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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>参考</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">維京時代</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。56种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%ABcinga_Ieldu" title="Wīcinga Ieldu – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Wīcinga Ieldu" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AC" title="عصر الفايكنج – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عصر الفايكنج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B3mina_viquinga" title="Dómina viquinga – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dómina viquinga" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikinq_d%C3%B6vr%C3%BC" title="Vikinq dövrü – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vikinq dövrü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Эпоха вікінгаў – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эпоха вікінгаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Епоха на викингите – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Епоха на викингите" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97" title="ভাইকিং যুগ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভাইকিং যুগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_dels_vikings" title="Era dels vikings – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Era dels vikings" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推荐条目"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingetid" title="Vikingetid – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vikingetid" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikingerzeit" title="Wikingerzeit – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wikingerzeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Viking Age" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikinga_erao" title="Vikinga erao – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vikinga erao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89poca_vikinga" title="Época vikinga – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Época vikinga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viikingiaeg" title="Viikingiaeg – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Viikingiaeg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikingoen_Aroa" title="Bikingoen Aroa – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bikingoen Aroa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="دوران وایکینگ‌ها – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوران وایکینگ‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viikinkiaika" title="Viikinkiaika – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Viikinkiaika" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82ge_des_Vikings" title="Âge des Vikings – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Âge des Vikings" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikingertidj" title="Wikingertidj – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wikingertidj" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laj_di_s%C3%A9_Viking" title="Laj di sé Viking – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Laj di sé Viking" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_viquinga" title="Era viquinga – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Era viquinga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Viking Age" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%99%D7%AA" title="התקופה הוויקינגית – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התקופה הוויקינגית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="वाइकिंग युग – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वाइकिंग युग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelem" title="Viking történelem – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Viking történelem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Վիկինգների դարաշրջան – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիկինգների դարաշրջան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Viking" title="Zaman Viking – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zaman Viking" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADkinga%C3%B6ld" title="Víkingaöld – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Víkingaöld" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoca_vichinga" title="Epoca vichinga – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Epoca vichinga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaikin_Iej" title="Vaikin Iej – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Vaikin Iej" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90" title="ვიკინგების ეპოქა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიკინგების ეპოქა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%ED%82%B9_%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80" title="바이킹 시대 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바이킹 시대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_de_la_vicinges" title="Istoria de la vicinges – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Istoria de la vicinges" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking%C5%B3_am%C5%BEius" title="Vikingų amžius – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vikingų amžius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingu_laiki" title="Vikingu laiki – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vikingu laiki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Викиншка епоха – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Викиншка епоха" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82" title="വൈക്കിങ് യുഗം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വൈക്കിങ് യുഗം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_de_Vikingen" title="Geschiedenis van de Vikingen – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van de Vikingen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingtida" title="Vikingtida – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vikingtida" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingtiden" title="Vikingtiden – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vikingtiden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_Viking" title="Era Viking – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Era Viking" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoca_vikingilor" title="Epoca vikingilor – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Epoca vikingilor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Эпоха викингов – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эпоха викингов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikin%C5%A1ko_doba" title="Vikinško doba – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vikinško doba" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BA" title="වයිකිං යුගය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වයිකිං යුගය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Viking Age" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikin%C5%A1ka_doba" title="Vikinška doba – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vikinška doba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoka_e_Viking%C3%ABve" title="Epoka e Vikingëve – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Epoka e Vikingëve" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikin%C5%A1ko_doba" title="Vikinško doba – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Vikinško doba" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingatiden" title="Vikingatiden – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vikingatiden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வைக்கிங் காலம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வைக்கிங் காலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_%C3%87a%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Viking Çağı – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Viking Çağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Доба вікінгів – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Доба вікінгів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B9%DB%81%D8%AF" title="وائکنگ عہد – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وائکنگ عہد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%9Di_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_Viking" title="Thời đại Viking – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thời đại Viking" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%AC%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="维京时代 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="维京时代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q213649#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">系列条目</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%AA%E7%9A%84%E7%BA%B3%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A" title="斯堪的纳维亚">斯堪的纳维亚</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scandinavia_location_map_definitions.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Scandinavia_location_map_definitions.PNG/180px-Scandinavia_location_map_definitions.PNG" decoding="async" width="180" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Scandinavia_location_map_definitions.PNG/270px-Scandinavia_location_map_definitions.