met_meer_as_miljoen_inwoners&action=edit"><abbr title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russiese_stede_met_meer_as_’n_miljoen_inwoners" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Russiese stede met meer as ’n miljoen inwoners</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jekaterinburg" title="Jekaterinburg">Jekaterinburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnojarsk" title="Krasnojarsk">Krasnojarsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou">Moskou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizjni_Nowgorod" title="Nizjni Nowgorod">Nizjni Nowgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowosibirsk" title="Nowosibirsk">Nowosibirsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oefa" title="Oefa">Oefa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omsk" title="Omsk">Omsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perm" title="Perm">Perm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostof_aan_die_Don" title="Rostof aan die Don">Rostof aan die Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Petersburg" title="Sint Petersburg">Sint Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsjeljabinsk" title="Tsjeljabinsk">Tsjeljabinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolgograd" title="Wolgograd">Wolgograd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woronezj" title="Woronezj">Woronezj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenis">Geskiedenis</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vroeë_periode">Vroeë periode</h3></div> In prehistoriese tye is die gebied wat later Europese Rusland sou word, bewoon deur veral <a href="/wiki/Slawi%C3%ABrs" title="Slawiërs">Slawiese</a> en <a href="/wiki/Fins-Oegriese_tale" title="Fins-Oegriese tale">Fins-Oegriese</a> volke. Die Slawiërs was waarskynlik in 'n gebied rondom die Pripjat-moerasse gekonsentreer en het van daar verder versprei.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Hulle het veral handel gedryf met <a href="/wiki/Griekeland" title="Griekeland">Griekeland</a>, die <a href="/wiki/Krim" title="Krim">Krim</a> en later met die <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_Ryk" title="Romeinse Ryk">Romeinse</a> en <a href="/wiki/Bisantynse_Keiserryk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisantynse Keiserryk">Bisantynse</a> ryke. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kiëf-Roes">Kiëf-Roes</h3></div> <dl><dd><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Die hoofartikel vir hierdie afdeling is: <a href="/wiki/Ki%C3%ABf-Roes" title="Kiëf-Roes">Kiëf-Roes</a>.</div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Lebedev_baptism.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lebedev_baptism.jpg/220px-Lebedev_baptism.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lebedev_baptism.jpg/330px-Lebedev_baptism.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lebedev_baptism.jpg/440px-Lebedev_baptism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>Die doop van die inwoners van Kiëf (<a href="/wiki/Kijif" title="Kijif">Kijif</a>) in die <a href="/wiki/Dnjepr" title="Dnjepr">Dniprorivier</a>, deur Klawdy Lebedef</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:KiewerRus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/KiewerRus.jpg/220px-KiewerRus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/KiewerRus.jpg/330px-KiewerRus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/KiewerRus.jpg/440px-KiewerRus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1382" /></a><figcaption>Kiëf-Roes omstreeks 1000 n.C.</figcaption></figure> Kiëf-Roes het bestaan van omstreeks 880 tot die middel van die 12de eeu, met <a href="/wiki/Ki%C3%ABf" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiëf">Kiëf</a> as belangrikste sentrum. Die Roes-volk het waarskynlik die huidige Noordwes-Rusland sedert die 8ste eeu oorheers. In die 9de eeu het hulle in 'n mate georganiseerd geraak. Volgens die <a href="/wiki/Prim%C3%AAre_Kronieke" class="mw-redirect" title="Primêre Kronieke">Primêre Kronieke</a>, die vroegste aantekening van die streek se geskiedenis, het 'n Warangiër (of <a href="/wiki/Wikings" title="Wikings">Wikings</a>) met die naam <a href="/wiki/Rjoerik" title="Rjoerik">Rjoerik</a> hom in <a href="/wiki/Nowgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Nowgorod">Nowgorod</a> gevestig. Hy is in 860 deur die volke in die gebied as gemeenskaplike leier gekies voordat hy suid getrek en sy mag na <a href="/wiki/Ki%C3%ABf" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiëf">Kiëf</a>, die hoofstad van die huidige Oekraïne, uitgebrei het. Hy word in die Kronieke die voorvader van die <a href="/wiki/Rjoerik-dinastie" title="Rjoerik-dinastie">Rjoerik-dinastie</a> genoem wat tot aan die einde van die 16de eeu oor onder meer Rusland sou regeer. Kiëf het sy goue eeu beleef tydens die bewind van <a href="/wiki/Wladimir_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Wladimir I">Wladimir I</a> (980–1015) en sy seun <a href="/wiki/Jaroslaf_I_die_Wyse" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaroslaf I die Wyse">Jaroslaf I die Wyse</a> (1019–1054). In dié tyd is die Christelike geloof van <a href="/wiki/Konstantinopel" title="Konstantinopel">Bisantium</a> aanvaar en die eerste <a href="/wiki/Oos-Slawiese_tale" title="Oos-Slawiese tale">Oos-Slawiese</a> geskrewe regskode opgestel. Die vroeë Roes-heersers was waarskynlik 'n Skandinawiese elite van krygsmanne wat regeer het oor die meerderheid, wat bestaan het uit verskeie Slawiese volke. Die grootste probleem van Kiëf-Roes was dit op die rand van Europa gelê het en aan die Asiatiese steppe gegrens het, van waar nomadiese volke die ryk gereeld binnegeval het. 'n Tweede groot probleem was <a href="/wiki/Eersgeboortereg" title="Eersgeboortereg">eersgeboortereg</a>, wat daartoe gelei het dat met elke troonbestyging 'n nuwe <a href="/wiki/Burgeroorlog" title="Burgeroorlog">burgeroorlog</a> uitgebreek het. Tussen 1054 en 1224 was daar nie minder as 83 burgeroorloë nie. Eindelik het die ryk vir goed versplinter. Nuwe prinsdomme het ontstaan wat elk deur afstammelinge van Rjoerik regeer is: Nowgorod, Wladimir-Soezdal, Halitsj-Wolhinië, Polotsk, Smolensk, Tsjernigof en Perejaslaf. Weens die versplintering het dit die <a href="/wiki/Mongole" title="Mongole">Mongole</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Goue_Horde" title="Goue Horde">Goue Horde</a>, wat die gebied sedert 1223 binnegeval het, nie veel gekos om die prinsdomme omver te werp nie.<a href="#cite_note-Hamm-75">[75]</a> Mongoolse oorheersing het die gebied se ekonomiese en sosiale ontwikkeling gestrem<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> en sou vir die volgende drie eeue voortduur. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moskowië_en_die_eerste_tsare">Moskowië en die eerste tsare</h3></div> <dl><dd><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Die hoofartikels vir hierdie afdeling is: <a href="/wiki/Moskowi%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskowië">Moskowië</a> en <a href="/wiki/Tsaredom_van_Rusland" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsaredom van Rusland">Tsaredom van Rusland</a>.</div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Lissner_TroiceSergievaLavr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lissner_TroiceSergievaLavr.jpg/220px-Lissner_TroiceSergievaLavr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lissner_TroiceSergievaLavr.jpg/330px-Lissner_TroiceSergievaLavr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lissner_TroiceSergievaLavr.jpg/440px-Lissner_TroiceSergievaLavr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>'n Toneel uit die Middeleeuse Russiese geskiedenis</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Ivan_the_Terrible_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ivan_the_Terrible_%28cropped%29.JPG/170px-Ivan_the_Terrible_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ivan_the_Terrible_%28cropped%29.JPG/255px-Ivan_the_Terrible_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ivan_the_Terrible_%28cropped%29.JPG/340px-Ivan_the_Terrible_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="1003" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iwan_IV_van_Rusland" class="mw-redirect" title="Iwan IV van Rusland">Iwan die Verskriklike</a></figcaption></figure> Die magtigste opvolgerstaat van Kiëf-Roes was Moskowië, of die Groothertogdom van Moskou. Dit annekseer buurstate soos <a href="/wiki/Twer" title="Twer">Twer</a> en <a href="/wiki/Republiek_van_Nowgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Republiek van Nowgorod">Nowgorod</a> en word eindelik die basis van die moderne Russiese staat. Ná die val van <a href="/wiki/Konstantinopel" title="Konstantinopel">Konstantinopel</a> in 1453 (ook bekend as die tweede <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>) eien Moskou hom die naam derde Rome toe omdat dit die laaste sentrum van die <a href="/wiki/Ortodokse_Kerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Ortodokse Kerk">Ortodokse Kerk</a> is. <a href="/wiki/Iwan_III_van_Rusland" title="Iwan III van Rusland">Iwan III</a> begin homself, afgelei van die Romeinse en Bisantynse keisers, "<a href="/wiki/Tsaar" title="Tsaar">tsaar</a> van die hele Rusland" noem en verwerp die soewereiniteit van die Goue Horde. Van 1533 tot 1584 regeer <a href="/wiki/Iwan_IV_van_Rusland" class="mw-redirect" title="Iwan IV van Rusland">Iwan die Verskriklike</a>. Hy is die eerste heerser wat amptelik as tsaar van Rusland gekroon word. Hy beywer hom aanvanklik vir vreedsame hervormings en vernuwings. Hy stel die boekdrukkuns in, onderwerp die kerk aan die staat en standaardiseer rituele en verordeninge.<a href="#cite_note-solovyov-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Iwan soek nuwe handelsmoontlikhede en stel die hawe van <a href="/wiki/Archangelsk" title="Archangelsk">Archangelsk</a> aan die Witsee vir <a href="/wiki/Engeland" title="Engeland">Engelse</a> handelaars oop. In die ooste lyf hy die kanate van <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a> en <a href="/wiki/Astrachan" title="Astrachan">Astrachan</a> in. Hy stel ook 'n wet in wat die bewegingsvryheid van boere beperk – 'n belangrikse stap in die rigting van die latere <a href="/wiki/Lyfeienskap" title="Lyfeienskap">lyfeienskap</a>. Sy latere bewind word egter deur 'n periode van terreur gekenmerk. Hy raak betrokke in die sogenaamde Lyflandse Oorlog wat 22 jaar voortsleep en die Russiese ekonomie en leër ruïneer.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Boonop sterf sy vrou, <a href="/wiki/Anastasia_Romanowna" title="Anastasia Romanowna">Anastasia Romanowna</a> en Iwan glo die bojare het haar vermoor. Hy kom nie hierdie slag te bowe nie en sy gesondheid begin agteruitgaan. Hy gaan geestelik agteruit en word paranoïes en gewelddadig. In 1564 skep hy 'n polisiemag, die Opritsjniki, wat 'n moorddadige terreurbende word wat links en regs onder die adel en die volk moor. In 1581 slaan Iwan glo sy oudste seun in 'n <a href="/wiki/Woedebui" title="Woedebui">woedebui</a> dood. Ná Iwan se dood word hy opgevolg deur sy verstandelik gestremde seun <a href="/wiki/Fjodor_I_van_Rusland" title="Fjodor I van Rusland">Fjodor</a>. Sy tweede oudste oorlewende seun, <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Iwanowitsj" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitri Iwanowitsj">Dmitri Iwanowitsj</a>, is toe maar twee jaar oud en word kort daarna vermoor. Tydens Fjodor se bewind lê die regte mag in die hande van sy swaer en voog, die bojaar <a href="/wiki/Boris_Godoenof" title="Boris Godoenof">Boris Godoenof</a>. Ná Fjodor se dood begin 'n chaotiese tydperk, bekend as die <a href="/wiki/Tyd_van_Beroeringe" title="Tyd van Beroeringe">Tyd van Beroeringe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> waarin Rusland onder andere deur <a href="/wiki/Vals_Dmitri_I_van_Rusland" title="Vals Dmitri I van Rusland">Vals Dmitri I</a> en <a href="/wiki/Vals_Dmitri_II_van_Rusland" title="Vals Dmitri II van Rusland">Vals Dmitri II</a> regeer word. Laasgenoemde word op 11 Desember 1610 vermoor terwyl hy halfdronk is en dit lui die tydperk van die <a href="/wiki/Huis_van_Romanof" title="Huis van Romanof">Huis van Romanof</a> in. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keiserlike_Rusland">Keiserlike Rusland</h3></div> <dl><dd><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Die hoofartikel vir hierdie afdeling is: <a href="/wiki/Russiese_Ryk" title="Russiese Ryk">Russiese Ryk</a>.</div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Russian_Empire_(1867).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Russian_Empire_%281867%29.svg/220px-Russian_Empire_%281867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Russian_Empire_%281867%29.svg/330px-Russian_Empire_%281867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Russian_Empire_%281867%29.svg/440px-Russian_Empire_%281867%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Die Russiese Ryk in sy grootste uitbreiding in 1865</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Peter_der-Grosse_1838.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Peter_der-Grosse_1838.jpg/170px-Peter_der-Grosse_1838.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Peter_der-Grosse_1838.jpg/255px-Peter_der-Grosse_1838.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Peter_der-Grosse_1838.jpg/340px-Peter_der-Grosse_1838.jpg 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pieter_I_van_Rusland" title="Pieter I van Rusland">Pieter die Grote</a></figcaption></figure> Onder die <a href="/wiki/Huis_van_Romanof" title="Huis van Romanof">Huis van Romanof</a> en <a href="/wiki/Pieter_I_van_Rusland" title="Pieter I van Rusland">Pieter die Grote</a> word Rusland 'n wêreldmag. Pieter regeer van 1682 tot 1725. Hy verslaan <a href="/wiki/Swede" title="Swede">Swede</a> en in 'n deel van die gebied wat hy van die land verower, stig hy later Sint Petersburg. Pieter se hervormings het meegebring dat die land geweldig beïnvloed is deur die Wes-Europese kultuur. <a href="/wiki/Katharina_II_van_Rusland" title="Katharina II van Rusland">Katharina die Grote</a>, wat van 1762 tot 1796 regeer, sit sy poging voort om Rusland te vestig as een van die groot magte in Europa. Rusland brei in dié tyd ook geografies geweldig uit. Idees van <a href="/wiki/Liberalisme" title="Liberalisme">liberalisme</a> word in die Dekabriste-opstand van 1825 onderdruk en gevolg deur dekades van politieke onderdrukking. Die voortduur van lyfeienskap en die konserwatiewe beleidsrigtings van <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_I_van_Rusland" title="Nikolaas I van Rusland">Nikolaas I</a> strem ontwikkeling in Rusland in die middel-negentiende eeu. Sy opvolger, <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_II_van_Rusland" title="Aleksander II van Rusland">Aleksander II</a> (1855–1881), stel verskeie hervormings in, onder meer die afskaffing van lyfeienskap in 1861. Hy sterf egter in 'n sluipmoordaanval en sy opvolger, <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_III_van_Rusland" title="Aleksander III van Rusland">Aleksander III</a>, beëindig sy pa se pogings om groter outonomie aan die Russiese volk te gee. Hy ontslaan liberale ministers, beperk die bevoegdhede van die zemstwo's, verskerp die staatstoesig op middelbare en hoër onderwys, brei die bevoegdhede van die polisie aansienlik uit en tree as bewaker van die <a href="/wiki/Russies-Ortodokse_Kerk" title="Russies-Ortodokse Kerk">ortodoksie</a> streng op teen <a href="/wiki/Jode" title="Jode">Jode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rooms-Katolieke_Kerk" title="Rooms-Katolieke Kerk">Rooms-Katolieke</a> en <a href="/wiki/Protestantisme" title="Protestantisme">Protestante</a>. Opstandelinge en andersdenkendes word in massas na Siberië verban. Onder sy opvolger, <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_II_van_Rusland" title="Nikolaas II van Rusland">Nikolaas II</a>, duur dié toestande voort. Ongenaakbare toestande in fabrieke lei tot groot steun aan die revolusionêre sosialistiese beweging. In Januarie 1905 word daar gevuur op stakende werkers in Sint Petersburg en honderde sterf of word gewond. Dit, die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies-Japanse_Oorlog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russies-Japanse Oorlog (bladsy bestaan nie)">Russies-Japanse Oorlog</a> en die gebeure van Bloedige Sondag in 1905 lei tot die <a href="/wiki/Russiese_Rewolusie_(1905)" title="Russiese Rewolusie (1905)">Russiese Rewolusie</a> van 1905. Hoewel die opstand onderdruk word, word Nikolaas gedwing om sekere hervormings in te stel. Die basiese lewe van die werkers bly egter beroerd. Tydens die <a href="/wiki/Eerste_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Eerste Wêreldoorlog">Eerste Wêreldoorlog</a> word die wantroue in die regering nog groter weens die hoë koste en sterftesyfer van die oorlog en gerugte van <a href="/wiki/Korrupsie" title="Korrupsie">korrupsie</a> en selfs verraad. Dit lei tot die <a href="/wiki/Russiese_rewolusie_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russiese rewolusie (1917)">Russiese Rewolusie</a> van 1917. Talle opstande vind plaas en word gesteun deur talle soldate. Baie van die opstande word gereël deur demokraties verkose rade genaamd <a href="/wiki/Sowjet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowjet">sowjets</a>. Die <a href="/wiki/Februarie-rewolusie" title="Februarie-rewolusie">Februarie-rewolusie</a> lei tot die abdikasie van Nikolaas II. Hy word opgevolg deur 'n voorlopige regering. Dié het aanvanklik die steun van die Sowjets, maar is nie in staat om die talle probleme in die land op te los nie. In die tweede rewolusie wat in Oktober volg en deur <a href="/wiki/Wladimir_Lenin" title="Wladimir Lenin">Wladimir Lenin</a> gelei word, word die Voorlopige Regering omvergewerp en die wêreld se eerste <a href="/wiki/Kommunisme" title="Kommunisme">kommunistiese</a> staat gestig. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sowjet-Rusland">Sowjet-Rusland</h3></div> <dl><dd><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Die hoofartikels vir hierdie afdeling is: <a href="/wiki/Russiese_Sosialistiese_Federale_Sowjetrepubliek" title="Russiese Sosialistiese Federale Sowjetrepubliek">Russiese Sosialistiese Federale Sowjetrepubliek</a> en <a href="/wiki/Sowjetunie" title="Sowjetunie">Sowjetunie</a>.</div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Sputnik_asm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sputnik_asm.jpg/220px-Sputnik_asm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sputnik_asm.jpg/330px-Sputnik_asm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sputnik_asm.jpg/440px-Sputnik_asm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>’n Replika van <a href="/wiki/Spoetnik_1" title="Spoetnik 1">Spoetnik 1</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Gagarin_in_Sweden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Gagarin_in_Sweden.jpg/170px-Gagarin_in_Sweden.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Gagarin_in_Sweden.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Die eerste mens in die ruimte, <a href="/wiki/Joeri_Gagarin" title="Joeri Gagarin">Joeri Gagarin</a></figcaption></figure> Ná die Oktober-rewolusie breek 'n burgeroorlog uit tussen die nuwe regering se <a href="/wiki/Rooi_Le%C3%ABr" title="Rooi Leër">Rooi Leër</a> en die Wit Leër van die monargiste, konserwatiewe en gematigde sosialiste wat teen die drastiese hervormings van die <a href="/wiki/Bolsjewis" title="Bolsjewis">Bolsjewiste</a> is. Teen die einde van die burgeroorlog het 20 miljoen Russe al gesterf en die <a href="/wiki/Ekonomie" title="Ekonomie">ekonomie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Infrastruktuur" title="Infrastruktuur">infrastruktuur</a> was aan flarde. Die Russiese Federatiewe Sosialistiese Sowjetrepubliek stig die <a href="/wiki/Sowjetunie" title="Sowjetunie">Sowjetunie</a> op 30 Desember 1922 saam met drie ander republieke. Die Russiese republiek oorheers die Sowjetunie tydens sy 74-jarige bestaan. Die Bolsjewiste stel gratis mediese sorg en opvoeding in, asook die reg om 'n werk en huisvesting te hê. Vroueregte word aansienlik verbeter.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Ná Lenin se dood in 1924 word Josef Stalin 'n diktator. Hy begin met industrialisasie en in 'n kort tyd verander die Sowjetunie van 'n landbouland in 'n groot, magtige nywerheidsmag. Die land tree uit die <a href="/wiki/Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Tweede Wêreldoorlog">Tweede Wêreldoorlog</a> as een van die wêreld se supermoondhede. Die Rooi Leër beset Oos-Europa ná die oorlog en Stalin stel kommunistiese regerings in dié streek se lande in. As 'n groot kernwapenmag raak die land in 'n stryd om wêreldoorheersing betrokke met die Verenigde State van Amerika wat bekend staan as die <a href="/wiki/Koue_Oorlog" title="Koue Oorlog">Koue Oorlog</a>. Onder Stalin se opvolger, <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Chroesjtsjof" title="Nikita Chroesjtsjof">Nikita Chroesjtsjof</a>, stuur die Sowjetunie die wêreld se eerste kunsmatige <a href="/wiki/Satelliet" title="Satelliet">satelliet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spoetnik_1" title="Spoetnik 1">Spoetnik 1</a>, die lug in en die Russiese <a href="/wiki/Ruimtevaarder" title="Ruimtevaarder">ruimtevaarder</a> <a href="/wiki/Joeri_Gagarin" title="Joeri Gagarin">Joeri Gagarin</a> word die eerste mens wat in 'n bemande ruimtetuig (<a href="/wiki/Wostok-ruimteprogram" title="Wostok-ruimteprogram">Wostok 1</a>) om die aarde wentel. Spanning tussen die twee supermoondhede neem toe weens die Amerikaanse Jupiter-missiele in <a href="/wiki/Turkye" title="Turkye">Turkye</a> en die missielkrisis in <a href="/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba">Kuba</a>. Ná Chroesjtsjof se dood ontstaan weer 'n tydperk van gedeelde mag waarin <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezjnef" title="Leonid Brezjnef">Leonid Brezjnef</a> in die vroeë 1970's na vore tree as die belangrikste figuur in Sowjet-politiek. Tydens sy bewind is daar ekonomiese stagnasie en val die Sowjetunie <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> binne. Vanaf 1985 stel <a href="/wiki/Michail_Gorbatsjof" title="Michail Gorbatsjof">Michail Gorbatsjof</a> sy beleid van <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a> (openheid) en <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a> (hervorming) in in 'n poging om die land te moderniseer. In Augustus 1991 is daar 'n mislukte staatsgreep teen hom om te keer dat die Sowjetunie ondergaan. In Rusland kom <a href="/wiki/Boris_Jeltsin" title="Boris Jeltsin">Boris Jeltsin</a> aan die bewind en kondig die einde van die Kommunistiese bewind aan. Die Sowjetunie versplinter in vyftien onafhanklike state en word in Desember 1991 amptelik ontbind. Jeltsin word in Junie 1991 verkies tot president van Rusland in die eerste presidensiële verkiesing in die Russiese geskiedenis. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russiese_Federasie">Russiese Federasie</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Moscow-City_(36211143494).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Moscow-City_%2836211143494%29.jpg/220px-Moscow-City_%2836211143494%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Moscow-City_%2836211143494%29.jpg/330px-Moscow-City_%2836211143494%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Moscow-City_%2836211143494%29.jpg/440px-Moscow-City_%2836211143494%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3753" data-file-height="2813" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moskwa-Siti" title="Moskwa-Siti">Moskwa-Siti</a> in 2016</figcaption></figure> Tydens en ná die versplintering van die Sowjetunie, terwyl uitgebreide hervormings, onder meer privatisasie, plaasvind, beleef die Russiese ekonomie 'n groot krisis. Die BBP en nywerheidsproduksie neem tussen 1990 en einde 1995 met sowat 50% af.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Prysbeheer word afgeskaf en daar word begin met privatisering. Miljoene verarm – volgens die <a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAreldbank" title="Wêreldbank">Wêreldbank</a> leef tussen 39% en 49% van die bevolking teen middel 1993 in armoede in vergelyking met 1,5% in die laat-Sowjettydperk.<a href="#cite_note-worldbank-83">[83]</a> Vertragings in die betaling van lone word 'n langdurige probleem met miljoene mense wat maande en selfs jare te laat betaal word. Die privatiseringsproses bring mee dat beheer van ondernemings grootliks van staatsagentskappe verskuif na groepe individue met kontakte in die regering en die <a href="/wiki/Russiese_mafia" class="mw-redirect" title="Russiese mafia">mafia</a>. Gewelddadige kriminele groepe neem dikwels staatsondernemings oor en open met sluipmoorde die pad na afpersing. Korrupsie in die regering word alledaags. Baie van die nuwe rykes neem biljoene se kontant en bates uit die land. Daar is ook sosiale agteruitgang en die geboortesyfer daal geweldig terwyl die sterftesyfer die hoogte in skiet. Wetteloosheid is volop. Misdaadbendes en georganiseerde misdaad floreer en ander gewelddadige misdade vier hoogty.<a href="#cite_note-sokolov-84">[84]</a> Die 1990's word gekenmerk deur gewapende etniese konflik, soos in <a href="/wiki/Tsjetsjni%C3%AB" title="Tsjetsjnië">Tsjetsjnië</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noord-Osseti%C3%AB-Alani%C3%AB" title="Noord-Ossetië-Alanië">Noord-Ossetië-Alanië</a> en <a href="/wiki/Abchasi%C3%AB" title="Abchasië">Abchasië</a>. Hoë begrotingstekorte en die Asiatiese finansiële krisis van 1997 vererger Rusland se finansiële probleme en laat die BBP nog verder daal.<a href="#cite_note-OECD-85">[85]</a> Op 31 Desember 1999 bedank Jeltsin as president en oorhandig sy pligte aan die pas aangestelde eerste minister <a href="/wiki/Wladimir_Poetin" title="Wladimir Poetin">Wladimir Poetin</a>, wat daarna die 2000-verkiesing wen. Poetin se gewildheid neem toe nadat hy die Tsjetsjniese opstande onderdruk. Tydens sy bewind herstel die ekonomie en toon nou reeds nege jaar agtereenvolgens 'n groei. Dit verhoog die lewenstandaard en plaas Rusland terug op die wêreldverhoog. Hoewel talle Westerse lande Poetin kritiseer omdat hulle baie van sy hervormings as ondemokraties beskou,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> neem sy gewildheid binne Rusland toe vanweë die herstel van orde, stabiliteit en vooruitgang. Toe <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Medwedef" title="Dmitri Medwedef">Dmitri Medwedef</a> in 2008 verkies is tot nuwe president, is hy deur baie politieke waarnemers as niks meer as Wladimir Poetin se tydelike plekhouer in die Kremlin beskou nie. Met die volgende verkiesing het Poetin die presidentsamp hervat. Grondwetlike wysigings en die benoeming van <a href="/wiki/Michail_Misjoestin" title="Michail Misjoestin">Michail Misjoestin</a> as nuwe premier word as pogings van Poetin se kant beskou om enersyds sy politieke invloed ook ná die beëindiging van sy tweede opeenvolgende ampstermyn (die laaste volgens die Russiese grondwet) te verseker, maar andersyds ook aandag te gee aan die ekonomiese uitdagings wat Rusland in die gesig staar. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taal">Taal</h2></div> <dl><dd><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Die hoofartikel vir hierdie afdeling is: <a href="/wiki/Russies" title="Russies">Russies</a>.</div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Russian_language_status_and_proficiency_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Russian_language_status_and_proficiency_in_the_World.svg/220px-Russian_language_status_and_proficiency_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Russian_language_status_and_proficiency_in_the_World.svg/330px-Russian_language_status_and_proficiency_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Russian_language_status_and_proficiency_in_the_World.svg/440px-Russian_language_status_and_proficiency_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>Lande met Russies as amptelike of minderheidstaal</figcaption></figure> Rusland se 160 etniese groepe praat sowat 100 tale. Volgens die 2002-sensus praat 142,6 miljoen mense <a href="/wiki/Russies" title="Russies">Russies</a>, gevolg deur <a href="/wiki/Tartaars" title="Tartaars">Tartaars</a> met 5,3 miljoen en <a href="/wiki/Duits" title="Duits">Duits</a> met 2,9 miljoen sprekers.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Russies is die enigste amptelik staatstaal, maar elke republiek binne die federasie mag sy plaaslike taal kies as tweede <a href="/wiki/Amptelike_taal" title="Amptelike taal">amptelike taal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Russies behoort tot die <a href="/wiki/Indo-Europese_tale" title="Indo-Europese tale">Indo-Europese</a> <a href="/wiki/Taalfamilie" title="Taalfamilie">taalfamilie</a> en binne dié taalfamilie tot die <a href="/wiki/Oos-Slawiese_tale" title="Oos-Slawiese tale">Oos-Slawiese tale</a>. Dit is een van die ses amptelike tale van die <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Nasies" title="Verenigde Nasies">Verenigde Nasies</a>. Buite die gevestigde toerismestrukture (veral in die hoofdestemmings St. Petersburg, Moskou en die Goue Ring van Rusland) is ten minste basiese kennis van die Cyrilliese alfabet en Russiese taal 'n voorvereiste vir maklike oriëntasie en kommunikasie omrede Engels nouliks verstaan word. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Godsdiens">Godsdiens</h2></div> <dl><dd><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Die hoofartikel vir hierdie afdeling is: <a href="/wiki/Russies-Ortodokse_Kerk" title="Russies-Ortodokse Kerk">Russies-Ortodokse Kerk</a>.</div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Russia-Moscow-Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour-6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Russia-Moscow-Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour-6.jpg/220px-Russia-Moscow-Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour-6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Russia-Moscow-Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour-6.jpg/330px-Russia-Moscow-Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour-6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Russia-Moscow-Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour-6.jpg/440px-Russia-Moscow-Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour-6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Die <a href="/wiki/Katedraal_van_Christus_die_Verlosser" title="Katedraal van Christus die Verlosser">Katedraal van Christus die Verlosser</a> in Moskou, wat in die Sowjettydperk afgebreek en van 1990 tot 2000 herbou is</figcaption></figure> Die <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeddhisme" title="Boeddhisme">Boeddhisme</a> en <a href="/wiki/Juda%C3%AFsme" title="Judaïsme">Judaïsme</a> is Rusland se tradisionele godsdienste en word beskou as deel van die land se "historiese erfenis", volgens 'n wet van 1997.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Skattings van die aantal gelowiges verskil grootliks tussen bronne en sommige meen dat tussen 16% en 48% van die bevolking ongelowig is.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russies-Ortodokse_Kerk" title="Russies-Ortodokse Kerk">Russies-Ortodoksie</a> is die grootste geloof in Rusland.<a href="#cite_note-relig-91">[91]</a> Die Kerk het ontstaan in 988, toe grootprins <a href="/wiki/Wladimir_van_Ki%C3%ABf" class="mw-redirect" title="Wladimir van Kiëf">Wladimir die Grote</a> van Kiëf die Christelike geloof aangeneem het as die land se amptelike godsdiens. Kleiner Christelike gelowe sluit Rooms-Katolieke, Armeens-Apostoliese en verskeie Protestantse kerke in. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kultuur">Kultuur</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klassieke_musiek_en_ballet">Klassieke musiek en ballet</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Peter_Tschaikowski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Peter_Tschaikowski.jpg/170px-Peter_Tschaikowski.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Peter_Tschaikowski.jpg/255px-Peter_Tschaikowski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Peter_Tschaikowski.jpg/340px-Peter_Tschaikowski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption>Die komponis <a href="/wiki/Pjotr_Iljitsj_Tsjaikofski" class="mw-redirect" title="Pjotr Iljitsj Tsjaikofski">Pjotr Iljitsj Tsjaikofski</a> (1840–1893)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Moscow_05-2012_Bolshoi_after_renewal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Moscow_05-2012_Bolshoi_after_renewal.jpg/220px-Moscow_05-2012_Bolshoi_after_renewal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Moscow_05-2012_Bolshoi_after_renewal.jpg/330px-Moscow_05-2012_Bolshoi_after_renewal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Moscow_05-2012_Bolshoi_after_renewal.jpg/440px-Moscow_05-2012_Bolshoi_after_renewal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3138" data-file-height="2548" /></a><figcaption>Die <a href="/wiki/Bolsjoi-teater" title="Bolsjoi-teater">Bolsjoi-teater</a> in Moskou</figcaption></figure> Rusland se groot aantal etniese groepe het elk sy eie tradisies van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volksmusiek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volksmusiek (bladsy bestaan nie)">volksmusiek</a>. <a href="/wiki/Musiek" title="Musiek">Musiek</a> in die 19de eeu is gekenmerk deur groot spanning tussen die klassieke komponis Michail Glinka en sy volgelinge aan die een kant en die aanhangers van die Russiese Musiekvereniging onder aanvoering van komponiste Anton en Nikolai Rubinstein aan die ander kant. Eersgenoemde het die Russiese nasionale identiteit omarm en godsdiens- en volkselemente by hul komposisies gevoeg, terwyl laasgenoemde se musiek konserwatief was. Die latere Romantieke tradisie van <a href="/wiki/Pjotr_Tsjaikofski" title="Pjotr Tsjaikofski">Pjotr Iljitsj Tsjaikofski</a>, een van die beroemdste komponiste van die Romantiek wie se musiek gewild en gelief geraak het vanweë die kenmerkend Russiese aard daarvan sowel as die ryk harmonieë en opwekkende melodieë, is na die 20ste eeu deurgevoer deur Sergei Rachmaninoff, een van die laaste groot aanhangers van die Romantieke styl van Europese klassieke musiek. Wêreldberoemde komponiste van die 20ste eeu sluit in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Scriabin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Scriabin (bladsy bestaan nie)">Scriabin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Strawinski" title="Igor Strawinski">Strawinski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofi%C3%ABf" title="Sergei Prokofiëf">Prokofijef</a> en <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Sjostakowitsj" title="Dmitri Sjostakowitsj">Sjostakowitsj</a>. Gedurende die grootste deel van die Sowjet-era is musiek streng beheer om binne die perke van die Stalinistiese beleid van <a href="/wiki/Sosialistiese_realisme" title="Sosialistiese realisme">sosialistiese realisme</a> te bly. Russiese konservatoriums het 'n geslag wêreldbekende solokunstenaars opgelewer. Van die bestes is violiste <a href="/wiki/David_Oistrakh" title="David Oistrakh">David Oistrakh</a> en <a href="/wiki/Gidon_Kremer" title="Gidon Kremer">Gidon Kremer</a>, tsjellis Mstislav Rostropovich, pianiste Wladimir Horowitz, Sviatoslav Richter en Emil Gilels en die sangeres Galina Vishnevskaya. Tsjaikofski het die wêreld se bekendste balletwerke gekomponeer, soos Swanemeer en Die Neutkraker. In die 20ste eeu het die Russiese dansers Anna Pawlowa en <a href="/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky" title="Vaslav Nijinsky">Vaslav Nijinsky</a> beroemd geraak en impresario <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Sergei Diaghilev</a> en sy <a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a> se toere oorsee het die ontwikkeling van dans wêreldwyd beïnvloed<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> en die Sowjetunie se choreografieskole het die een beroemde internasionale ster ná die ander opgelewer, onder andere Maya Plisetskaya, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Nureyev" title="Rudolf Nureyev">Rudolf Nureyev</a> en <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Baryshnikov" title="Mikhail Baryshnikov">Mikhail Baryshnikov</a>. Die <a href="/wiki/Bolsjoi-ballet" title="Bolsjoi-ballet">Bolsjoi-ballet</a> in Moskou en die Kirof in Sint Petersburg is steeds wêreldberoemd.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letterkunde">Letterkunde</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:AleksandrPushkin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/AleksandrPushkin.jpg/170px-AleksandrPushkin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/AleksandrPushkin.jpg/255px-AleksandrPushkin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/AleksandrPushkin.jpg/340px-AleksandrPushkin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Die skrywer <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Poesjkin" title="Aleksander Poesjkin">Aleksander Poesjkin</a> (1799–1837)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg/170px-L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg/255px-L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg/340px-L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2167" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Die skrywer <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoi" title="Leo Tolstoi">Leo Tolstoi</a> (1828–1910)</figcaption></figure> Russiese letterkunde word beskou as van die invloedrykste en beste ontwikkel in die wêreld en dra by tot van die wêreld se bekendste letterkundige werke.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Dit dateer uit die 10de eeu en teen die vroeë 19de eeu het 'n plaaslike tradisie ontstaan wat van die beste skrywers van alle tye opgelewer het. Dié periode het begin met <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Poesjkin" title="Aleksander Poesjkin">Aleksander Poesjkin</a>, wat beskou word as die vader van die moderne Russiese letterkunde en dikwels beskryf word as die Russiese <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Van die bekendste Russiese digters en skrywers van die 19de eeu is <a href="/wiki/Anton_Tsjechof" title="Anton Tsjechof">Anton Tsjechof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michail_Lermontof" title="Michail Lermontof">Michail Lermontof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoi" title="Leo Tolstoi">Leo Tolstoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Nikolai Gogol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iwan_Toergenef" title="Iwan Toergenef">Iwan Toergenef</a> en <a href="/wiki/Fjodor_Dostojefski" title="Fjodor Dostojefski">Fjodor Dostojefski</a>. Iwan Gontsjarov, Michail Saltikof, Aleksei Pisemski en Nikolai Leskof was bekende prosaskrywers. Tolstoi en Dostojefski was veral grootse figure wat albei al beskryf is as die beste romankrywers ooit.