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Scandinavia_location_map_definitions.PNG/360px-Scandinavia_location_map_definitions.PNG 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="642" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.1em 0.1em 0.1em;background:gainsboro;"> 地理</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%AA%E7%9A%84%E7%BA%B3%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="斯堪的纳维亚山脉">山脈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%AA%E7%9A%84%E7%BA%B3%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="斯堪的纳维亚半岛">半島</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.1em 0.1em 0.1em;background:gainsboro;"> 維京時代</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">維京時代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="古諾斯語">古諾斯語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%89%AF%E6%A0%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="瓦良格人">瓦良格人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%AC%E4%BA%BA" title="維京人">維京人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%AC%A7%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="北欧神话">北欧神话</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="斯堪的納維亞的基督教化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Christianization of Scandinavia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%AA%E7%9A%84%E7%BA%B3%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%8C%96" title="斯堪的纳维亚的基督教化">基督教化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" class="extiw" title="en:Christianization of Scandinavia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Christianization of Scandinavia</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.1em 0.1em 0.1em;background:gainsboro;"> 政治實體</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E9%A9%AC%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="卡尔马联盟">卡尔马联盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A5-%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81" title="丹麥-挪威">丹麥-挪威</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8-%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="瑞典-挪威联盟">瑞典–挪威</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%B1%9E%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0" title="瑞属芬兰">瑞属芬兰</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.1em 0.1em 0.1em;background:gainsboro;"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%AA%E7%9A%84%E7%BA%B3%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="斯堪的纳维亚历史">歷史</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%99%B5%E5%85%B0%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="格陵兰历史">格陵兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="丹麦历史">丹麥</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%BD%97%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="法罗群岛历史">法罗群岛</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="芬兰历史">芬蘭</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%85%B0#歷史" title="奥兰">奥兰群岛</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="挪威歷史">挪威</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="瑞典历史">瑞典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="冰岛历史">冰島</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.1em 0.1em 0.1em;background:gainsboro;"> 其他</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="北日耳曼语支">北日耳曼语支</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%AA%E7%9A%84%E7%B4%8D%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="泛斯堪的納維亞主義">泛斯堪的納維亞主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%AD%90%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E6%9C%83" title="北歐理事會">北歐理事會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%AA%E7%9A%84%E7%B4%8D%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="斯堪的納維亞貨幣聯盟">货币联盟</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%AD%90%E9%98%B2%E8%A1%9B%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="北歐防衛同盟">防卫同盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%94%E8%B5%9B" title="皇家联赛">联赛</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%AC%A7%E5%A4%A7%E4%BD%BF%E9%A6%86" title="北欧大使馆">使馆</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%AD%90%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA" title="北歐航空">航空公司</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Expert_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目需要<b>精通或熟悉<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲歷史">歐洲歷史</a>的编者</b>参与及协助编辑。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>請<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E9%82%80%E8%AB%8B%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%B0%8F%E7%B5%84" title="Wikipedia:專家邀請工作小組">邀請</a>適合的人士<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%AC%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&action=edit">改善本条目</a>。更多的細節與詳情請參见<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%AC%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="Talk:維京時代">討論頁</a>。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>维京时代</b>（<span lang="en">Viking Age</span>）又称<b>北欧海盗时代</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，是從<a href="/wiki/8%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="8世纪">8世纪</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%AC%E6%93%B4%E5%BC%B5" title="維京擴張">維京擴張</a>算起，包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%97%E7%B4%8D%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%BE%85%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="朗納爾·洛德布羅克">朗納爾·洛德布羅克</a>入侵<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="西法蘭克王國">西法蘭克王國</a>（今<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81-%E6%92%92%E5%85%8B%E9%80%8A%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" title="盎格鲁-撒克逊英格兰">盎格魯-撒克遜英格蘭</a>（今<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a>）以及<a href="/wiki/9%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="9世紀">9世紀</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E9%AA%A8%E4%BA%BA%E4%BC%8A%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="无骨人伊瓦尔">無骨人伊瓦爾</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="「勇士」比約恩" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Björn Ironside"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%80%8C%E5%8B%87%E5%A3%AB%E3%80%8D%E6%AF%94%E7%B4%84%E6%81%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「勇士」比約恩（页面不存在）">「勇士」比約恩</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Ironside" class="extiw" title="en:Björn Ironside"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Björn Ironside</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%A1%AB%E5%93%88%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%B9" title="白衫哈夫丹">白衫哈夫丹</a>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="「蛇眼」西格德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%80%8C%E8%9B%87%E7%9C%BC%E3%80%8D%E8%A5%BF%E6%A0%BC%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「蛇眼」西格德（页面不存在）">「蛇眼」西格德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigurd_Snake-in-the-Eye" class="extiw" title="en:Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye</span></a></span>）</span></span>率領的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92%E5%A4%A7%E5%86%9B" title="异教徒大军">异教徒大军</a>征伐、<a href="/wiki/10%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="10世紀">10世紀</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E5%8D%97%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="诺曼征服南意大利">諾曼征服南義大利</a>、<a href="/wiki/11%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="11世纪">11世纪</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%96%AF%E5%BB%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="黑斯廷斯战役">黑斯廷斯战役</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" title="诺曼征服英格兰">诺曼征服英格兰</a>的一段历史时期，也是<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="欧洲历史">欧洲历史</a>的重要组成部分。 </p><p>北方日耳曼人从公元793年开始<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%AC%E6%93%B4%E5%BC%B5" title="維京擴張">擴張</a>，839年開始他們中的一部分成为罗马帝国的雇佣兵征战各地，直到公元1066年<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6" title="丹麦">丹麦</a>人的后裔征服英格兰，一般称之为“维京时代”，是欧洲古典时代和中世纪之间的过渡时期。殖民地遍布欧洲，包括英格兰的丹麦区、基辅罗斯、法国的诺曼底、<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="都柏林">都柏林</a>等等。 </p><p>维京时代<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%AC%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="维京人">维京人</a>在斯堪的纳维亚及其他遷移地树立了许多被称为“<a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%82%E5%B0%BC%E7%9F%B3%E5%88%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="如尼石刻">如尼石刻</a>”的石制纪念碑，且同<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%85%B0%E5%90%89%E5%8D%AB%E9%98%9F" title="瓦兰吉卫队">瓦兰吉卫队</a>有关。石碑刻录了阵亡瓦兰吉战士的事迹、向东方（Austr）的远航、东方航线（Austrvegr），以及像Garðaríki（今天的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄罗斯</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0" title="乌克兰">乌克兰</a>）这种详细的东方地点。 </p><p>11世紀早期，英格蘭已經基督教化多個世紀了，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A5%E5%BE%8B%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丹麥律法（页面不存在）">丹麥律法</a>則轉變了<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E5%BC%82%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="日耳曼异教">日耳曼異教</a>的信仰，使得他們開始信奉基督<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，但<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%AA%E7%9A%84%E7%B4%8D%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="斯堪的納維亞">斯堪的納維亞</a>還是明顯地<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92" class="mw-redirect" title="異教徒">異教徒</a>居多<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在英格蘭，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%AA%E7%89%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="克努特大帝">克努特大帝</a>努力提高<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="天主教">天主教</a>的關注度，這使得他被歐洲的基督教統治者接納，在斯堪的納維亞國家的國王中這還是首次<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。挪威雖然也建起了教堂，並對僧侶採取寬容和尊敬的態度，但卡紐特依然與異教徒領主結盟，在他的統治地位鞏固之前，也從沒有在此頒佈過有益于基督教的法律<sup id="cite_ref-#1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%AC%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%AC%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="维京人">维京人</a>擅長航海，他们在<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%98%AD%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="昔德蘭群島">昔德兰群岛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%BD%97%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="法罗群岛">法罗群岛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B" title="冰岛">冰岛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%99%B5%E5%85%B0%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="格陵兰岛">格陵兰岛</a>都设立了殖民地，在10世纪末曾不定期地在美洲<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="紐芬蘭島">纽芬兰</a>居住过。