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Teen die 1880's het Russiese letterkunde begin verander. Die tyd van die groot romanskrywers was verby en kort fiksie en poësie het gewild geraak vir die volgende paar dekades, wat die "Silwer Era" genoem is. Waar dit voorheen deur realisme oorheers is, het simboliek die Russiese letterkunde tussen 1893 en 1914 oorheers. Van die voorste skrywers van hierdie tyd was Waleri Brjoesof, Andrei Beli, Wjatsjeslaf Iwanof, Aleksander Blok, Dmitri Merezjkofski, Fjodor Sologoeb, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Achmatowa" title="Anna Achmatowa">Anna Achmatowa</a>, Osip Mandelstam, Leonid Andrejef, <a href="/wiki/Iwan_Boenin" title="Iwan Boenin">Iwan Boenin</a> en <a href="/wiki/Maksim_Gorki" title="Maksim Gorki">Maksim Gorki</a>. Ná die Russiese Rewolusie van 1917 en die daaropvolgende burgeroorlog het die kulturele lewe veel te wense oorgelaat. Sommige gevestigde skrywers het Rusland verlaat terwyl 'n nuwe geslag skrywers wat die rewolusie ten minste in 'n mate ondersteun het, na vore getree het. Van hulle het skrywersorganisasies gestig met die doel om 'n nuwe en kenmerkende werkersklaskultuur in die nuwe staat te skep. In die 1920's het skrywers groot verdraagsaamheid geniet. In die 1930's is sensuur verskerp in ooreenstemming met Josef Stalin se beleid van sosialistiese realisme. Ná sy dood is die beheer telkens verslap. Teen die 1970's en 1980's het baie skrywers die riglyne van sosialistiese realisme geïgnoreer. Die vernaamste skrywers van die Sowjettyd sluit in <a href="/wiki/Jewgeni_Zamjatin" title="Jewgeni Zamjatin">Jewgeni Zamjatin</a>, Isaac Babel, Joeri Olesja, Wladimir Nabokof, Michail Boelgakof, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a>, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, <a href="/wiki/Wladimir_Majakofski" title="Wladimir Majakofski">Wladimir Majakofski</a>, Michail Sjolochof, Jewgeni Jeftoesjenko en Andrei Woznesenski. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rolprente">Rolprente</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Vintage_Potemkin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Vintage_Potemkin.jpg/220px-Vintage_Potemkin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Vintage_Potemkin.jpg/330px-Vintage_Potemkin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Vintage_Potemkin.jpg/440px-Vintage_Potemkin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3541" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption>Oorspronklike Sowjetse plakkaat wat vir Die Oorlogskip Potemkin adverteer</figcaption></figure> Terwyl rolprente in die Weste aanvanklik beskou is as 'n vorm van goedkoop vermaak vir die werkersklas, het die Russiese rolprentwese ná die 1917-rewolusie 'n ernstiger oogmerk gehad.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Russiese en later Sowjet-rolprentmakers het grootse prente gemaak soos The Battleship Potemkin.<a href="#cite_note-film-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a> en <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkofski" title="Andrei Tarkofski">Andrei Tarkofski</a> het van die wêreld se innoverendste en invloedrykste regisseurs geword. In 1932 het Stalin sosialistiese realisme die staatsbeleid gemaak. Dit het 'n demper geplaas op kreatiwiteit, maar baie Sowjet-rolprente in dié genre was geslaagd, onder andere Tsjapajef, Die Kraanvoëls Vlieg en Ballade van 'n Soldaat. Leonid Gaidai se komedies was in die 1960's en 1970's gewild en in 1969 is Wladimir Motil se Wit Son van die Woestyn uitgereik, wat 'n nuwe genre bekend as "osterns" ingelei het. Ruimtevaarders kyk na dié prent voor elke reis na die ruimte.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In die 1980's en 1990's het die Russiese rolprentwese 'n krisis beleef. Hoewel rolprentmakers hulle nou vrylik kon uitdruk, is staatsubsisies drasties verminder en minder prente is vervaardig. Aan die begin van die 21ste eeu het meer mense na die teaters begin gaan en die bedryf het begin groei in die lig van die land se verbeterende ekonomie. Meer prente word reeds hier vervaardig as in Duitsland of Brittanje.<a href="#cite_note-kino-101">[101]</a> In 2007 is $565 miljoen se kaartjies verkoop – 37% meer as in die vorige jaar.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Russiese prente word internasionaal steeds hoog aangeslaan. <a href="/wiki/Roesskii_Koftsjeg" class="mw-redirect" title="Roesskii Koftsjeg">Roesskii Koftsjeg</a> ("Russiese Ark", 2002) was die eerste vollengte-rolprent ooit wat in een lang skoot geskiet is. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beeldende_kuns">Beeldende kuns</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:NesterovMV_NaRusi206x483GTG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/NesterovMV_NaRusi206x483GTG.jpg/220px-NesterovMV_NaRusi206x483GTG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/NesterovMV_NaRusi206x483GTG.jpg/330px-NesterovMV_NaRusi206x483GTG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/NesterovMV_NaRusi206x483GTG.jpg/440px-NesterovMV_NaRusi206x483GTG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2998" data-file-height="1250" /></a><figcaption>Roes: Die Siel van die Volk deur <a href="/wiki/Michail_Nesterof" title="Michail Nesterof">Michail Nesterof</a> simboliseer Rusland se historiese spirituele soeke</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Metropolitain_of_Saint_Petersburg_station_Awtowo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Metropolitain_of_Saint_Petersburg_station_Awtowo.jpg/220px-Metropolitain_of_Saint_Petersburg_station_Awtowo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Metropolitain_of_Saint_Petersburg_station_Awtowo.jpg/330px-Metropolitain_of_Saint_Petersburg_station_Awtowo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Metropolitain_of_Saint_Petersburg_station_Awtowo.jpg/440px-Metropolitain_of_Saint_Petersburg_station_Awtowo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Die ryk versierings van <a href="/wiki/Sint_Petersburg" title="Sint Petersburg">Sint Petersburg</a> se metro</figcaption></figure> Vroeëre Russiese skilderkuns het gefokus op die skilder van ikone en helderkleurige fresko's (muurskilderye), 'n kunsvorm wat die Russe van Bisantium geërf het. In 1757 is die Russiese Kunsakademie gestig wat ten doel gehad het om 'n internasionale rol en status aan Russiese kunstenaars te gee. Van die bekendste skilders van die akademie was Iwan Argoenof, Fjodor Rokotof, Dmitri Lewitzki en Wladimir Borowikofski. Realisme was gewild in die 19de eeu en skilders het die Russiese identiteit vasgevang. Ander kunstenaars het gefokus op sosiale kritiek – hulle het die toestande van die armes uitgelig en die owerhede as karikature uitgebeeld. Ná die afskaffing van lyfeienskap in 1861 het sommige kunstenaars op menslike lyding gefokus. Dramatiese oomblike uit die geskiedenis is ook geskilder. Die Peredwizjniki (Swerwers) was 'n groep kunstenaars wat 'n kunsrigting begin het wat vry was van die beperkinge van die Kunsakademie. Hul skilderye het groot sosiale en politieke betekenis gehad. Van die bekendstes was Iwan Sjisjkin, Archip Koeindzji, Iwan Kramskoi, Wasili Polenof, Isaak Lewitan, Wasili Soerikof, <a href="/wiki/Wiktor_Wasnetsof" title="Wiktor Wasnetsof">Wiktor Wasnetsof</a> en <a href="/wiki/Ilja_Repin" title="Ilja Repin">Ilja Repin</a>. Teen die 1830's het die akademie kunstenaars soos Aleksander Iwanof en Karl Brioellof oorsee gestuur om kuns te bestudeer. Die Russiese avantgarde is 'n oorkoepelende term wat gebruik word vir die groot, invloedryke golf van <a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">modernistiese</a> kuns wat tussen 1890 en 1930 gedy het. Dit sluit in verskeie aparte, maar fyn verweefde kunsbewegings wat in dié tyd voorgekom het, soos neo-primitivisme, suprematisme, konstruktivisme, rayonisme en <a href="/wiki/Futurisme" title="Futurisme">futurisme</a>. Van die bekendste kunstenaars van dié tyd sluit in El Lissitzki, Kazimir Malewitsj, <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a>, Wladimir Tatlin en Aleksander Rodtsjenko. Die Russiese avant-garde het sy hoogtepunt bereik in die tyd tussen die 1917-rewolusie en 1932. Hierna het die genre se idees begin bots met die sosialistiese realisme onder Stalin. Baie Sowjetkunstenaars het innovasie gekombineer met sosialistiese realisme, onder andere Ernst Neizwestni, Ilja Kabakof, Michail Sjemjakin, Erik Boelatof en Wera Moechina. Ander het patriotiese en anti-fascistiese onderwerpe geskilder. Gebeure in die Tweede Wêreldoorlog is veral baie patrioties uitgebeeld en ná die oorlog het beeldhouwerkers talle monumente vir die gesneuweldes geskep. In die 20ste eeu het baie Russiese kunstenaars in Wes-Europa gewerk. Mense soos Wassily Kandinsky, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a> en Naum Gabo se werke en idees is wêreldwyd opgeraap. Van hulle het in <a href="/wiki/Parys" title="Parys">Parys</a> en <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München">München</a> studeer en dit het die impak van die Russiese kuns internasionaal laat versprei. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Russia-Moldova_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Russia-Moldova_%282%29.jpg/220px-Russia-Moldova_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Russia-Moldova_%282%29.jpg/330px-Russia-Moldova_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Russia-Moldova_%282%29.jpg/440px-Russia-Moldova_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russiese_nasionale_sokkerspan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russiese nasionale sokkerspan (bladsy bestaan nie)">Russiese nasionale sokkerspan</a> in 2014</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Georgia_versus_Russia_at_rugby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Georgia_versus_Russia_at_rugby.jpg/220px-Georgia_versus_Russia_at_rugby.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Georgia_versus_Russia_at_rugby.jpg/330px-Georgia_versus_Russia_at_rugby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Georgia_versus_Russia_at_rugby.jpg/440px-Georgia_versus_Russia_at_rugby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rugby" title="Rugby">Rugbywedstryd</a> tussen <a href="/wiki/Russiese_nasionale_rugbyspan" title="Russiese nasionale rugbyspan">Rusland</a> en <a href="/wiki/Georgiese_nasionale_rugbyspan" title="Georgiese nasionale rugbyspan">Georgië</a> tydens die <a href="/wiki/Europese_Rugbykampioenskap" title="Europese Rugbykampioenskap">Europese Nasiesbeker</a> in 2007</figcaption></figure> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandy (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bandy</a> is die nasionale <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sport</a> van Rusland<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> en een van die gewildste sportsoorte in Rusland.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Dit is verwant aan <a href="/wiki/Yshokkie" title="Yshokkie">yshokkie</a>, 'n ander gewilde sportsoort. Rusland is een van die suksesvolste lande in yshokkie met <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a> as hul sterkste mededinger. <a href="/wiki/Sokker" title="Sokker">Sokker</a> is ook een van Rusland se gewildste sportsoorte en die land het die <a href="/wiki/FIFA_Sokker-W%C3%AAreldbekertoernooi_in_2018" title="FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2018">FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2018</a> aangebied, die eerste in Rusland en Oos-Europa; dié toernooi is deur <a href="/wiki/Franse_nasionale_sokkerspan" title="Franse nasionale sokkerspan">Frankryk</a> gewen. Die <a href="/wiki/FIFA_Sokker-Konfederasiebeker_in_2017" title="FIFA Sokker-Konfederasiebeker in 2017">FIFA Sokker-Konfederasiebeker in 2017</a> het as voorbereiding hiervan gedien en is deur <a href="/wiki/Duitse_nasionale_sokkerspan" title="Duitse nasionale sokkerspan">Duitsland</a> gewen. Daarbenewens sal Rusland ook sommige van die <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Europa-beker" title="UEFA Europa-beker">UEFA Europa-beker</a> in 2020 se wedstryde, wat regstreeks deur Europa beslis sal word, aanbied. Die Sowjetunie se nasionale sokkerspan was een van die suksesvolste tydens die <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> <a href="/wiki/Sokker-W%C3%AAreldbeker" title="Sokker-Wêreldbeker">Sokker-Wêreldbeker</a> asook die UEFA Europa-beker en hulle het die eerste Europese Sokkerkampioenskap van 1960 gewen. Die <a href="/wiki/Russiese_nasionale_rugbyspan" title="Russiese nasionale rugbyspan">Russiese nasionale rugbyspan</a> kon vir die <a href="/wiki/Rugbyw%C3%AAreldbeker_2011" title="Rugbywêreldbeker 2011">Rugbywêreldbeker 2011</a> en <a href="/wiki/Rugbyw%C3%AAreldbeker_2019" title="Rugbywêreldbeker 2019">Rugbywêreldbeker 2019</a> kwalifiseer, maar het tydens albei toernooie die groepfase op die laaste plek beëindig. Hulle ding in die <a href="/wiki/Europese_Rugbykampioenskap" title="Europese Rugbykampioenskap">Europese Rugbykampioenskap</a> met ander opkomende rugbyspanne mee. Veral wedstryde teen die politieke aartsvyand <a href="/wiki/Georgiese_nasionale_rugbyspan" title="Georgiese nasionale rugbyspan">Georgië</a> geniet groot aandag en word as 'n soort "Dawid teen Goliat" beskou, veral as gevolg van Georgië se sterk wenrekord teen die noordelike buurland. Sedert 2021 ding Rusland en <a href="/wiki/Roemeense_nasionale_rugbyspan" title="Roemeense nasionale rugbyspan">Roemenië</a> om die Kiseleffbeker mee; dié beker is genoem na die hertog Pawel Kiseleff, 'n Rus wat die eerste grondwette van beide Wallachië en Moldawië (hedendaagse Roemenië en Moldowa) beïnvloed het.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Op die hoogtepunt van die Koue Oorlog is die <a href="/wiki/Olimpiese_Somerspele_1980" title="Olimpiese Somerspele 1980">Olimpiese Somerspele 1980</a> in die Sowjetse hoofstad Moskou aangebied, wat deur verskeie <a href="/wiki/Weste" title="Weste">Westerse</a> lande as gevolg van die Sowjetse inval in Afghanistan geboikot is. As reaksie hierop het die Sowjetunie en sy bondgenote die <a href="/wiki/Olimpiese_Somerspele_1984" title="Olimpiese Somerspele 1984">Olimpiese Somerspele 1984</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> geboikot. Sotsji het die <a href="/wiki/Olimpiese_Winterspele_2014" title="Olimpiese Winterspele 2014">Olimpiese Winterspele 2014</a> (en aansluitend die <a href="/wiki/Paralimpiese_Winterspele_2014" title="Paralimpiese Winterspele 2014">Paralimpiese Winterspele 2014</a>) gehuisves, waartydens die gasheer Rusland die meeste medaljes ingepalm het. Sedert 2014 word die <a href="/wiki/Russiese_Grand_Prix" title="Russiese Grand Prix">Russiese Grand Prix</a> as deel van die <a href="/wiki/Formule_Een" title="Formule Een">Formule Een</a>-wêreldkampioenskap op die <a href="/wiki/Sochi_Autodrom" title="Sochi Autodrom">Sochi Autodrom</a> rondom die Olimpiese Park in <a href="/wiki/Sotsji" title="Sotsji">Sotsji</a> aangebied.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mediabedryf">Mediabedryf</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medialandskap_en_vryheid_van_mening">Medialandskap en vryheid van mening</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Medvedev_-_Russia_Today_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Medvedev_-_Russia_Today_3.jpg/220px-Medvedev_-_Russia_Today_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Medvedev_-_Russia_Today_3.jpg/330px-Medvedev_-_Russia_Today_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Medvedev_-_Russia_Today_3.jpg/440px-Medvedev_-_Russia_Today_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Die voormalige Russiese president Dmitri Medwedef in die Washington-ateljee van Russia Today TV met Margarita Simonjan</figcaption></figure> Die Russiese grondwet waarborg in hoofstuk 2, artikel 29 die vryheid van mening en spraak net soos mediavryheid, maar plaas tegelykertyd 'n verbod op propaganda en agitasie wat sosiale, rassistiese, nasionale en godsdienstige haat aanspoor en enige vorm van sensuur. Maar ondanks hierdie voorvereistes vir die vryheid van uitdrukking en 'n vrye perslandskap is daar steeds geen landswye uitsaaier wat onafhanklike verslaggewing en inligting oor regeringsake bied en kritiese kommentaar op die regeringsbeleid sou lewer nie. Sedert die ontbinding van die Sowjetunie en die stigting van die Russiese Federasie is volgens statistieke van die Russiese joernalistevereniging meer as 300 joernaliste vermoor. Die Moskouse Buro vir Menseregte berig dat net in 2009 57 joernaliste slagoffers van moordaanvalle geword het.<a href="#cite_note-bpb/Hartwich_2011-107">[107]</a> <dl><dd><div class="rellink boilerplate sienook">Sien ook: <a href="/wiki/Lys_van_joernaliste_wat_in_Rusland_vermoor_is" title="Lys van joernaliste wat in Rusland vermoor is">Lys van joernaliste wat in Rusland vermoor is</a></div></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_nasionale_agentskap_Roskomnadsor">Die nasionale agentskap Roskomnadsor</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Emblem_of_Roskomnadzor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Emblem_of_Roskomnadzor.svg/220px-Emblem_of_Roskomnadzor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Emblem_of_Roskomnadzor.svg/330px-Emblem_of_Roskomnadzor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Emblem_of_Roskomnadzor.svg/440px-Emblem_of_Roskomnadzor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>Kenteken van Roskomnadsor</figcaption></figure> In Maart 2007 het die destydse Russiese president Wladimir Poetin 'n nuwe nasionale agentskap, Roskomnadsor, in die lewe geroep wat toesig hou oor massamedia, kommunikasie en Rusland se kulturele erfenis. Dit is ondergeskik aan die premier. Alle media en kommunikasiemiddels, insluitende die internet en telekommunikasie met sy gesamentlike inhoud, word deur Roskomadsor gekontrolleer. Dié agentskap reik ook lisensies uit en onderhou 'n databank met persoonlike gegewens van Russiese burgers. Roskomnadsor is sodoende in staat om die internetgebruik van individue byna volledig te monitor. Volgens die Russiese perswet kan Roskomnadsor media oor hulle optrede vermaan – en 'n medium ná twee waarskuwings laat sluit. So is die dagblad <a href="/wiki/Nowaja_Gazeta" title="Nowaja Gazeta">Nowaja Gazeta</a>, wat in besit van die voormalige president Michail Gorbatsjof en die bankier Aleksander Lebedef is en vir sy kritiese houding teenoor die regering bekend staan, al verskeie kere onder druk geplaas. In die najaar van 2010 het Roskomnadsor gedreig om dié koerant se druklisensie te beëindig nadat dit 'n artikel uit die program van 'n neo-nazi-organisasie aangehaal het en weens die "verspreiding van ekstremistiese propaganda" gedagvaar is. Sedert 2001 is tien joernaliste, wat vir Nowaja Gazeta werksaam was, vermoor.<a href="#cite_note-bpb/Hartwich_2011-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_onder_beheer_van_die_staat,_energiereuse_en_oligarge">Media onder beheer van die staat, energiereuse en oligarge</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Zdanie_tass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Zdanie_tass.jpg/220px-Zdanie_tass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Zdanie_tass.jpg/330px-Zdanie_tass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Zdanie_tass.jpg/440px-Zdanie_tass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2022" data-file-height="1646" /></a><figcaption>Die hoofkwartier van Itar-Tass, een van die beduidendste nuusagentskappe in Rusland, is in Moskou gesetel</figcaption></figure> Roskomnadsor verskaf ook inligting oor die medialandskap in Rusland – so het die totale aantal media, wat deur die agentskap gelys, vroeg in 2011 66 032 beloop, waarvan 5 254 televisie-stasies, 3 769 radiostasies, 28 449 dagblaaie en 21 572 tydskrifte. Die meeste media word deur die staat beheer, veral die groot nuusagentskappe en televisie-kanale. Die graad van beheer varieer grootliks.