他们不仅是海盗，也同时进行贸易，甚至定居在欧洲沿海和河流两岸。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/9%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="9世紀">9世紀</a>中期<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92%E5%A4%A7%E5%86%9B" title="异教徒大军">异教徒大军</a>的指揮官是「無骨人」伊瓦爾，從865年到870年間都有他的文字記載<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>865年秋，由<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E9%AA%A8%E4%BA%BA%E4%BC%8A%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="无骨人伊瓦尔">「無骨人」伊瓦爾</a>領導的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92%E5%A4%A7%E5%86%9B" title="异教徒大军">維京雄狮</a>入侵當時由<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E9%AD%AF-%E6%92%92%E5%85%8B%E9%81%9C%E4%BA%BA" title="盎格魯-撒克遜人">盎格魯-撒克遜人</a>統治的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" title="英格兰">英格兰</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%9C%8B%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="七國時代">七國</a>，這七大王國分別是<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="東盎格利亞王國">東盎格利亞王國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="埃塞克斯王國">埃塞克斯王國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="肯特王國">肯特王國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="麥西亞王國">麥西亞王國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%A3%AE%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="諾森布里亞王國">諾森布里亞王國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="薩塞克斯王國">薩塞克斯王國</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="威塞克斯王國">威塞克斯王國</a>。這次入侵是由拉格納的兒子們組織的，目的是為了報復諾森布里亞國王<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="艾勒 (諾森布里亞)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ælla of Northumbria"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E5%8B%92_(%E8%AB%BE%E6%A3%AE%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艾勒 (諾森布里亞)（页面不存在）">艾勒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lla_of_Northumbria" class="extiw" title="en:Ælla of Northumbria"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ælla of Northumbria</span></a></span>）</span></span>在865年把拉格納扔進蛇坑致死的殺父之仇。但是這個解釋的歷史準確性仍是未證實的<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>866年，維京軍隊向北侵入諾森布里亞，最終於867年在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E5%85%8B" title="約克">約克</a>抓住了艾勒<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。根據傳說，伊瓦爾和其兄弟們使用<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="血鷹" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Blood eagle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%80%E9%B7%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="血鷹（页面不存在）">血鷹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_eagle" class="extiw" title="en:Blood eagle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Blood eagle</span></a></span>）</span></span>處死了艾勒，這種報復性的北歐酷刑將他的胸腔從背後面切開，折斷肋骨後將肺部拉出體腔，形成一個老鷹展翅的形狀而死（僅為傳說，是否真實存在此刑仍有爭議待考證）<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。隨後軍隊向南移動，攻佔了麥西亞王國的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E4%B8%81%E6%BC%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="諾丁漢">諾丁漢</a>，度過冬季。麥西亞國王與威塞克斯王國聯合，合力將其圍困在鎮上。不過盎格魯-撒克遜人仍舊無法奪回諾丁漢，於是雙方達成了休戰協議，維京人撤出<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>869年，伊瓦爾和哥哥烏伯擔任丹麥人的指揮官，再度發起進攻，入侵了東盎格利亞王國，並殺死國王<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="殉教者埃德蒙" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Edmund the Martyr"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AE%89%E6%95%99%E8%80%85%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="殉教者埃德蒙（页面不存在）">殉教者埃德蒙</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_the_Martyr" class="extiw" title="en:Edmund the Martyr"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Edmund the Martyr</span></a></span>）</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。他最終在<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="愛爾蘭">愛爾蘭</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="都柏林">都柏林</a>過世。《<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E9%AD%AF-%E6%92%92%E5%85%8B%E9%81%9C%E7%B7%A8%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="盎格魯-撒克遜編年史">盎格魯-撒克遜編年史</a>》記錄了他死亡的年份是870年<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="愛爾蘭零碎史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fragmentary Annals of Ireland"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E9%9B%B6%E7%A2%8E%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="愛爾蘭零碎史（页面不存在）">愛爾蘭零碎史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragmentary_Annals_of_Ireland" class="extiw" title="en:Fragmentary Annals of Ireland"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fragmentary Annals of Ireland</span></a></span>）</span></span>》則記載伊瓦爾是死於873年的年底<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E9%AD%AF-%E6%92%92%E5%85%8B%E9%81%9C%E4%BA%BA" title="盎格魯-撒克遜人">盎格魯-撒克遜</a>歷史學者<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃塞爾維爾 (歷史學家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Æthelweard (historian)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%AD%E7%88%BE_(%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃塞爾維爾 (歷史學家)（页面不存在）">埃塞爾維爾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelweard_(historian)" class="extiw" title="en:Æthelweard (historian)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Æthelweard (historian)</span></a></span>）</span></span>記載「無骨人」伊瓦爾死於870年<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。他死後，「白衫」哈夫丹成為維京雄師的指揮官，侵略了<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="威塞克斯王國">威塞克斯王國</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。丹麥國王<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴格斯克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bagsecg"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴格斯克（页面不存在）">巴格斯克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagsecg" class="extiw" title="en:Bagsecg"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bagsecg</span></a></span>）</span></span>率領大軍渡洋，支援「白衫」哈夫丹的部隊<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。根據《<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E9%AD%AF-%E6%92%92%E5%85%8B%E9%81%9C%E7%B7%A8%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="盎格魯-撒克遜編年史">盎格魯-撒克遜編年史</a>》記載，這支來自丹麥的維京大軍與西撒克遜人進行了九次大戰，其中包括871年1月8日的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿什當之戰" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Ashdown"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E4%BB%80%E7%95%B6%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿什當之戰（页面不存在）">阿什當之戰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ashdown" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Ashdown"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Ashdown</span></a></span>）</span></span>，雙方傷亡慘重，巴格斯克國王也在此戰役中陣亡<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。最後「白衫」哈夫丹接受了<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BD%9B%E7%83%88%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="阿佛烈大帝">阿佛烈大帝</a>的休戰協議，後者是剛登基的威塞克斯國王<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。但考古的发现证明，阿尔弗雷德很可能向丹麦人支付了一笔<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%A0%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="賠款（页面不存在）">賠款</a>，以求其撤退，如同麦西亚人在来年的做法一样。此后五年里，丹麦人占领了威塞克斯王国之外的大部分英格兰土地。但是，在 </p><p>841年，突襲<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E6%98%82" class="mw-redirect" title="魯昂">魯昂</a> </p><p>842年，突襲昆托維奇港口 </p><p>843年，盧瓦爾諾曼人在Noirmoutier島上建立永久性維京人定居點 </p><p>844年，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%AC%E8%A2%AD%E5%87%BB%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E5%92%8C%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF" title="维京袭击加利西亚和阿斯图里亚斯">維京襲擊加利西亞和阿斯圖里亞斯</a>突襲<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E7%9B%A7%E8%8C%B2" title="圖盧茲">圖盧茲</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E6%B5%B7%E5%B2%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西班牙海岸（页面不存在）">西班牙海岸</a>，阿斯图里亚斯国王<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%B1%B3%E7%BE%85%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%96%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%AF)" title="拉米羅一世 (阿斯圖里亞斯)">拉米罗一世</a>（Ramiro I）以军队对其进行反击，以大量屠杀彻底击退了这些维京侵略者，并俘虏了其中的不少人，将其舰队中最好的船只焚毁。拉米罗一世的行动让维京人十分惊恐，此后拉米罗一世的统治地区再未受到维京人的侵扰。 </p><p>845年，襲擊<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎">巴黎</a> </p><p>851年，在魯昂附近的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE%E5%A1%9E%E7%B4%8D%E5%B3%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧塞爾塞納島（页面不存在）">奧塞爾塞納島</a>建立基地 </p><p>856年，襲擊<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎">巴黎</a> </p><p>865年，進攻<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%E8%89%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="奧爾良">奧爾良</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E8%8A%92" title="勒芒">勒芒</a>，征服了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="東盎格利亞王國">东盎格利亚王国</a>後，他們駛上了泰晤士河，然後從<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%91%E6%A1%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="剑桥">剑桥</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%99%BB%E8%B5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="美登赫">美登赫</a>的岸邊登陸。 </p><p>866年，突襲<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%98%E5%80%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="默倫">默倫</a> </p><p>870年，丹麥人征服了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="東盎格利亞王國">东盎格利亚王国</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%A3%AE%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="諾森布里亞王國">諾森布里亞王國</a>，主力開始入侵西撒克遜王國的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="威塞克斯王國">威塞克斯王國</a>。 </p><p>871年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="威塞克斯王國">威塞克斯王國</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7_(%E5%A8%81%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF)" title="埃塞尔雷德 (威塞克斯)">埃塞尔雷德</a>聯合<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E5%85%8B%E9%83%A1" title="伯克郡">伯克郡</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%A4%A7%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="阿尔弗雷德大王">阿尔弗雷德</a>在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿什當之戰" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="阿什當之戰"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E4%BB%80%E7%95%B6%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿什當之戰（页面不存在）">阿什當之戰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BB%80%E7%95%B6%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" class="extiw" title="en:阿什當之戰"><span lang="en" dir="auto">阿什當之戰</span></a></span>）</span></span>及恩格爾菲爾德戰役中指揮當地的徵兵部隊擊敗丹麥人，但僅僅四天后，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7_(%E5%A8%81%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF)" title="埃塞尔雷德 (威塞克斯)">埃塞尔雷德</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%A4%A7%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="阿尔弗雷德大王">阿尔弗雷德</a>指揮的西撒克遜主力軍隊就在<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E4%B8%81" title="雷丁">雷丁</a>的戰役中被擊敗。 </p><p>876年，之后，丹麥人的新首领古斯伦带领他们绕过了英军的防守占领了英格兰南部多塞特郡的维尔汉姆。 </p><p>878年，是整个盎格鲁撒克逊社会的低谷期，几乎英格兰所有的王国均陷入丹麦人手，但是<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="阿尔弗雷德大帝">阿尔弗雷德大帝</a>隨即在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%88%B1%E4%B8%81%E9%A1%BF%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="爱丁顿战役（页面不存在）">爱丁顿战役</a>（Battle of Edington）中打敗了<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%AC%E4%BA%BA" title="維京人">維京人</a>古斯倫带领的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92%E5%A4%A7%E5%86%9B" title="异教徒大军">維京雄狮</a>。 </p><p>879年，突襲<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="法蘭德斯">法蘭德斯</a>，阿瑟爾特的固定基地，從那裡突襲<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="莱茵">萊茵</a>河地區和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E6%82%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威悉（页面不存在）">威悉</a>地區 </p><p>886年，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%AC%E4%BA%BA" title="維京人">維京人</a>古斯倫與<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="阿尔弗雷德大帝">阿尔弗雷德</a>簽訂合約，<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="阿尔弗雷德大帝">阿尔弗雷德</a>同意支付「丹麥錢」，並尊重維京人對其他三個英格蘭王國的征服。<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%AC%E4%BA%BA" title="維京人">維京人</a>首领古斯倫這邊，則需從撒克遜領土撤退，接受基督教，並承認威塞克斯乃獨立王國。 </p><p>古斯倫所轄地區因此稱為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="丹麥法區">丹麦法区</a>確定雙方勢力範圍邊界及一系列雙方所各自擁有的權利，自此帶來和平。 </p><p>960年，<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="“蛇眼”西居尔德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E2%80%9C%E8%9B%87%E7%9C%BC%E2%80%9D%E8%A5%BF%E5%B1%85%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="“蛇眼”西居尔德（页面不存在）">“蛇眼”西居尔德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigurd_Snake-in-the-Eye" class="extiw" title="en:Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye</span></a></span>）</span></span>的後裔<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E7%89%99%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E7%88%BE" title="藍牙哈拉爾">哈拉爾一世</a>統治的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%B0%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="日德兰半岛">日德蘭半島</a>因受南面的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%96%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="神聖羅馬帝國">神聖羅馬帝國</a>皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%82%E5%9C%96%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%96%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B)" class="mw-redirect" title="鄂圖一世 (神聖羅馬帝國)">鄂圖一世</a>的影響成為<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E5%BE%92" title="基督徒">基督徒</a>，因此他改變了丹麥傳統以塚葬的形式，將父親改葬在塚旁的教堂內，並在塚的旁邊聳立耶靈石以記載此事。雖然哈拉爾一世信奉基督教，但是他並沒有在丹麥及挪威境內特別推行基督教。<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E7%89%99%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E7%88%BE" title="藍牙哈拉爾">哈拉爾一世</a>一生向外征討，他曾於945年及963年援救<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%9B%BC%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="諾曼第公爵">諾曼第公爵</a>無懼王<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%AB%BE%E6%9B%BC%E7%AC%AC)" class="mw-redirect" title="理查一世 (諾曼第)">理查一世</a>即“杂种”吉约姆，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E8%80%85%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89" title="征服者威廉">征服者威廉</a>的曾祖父。 </p><p>960年，<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%AB%BE%E6%9B%BC%E7%AC%AC)" class="mw-redirect" title="理查一世 (諾曼第)">理查一世</a>在<a href="/wiki/10%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="10世紀">10世紀</a>的宮廷創造“<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="諾曼人">諾曼人</a>”的概念，目的是創造“一種強大的種族不連貫的群體團結感，以提升公國動員力，加強圍繞在公爵身邊的貴族。 </p><p>961年，他扶持前任挪威國王<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%96%A7%E7%8E%8B%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="血斧王埃里克">血斧王埃里克</a>的三個兒子攻打他們的叔父、當時的挪威國王「好人」<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%BA%B7%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="哈康一世">哈康一世</a>，哈康一世雖然在一系列戰役中取得最終勝利，但也因在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="菲恰爾之戰" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Fitjar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%B2%E6%81%B0%E7%88%BE%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菲恰爾之戰（页面不存在）">菲恰爾之戰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fitjar" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Fitjar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Fitjar</span></a></span>）</span></span>所受的傷在不久後去世。血斧王埃里克之子「灰袍」<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81)" class="mw-redirect" title="哈拉尔二世 (挪威)">哈拉爾二世</a>成為國王，但是實際挪威已經掌握在<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E7%89%99%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E7%88%BE" title="藍牙哈拉爾">哈拉爾一世</a>手裡。 </p><p>983年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E7%89%99%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E7%88%BE" title="藍牙哈拉爾">哈拉爾一世</a>將德意志諸侯逐出丹麥，但是他的兒子<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%AD%97%E9%AC%8D%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%8B%E6%81%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="八字鬍斯韋恩">八字鬍斯韋恩</a>卻在此時叛變。哈拉爾在與叛軍激戰中被殺，八字鬍斯韋恩繼承丹麥國王王位。 </p><p>999 年，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利">義大利</a>地區首次提到諾曼騎士。他們是從耶路撒冷朝聖返回並在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E6%91%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="巴勒摩">巴勒摩</a>中途停留的諾曼朝聖者。這座城市及周邊地區當時被來自北非的<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E6%8B%89%E6%A3%AE%E4%BA%BA" title="撒拉森人">撒拉森人</a>的襲擊蹂躪人，他們每年收取通行費。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E6%91%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="巴勒摩">巴勒摩</a>市長親切地接待了諾曼騎士，並承諾幫助他們對抗<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E6%8B%89%E6%A3%AE%E4%BA%BA" title="撒拉森人">撒拉森人</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="諾曼人">諾曼人</a>對<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E5%B7%B4%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%BA" title="伦巴第人">倫巴第人</a>缺乏勇氣感到震驚。他們將事情掌握在自己手中，襲擊了<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E6%8B%89%E6%A3%AE%E4%BA%BA" title="撒拉森人">撒拉森人</a>將他們趕出了該地區。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E6%91%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="巴勒摩">巴勒摩</a>請求<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="諾曼人">諾曼人</a>留下來，但他們拒絕了。然而，他們答應王子在<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%9B%BC%E5%BA%95" class="mw-redirect" title="諾曼底">諾曼底</a>為他招募僱傭兵。一些消息來源還談到<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E7%91%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="威瑪">威瑪</a>市長向諾曼底派遣招聘人員。 </p><p>1013年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%AD%97%E9%AC%8D%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%8B%E6%81%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="八字鬍斯韋恩">八字鬍斯韋恩</a>攻入<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="英格蘭">英格蘭</a>，擊敗英王<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B3%E7%AD%96%E6%97%A0%E6%96%B9%E8%80%85%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7" title="决策无方者埃塞尔雷德">埃塞爾雷德</a>，開創了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="丹麦王朝">丹麥王朝</a>，但僅僅一年後的1014年2月3日去世，斯韦恩去世後丹麥撤退威塞克斯王朝復辟。 </p><p>其长子哈拉爾接替他成為丹麥国王，即<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6)" title="哈拉尔二世 (丹麦)">哈拉尔二世</a>；另一子克努特接替他成为英格兰国王，也即后来的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%AA%E7%89%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="克努特大帝">克努特大帝</a>。 </p><p>1015年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%AA%E7%89%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="克努特大帝">克努特大帝</a>便率領自己的新艦隊再次入侵英格蘭。當時英格蘭的王公貴族們依然互相爭鬥，數月之後愛塞烈德二世的一個兒子向卡紐特效忠，卡紐特也因此獲得了重要戰略點<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%8B%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="韋塞克斯">韋塞克斯</a>。而後愛塞烈德二世在1016年4月23日去世，其子<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E5%80%AB%E5%A1%9E%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="愛德蒙·伊倫塞德">愛德蒙</a>繼位，然而一大批貴族已經在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%89%E6%99%AE%E9%A1%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="南安普顿">南安普頓</a>向卡紐特宣誓效忠了。 </p><p>1016年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%AA%E7%89%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="克努特大帝">克努特大帝</a>雖然在奧特福德戰役中被愛德蒙擊敗，但隨後在阿桑頓戰役中取得勝利並和愛塞烈德二世之子<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="埃德蒙二世">埃德蒙二世</a>订约共治英格兰，由卡紐特控制<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E6%99%A4%E5%A3%AB%E6%B2%B3" title="泰晤士河">泰晤士河</a>以北的英格蘭全部地區，结果<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="埃德蒙二世">埃德蒙二世</a>当年11月便告不治，使他完全统治了英格兰。 </p><p>1017年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%AA%E7%89%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="克努特大帝">克努特大帝</a>儘管已經有了一個英國妻子北安普頓的Ælfgif，但爲了穩固局勢仍跟前英格蘭王愛塞烈德的遺孀<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%9B%BC%E7%AC%AC%E7%9A%84%E6%84%9B%E7%91%AA" title="諾曼第的愛瑪">諾曼第的愛瑪</a>結婚。 </p><p>1019年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%AA%E7%89%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="克努特大帝">克努特大帝</a>的哥哥丹麦國王<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6)" title="哈拉尔二世 (丹麦)">哈拉爾二世</a>突然死亡，他因此繼承了丹麦王位。 </p><p>1022年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%AA%E7%89%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="克努特大帝">克努特大帝</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E5%BE%B7%E6%B8%A9_(%E5%A8%81%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5)" title="戈德温 (威塞克斯伯爵)">戈德溫</a>、Ulf Jarl一起派遣艦隊前往<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="波羅的海">波羅的海</a>地區，以保證他在其沿岸的的統治。<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在從羅馬回來之後，卡紐特進軍<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" title="蘇格蘭">蘇格蘭</a>並與<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%A7%86%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="馬爾科姆二世">馬爾科姆二世</a>及其他兩個國王結盟<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，後者以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="威爾士">威爾士</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>都以<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E9%87%91" title="丹麦金">丹麥金</a>的形式向他納貢，卡紐特再次宣佈對凱爾特王國的統治，并懲罰了它們當中的支持奧拉夫者<sup id="cite_ref-#1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1024年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%AA%E7%89%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="克努特大帝">克努特大帝</a>曾提出由奧拉夫二世作為他的諸侯來統治挪威<sup id="cite_ref-#1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，但是最終協議破裂，1028年卡紐特派遣了50艘船隻前往征服挪威。當奧拉夫退到<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E9%99%B8%E5%B3%BD%E7%81%A3" title="奧斯陸峽灣">奧斯陸峽灣</a>時，卡紐特便將船隻靠岸，並接受當地統治者的效忠。最終他在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E9%81%94%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼達羅斯（页面不存在）">尼達羅斯</a>宣佈即位為挪威國王<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，數月後奧拉夫逃往瑞典<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1025年或者1026年<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="奧拉夫二世">挪威的奧拉夫</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%8A%AA%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%E5%B8%83_(%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E5%9C%8B%E7%8E%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿努德·雅各布 (瑞典國王)（页面不存在）">瑞典國王阿努德·雅各布</a>聯合卡紐特的姐妹的丈夫Ulf Jarl，襲擊了丹麥，最終他們卻戰敗了。<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1027年，克努特大帝前往<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬">羅馬</a>，部份原因是爲了對殺掉Jarl Ulf一事進行贖罪，另外也是爲了參加<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%96%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="神聖羅馬皇帝">神聖羅馬皇帝</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="康拉德二世 (神圣罗马帝国)">康拉德二世</a>的加冕禮，而且將自己的女兒嫁給了康拉德的兒子<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="亨利三世 (神圣罗马帝国)">亨利三世</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1030年，奧拉夫試圖回歸挪威，但最終與<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%BE%B7%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="斯蒂克莱斯塔德战役">斯蒂克莱斯塔德战役</a>戰敗被殺。 </p><p>1033年，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%91%E5%8E%84%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="休厄德（页面不存在）">休厄德</a>控制了諾森比亞南部，即今天的約克郡，以代表克努特大帝丹麦人伯爵的身份進行統治。他通過與埃德沃夫伯爵埃爾德雷德的女兒埃爾弗萊德結婚，鞏固了他在英格蘭北部的地位。他一生運用自己的權力支持克努特大帝的繼任者<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%AA%E7%89%B9" title="哈德克努特">哈德克努特</a>國王和<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%BA%E6%82%94%E8%80%85%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF" title="懺悔者愛德華">忏悔者爱德华</a>國王，為他們提供重要的軍事援助和建議。1055年死後他的繼位者遭到<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E6%B8%A9%E6%A3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="哈罗德·戈温森">哈罗德二世</a>的弟弟托斯蒂（Tostig）擊敗並放逐。 </p><p>1035年，克努特大帝過世，其子<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%AA%E7%89%B9" title="哈德克努特">哈德克努特</a>繼承了丹麥王位。哈德克努特忙於穩固他在丹麥的統治，無暇顧及英格蘭王位。於是他決定派他的同父異母兄長，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9E%E6%AF%9B%E8%85%BF%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7" title="飞毛腿哈罗德">飞毛腿哈罗德</a>去英格蘭攝政，其母艾瑪則代表他控制威塞克斯。1036年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%BA%E6%82%94%E8%80%85%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF" title="懺悔者愛德華">忏悔者爱德华</a>與其弟阿爾弗雷德分別回到英格蘭。艾瑪宣稱，哈羅德偽造了一封她的信誘騙愛德華兄弟回國看望她，現代史學家則認為，艾瑪有可能主動邀請兩兄弟回國，借兩人的身份削弱哈羅德日趨增長的影響力。<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E5%BE%B7%E6%B8%A9_(%E5%A8%81%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5)" title="戈德温 (威塞克斯伯爵)">威塞克斯伯爵戈德溫</a>設計將阿爾弗雷德捉住並轉交給<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9E%E6%AF%9B%E8%85%BF%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7" title="飞毛腿哈罗德">飞毛腿哈罗德</a>，他用酷刑挖去了阿爾弗雷德的雙眼，阿爾弗雷德很快便因傷重不治而死。<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%BA%E6%82%94%E8%80%85%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF" title="懺悔者愛德華">忏悔者爱德华</a>則在一場小規模衝突中取勝，隨後他再度逃往諾曼底。阿爾弗雷德的死使<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%BA%E6%82%94%E8%80%85%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF" title="懺悔者愛德華">忏悔者爱德华</a>對<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E5%BE%B7%E6%B8%A9_(%E5%A8%81%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5)" title="戈德温 (威塞克斯伯爵)">威塞克斯伯爵戈德溫</a>產生了極大的恨意，這件事可能是1051年秋<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%BA%E6%82%94%E8%80%85%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF" title="懺悔者愛德華">忏悔者爱德华</a>驅逐後者的原因之一。 </p><p>1037年，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9E%E6%AF%9B%E8%85%BF%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7" title="飞毛腿哈罗德">飞毛腿哈罗德</a>在英格兰大贵族们的支持下正式成为国王。次年他驅逐了艾瑪，後者去了布魯日。艾瑪找到了<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%BA%E6%82%94%E8%80%85%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF" title="懺悔者愛德華">忏悔者爱德华</a>並希望他幫助<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%AA%E7%89%B9" title="哈德克努特">哈德克努特</a>，但<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%BA%E6%82%94%E8%80%85%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF" title="懺悔者愛德華">忏悔者爱德华</a>拒絕了，因為他並沒有發動入侵的能力，且他放棄了對王位的宣稱權。 </p><p>1040年平定了丹麥的<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%AA%E7%89%B9" title="哈德克努特">哈德克努特</a>一度計劃入侵英格蘭，但哈羅德突然死去，使他兵不血刃的奪下了英格蘭的王位。<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9E%E6%AF%9B%E8%85%BF%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7" title="飞毛腿哈罗德">飞毛腿哈罗德</a>的遗体起初被葬在威斯敏斯特，但<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%AA%E7%89%B9" title="哈德克努特">哈德克努特</a>将其开棺戮尸，尸体被草草遗弃在一片沼泽里，随后又被扔进泰晤士河。最后，尸体被一位渔夫捞起并被交给在伦敦的丹麦人，丹麦人们郑重地将遗体安葬在他们的教堂里。 </p><p>1041年，埃德沃夫伯爵因某事冒犯到了哈德克努特，但隨後達成和解。哈德克努特向埃德沃夫保證安全，然而隨後又與<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%91%E5%8E%84%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="休厄德（页面不存在）">休厄德</a>合謀殺掉了埃德沃夫，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%91%E5%8E%84%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="休厄德（页面不存在）">休厄德</a>順勢統一了諾森佈裡亞。這一事跡受到廣泛的譴責，盎格魯-撒克遜編年史直言這是一次“背叛”，國王是一個“破誓者”。<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。並邀請<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%BA%E6%82%94%E8%80%85%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF" title="懺悔者愛德華">忏悔者爱德华</a>返回英格蘭。 </p><p>1042年6月8日，哈德克努特去世，愛德華在英格蘭權勢最大的伯爵，<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E5%BE%B7%E6%B8%A9%E6%A3%AE" title="哈罗德·戈德温森">哈罗德·戈德温森</a>的支持下登上王位。據盎格魯-撒克遜編年史記載，「哈德克努特還未下葬，所有人便已支持愛德華登上倫敦的王位」。1043年4月3日，愛德華在西敏寺正式加冕。 </p><p>雖然<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E6%B8%A9%E6%A3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="哈罗德·戈温森">哈罗德二世</a>被指責對<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%BA%E6%82%94%E8%80%85%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF" title="懺悔者愛德華">忏悔者爱德华</a>的兄弟阿爾弗雷德之死負責，但戈德溫至死否認他與阿爾弗雷德之死有關。 </p><p>1045年，他還是保證了自己的一個女兒成為愛德華的王后。但是愛德華不斷從<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%E5%BA%95" title="诺曼底">诺曼底</a>招收顧問來鞏固他的勢力，因此戈德溫很快就成為敵對這些諾曼第新來的顧問、貴族和僧侶的當地貴族的領導人了。當時布洛涅伯爵訪問英格蘭時在丹佛與當地人發生衝突。愛德華下令戈德溫懲罰丹佛人，但是遭到戈德溫的拒絕。 </p><p>1051年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%BA%E6%82%94%E8%80%85%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF" title="懺悔者愛德華">忏悔者爱德华</a>在保證了一批貴族的支持下，流放<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E5%BE%B7%E6%B8%A9%E6%A3%AE" title="哈罗德·戈德温森">哈罗德·戈德温森</a>和他的兒子們。但是一年後<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E6%B8%A9%E6%A3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="哈罗德·戈温森">哈罗德二世</a>在海軍、市民和農民的支持下帶兵重返英格蘭並且奪回了他的伯爵領地，這為後來英國伯爵抗命開了先例。 </p><p>1056年，在得知侄子尚在人世后，英王<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E4%BF%A1%E8%80%85%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="宣信者愛德華">宣信者愛德華</a>安排他回国，欲将其立为继承人。这也是撒克逊王室内部和平传承的最后一次机会。当爱德华现身之际，经历了长时间丹麦统治后逐渐恢复元气的旧盎格鲁-撒克逊王室正走向瓶颈。宣信者爱德华个性虔诚，但政治上软弱且无嗣，无力遏止日益强大、野心勃勃的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A6%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="韦塞克斯">威塞克斯</a>伯爵戈温森。与此同时，隔海相望的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%E5%BA%95%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5" title="诺曼底公爵">诺曼底公爵</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" class="mw-redirect" title="威廉一世 (英格兰)">威廉</a>也觊觎着英格兰王位的继承。爱德华的出现，可谓恰逢其时，并提供了一种走出僵局的方案。对戈温森与威廉来说，若由他继位，在合法性上不易挑战。有鉴于此，国王与<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A4%E4%BA%BA%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="贤人会议">贤人会议</a>两方面当即批准此议。 </p><p>1057年8月末<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E4%BA%A1%E8%80%85%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E" title="流亡者爱德华">流亡者愛德華</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="神圣罗马帝国">神圣罗马帝国</a>皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="亨利三世 (神圣罗马帝国)">亨利三世</a>庇护下返抵英格兰。但他却在抵达后仅仅两天猝然死亡。爱德华的确切死因尚不清楚，但他有很多势力强大的对手，因而死于谋杀的可能性极大，尽管无法弄清元凶。据了解，虽然出于未知的原因，爱德华抵英情形很快被封锁，但此刻正值<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="哈罗德二世">哈罗德·葛温森</a>方兴未艾之时。这一突如其来的变故，使英格兰王位成为哈罗德伯爵与威廉公爵争夺的焦点，并最终导致了<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="诺曼征服">诺曼征服</a>。 </p><p>1066年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E5%BE%B7%E6%B8%A9%E6%A3%AE" title="哈罗德·戈德温森">哈罗德·戈德温森</a>的弟弟托斯蒂（Tostig）对他当上国王心存不满，于是怂恿<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%83%85%E8%80%85%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94" title="无情者哈拉尔">无情者哈拉尔</a>去争夺英格兰王位。<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81" title="挪威">挪威</a>国王<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%83%85%E8%80%85%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94" title="无情者哈拉尔">无情者哈拉尔</a>的陪同下，托斯蒂（Tostig）在英格兰北部登陆，重返诺森布里亚并在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%8C%E5%B0%94%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="富尔福德（页面不存在）">富尔福德</a>战役中打败了莫卡和埃德温，这时，刚刚获得英格兰王位的<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E5%BE%B7%E6%B8%A9%E6%A3%AE" title="哈罗德·戈德温森">哈罗德·戈德温森</a>迅速赶往北方，在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E7%A6%8F%E6%A1%A5%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="斯坦福桥战役">斯坦福橋戰役</a>擊敗<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81" title="挪威">挪威</a>軍隊，国王<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%83%85%E8%80%85%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94" title="无情者哈拉尔">无情者哈拉尔</a>战死沙场，但是他率领的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81" title="挪威">挪威</a>軍隊也使<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E5%BE%B7%E6%B8%A9%E6%A3%AE" title="哈罗德·戈德温森">哈罗德·戈德温森</a>的军队损失惨重，这也间接帮助了<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="诺曼人">诺曼人</a>一个月后在<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%96%AF%E5%BB%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="黑斯廷斯战役">黑斯廷斯战役</a>中击败英格兰人。 </p><p>1066年10月14日<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%E5%BA%95" title="诺曼底">诺曼底</a>公爵<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD)" class="mw-redirect" title="威廉一世 (英格蘭)">威廉</a>抓住了哈罗德来回征战、疲于奔命的弱点，在英格兰南部的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%96%AF%E5%BB%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="黑斯廷斯戰役">黑斯廷斯</a>击败了<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E6%B8%A9%E6%A3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="哈罗德·戈温森">哈罗德二世</a>，结束了<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81-%E6%92%92%E5%85%8B%E9%80%8A%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" title="盎格鲁-撒克逊英格兰">盎格魯-撒克遜时代</a>。 </p><p>1069年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%96%87%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="斯文二世">斯文二世</a>聯合<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E4%BA%A1%E8%80%85%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E" title="流亡者爱德华">流亡者愛德華</a>的兒子<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃德加·埃瑟林" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Edgar Ætheling"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E5%8A%A0%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E7%91%9F%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃德加·埃瑟林（页面不存在）">埃德加</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" class="extiw" title="en:Edgar Ætheling"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Edgar Ætheling</span></a></span>）</span></span>襲擊<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="诺曼英格兰">諾曼英格蘭</a>。然而，在占領了<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E5%85%8B" title="約克">約克</a>以後，<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%96%87%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="斯文二世">斯文二世</a>從<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD)" class="mw-redirect" title="威廉一世 (英格蘭)">威廉</a>那裡接受了報酬後拋棄埃德加，埃德加被流放到<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" title="蘇格蘭">蘇格蘭</a>。 </p><p>1075年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%96%87%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="斯文二世">斯文二世</a>第二次襲擊<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="诺曼英格兰">諾曼英格蘭</a>，目的在支持伯爵起義，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E8%82%AF%E9%83%A1" title="林肯郡">林肯郡</a>海岸和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E5%85%8B" title="約克">約克</a>都遭到蹂躪。 </p><p>1086年，丹麥的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%AA%E7%89%B9%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="克努特四世">克努特四世</a>計劃進行最後一次入侵英格蘭，但他在執行此計劃之前被丹麥叛軍暗殺。這是維京人最後一次試圖進攻西歐，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%AA%E7%89%B9%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="克努特四世">克努特四世</a>的死被視為維京時代的終結。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83"></span>参考</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%AC%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：参考"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">王磊,程西筠. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=27512&Type=bkzyb&SubID=51458">北欧海盗时代</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20240420144853/https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=27512&Type=bkzyb&SubID=51458">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）[OL]. 郭子林,修订(2022-01-20)[2024]//<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E5%A5%8E%E5%85%83" title="陈奎元">陈奎元</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="中国大百科全书">中国大百科全书</a>. 3版网络版. 北京:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="中国大百科全书出版社">中国大百科全书出版社</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lauring, p. 56: "the Danes in England very quickly became Christians".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Starcke, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenton, p. 397: "the first viking leader to be admitted into the civilized fraternity of Christian kings".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#1_5-0"><sup><b>5.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#1_5-1"><sup><b>5.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#1_5-2"><sup><b>5.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Starcke, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160808180558/http://www.denmark.net/denmark-guide/danish-vikings.html">丹麦维京人简介</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2016-07-03</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denmark.net/denmark-guide/danish-vikings.html">原始内容</a>存档于2016-08-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%AC%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%AC%E4%BA%BA%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.denmark.net%2Fdenmark-guide%2Fdanish-vikings.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Forte, Angelo; Oram, Richard; Pedersen, Frederik (2005-05-30). Viking Empires (First ed.). Cambridge University Press. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780521829922" title="Special:网络书源/9780521829922">9780521829922</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Munch, Peter Andreas. Olsen, Magnus , 编. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Norse-Mythology-Legends-Gods-Heroes/dp/1164510304/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1472770204&sr=8-1&keywords=+Norse+Mythology%253A+Legends+of+Gods+and+Heroes">Norse Mythology: Legends Of Gods And Heroes</a>. Kessinger Publishing, LLC. 2010-09-10. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781164510307" title="Special:网络书源/9781164510307"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9781164510307</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%AC%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&rft.aufirst=Peter+Andreas&rft.aulast=Munch&rft.btitle=Norse+Mythology%3A+Legends+Of+Gods+And+Heroes&rft.date=2010-09-10&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781164510307&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FNorse-Mythology-Legends-Gods-Heroes%2Fdp%2F1164510304%2Fref%3Dsr_1_1%3Fie%3DUTF8%26qid%3D1472770204%26sr%3D8-1%26keywords%3D%2BNorse%2BMythology%25253A%2BLegends%2Bof%2BGods%2Band%2BHeroes&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jones, Gwyn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/History-Vikings-Gwyn-Jones/dp/0192158821/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1472770271&sr=8-2&keywords=jones++A+History+of+the+Vikings">A History of the Vikings</a> Revised. Oxford University Press. 1984-11-01. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780192158826" title="Special:网络书源/9780192158826"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780192158826</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%AC%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&rft.aufirst=Gwyn&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Vikings&rft.date=1984-11-01&rft.edition=Revised&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780192158826&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FHistory-Vikings-Gwyn-Jones%2Fdp%2F0192158821%2Fref%3Dsr_1_2%3Fie%3DUTF8%26qid%3D1472770271%26sr%3D8-2%26keywords%3Djones%2B%2BA%2BHistory%2Bof%2Bthe%2BVikings&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0"><sup><b>10.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-1"><sup><b>10.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Forte, Angelo; Oram, Richard; Pedersen, Frederik. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Viking-Empires-Angelo-Forte/dp/0521829925/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1472770399&sr=8-1&keywords=forte+viking+empires">Viking Empires</a> First. Cambridge University Press. 2005-05-30. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780521829922" title="Special:网络书源/9780521829922"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780521829922</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%AC%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&rft.au=Oram%2C+Richard&rft.au=Pedersen%2C+Frederik&rft.aufirst=Angelo&rft.aulast=Forte&rft.btitle=Viking+Empires&rft.date=2005-05-30&rft.edition=First&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780521829922&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FViking-Empires-Angelo-Forte%2Fdp%2F0521829925%2Fref%3Dsr_1_1%3Fie%3DUTF8%26qid%3D1472770399%26sr%3D8-1%26keywords%3Dforte%2Bviking%2Bempires&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Holman, Katherine. The northern conquest: Vikings in Britain and Ireland. Oxford: Signal Books. 2007. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781904955344" title="Special:网络书源/9781904955344"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9781904955344</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/166381361"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 166381361</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%AC%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft.aulast=Holman&rft.btitle=The+northern+conquest%3A+Vikings+in+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781904955344&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Signal+Books&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F166381361&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Swanton, Michael J. (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Anglo-Saxon-Chronicle-Michael-J-Swanton/dp/0415921295/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1472770702&sr=8-2&keywords=The+Anglo-Saxon+Chronicle.">The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a> First. Routledge. 1998-08-18. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780415921299" title="Special:网络书源/9780415921299"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780415921299</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%AC%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.aulast=Swanton&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+Chronicle&rft.date=1998-08-18&rft.edition=First&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780415921299&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FAnglo-Saxon-Chronicle-Michael-J-Swanton%2Fdp%2F0415921295%2Fref%3Dsr_1_2%3Fie%3DUTF8%26qid%3D1472770702%26sr%3D8-2%26keywords%3DThe%2BAnglo-Saxon%2BChronicle.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Giles, J. A. (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Six-Old-English-Chronicles-Cirencester/dp/1163125997/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&qid=1472770849&sr=8-3&keywords=six+old+english+chronicles">Six Old English Chronicles: Ethelwerd's Chronicle, Asser's Life Of Alfred, Geoffrey Of Monmouth's British History, Gildas, Nennius And Richard Of Cirencester</a>. Kessinger Publishing, LLC. 2010-09-10. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781163125991" title="Special:网络书源/9781163125991"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9781163125991</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%AC%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.btitle=Six+Old+English+Chronicles%3A+Ethelwerd%27s+Chronicle%2C+Asser%27s+Life+Of+Alfred%2C+Geoffrey+Of+Monmouth%27s+British+History%2C+Gildas%2C+Nennius+And+Richard+Of+Cirencester&rft.date=2010-09-10&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781163125991&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FSix-Old-English-Chronicles-Cirencester%2Fdp%2F1163125997%2Fref%3Dsr_1_3%3Fie%3DUTF8%26qid%3D1472770849%26sr%3D8-3%26keywords%3Dsix%2Bold%2Benglish%2Bchronicles&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100017/index.html">Fragmentary Annals of Ireland 409</a>. CELT. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2009]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6Bq098xah?url=http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100017/index.html">存档</a>于2012-11-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%AC%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&rft.btitle=Fragmentary+Annals+of+Ireland+409&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=CELT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucc.ie%2Fcelt%2Fpublished%2FT100017%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giles, J. A., ed. (2010-09-10). Six Old English Chronicles: Ethelwerd's Chronicle, Asser's Life Of Alfred, Geoffrey Of Monmouth's British History, Gildas, Nennius And Richard Of Cirencester. Kessinger Publishing, LLC. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781163125991" title="Special:网络书源/9781163125991">9781163125991</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forte, A; Oram, RD; Pedersen, F (2005). Viking Empires. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-82992-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-82992-2">978-0-521-82992-2</a>. p. 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hooper, Nicholas Hooper; Bennett, Matthew (1996). The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-44049-1" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-44049-1">0-521-44049-1</a>. p.22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Costambeys, M (2004). "Hálfdan (d. 877)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/49260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forte, A; Oram, RD; Pedersen, F (2005). Viking Empires. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-82992-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-82992-2">978-0-521-82992-2</a>. p. 72-73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Starcke, pp. 281-82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenton, p. 419.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M.K. Lawson, <i>Cnut: England's Viking King</i>, Stroud: Tempus, 2004, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0752429647" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7524-2964-7</a>, p. 103: "Cnut's power would seem in some sense to have extended into Wales".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Freeman, Edward Augustus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PtE9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA479&dq=Cnut+letter+1027&hl=en&ei=PAK8S5H0NYzStgOfnuiFBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result">The History of the Norman Conquest of England: Its Causes and Its Results</a>. Clarendon Press. 1867 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-08-28</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200914233112/https://books.google.com/books?id=PtE9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA479&dq=Cnut+letter+1027&hl=en&ei=PAK8S5H0NYzStgOfnuiFBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result">存档</a>于2020-09-14） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%AC%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&rft.aufirst=Edward+Augustus&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Norman+Conquest+of+England%3A+Its+Causes+and+Its+Results&rft.date=1867&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPtE9AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA479%26dq%3DCnut%2Bletter%2B1027%26hl%3Den%26ei%3DPAK8S5H0NYzStgOfnuiFBQ%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenton, p. 404.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Starcke, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karen Larsen, <i>A History of Norway</i>, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University, 1950, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bradbury, Jim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1C54r8GgrUIC&pg=PA125&dq=Holy+River+natural+allies&hl=en&ei=yPS7S7j3EY3usQOEvpx-&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result">The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare</a>. Taylor & Francis. 2004-02-20 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-08-28</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-203-64466-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-203-64466-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-203-64466-9</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200914210638/https://books.google.com/books?id=1C54r8GgrUIC&pg=PA125&dq=Holy+River+natural+allies&hl=en&ei=yPS7S7j3EY3usQOEvpx-&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result">存档</a>于2020-09-14） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%AC%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.aulast=Bradbury&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Medieval+Warfare&rft.date=2004-02-20&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-203-64466-9&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1C54r8GgrUIC%26pg%3DPA125%26dq%3DHoly%2BRiver%2Bnatural%2Ballies%26hl%3Den%26ei%3DyPS7S7j3EY3usQOEvpx-%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Potter, Philip J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h_zW8TBBVQkC&pg=PA12&dq=Holy+River+natural+allies+Cnut&hl=en&ei=8fa7S4DFMIyIswPq97l-&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result">Gothic Kings of Britain: The Lives of 31 Medieval Rulers, 1016-1399</a>. McFarland. 