<a href="#cite_note-bpb/Hartwich_2011-107">[107]</a> So word die dagblad Rossijskaja Gazeta met 'n sirkulasie van sowat 430 000 eksemplare regstreeks deur die Russiese regering beheer en fungeer as 'n soort staatskoerant – alle wette en verordenings van die Moskouse regering word eers van krag nadat hulle in dié dagblad bekend gemaak is. Die uitgewery van Rossijskaja Gazeta word deur Aleksander Gorbenko bestuur, 'n Moskouse amptenaar wat toesig hou oor die regering se kontak met verslaggewers van massamedia. Ook die belangrikste Russiese nuusagentskap, Itar-Tass, is in staatsbesit. Naas die staat oefen ook staatsondernemings of <a href="/wiki/Russiese_oligarg" title="Russiese oligarg">oligarge</a>, wat as regeringsvriendelik bekend staan, kontrole oor media uit. Iswestija, een van die oudste dagblaaie in die land met 'n sirkulasie van sowat 130 000, is in besit van die Moskouse mediamaatskappy Gazprom-Media wat deel uitmaak van Gazprom, die wêreld se grootste gasprodusent wat merendeels deur die Russiese staat beheer word. Gazprom-Media hou ook die meerderheid aandele in ander koerante, televisie- en radiostasies – waaronder NTW ("Onafhanklike Televisie"), wat oorspronklik in 1993 as privaat uitsaaier deur die oligarg Wladimir Goessinskij gestig is en in 2001 deur Gazprom oorgeneem is; Itogi, 'n weekblad wat met opspraakwekkende verslae oor die oorlog in Tsjetsjnië bekendheid verwerf het; en die radiostasie Echo Moskwy ("Moskouse Eggo", waarin Gazprom 'n belang van 66 persent het) wat met kritiese joernalisme vereenselwig word. Die dagblad Kommersant (sirkulasie: 115 000) is net soos die liberale internet-koerant gazeta.ru in besit van die miljardêr Alisjer Oesmanof, 'n mede-eienaar van die metaal- en mynboumaatskappy Metalloinvest en direkteur-generaal van Gazprominvestholding, 'n dogtermaatskappy van Gazprom. 'n Ander beduidende eienaar van media is WGTRK, die "Al-Russiese staatsmaatskappy vir televisie en radio", met die uitsaaier Rossija (en tagtig TV-streekkanale), die radiostasie Radio Majak ("Radio Vuurtoring"), die nuusagentskap Ria Nowosti (met korrespondente in meer as veertig lande) en 'n aantal internet-koerante soos vesti.ru en strana.ru. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toegang_tot_die_media">Toegang tot die media</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Television_Broadcasting_Center_of_SPb_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Television_Broadcasting_Center_of_SPb_4.jpg/220px-Television_Broadcasting_Center_of_SPb_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Television_Broadcasting_Center_of_SPb_4.jpg/330px-Television_Broadcasting_Center_of_SPb_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Television_Broadcasting_Center_of_SPb_4.jpg/440px-Television_Broadcasting_Center_of_SPb_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Die uitsaaisentrum van 'n televisiekanaal in Sint Petersburg</figcaption></figure> Die meeste Russe het maklike toegang tot die media – in stedelike gebiede is die meeste dagblaaie by nuusstalletjies verkrygbaar teen pryse van sowat ZAR 2 of meer. Koerantoutomate vergemaklik die koop van dagblaaie in Moskou se moltreinstasies. Opvallend is die afwesigheid van buitelandse media by nuusstalletjies. Volgens meningspeilings deur die Russiese WZIOM-instituut gee 95 persent van die Russiese bevolking die voorkeur aan televisie as hul hoofbron van inligting, maar slegs vyf persent aan koerante. Daar is 'n vinnig groeiende mark vir betaaltelevisie, met die satellietverspreider Tricolor as die belangrikste aanbieder. Die Russiese regering het 'n projek van stapel gestuur om toegang tot digitale televisie-ontvangs vir alle huishoudings te verseker.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Volgens die onafhanklike Lewada-sentrum in Moskou het sowat dertig persent van die bevolking toegang tot die internet wat as die liberaalste nuusmedium beskou word en 'n mediatuiste vir Russiese opposisiegroepe bied, alhoewel die agentskap Roskomnadsor toegang tot ongewenste webtuistes mag beperk. Die Russiese regering is van plan om toegang tot die net deur die uitbou van snelle internetverbindings te vergemaklik. Die staatsbeheerde televisiekanaal Perwyj Kanal ("Eerste kanaal") lok volgens mediaatlas.ru tans die meeste toeskouers – nog voor Rossija en NTW. Wat gedrukte media betref, is die poniekoerant Moskowskij Kosmolets die gewildste (en goedkoopste) dagblad op die Russiese mark – met 'n leserstal van ongeveer 1,3 miljoen. Joernaliste kla soms dat die Russiese publiek onverskillig teenoor kwelvrae staan en dus ook nie belang stel in kritiese verslaggewing nie. So was daar gedurende Rusland se transformasie tot 'n demokratiese samelewing wél 'n fase wat deur die stigting van 'n verskeidenheid mediaondernemings (dikwels het oligarge meer as een mediamaatskappy besit) en kritiese joernalisme gekenmerk was. Die euforie van die vroeë 1990's het egter geleidelik plek gemaak vir 'n soort regeringsvriendelike joernalisme wat tipies was vir die Sowjet-tydperk, veral op Rusland se televisiekanale wat baie aandag aan die regering se standpunte gee en moontlik ook nog as spreekbuis vir invloedryke oligarge optree wat die Kremlin-beleid steun. Maar daar is baie kwelvrae waaroor die media heeltemal swyg.<a href="#cite_note-bpb/Hartwich_2011-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sien_ook">Sien ook</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Rusland" title="Portaal:Rusland">Portaal:Rusland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-4" style="-moz-column-count: 4; -webkit-column-count: 4; column-count: 4; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-c-b90-1"><a href="#cite_ref-c-b90_1-0">↑</a> (ru) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.novgorod.ru/read/information/history/clauses/sloven/">"Сказание о Словене и Русе и городе Словенске из Хронографа 1679 года"</a>. novgorod.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180910061155/https://www.novgorod.ru/read/information/history/clauses/sloven/">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 10 September 2018. Besoek op 17 Januarie 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5+%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0+1679+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.pub=novgorod.ru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.novgorod.ru%2Fread%2Finformation%2Fhistory%2Fclauses%2Fsloven%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/publications/pocketbook/files/world-stats-pocketbook-2016.pdf#page=182">"World Statistics Pocketbook 2016 edition"</a> (PDF). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Statistics Division. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190804041700/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/publications/pocketbook/files/world-stats-pocketbook-2016.pdf">Geargiveer</a> (PDF) vanaf die oorspronklike op 4 Augustus 2019. Besoek op 17 Januarie 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Statistics+Pocketbook+2016+edition&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs.+Statistics+Division&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fpublications%2Fpocketbook%2Ffiles%2Fworld-stats-pocketbook-2016.pdf%23page%3D182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306232213/http://www.gks.ru/scripts/free/1c.exe?XXXX09F.2.1%2F010000R">"The Russian federation: general characteristics"</a>. Federal State Statistics Service. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/scripts/free/1c.exe?XXXX09F.2.1/010000R">die oorspronklike</a> op 6 Maart 2012. Besoek op 5 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft.atitle=The+Russian+federation%3A+general+characteristics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gks.ru%2Fscripts%2Ffree%2F1c.exe%3FXXXX09F.2.1%2F010000R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> (ru) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200124160257/http://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul">"Том 1. Численность и размещение населения"</a>. Federale Statistiekdiens. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul">die oorspronklike</a> op 24 Januarie 2020. Besoek op 3 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC+1.+%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pub=Federale+Statistiekdiens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fvpn_popul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-imf2-5">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_5-0">5,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_5-1">5,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_5-2">5,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_5-3">5,3</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=922,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"Russia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internasionale_Monet%C3%AAre_Fonds" title="Internasionale Monetêre Fonds">Internasionale Monetêre Fonds</a>. April 2023. Besoek op 27 Julie 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia&rft.pub=Internasionale+Monet%C3%AAre+Fonds&rft.date=2023-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FApril%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D922%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2021%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf">"Human Development Report 2021/2022"</a> (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2021. Besoek op 27 Julie 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2021%2F2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=RU">"GINI index – Russian Federation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAreldbank" title="Wêreldbank">Wêreldbank</a>. Besoek op 27 Julie 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GINI+index+%E2%80%93+Russian+Federation&rft.pub=W%C3%AAreldbank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3DRU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> (ru) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosreestr.ru/upload/Doc/18-upr/Сведения_по_ф.22_за_2016_год_(по_субъектам_РФ)_на_сайт.doc">"Сведения о наличии и распределении земель в Российской Федерации на 1 January 2017 (в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации)"</a>. Rosreestr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200419074535/https://rosreestr.ru/upload/Doc/18-upr/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%84.22_%D0%B7%D0%B0_2016_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4_(%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%A4)_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82.doc">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 19 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C+%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+1+January+2017+%28%D0%B2+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%29&rft.pub=Rosreestr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosreestr.ru%2Fupload%2FDoc%2F18-upr%2F%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%84.22_%D0%B7%D0%B0_2016_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4_%28%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%A4%29_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> (de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/energie/fluessiges-erdgas-gazprom-verdraengt-us-lng-aus-europa/24521568.html?ticket=ST-684457-VbQswlxXZclpe0TnjmIE-ap2">Handelsblatt, 3 Julie 2019: Gazprom verdrängt US-LNG aus Europa. Besoek op 24 Julie 2019</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation book cs1">Webster's II New College Dictionary. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. 1999. p. 970. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0395962145" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0395962145"><bdi>978-0395962145</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+II+New+College+Dictionary.&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=970&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Co&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0395962145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> (ru) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFV._A._Kuchkin2014" class="citation book cs1">V. A. Kuchkin (2014). E. A. Melnikova, V. Ya. Petrukhina (red.). Древняя Русь в средневековом мире. Moskou: Institute of General History of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Ladomir. pp. 700–701.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5&rft.place=Moskou&rft.pages=700-701&rft.pub=Institute+of+General+History+of+the+Russian+Academy+of+Sciences%3B+Ladomir&rft.date=2014&rft.au=V.+A.+Kuchkin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Kort2008" class="citation book cs1">Michael Kort (2008). A Brief History of Russia. New York: Checkmark Books. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0816071135" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0816071135"><bdi>978-0816071135</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Russia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Checkmark+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0816071135&rft.au=Michael+Kort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFWladyslaw_Duczko2004" class="citation book cs1">Wladyslaw Duczko (2004). Viking Rus. Brill Publishers. pp. 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-90-04-13874-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-90-04-13874-2"><bdi>978-90-04-13874-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viking+Rus&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13874-2&rft.au=Wladyslaw+Duczko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> (ru) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAleksandr_Vasilevich_Nazarenko2001" class="citation book cs1">Aleksandr Vasilevich Nazarenko (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814143443/http://dgve.csu.ru/download/Nazarenko_2001_01.djvu">"1. Имя "Русь" в древнейшей западноевропейской языковой традиции (XI–XII века)"</a>. =Древняя Русь на международных путях: междисциплинарные очерки культурных, торговых, политических связей IX–XII веков. Languages of the Rus' culture. pp. 40, 42–45, 49–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-5-7859-0085-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-5-7859-0085-1"><bdi>978-5-7859-0085-1</bdi></a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dgve.csu.ru/download/Nazarenko_2001_01.djvu">die oorspronklike</a> op 14 Augustus 2011. Besoek op 14 Augustus 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+%D0%98%D0%BC%D1%8F+%22%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%22+%D0%B2+%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%28XI%E2%80%93XII+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%29&rft.btitle=%3D%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%85%3A+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85%2C+%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85%2C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9+IX%E2%80%93XII+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.pages=40%2C+42-45%2C+49-50&rft.pub=Languages+of+the+Rus%27+culture&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-5-7859-0085-1&rft.au=Aleksandr+Vasilevich+Nazarenko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdgve.csu.ru%2Fdownload%2FNazarenko_2001_01.djvu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFR._R._Milner-Gulland1997" class="citation book cs1">R. R. Milner-Gulland (1997). The Russians: The People of Europe. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 1–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-631-21849-4" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-631-21849-4"><bdi>978-0-631-21849-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russians%3A+The+People+of+Europe&rft.pages=1-4&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21849-4&rft.au=R.+R.+Milner-Gulland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDimitri_Obolensky1994" class="citation book cs1">Dimitri Obolensky (1994). Byzantium and the Slavs. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780881410082" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780881410082"><bdi>9780881410082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+and+the+Slavs&rft.place=Crestwood%2C+NY&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780881410082&rft.au=Dimitri+Obolensky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_N._Langer2021" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence N. Langer (2021). Historical Dictionary of Medieval Russia (2de uitg.). Lanham. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1538119426" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1538119426"><bdi>978-1538119426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Medieval+Russia&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=182&rft.edition=2de&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1538119426&rft.au=Lawrence+N.+Langer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: plek sonder uitgewer (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_plek_sonder_uitgewer" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: plek sonder uitgewer">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Hellberg-Hirn-18">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Hellberg-Hirn_18-0">18,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellberg-Hirn_18-1">18,1</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFElena_Hellberg-Hirn1998" class="citation book cs1">Elena Hellberg-Hirn (1998). Soil and Soul: The Symbolic World of Russianness. Aldershot [Hants, England]: Ashgate. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/1855218712" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/1855218712"><bdi>1855218712</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soil+and+Soul%3A+The+Symbolic+World+of+Russianness&rft.place=Aldershot+%5BHants%2C+England%5D&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1855218712&rft.au=Elena+Hellberg-Hirn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_Merridale2003" class="citation journal cs1">Catherine Merridale (2003). "Redesigning History in Contemporary Russia". Journal of Contemporary History. 38 (1): 13–28. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022009403038001961">10.1177/0022009403038001961</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0094">0022-0094</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3180694">3180694</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143597960">143597960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Redesigning+History+in+Contemporary+Russia&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-28&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0022-0094&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143597960%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3180694%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022009403038001961&rft.au=Catherine+Merridale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre" class="citation web cs1">UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ru">"Russian Federation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191120010637/http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ru">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 20 November 2019. Besoek op 17 Januarie 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+Federation&rft.au=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fstatesparties%2Fru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> (de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://russische-botschaft.ru/de/information/willkommen-in-russland/ubersicht/">Ambassade van die Russiese Federasie in Duitsland: Welkom in Rusland – Oorsig. Besoek op 3 Desember 2019</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191203224147/https://russische-botschaft.ru/de/information/willkommen-in-russland/ubersicht/">Geargiveer</a> 3 Desember 2019 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-loc-22"><a href="#cite_ref-loc_22-0">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFLibrary_of_Congress" class="citation web cs1">Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/russia/23.htm">"Topography and Drainage"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200525192825/http://countrystudies.us/russia/23.htm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 25 Mei 2020. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Topography+and+Drainage&rft.au=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Frussia%2F23.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardianforest-23"><a href="#cite_ref-guardianforest_23-0">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh" class="citation web cs1">Walsh, Nick Paton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/sep/19/environment.russia">"It's Europe's lungs and home to many rare species. But to Russia it's £100bn of wood"</a>. Guardian (UK). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200508152136/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/sep/19/environment.russia">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 8 Mei 2020. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It%27s+Europe%27s+lungs+and+home+to+many+rare+species.+But+to+Russia+it%27s+%C2%A3100bn+of+wood&rft.pub=Guardian+%28UK%29&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Nick+Paton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2003%2Fsep%2F19%2Fenvironment.russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071123173448/http://www.eurofish.dk/indexSub.php?id=3308&easysitestatid=255998662">Fish Industry of Russia — Production, Trade, Markets and Investment</a>. Eurofish, Copenhagen, Denmark. Augustus 2006. p. 211. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurofish.dk/indexSub.php?id=3308&easysitestatid=255998662">die oorspronklike</a> op 23 November 2007. Besoek op 26 Desember 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fish+Industry+of+Russia+%E2%80%94+Production%2C+Trade%2C+Markets+and+Investment&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Eurofish%2C+Copenhagen%2C+Denmark&rft.date=2006-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurofish.dk%2FindexSub.php%3Fid%3D3308%26easysitestatid%3D255998662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sputniknews.com/analysis/2008022299853566/">"Oil prices drive the cost of food"</a>. RIA Novosti. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200508023024/https://sputniknews.com/analysis/2008022299853566/">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 8 Mei 2020. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oil+prices+drive+the+cost+of+food&rft.pub=RIA+Novosti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsputniknews.com%2Fanalysis%2F2008022299853566%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-26">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-cia_26-0">26,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_26-1">26,1</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/">"Russia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Besoek op 27 Julie 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Frussia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marine.usgs.gov/fact-sheets/baikal/">"Lake Baikal—A Touchstone for Global Change and Rift Studies"</a>. United States Geological Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120629180319/http://marine.usgs.gov/fact-sheets/baikal/">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 29 Junie 2012. Besoek op 26 Desember 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lake+Baikal%E2%80%94A+Touchstone+for+Global+Change+and+Rift+Studies&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarine.usgs.gov%2Ffact-sheets%2Fbaikal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/754">"Lake Baikal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unesco" title="Unesco">Unesco</a> World Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200521112742/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/754">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 21 Mei 2020. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lake+Baikal&rft.pub=Unesco+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_29-0">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia">"Russia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Besoek op 27 Julie 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FRussia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-countrybrief-30"><a href="#cite_ref-countrybrief_30-0">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/russia/overview">"Russian Federation: Country Brief"</a>. <a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAreldbank" title="Wêreldbank">Wêreldbank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200513190529/https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/russia/overview">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 13 Mei 2020. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+Federation%3A+Country+Brief&rft.pub=W%C3%AAreldbank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Frussia%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-congress-31"><a href="#cite_ref-congress_31-0">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/russia/24.htm">"Climate"</a>. Library Of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200509032042/http://countrystudies.us/russia/24.htm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 9 Mei 2020. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate&rft.pub=Library+Of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Frussia%2F24.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-constitution-32">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_32-0">32,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_32-1">32,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_32-2">32,2</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-05.htm">"Chapter 4. The President of the Russian Federation"</a>. The Constitution of the Russian Federation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200511093024/http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-05.htm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 11 Mei 2020. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Constitution+of+the+Russian+Federation&rft.atitle=Chapter+4.+The+President+of+the+Russian+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitution.ru%2Fen%2F10003000-05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-07.htm">"Chapter 6. The Government of the Russian Federation"</a>. The Constitution of the Russian Federation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191122040552/http://constitution.ru/en/10003000-07.htm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 22 November 2019. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Constitution+of+the+Russian+Federation&rft.atitle=Chapter+6.+The+Government+of+the+Russian+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitution.ru%2Fen%2F10003000-07.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-06.htm">"Chapter 5. The Federal Assembly"</a>. The Constitution of the Russian Federation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023083226/http://constitution.ru/en/10003000-06.htm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 23 Oktober 2019. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Constitution+of+the+Russian+Federation&rft.atitle=Chapter+5.+The+Federal+Assembly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitution.ru%2Fen%2F10003000-06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-03.htm">"Chapter 2. Rights and Freedoms of Man and Citizen"</a>. The Constitution of the Russian Federation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191104104317/http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-03.htm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 4 November 2019. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Constitution+of+the+Russian+Federation&rft.atitle=Chapter+2.+Rights+and+Freedoms+of+Man+and+Citizen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitution.ru%2Fen%2F10003000-03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-constitution1-36">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-constitution1_36-0">36,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-constitution1_36-1">36,1</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-08.htm">"Chapter 7. Judicial Power"</a>. The Constitution of the Russian Federation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025215135/http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-08.htm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 25 Oktober 2019. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Constitution+of+the+Russian+Federation&rft.atitle=Chapter+7.+Judicial+Power&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitution.ru%2Fen%2F10003000-08.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-uk-37"><a href="#cite_ref-uk_37-0">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029394365&a=KCountryProfile&aid=1019744935436">"Country Profile Russia"</a>. Foreign & Commonwealth Office of the United Kingdom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121203235635/http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket%2FXcelerate%2FShowPage">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 3 Desember 2012. Besoek op 12 Desember 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Profile+Russia&rft.pub=Foreign+%26+Commonwealth+Office+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fco.gov.uk%2Fservlet%2FFront%3Fpagename%3DOpenMarket%2FXcelerate%2FShowPage%26c%3DPage%26cid%3D1007029394365%26a%3DKCountryProfile%26aid%3D1019744935436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.india.mid.ru/nfr2003/nf07.html">""News From Russia", Issue No. 4"</a>. The Embassy of the Russian Federation in the Republic of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071218045524/http://www.india.mid.ru/nfr2003/nf07.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 18 Desember 2007. Besoek op 27 Desember 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22News+From+Russia%22%2C+Issue+No.+4&rft.pub=The+Embassy+of+the+Russian+Federation+in+the+Republic+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.india.mid.ru%2Fnfr2003%2Fnf07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFKosachev" class="citation web cs1">Kosachev, Konstantin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/number/n_3372">"Russian Foreign Policy Vertical"</a>. Russia In Global Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217133702/https://eng.globalaffairs.ru/number/n_3372">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 17 Februarie 2020. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+Foreign+Policy+Vertical&rft.pub=Russia+In+Global+Affairs&rft.aulast=Kosachev&rft.aufirst=Konstantin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feng.globalaffairs.ru%2Fnumber%2Fn_3372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111016015618/http://www.nato.int/issues/nato-russia/topic.html">"NATO-Russia relations"</a>. NATO. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/issues/nato-russia/topic.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 16 Oktober 2011. Besoek op 27 Desember 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NATO-Russia+relations&rft.pub=NATO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fissues%2Fnato-russia%2Ftopic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/industry/docs/rus95/rdbd4ch2.htm">"Chapter 2—Investing In Russian Defense Conversion: Obstacles and Opportunities"</a>. Federation of American Scientists. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200430202954/https://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/industry/docs/rus95/rdbd4ch2.htm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 30 April 2020. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+2%E2%80%94Investing+In+Russian+Defense+Conversion%3A+Obstacles+and+Opportunities&rft.pub=Federation+of+American+Scientists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fnuke%2Fguide%2Frussia%2Findustry%2Fdocs%2Frus95%2Frdbd4ch2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fas-42"><a href="#cite_ref-fas_42-0">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/nuke/guide/summary.htm">"Status of Nuclear Powers and Their Nuclear Capabilities"</a>. Federation of American Scientists. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000229235137/http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/summary.htm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 29 Februarie 2000. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Status+of+Nuclear+Powers+and+Their+Nuclear+Capabilities&rft.pub=Federation+of+American+Scientists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fnuke%2Fguide%2Fsummary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110623212709/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200606/s1661277.htm">"US drives world military spending to record high"</a>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200606/s1661277.htm">die oorspronklike</a> op 23 Junie 2011. Besoek op 27 Desember 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+drives+world+military+spending+to+record+high&rft.pub=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Fnewsitems%2F200606%2Fs1661277.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170130002143/https://sputniknews.com/russia/2007122493979601/">"Russia arms exports could exceed $7 bln in 2007 – Ivanov"</a>. RIA Novosti. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sputniknews.com/russia/2007122493979601/">die oorspronklike</a> op 30 Januarie 2017. Besoek op 27 Januarie 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+arms+exports+could+exceed+%247+bln+in+2007+%E2%80%93+Ivanov&rft.pub=RIA+Novosti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsputniknews.com%2Frussia%2F2007122493979601%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a> (en) Russia: Assessment, Adam Baltin Interview, Opinion Poll on State of Armed Forces, FBIS: Informatsionno-Analiticheskoye Agentstvo Marketing i Konsalting, 14 Maart 2006<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%3A+Assessment%2C+Adam+Baltin+Interview%2C+Opinion+Poll+on+State+of+Armed+Forces&rft.date=14+Maart+2006&rft.pub=FBIS%3A+Informatsionno-Analiticheskoye+Agentstvo+Marketing+i+Konsalting&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rusland">  </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sputniknews.com/russia/20080226100080440/">"Russian defense spending to grow 20% in 2008, to $40 bln"</a>. RIA Novosti. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200322163823/https://sputniknews.com/russia/20080226100080440/">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 22 Maart 2020. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+defense+spending+to+grow+20%25+in+2008%2C+to+%2440+bln&rft.pub=RIA+Novosti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsputniknews.com%2Frussia%2F20080226100080440%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/WN/story?id=3728855">"Rice: Russia's Military Moves 'a Problem'"</a>. ABC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190223174753/https://abcnews.go.com/WN/story?id=3728855">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 23 Februarie 2019. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rice%3A+Russia%27s+Military+Moves+%27a+Problem%27&rft.pub=ABC+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FWN%2Fstory%3Fid%3D3728855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iiss-48"><a href="#cite_ref-iiss_48-0">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226073401/https://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/060626_asia_balance_powers.pdf">"Overview of the major Asian Powers (page 31)"</a> (PDF). International Institute for Strategic Studies. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/060626_asia_balance_powers.pdf">die oorspronklike</a> (PDF) op 26 Desember 2018. Besoek op 27 Januarie 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rft.atitle=Overview+of+the+major+Asian+Powers+%28page+31%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csis.org%2Fmedia%2Fcsis%2Fpubs%2F060626_asia_balance_powers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/spending.htm">"World Wide Military Expenditures"</a>. Global Security. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200509025132/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/spending.htm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 9 Mei 2020. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Wide+Military+Expenditures&rft.pub=Global+Security&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Fworld%2Fspending.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/feb/09/russia.usa">"Big rise in Russian military spending raises fears of new challenge to west"</a>. Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200430202958/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/feb/09/russia.usa">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 30 April 2020. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Big+rise+in+Russian+military+spending+raises+fears+of+new+challenge+to+west&rft.pub=Guardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2007%2Ffeb%2F09%2Frussia.usa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bpb.de/apuz/248504/russlands-weg-in-die-postwestliche-welt">bpb.de, 19 Mei 2017: Russlands Weg in die "postwestliche Welt". Vergelyk Vasilij Sacepin: Voennaja nagruska stala tormosom (Militêre besteding as remskoen), in: Огонёк (Ogonjok), 17 Oktober 2016, bl. 14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bpb.de/apuz/248504/russlands-weg-in-die-postwestliche-welt"> bpb.de, 19 Mei 2017: Russlands Weg in die "postwestliche Welt". Sergej Cypljaev: Žizn’ po eskizam national’noj idei (Die Lewe volgens Sketse van die Nasionale Idee), in: Nezavisimaja Gazeta, 26 April 2016. Besoek op 20 Februarie 2020</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a> (de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swp-berlin.org/swp-themendossiers/krise-um-die-ukraine/russland/">Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP) - Themendossiers: Krise um die Ukraine: Russland . Besoek op 29 Februarie 2020</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229231710/https://www.swp-berlin.org/swp-themendossiers/krise-um-die-ukraine/russland/">Geargiveer</a> 29 Februarie 2020 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a> (de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://de.sputniknews.com/wirtschaft/20120228262798205/">Ausländische Investitionen in Russland 2011: Zunahme um 66 Prozent. RIANOVOSTI, 28 Februarie 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200419074655/https://de.sputniknews.com/wirtschaft/20120228262798205/">Geargiveer</a> 19 April 2020 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a> (en) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/05/22/foreign-direct-investment-into-russia-is-falling-a65690">The Moscow Times, 22 Mei 2019: Foreign Direct Investment Into Russia Is Fsalling. Besoek op 4 Desember 2019</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a> (en) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/05/22/foreign-direct-investment-into-russia-is-falling-a65690">The Moscow Times, 22 Mei 2019: Foreign Direct Investment Into Russia Is Fsalling. Besoek op 4 Desember 2019</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a> (de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/de/Laenderinformationen/RussischeFoederation/Wirtschaft.html">Duitse Departement van Buitelandse Sake: Hoofsektore van die Russiese ekonomie</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080921032126/http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/de/Laenderinformationen/RussischeFoederation/Wirtschaft.html">Geargiveer</a> 21 September 2008 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/24443419/#.Wvgyuh6saUk">"Russians weigh an enigma with Putin's protégé"</a>. MSNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200511123631/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/24443419/">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 11 Mei 2020. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russians+weigh+an+enigma+with+Putin%E2%80%99s+prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9&rft.pub=MSNBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F24443419%2F%23.Wvgyuh6saUk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RIA-59"><a href="#cite_ref-RIA_59-0">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sputniknews.com/analysis/20080301100381963/">"Russia's economy under Vladimir Putin: achievements and failures"</a>. RIA Novosti. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200430201550/https://sputniknews.com/analysis/20080301100381963/">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 30 April 2020. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia%E2%80%99s+economy+under+Vladimir+Putin%3A+achievements+and+failures&rft.pub=RIA+Novosti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsputniknews.com%2Fanalysis%2F20080301100381963%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sputniknews.com/russia/2008020898724898/">"Russia's unemployment rate down 10% in 2007 – report"</a>. RIA Novosti. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200508081324/https://sputniknews.com/russia/2008020898724898/">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 8 Mei 2020. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+unemployment+rate+down+10%25+in+2007+%E2%80%93+report&rft.pub=RIA+Novosti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsputniknews.com%2Frussia%2F2008020898724898%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?c=rs&v=74">"Russia — Unemployment rate (%)"</a>. indexmundi.com. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+%E2%80%94+Unemployment+rate+%28%25%29&rft.pub=indexmundi.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indexmundi.com%2Fg%2Fg.aspx%3Fc%3Drs%26v%3D74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTavernise2002" class="citation web cs1">Tavernise, Sabrina (23 Maart 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/23/world/russia-imposes-flat-tax-on-income-and-its-coffers-swell.html">"Russia Imposes Flat Tax on Income, and Its Coffers Swell"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200510082957/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/23/world/russia-imposes-flat-tax-on-income-and-its-coffers-swell.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 10 Mei 2020. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+Imposes+Flat+Tax+on+Income%2C+and+Its+Coffers+Swell&rft.pub=The+New+York+Times&rft.date=2002-03-23&rft.aulast=Tavernise&rft.aufirst=Sabrina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F03%2F23%2Fworld%2Frussia-imposes-flat-tax-on-income-and-its-coffers-swell.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a> (ru) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/b01_19/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d000/vrp98-06.htm">"Gross regional product by federal subjects of the Russian Federation 1998–2006"</a>. Federal State Statistics Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190827215907/http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/b01_19/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d000/vrp98-06.htm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 27 Augustus 2019. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gross+regional+product+by+federal+subjects+of+the+Russian+Federation+1998%E2%80%932006&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gks.ru%2Fbgd%2Ffree%2Fb01_19%2FIssWWW.exe%2FStg%2Fd000%2Fvrp98-06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a> (de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gtai.de/gtai-de/trade/wirtschaftsumfeld/bericht-wirtschaftsumfeld/russland/russland-startet-neuen-anlauf-zur-rettung-der-monostaedte-130412">GTAI Germany Trade and Invest, 13 Augustus 2019: Russland startet neuen Anlauf zur Rettung der Monostädte. Besoek op 4 Desember 2019</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191205001959/https://www.gtai.de/gtai-de/trade/wirtschaftsumfeld/bericht-wirtschaftsumfeld/russland/russland-startet-neuen-anlauf-zur-rettung-der-monostaedte-130412">Geargiveer</a> 5 Desember 2019 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/dec2006/gb20061207_520461.htm">"Russia: How Long Can The Fun Last?"</a>. BusinessWeek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120625180006/http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/dec2006/gb20061207_520461.htm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 25 Junie 2012. Besoek op 27 Desember 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia%3A+How+Long+Can+The+Fun+Last%3F&rft.pub=BusinessWeek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fglobalbiz%2Fcontent%2Fdec2006%2Fgb20061207_520461.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRobin_Paxton" class="citation web cs1">Robin Paxton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/reuters/feeds/reuters/2008/04/18/2008-04-18T083023Z_01_L1892705_RTRIDST_0_RUSSIA-BILLIONAIRES.html">"A billion dollars not enough for Russian rich list"</a>. Forbes. Besoek op 19 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+billion+dollars+not+enough+for+Russian+rich+list&rft.pub=Forbes&rft.au=Robin+Paxton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Freuters%2Ffeeds%2Freuters%2F2008%2F04%2F18%2F2008-04-18T083023Z_01_L1892705_RTRIDST_0_RUSSIA-BILLIONAIRES.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988">[dooie skakel] </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ostexperte.de/ost-ausschuss-wettbewerb-wirtschaft/">ostexperte.de, 19 Februarie 2018: Russland. Wo bleibt der Wettbewerb der Märkte? Besoek op 10 Maart 2020</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/03/19/russia-coronavirus-ruble-stock-market-reaction-live-updates-a69640">The Moscow Times, 19 Maart 2020: Tumbling Ruble Forces Central Bank To Intervene. Besoek op 19 Maart 2020</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a> (de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/DE/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/01-Nodes_Uebersichtsseiten/RussischeFoederation_node.html">Duitse Departement van Buitelandse Sake: Russiese Federasie. Besoek op 22 Junie 2013</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a> (ru) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706073647/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/2007/b07_12/05-09.htm">"International Migration"</a>. Federal State Statistics Service. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/2007/b07_12/05-09.htm">die oorspronklike</a> op 6 Julie 2011. Besoek op 13 Januarie 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Migration&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gks.ru%2Ffree_doc%2F2007%2Fb07_12%2F05-09.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/15/news/migrate.php">"Russia cracking down on illegal migrants"</a>. International Herald Tribune. 15 Januarie 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090219230556/http://iht.com/articles/2007/01/15/news/migrate.php">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 19 Februarie 2009. Besoek op 15 Januarie 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+cracking+down+on+illegal+migrants&rft.pub=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.date=2007-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2F2007%2F01%2F15%2Fnews%2Fmigrate.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a> (de) Bertelsmann Enzyklopädie 2008, USM, DVD-uitgawe: Russland </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a> (ru) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303135317/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/2007/b07_12/05-01.htm">"Resident population"</a>. Federal State Statistics Service. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/2007/b07_12/05-01.htm">die oorspronklike</a> op 3 Maart 2012. Besoek op 27 Desember 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resident+population&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gks.ru%2Ffree_doc%2F2007%2Fb07_12%2F05-01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFFor_a_discussion_of_the_origins_of_Slavs,_see_Barford" class="citation book cs1">For a discussion of the origins of Slavs, see Barford, Paul M. The Early Slavs. Cornell University Press. pp. bl. 15–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-8014-3977-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-8014-3977-9"><bdi>0-8014-3977-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Slavs&rft.pages=bl.+15-16&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-8014-3977-9&rft.aulast=For+a+discussion+of+the+origins+of+Slavs%2C+see+Barford&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamm-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Hamm_75-0">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHamm" class="citation book cs1">Hamm, Michael Franklin. Kiev: A Portrait, 1800–1917. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-691-02585-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-691-02585-1"><bdi>0-691-02585-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kiev%3A+A+Portrait%2C+1800%E2%80%931917&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-691-02585-1&rft.aulast=Hamm&rft.aufirst=Michael+Franklin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a> (ru) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFРыбаков1948" class="citation book cs1">Рыбаков, Б. А. (1948). Ремесло Древней Руси. pp. с.525–533, 780–781.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8&rft.pages=%D1%81.525-533%2C+780-781&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%91.+%D0%90.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-solovyov-77"><a href="#cite_ref-solovyov_77-0">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSolovyov2001" class="citation book cs1">Solovyov, Sergey (2001). History of Russia from the Earliest Times. AST. pp. bl. 562–604, volume 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/5170021429" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/5170021429"><bdi>5170021429</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Russia+from+the+Earliest+Times&rft.pages=bl.+562-604%2C+volume+6&rft.pub=AST&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=5170021429&rft.aulast=Solovyov&rft.aufirst=Sergey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSkrynnikov1981" class="citation book cs1">Skrynnikov, R. (1981). Ivan the Terrible. Academic Intl Pr (Maart 1981). p. bl. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-87569-039-4" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-87569-039-4"><bdi>0-87569-039-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ivan+the+Terrible&rft.pages=bl.+58&rft.pub=Academic+Intl+Pr+%28Maart+1981%29&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-87569-039-4&rft.aulast=Skrynnikov&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSolovyov2001" class="citation book cs1">Solovyov, Sergey (2001). History of Russia from the Earliest Times. AST. pp. v.6, bl. 751–908. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/5170021429" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/5170021429"><bdi>5170021429</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Russia+from+the+Earliest+Times&rft.pages=v.6%2C+bl.+751-908&rft.pub=AST&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=5170021429&rft.aulast=Solovyov&rft.aufirst=Sergey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSolovyov2001" class="citation book cs1">Solovyov, Sergey (2001). History of Russia from the Earliest Times. AST. pp. v.7, bl. 461–568. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/5170021429" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/5170021429"><bdi>5170021429</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Russia+from+the+Earliest+Times&rft.pages=v.7%2C+bl.+461-568&rft.pub=AST&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=5170021429&rft.aulast=Solovyov&rft.aufirst=Sergey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCliff1984" class="citation book cs1">Cliff, Tony (1984). Class Struggle and Women’s Liberation. Bookmarks. pp. bl. 138–139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-906224-12-8" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-906224-12-8"><bdi>0-906224-12-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Class+Struggle+and+Women%E2%80%99s+Liberation&rft.pages=bl.+138-139&rft.pub=Bookmarks&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-906224-12-8&rft.aulast=Cliff&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ru0119)">"Russia: Economic Conditions in Mid-1996"</a>. Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ph/20120922004434/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ru0119)">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 22 September 2012. Besoek op 26 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia%3A+Economic+Conditions+in+Mid-1996&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bru0119%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldbank-83"><a href="#cite_ref-worldbank_83-0">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBranko_Milanovic1998" class="citation book cs1">Branko Milanovic (1998). Income, Inequality, and Poverty During the Transformation from Planned to Market Economy. <a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAreldbank" title="Wêreldbank">Wêreldbank</a>. pp. 186–189.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Income%2C+Inequality%2C+and+Poverty+During+the+Transformation+from+Planned+to+Market+Economy&rft.pages=186-189&rft.pub=W%C3%AAreldbank&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Branko+Milanovic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sokolov-84"><a href="#cite_ref-sokolov_84-0">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSokolov2004" class="citation journal cs1">Sokolov, Vsevolod (Spring 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090219163359/http://worldpolicy.org/journal/articles/wpj04-1/sokolov.htm">"From Guns to Briefcases: The Evolution of Russian Organized Crime"</a>. World Policy Journal. XXI (1). Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/articles/wpj04-1/sokolov.htm">die oorspronklike</a> op 19 Februarie 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Policy+Journal&rft.atitle=From+Guns+to+Briefcases%3A+The+Evolution+of+Russian+Organized+Crime&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=XXI&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Sokolov&rft.aufirst=Vsevolod&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldpolicy.org%2Fjournal%2Farticles%2Fwpj04-1%2Fsokolov.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OECD-85"><a href="#cite_ref-OECD_85-0">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/environment/country-reviews/2452793.pdf">"Russian Federation"</a> (PDF). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200423024709/http://www.oecd.org/environment/country-reviews/2452793.pdf">Geargiveer</a> (PDF) vanaf die oorspronklike op 23 April 2020. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+Federation&rft.pub=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development+%28OECD%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fenvironment%2Fcountry-reviews%2F2452793.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTreisman" class="citation web cs1">Treisman, Daniel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=16294">"Is Russia's Experiment with Democracy Over?"</a>. UCLA International Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200416225857/https://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=16294">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 16 April 2020. Besoek op 31 Desember 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Russia%27s+Experiment+with+Democracy+Over%3F&rft.pub=UCLA+International+Institute&rft.aulast=Treisman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.international.ucla.edu%2Farticle.asp%3Fparentid%3D16294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=87">"Russian Census of 2002"</a>. 4.3. Population by nationalities and knowledge of Russian; 4.4. Spreading of knowledge of languages (except Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200403225220/http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=87">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 3 April 2020. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=4.3.+Population+by+nationalities+and+knowledge+of+Russian%3B+4.4.+Spreading+of+knowledge+of+languages+%28except+Russian%29&rft.atitle=Russian+Census+of+2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perepis2002.ru%2Findex.html%3Fid%3D87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-04.htm">"Chapter 3. The Federal Structure"</a>. The Constitution of the Russian Federation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200509113142/http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-04.htm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 9 Mei 2020. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Constitution+of+the+Russian+Federation&rft.atitle=Chapter+3.+The+Federal+Structure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitution.ru%2Fen%2F10003000-04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBell" class="citation web cs1">Bell, Imogen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=EPP3ti4hysUC&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=respecting+christianity+islam+buddhism+judaism+and+other&source=web&ots=pppIldMuS1&sig=KikE3NJkzMEdWt4rU9EoeN03-6o&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=respecting%20christianity%20islam%20buddhism%20judaism%20and%20other&f=false">"Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia"</a>. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe%2C+Russia+and+Central+Asia&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Imogen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.de%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEPP3ti4hysUC%26pg%3DPA47%26lpg%3DPA47%26dq%3Drespecting%2Bchristianity%2Bislam%2Bbuddhism%2Bjudaism%2Band%2Bother%26source%3Dweb%26ots%3DpppIldMuS1%26sig%3DKikE3NJkzMEdWt4rU9EoeN03-6o%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Drespecting%2520christianity%2520islam%2520buddhism%2520judaism%2520and%2520other%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFZuckerman2005" class="citation book cs1">Zuckerman, Phil (2005). Atheism: Contemporary Rates and Patterns, chapter in The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, ed. by Michael Martin. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atheism%3A+Contemporary+Rates+and+Patterns%2C+chapter+in+The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Atheism%2C+ed.+by+Michael+Martin&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Zuckerman&rft.aufirst=Phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-relig-91"><a href="#cite_ref-relig_91-0">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianembassy.org/RUSSIA/religion.htm">"Religion In Russia"</a>. Embassy of the Russian Federation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020606214927/http://www.russianembassy.org/RUSSIA/religion.htm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 6 Junie 2002. Besoek op 27 Desember 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion+In+Russia&rft.pub=Embassy+of+the+Russian+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianembassy.org%2FRUSSIA%2Freligion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFGarafola" class="citation book cs1">Garafola, Lynn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Diaghilevs-Ballets-Russes-Lynn-Garafola/dp/0195057015">Diaghilev's Ballets Russes</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 576. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-19-505701-5" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-19-505701-5"><bdi>0-19-505701-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diaghilev%27s+Ballets+Russes&rft.pages=576&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-19-505701-5&rft.aulast=Garafola&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FDiaghilevs-Ballets-Russes-Lynn-Garafola%2Fdp%2F0195057015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://petersburgcity.com/news/culture/2005/11/18/theatre/">"A Tale of Two Operas"</a>. Petersburg City. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200507180340/http://petersburgcity.com/news/culture/2005/11/18/theatre/">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 7 Mei 2020. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Tale+of+Two+Operas&rft.pub=Petersburg+City&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpetersburgcity.com%2Fnews%2Fculture%2F2005%2F11%2F18%2Ftheatre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMicrosoft®_Encarta®_Online_Encyclopedia_2007" class="citation web cs1">Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090820090445/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761564269/Russian_Literature.html">"Russian Literature"</a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761564269/Russian_Literature.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 20 Augustus 2009. Besoek op 7 Januarie 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+Literature&rft.au=Microsoft%C2%AE+Encarta%C2%AE+Online+Encyclopedia+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761564269%2FRussian_Literature.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFKelly" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Catriona. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Russian-Literature-Short-Introduction-Introductions/dp/0192801449">Russian Literature: A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introductions) (Paperback)</a>. Oxford Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-19-280144-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-19-280144-9"><bdi>0-19-280144-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Literature%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction+%28Very+Short+Introductions%29+%28Paperback%29&rft.pub=Oxford+Paperbacks&rft.isbn=0-19-280144-9&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Catriona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.co.uk%2FRussian-Literature-Short-Introduction-Introductions%2Fdp%2F0192801449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Russian-literature">"Russian literature"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Besoek op 27 Julie 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+literature&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FRussian-literature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFOtto_Friedrich" class="citation web cs1">Otto Friedrich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,943893,00.html?promoid=googlep">"Freaking-Out with Fyodor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(tydskrif)" title="Time (tydskrif)">Time Magazine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170502160824/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,943893,00.html?promoid=googlep">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 2 Mei 2017. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freaking-Out+with+Fyodor&rft.pub=Time+Magazine&rft.au=Otto+Friedrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C943893%2C00.html%3Fpromoid%3Dgooglep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/history-of-the-motion-picture">"History of the motion picture"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Besoek op 27 Julie 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+motion+picture&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fhistory-of-the-motion-picture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-film-99"><a href="#cite_ref-film_99-0">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071123075709/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-38645">"Russia::Motion pictures"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-38645">die oorspronklike</a> op 23 November 2007. Besoek op 27 Desember 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia%3A%3AMotion+pictures&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-38645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080125172545/http://www.filmlinc.com/wrt/onsale/russian08/whitesunofthedesert.html">"White Sun of the Desert / Beloe solntse pustyni"</a>. Film Society of Lincoln Center. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://filmlinc.com/wrt/onsale/russian08/whitesunofthedesert.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 25 Januarie 2008. Besoek op 18 Januarie 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=White+Sun+of+the+Desert+%2F+Beloe+solntse+pustyni&rft.pub=Film+Society+of+Lincoln+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffilmlinc.com%2Fwrt%2Fonsale%2Frussian08%2Fwhitesunofthedesert.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kino-101"><a href="#cite_ref-kino_101-0">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDzieciolowski" class="citation web cs1">Dzieciolowski, Zygmunt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001194311/https://www.opendemocracy.net/globalization-Film/russian_film_3726.jsp">"Kinoeye: Russia's reviving film industry"</a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/globalization-Film/russian_film_3726.jsp">die oorspronklike</a> op 1 Oktober 2018. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kinoeye%3A+Russia%27s+reviving+film+industry&rft.aulast=Dzieciolowski&rft.aufirst=Zygmunt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Fglobalization-Film%2Frussian_film_3726.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926220504/http://www.pwc.com/extweb/ncpressrelease.nsf/docid/B373F0C74AA25A7480257309003B9833">"Russian Entertainment & Media Industry worth $27.9 bn by 2011"</a>. PricewaterhouseCoopers. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pwc.com/extweb/ncpressrelease.nsf/docid/B373F0C74AA25A7480257309003B9833">die oorspronklike</a> op 26 September 2007. Besoek op 27 Desember 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+Entertainment+%26+Media+Industry+worth+%2427.9+bn+by+2011&rft.pub=PricewaterhouseCoopers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pwc.com%2Fextweb%2Fncpressrelease.nsf%2Fdocid%2FB373F0C74AA25A7480257309003B9833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213431/http://eng.tatar-inform.ru/news/2011/01/21/33986/">"Russian bandy players blessed for victory at world championship in Kazan"</a>. Tatar-Inform. 21 Januarie 2011. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.tatar-inform.ru/news/2011/01/21/33986/">die oorspronklike</a> op 3 Maart 2016. Besoek op 31 Augustus 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+bandy+players+blessed+for+victory+at+world+championship+in+Kazan&rft.pub=Tatar-Inform&rft.date=2011-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feng.tatar-inform.ru%2Fnews%2F2011%2F01%2F21%2F33986%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">↑</a> (ru) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.rusbandy.ru/content.html@PageID=325">"XV чемпионат России по хоккею с мячом сезон 2006/07 г.г."</a> rusbandy.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010164048/http://old.rusbandy.ru/content.html@PageID=325">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 10 Oktober 2017. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=XV+%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%8E+%D1%81+%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD+2006%2F07+%D0%B3.%D0%B3.&rft.pub=rusbandy.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.rusbandy.ru%2Fcontent.html%40PageID%3D325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">↑</a> (ro) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frr.ro/2021/03/03/cupa-kiseleff-trofeu-ce-va-fi-pus-in-joc-la-meciurile-dintre-romania-si-rusia/">"CUPA KISELEFF, TROFEU CE VA FI PUS ÎN JOC LA MECIURILE DINTRE ROMÂNIA ȘI RUSIA"</a>. Federația Română de Rugby. 3 Maart 2021. Besoek op 20 Maart 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CUPA+KISELEFF%2C+TROFEU+CE+VA+FI+PUS+%C3%8EN+JOC+LA+MECIURILE+DINTRE+ROM%C3%82NIA+%C8%98I+RUSIA&rft.pub=Federa%C8%9Bia+Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83+de+Rugby&rft.date=2021-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrr.ro%2F2021%2F03%2F03%2Fcupa-kiseleff-trofeu-ce-va-fi-pus-in-joc-la-meciurile-dintre-romania-si-rusia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.espn.co.uk/f1/motorsport/story/31127.html">"Russia secures 2014 grand prix deal"</a>. ESPN. 14 Oktober 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200506075724/http://en.espn.co.uk/f1/motorsport/story/31127.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 6 Mei 2020. Besoek op 13 Mei 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+secures+2014+grand+prix+deal&rft.pub=ESPN&rft.date=2010-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.espn.co.uk%2Ff1%2Fmotorsport%2Fstory%2F31127.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bpb/Hartwich_2011-107">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-bpb/Hartwich_2011_107-0">107,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bpb/Hartwich_2011_107-1">107,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bpb/Hartwich_2011_107-2">107,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bpb/Hartwich_2011_107-3">107,3</a> (de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bpb.de/themen/SRPOJ3,0,0,Die_Medienlandschaft_in_Russland.html">Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb)/Inna Hartwich: Die Medienlandschaft in Russland. Das Wort und der Tod, 3 Februarie 2011</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a> (en) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1102275.stm">BBC News – Russia country profile: Media</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verdere_leeswerk">Verdere leeswerk</h2></div> <dl><dt>Algemeen</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li>(en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia">"Russia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Besoek op 27 Julie 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FRussia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"></li> <li>(en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/">"Russia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Besoek op 27 Julie 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Frussia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARusland" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Politiek</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li>(en) Kanet Roger E., ed. Russian Foreign Policy in the 21st Century (Palgrave Macmillan; 2011)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons bevat media in verband met <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Russia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Russia">Rusland</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Sien <a href="https://af.wiktionary.org/wiki/Rusland" class="extiw" title="wikt:Rusland">Rusland</a> in Wiktionary, die vrye woordeboek.</td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Russiese regering</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li>(ru) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.ru/">Amptelike webwerf van die Russiese regering</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Media en nuusagentskappe</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li>(en) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.rian.ru/">Russiese nuusagentskap "Ria Novosti"</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Geskiedenis</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li>(en) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/history/330627-rurik-dynasty-founded-russia-ruled-before-romanovs">Russia Beyond: Who founded Russia and ruled it before the Romanovs?</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Toerisme</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li>(en) Toerisme-inligting oor <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Russia">Rusland</a> op <a href="/wiki/Wikivoyage" title="Wikivoyage">Wikivoyage</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Argitektuur</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li>(en) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uar.ru/en/">Union of Architects of Russia (UAR)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Migrasie</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li>(de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boell.de/de/navigation/promotionsfoerderung-7316.html">Svetlana Boltovskaja, Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung: Afrikanische Diaspora in Russland (1985–2005): Selbst- und Fremdbilder</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Fotogalerye</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li>(en) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/tessekkur/sets/72157622223977430/">Foto's van Rusland op Flickr</a></li></ul> <table class="navbox" style="text-align: center; width:80%; font-size:95%; margin:0.5em auto"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td width="5%" style="text-align: center" rowspan="5"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Compass_rose_pale-50x50.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Norway.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Noorweë"><img alt="Vlag van Noorweë" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Noorwe%C3%AB" title="Noorweë">Noorweë</a> • <a href="/wiki/Arktiese_Oseaan" title="Arktiese Oseaan">Arktiese Oseaan</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Arktiese_Oseaan" title="Arktiese Oseaan">Arktiese Oseaan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barentssee" title="Barentssee">Barentssee</a> • <a href="/wiki/Karasee" title="Karasee">Karasee</a> • <a href="/wiki/Laptefsee" title="Laptefsee">Laptefsee</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oos-Siberiese_See" title="Oos-Siberiese See">Oos-Siberiese See</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tsjoekotkasee" title="Tsjoekotkasee">Tsjoekotkasee</a>) </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Beringstraat" title="Beringstraat">Beringstraat</a> • <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Verenigde State van Amerika"><img alt="Vlag van Verenigde State van Amerika" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_State_van_Amerika" title="Verenigde State van Amerika">Verenigde State</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Beringsee" title="Beringsee">Beringsee</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="text-align: center; padding: 0" rowspan="5"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Compass_rose_pale-50x50.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Finland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Finland"><img alt="Vlag van Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Golf_van_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Golf van Finland">Golf van Finland</a> • <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Estonia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Estland"><img alt="Vlag van Estland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Estland" title="Estland">Estland</a> • <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Latvia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Letland"><img alt="Vlag van Letland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Letland" title="Letland">Letland</a> • <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Litaue"><img alt="Vlag van Litaue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Litaue" title="Litaue">Litaue</a> • <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Pole"><img alt="Vlag van Pole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pole" title="Pole">Pole</a> • <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Belarus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Belarus"><img alt="Vlag van Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/33px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/44px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> • <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Oekraïne"><img alt="Vlag van Oekraïne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFne" title="Oekraïne">Oekraïne</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/17px-North.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/26px-North.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/34px-North.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Stille_Oseaan" title="Stille Oseaan">Stille Oseaan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center" nowrap="nowrap"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/17px-West.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/26px-West.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/34px-West.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" />   <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Rusland"><img alt="Vlag van Rusland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rusland</a>    <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/17px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/26px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/34px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/17px-South.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/26px-South.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/34px-South.