2009-01-14 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-08-28</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7864-5248-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7864-5248-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-7864-5248-4</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200915000745/https://books.google.com/books?id=h_zW8TBBVQkC&pg=PA12&dq=Holy+River+natural+allies+Cnut&hl=en&ei=8fa7S4DFMIyIswPq97l-&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result">存档</a>于2020-09-15） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%AC%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.btitle=Gothic+Kings+of+Britain%3A+The+Lives+of+31+Medieval+Rulers%2C+1016-1399&rft.date=2009-01-14&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5248-4&rft.pub=McFarland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh_zW8TBBVQkC%26pg%3DPA12%26dq%3DHoly%2BRiver%2Bnatural%2Ballies%2BCnut%26hl%3Den%26ei%3D8fa7S4DFMIyIswPq97l-%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenton, pp. 407-08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Viggo Starcke, <i>Denmark in World History</i>, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1962, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DNB-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DNB_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="zh" dir="ltr">引用错误：没有为名为<code>DNB</code>的参考文献提供内容</span></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard, 2008, pp. 120–121</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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title="经院哲学">经院哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E9%81%93_(%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99)" title="修道 (基督教)">修道制度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%85%AC%E7%A4%BE" title="中世纪公社">公社</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%84%E5%9B%AD" title="庄园">庄园</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E6%BA%AB%E6%9A%96%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="中世紀溫暖時期">中世紀溫暖時期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%AD%90%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%81" title="长子西征">蒙古入侵欧洲</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%BE%8C%E6%9C%9F" title="中世紀後期">中世紀後期</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="百年战争">百年战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AB%E7%91%B0%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="玫瑰战争">玫瑰战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%96%AF%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="胡斯战争">胡斯战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E8%89%AE%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="勃艮第公國">勃艮第</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="哈布斯堡王朝">哈布斯堡王朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="天主教會大分裂">天主教會大分裂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1%E7%9A%84%E9%99%B7%E8%90%BD" title="君士坦丁堡的陷落">君士坦丁堡的陷落</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%B4%9B%E8%B5%B7" title="奧斯曼帝國的崛起">奧斯曼帝國的崛起</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB%E9%9B%87%E4%BD%A3%E5%85%B5" title="瑞士雇佣兵">瑞士雇佣兵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E" title="騎士精神">騎士精神</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="文藝復興人文主義">文藝復興人文主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀大學">中世紀大學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="中世紀晚期危機">中世纪晚期危机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%86%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="小冰期">小冰期</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">文化</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪建筑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval architecture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪建筑（页面不存在）">建筑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_architecture" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval architecture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval architecture</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF" title="欧洲中世纪美术">艺术</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪欧洲的教会和国家" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Church and state in medieval Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%9A%84%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪欧洲的教会和国家（页面不存在）">教会和国家</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_and_state_in_medieval_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Church and state in medieval Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Church and state in medieval Europe</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F" title="中世紀飲食">飲食</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪人口" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval demography"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪人口（页面不存在）">人口</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_demography" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval demography"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval demography</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪家庭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval household"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪家庭（页面不存在）">家庭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_household" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval household"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval household</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="中世纪文学">文学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西欧的中世纪医学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval medicine of Western Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%AC%A7%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西欧的中世纪医学（页面不存在）">医学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval medicine of Western Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval medicine of Western Europe</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="中世紀音樂">音樂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀哲學">哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀美學">美學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪诗歌" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval poetry"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E8%AF%97%E6%AD%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪诗歌（页面不存在）">诗歌</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_poetry" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval poetry"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval poetry</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="科学史">科学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪欧洲的奴隶制" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Slavery in medieval Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪欧洲的奴隶制（页面不存在）">奴隶制</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Slavery in medieval Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Slavery in medieval Europe</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪技术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval technology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪技术（页面不存在）">技术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval technology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval technology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="中世纪战争">战争</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">参见</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E9%BB%91%E6%9A%97%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="歐洲黑暗時代">黑暗時代</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪的残疾人" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Disability in the Middle Ages"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%AE%8B%E7%96%BE%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪的残疾人（页面不存在）">中世纪的残疾人</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="extiw" title="en:Disability in the Middle Ages"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Disability in the Middle Ages</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪的概述" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of the Middle Ages"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%A6%82%E8%BF%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪的概述（页面不存在）">基本主题列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_Middle_Ages" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of the Middle Ages"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of the Middle Ages</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medievalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪主义（页面不存在）">中世纪主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medievalism" class="extiw" title="en:Medievalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medievalism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪重演" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval reenactment"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E9%87%8D%E6%BC%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪重演（页面不存在）">中世纪重演</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_reenactment" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval reenactment"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval reenactment</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪研究" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval studies"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪研究（页面不存在）">中世纪研究</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_studies" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval studies"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval studies</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新中世纪主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neo-medievalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新中世纪主义（页面不存在）">新中世纪主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-medievalism" class="extiw" title="en:Neo-medievalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neo-medievalism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="中世纪年表">年表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2" title="后古代史">同一时期的全球历史</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" 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