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Swartsee" title="Swartsee">Swartsee</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Georgia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Georgië"><img alt="Vlag van Georgië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Georgi%C3%AB" title="Georgië">Georgië</a> • <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Azerbeidjan"><img alt="Vlag van Azerbeidjan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Azerbeidjan" title="Azerbeidjan">Azerbeidjan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kaspiese_See" title="Kaspiese See">Kaspiese See</a> • <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Kasakstan"><img alt="Vlag van Kasakstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kasakstan" title="Kasakstan">Kasakstan</a> • <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van die Volksrepubliek China"><img alt="Vlag van die Volksrepubliek China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China">Volksrepubliek China</a> • <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Mongolia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Mongolië"><img alt="Vlag van Mongolië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Mongolië">Mongolië</a> • <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van die Volksrepubliek China"><img alt="Vlag van die Volksrepubliek China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China">Volksrepubliek China</a> • <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_North_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Noord-Korea"><img alt="Vlag van Noord-Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/22px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/33px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/44px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Noord-Korea" title="Noord-Korea">Noord-Korea</a> • <a href="/wiki/See_van_Japan" title="See van Japan">See van Japan</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/See_van_Ochotsk" title="See van Ochotsk">See van Ochotsk</a> • <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Japan"><img alt="Vlag van Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lande_en_gebiede_in_Asië" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Asi%C3%AB" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Asië"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bespreek"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloonbespreking:Lande_van_Asi%C3%AB" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Lande van Asië"><abbr title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-wysig"><a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Lande_van_Asi%C3%AB&action=edit"><abbr title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lande_en_gebiede_in_Asië" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lande en gebiede in <a href="/wiki/Asi%C3%AB" title="Asië">Asië</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande" title="Lys van lande">Lande</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Armeni%C3%AB" title="Armenië">Armenië</a>3 • <a href="/wiki/Azerbeidjan" title="Azerbeidjan">Azerbeidjan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bahrein" title="Bahrein">Bahrein</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bangladesj" title="Bangladesj">Bangladesj</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bhoetan" title="Bhoetan">Bhoetan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Broenei" title="Broenei">Broenei</a> • <a href="/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte">Egipte</a>1 • <a href="/wiki/Filippyne" title="Filippyne">Filippyne</a> • <a href="/wiki/Georgi%C3%AB" title="Georgië">Georgië</a>2 • <a href="/wiki/Indi%C3%AB" title="Indië">Indië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Indonesi%C3%AB" title="Indonesië">Indonesië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a> • <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> • <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen">Jemen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jordani%C3%AB" title="Jordanië">Jordanië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kambodja" title="Kambodja">Kambodja</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kasakstan" title="Kasakstan">Kasakstan</a>2 • <a href="/wiki/Katar" title="Katar">Katar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kirgisi%C3%AB" title="Kirgisië">Kirgisië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Koeweit" title="Koeweit">Koeweit</a> • <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> • <a href="/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon">Libanon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Maledive" title="Maledive">Maledive</a> • <a href="/wiki/Maleisi%C3%AB" title="Maleisië">Maleisië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mianmar" title="Mianmar">Mianmar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Mongolië">Mongolië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noord-Korea" title="Noord-Korea">Noord-Korea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oesbekistan" title="Oesbekistan">Oesbekistan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oos-Timor" title="Oos-Timor">Oos-Timor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rusland</a>2 • <a href="/wiki/Saoedi-Arabi%C3%AB" title="Saoedi-Arabië">Saoedi-Arabië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Singapoer" title="Singapoer">Singapoer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Siprus" title="Siprus">Siprus</a>3 • <a href="/wiki/Siri%C3%AB" title="Sirië">Sirië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> • <a href="/wiki/Suid-Korea" title="Suid-Korea">Suid-Korea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tadjikistan" title="Tadjikistan">Tadjikistan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> • <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Turkye" title="Turkye">Turkye</a>2 • <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Arabiese_Emirate" title="Verenigde Arabiese Emirate">Verenigde Arabiese Emirate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vi%C3%ABtnam" title="Viëtnam">Viëtnam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China">Volksrepubliek China</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_omstrede_gebiede" title="Lys van omstrede gebiede">Omstrede gebiede</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Abchasi%C3%AB" title="Abchasië">Abchasië</a>2 • <a href="/wiki/Republiek_Artsach" title="Republiek Artsach">Artsach</a>3 • <a href="/wiki/Turkse_Republiek_van_Noord-Siprus" title="Turkse Republiek van Noord-Siprus">Noord-Siprus</a>3 • <a href="/wiki/Staat_Palestina" title="Staat Palestina">Palestina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Republiek_China" title="Republiek China">Republiek China (Taiwan)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Suid-Osseti%C3%AB" title="Suid-Ossetië">Suid-Ossetië</a>2</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_afhanklike_gebiede" title="Lys van afhanklike gebiede">Afhanklike gebiede</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australi%C3%AB" title="Australië">Australië</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Kerseiland" title="Kerseiland">Kerseiland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kokoseilande" title="Kokoseilande">Kokoseilande</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Verenigde Koninkryk">Verenigde Koninkryk</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_en_Dhekeli%C3%AB" title="Akrotiri en Dhekelië">Akrotiri en Dhekelië</a>3 • <a href="/wiki/Britse_Indiese_Oseaangebied" title="Britse Indiese Oseaangebied">Britse Indiese Oseaangebied</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China">Volksrepubliek China</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong">Hongkong</a> • <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lande van</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Afrika" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Afrika">Afrika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Europa" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Europa">Europa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Noord-Amerika" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Noord-Amerika">Noord-Amerika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Oseani%C3%AB" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Oseanië">Oseanië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Suid-Amerika" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Suid-Amerika">Suid-Amerika</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>1. Land <a href="/wiki/Transkontinentale_land" title="Transkontinentale land">deels</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a>. 2. Land deels in <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a>. 3. Geografies in <a href="/wiki/Asi%C3%AB" title="Asië">Asië</a>, maar gereeld beskou as deel van <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> a.g.v. kulturele en historiese oorwegings.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lande_en_gebiede_in_Europa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Europa" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Europa"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bespreek"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloonbespreking:Lande_van_Europa" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Lande van Europa"><abbr title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-wysig"><a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Lande_van_Europa&action=edit"><abbr title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lande_en_gebiede_in_Europa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lande en gebiede in <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande" title="Lys van lande">Lande</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Albani%C3%AB" title="Albanië">Albanië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Armeni%C3%AB" title="Armenië">Armenië</a>2 • <a href="/wiki/Azerbeidjan" title="Azerbeidjan">Azerbeidjan</a>1 • <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Belgi%C3%AB" title="België">België</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bosni%C3%AB_en_Herzegowina" title="Bosnië en Herzegowina">Bosnië en Herzegowina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bulgarye" title="Bulgarye">Bulgarye</a> • <a href="/wiki/Denemarke" title="Denemarke">Denemarke</a> • <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Estland" title="Estland">Estland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk">Frankryk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Georgi%C3%AB" title="Georgië">Georgië</a>1 • <a href="/wiki/Griekeland" title="Griekeland">Griekeland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hongarye" title="Hongarye">Hongarye</a> • <a href="/wiki/Republiek_Ierland" title="Republiek Ierland">Ierland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Italië">Italië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kasakstan" title="Kasakstan">Kasakstan</a>1 • <a href="/wiki/Kroasi%C3%AB" title="Kroasië">Kroasië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Letland" title="Letland">Letland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> • <a href="/wiki/Litaue" title="Litaue">Litaue</a> • <a href="/wiki/Luxemburg" title="Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a> • <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> • <a href="/wiki/Moldowa" title="Moldowa">Moldowa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> • <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland">Nederland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noord-Masedoni%C3%AB" title="Noord-Masedonië">Noord-Masedonië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noorwe%C3%AB" title="Noorweë">Noorweë</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFne" title="Oekraïne">Oekraïne</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oostenryk" title="Oostenryk">Oostenryk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pole" title="Pole">Pole</a> • <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Roemeni%C3%AB" title="Roemenië">Roemenië</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rusland</a>1 • <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> • <a href="/wiki/Serwi%C3%AB" title="Serwië">Serwië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Siprus" title="Siprus">Siprus</a>2 • <a href="/wiki/Slowakye" title="Slowakye">Slowakye</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sloweni%C3%AB" title="Slowenië">Slowenië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Spanje" title="Spanje">Spanje</a> • <a href="/wiki/Swede" title="Swede">Swede</a> • <a href="/wiki/Switserland" title="Switserland">Switserland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tsjeggi%C3%AB" title="Tsjeggië">Tsjeggië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Turkye" title="Turkye">Turkye</a>1 • <a href="/wiki/Vatikaanstad" title="Vatikaanstad">Vatikaanstad</a> • <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Verenigde Koninkryk">Verenigde Koninkryk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ysland" title="Ysland">Ysland</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Europe_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_omstrede_gebiede" title="Lys van omstrede gebiede">Omstrede gebiede</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Abchasi%C3%AB" title="Abchasië">Abchasië</a>1 • <a href="/wiki/Republiek_Artsach" title="Republiek Artsach">Artsach</a>2 • <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_Donetsk" title="Volksrepubliek Donetsk">Donetsk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_Loehansk" title="Volksrepubliek Loehansk">Loehansk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Turkse_Republiek_van_Noord-Siprus" title="Turkse Republiek van Noord-Siprus">Noord-Siprus</a>2 • <a href="/wiki/Suid-Osseti%C3%AB" title="Suid-Ossetië">Suid-Ossetië</a>1 • <a href="/wiki/Transnistri%C3%AB" title="Transnistrië">Transnistrië</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_afhanklike_gebiede" title="Lys van afhanklike gebiede">Afhanklike gebiede</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Koninkryk_van_Denemarke" title="Koninkryk van Denemarke">Koninkryk van Denemarke</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Faro%C3%ABreilande" title="Faroëreilande">Faroëreilande</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Noorwe%C3%AB" title="Noorweë">Noorweë</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Asore" title="Asore">Asore</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Verenigde Koninkryk">Verenigde Koninkryk</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_en_Dhekeli%C3%AB" title="Akrotiri en Dhekelië">Akrotiri en Dhekelië</a>2 • <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>3 • <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>3 • <a href="/wiki/Man_(eiland)" title="Man (eiland)">Man</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lande van</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Afrika" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Afrika">Afrika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Asi%C3%AB" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Asië">Asië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Noord-Amerika" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Noord-Amerika">Noord-Amerika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Oseani%C3%AB" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Oseanië">Oseanië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Suid-Amerika" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Suid-Amerika">Suid-Amerika</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>1. Land <a href="/wiki/Transkontinentale_land" title="Transkontinentale land">deels</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asi%C3%AB" title="Asië">Asië</a>. 2. Geografies in <a href="/wiki/Asi%C3%AB" title="Asië">Asië</a>, maar gereeld beskou as deel van <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> a.g.v. kulturele en historiese oorwegings. 3. Aangedui as die <a href="/wiki/Kanaaleilande" title="Kanaaleilande">Kanaaleilande</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Groep_van_Twintig_(G20)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:G20" title="Sjabloon:G20"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bespreek"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloonbespreking:G20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloonbespreking:G20 (bladsy bestaan nie)"><abbr title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-wysig"><a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:G20&action=edit"><abbr title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Groep_van_Twintig_(G20)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Groep_van_20" title="Groep van 20">Groep van Twintig (G20)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentini%C3%AB" title="Vlag van Argentinië"><img alt="Vlag van Argentinië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/22px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/33px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/44px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Argentini%C3%AB" title="Argentinië">Argentinië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australi%C3%AB" title="Vlag van Australië"><img alt="Vlag van Australië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Australi%C3%AB" title="Australië">Australië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasili%C3%AB" title="Vlag van Brasilië"><img alt="Vlag van Brasilië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/44px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Brasili%C3%AB" title="Brasilië">Brasilië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Vlag van Duitsland"><img alt="Vlag van Duitsland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europese_Unie" title="Vlag van Europese Unie"><img alt="Vlag van Europese Unie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/22px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/33px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/44px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Europese_Unie" title="Europese Unie">Europese Unie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankryk" title="Vlag van Frankryk"><img alt="Vlag van Frankryk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk">Frankryk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indi%C3%AB" title="Vlag van Indië"><img alt="Vlag van Indië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/33px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/44px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Indi%C3%AB" title="Indië">Indië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesi%C3%AB" title="Vlag van Indonesië"><img alt="Vlag van Indonesië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Indonesi%C3%AB" title="Indonesië">Indonesië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Vlag van Italië"><img alt="Vlag van Italië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Italië">Italië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Vlag van Japan"><img alt="Vlag van Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Vlag van Kanada"><img alt="Vlag van Kanada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meksiko" title="Vlag van Meksiko"><img alt="Vlag van Meksiko" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko">Meksiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Vlag van Rusland"><img alt="Vlag van Rusland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rusland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saoedi-Arabi%C3%AB" title="Vlag van Saoedi-Arabië"><img alt="Vlag van Saoedi-Arabië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Saoedi-Arabi%C3%AB" title="Saoedi-Arabië">Saoedi-Arabië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suid-Afrika" title="Vlag van Suid-Afrika"><img alt="Vlag van Suid-Afrika" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Suid-Afrika" title="Suid-Afrika">Suid-Afrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suid-Korea" title="Vlag van Suid-Korea"><img alt="Vlag van Suid-Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Suid-Korea" title="Suid-Korea">Suid-Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkye" title="Vlag van Turkye"><img alt="Vlag van Turkye" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/33px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/44px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Turkye" title="Turkye">Turkye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Vlag van Verenigde Koninkryk"><img alt="Vlag van Verenigde Koninkryk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Verenigde Koninkryk">Verenigde Koninkryk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verenigde_State_van_Amerika" title="Vlag van Verenigde State van Amerika"><img alt="Vlag van Verenigde State van Amerika" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_State_van_Amerika" title="Verenigde State van Amerika">Verenigde State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Vlag van Volksrepubliek China"><img alt="Vlag van Volksrepubliek China" 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