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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Parietal lobe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parietal_lobe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occipital_lobe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occipital_lobe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Occipital lobe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occipital_lobe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temporal_lobe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temporal_lobe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Temporal lobe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temporal_lobe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limbic_lobe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limbic_lobe"> <div 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lobes of the brain</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B5_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE" title="فصوص المخ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فصوص المخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2bul_cerebral" title="Lòbul cerebral – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lòbul cerebral" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%AF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Λοβοί του εγκεφάλου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λοβοί του εγκεφάλου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3bulo_(cerebro)" title="Lóbulo (cerebro) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lóbulo (cerebro)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmuin-lobulu" title="Burmuin-lobulu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Burmuin-lobulu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B2" title="لوب‌های مغز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوب‌های مغز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobe_(cerveau)" title="Lobe (cerveau) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lobe (cerveau)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobo_(cerebro)" title="Lobo (cerebro) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lobo (cerebro)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%87%8C%EC%97%BD" title="뇌엽 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뇌엽" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobus_otak" title="Lobus otak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lobus otak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilabla%C3%B0" title="Heilablað – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Heilablað" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%B3%E8%91%89" title="脳葉 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="脳葉" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%A4rnlob" title="Hjärnlob – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hjärnlob" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="กลีบสมอง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลีบสมอง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyin_loblar%C4%B1" title="Beyin lobları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Beyin lobları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E8%91%89" title="腦葉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="腦葉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lob%C3%AA_mezgi" title="Lobê mezgi – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Lobê mezgi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%91%E5%8F%B6" title="脑叶 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="脑叶" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2724242#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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.ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Lobes_of_the_brain" title="Special:EditPage/Lobes of the brain">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lobes+of+the+brain%22">"Lobes of the brain"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lobes+of+the+brain%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lobes+of+the+brain%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lobes+of+the+brain%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lobes+of+the+brain%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lobes+of+the+brain%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lemonchiffon">Lobes of the cerebral cortex<br />(right hemisphere view)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LobesCaptsLateral.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/LobesCaptsLateral.png/300px-LobesCaptsLateral.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/LobesCaptsLateral.png/450px-LobesCaptsLateral.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/LobesCaptsLateral.png/600px-LobesCaptsLateral.png 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="710" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Lateral surface. Four lobes visible.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LobesCaptsMedial2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/LobesCaptsMedial2.png/300px-LobesCaptsMedial2.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/LobesCaptsMedial2.png/450px-LobesCaptsMedial2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/LobesCaptsMedial2.png/600px-LobesCaptsMedial2.png 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="768" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Medial surface. Five lobes visible.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroNames" title="NeuroNames">NeuroNames</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1210">1210</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroLex" title="NeuroLex">NeuroLex</a> ID</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uri.neuinfo.org/nif/nifstd/birnlex_922">birnlex_922</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.09.005%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A14.1.09.005</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=5431">5431</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma77800">77800</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_neuroanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy">Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2724242" class="extiw" title="d:Q2724242">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>lobes of the brain</b> are the four major identifiable regions of the human <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a>, and they comprise the surface of each <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemisphere" title="Cerebral hemisphere">hemisphere</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum">cerebrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jawabri2023_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jawabri2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two hemispheres are roughly symmetrical in structure, and are connected by the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_callosum" title="Corpus callosum">corpus callosum</a>. Some sources include the <a href="/wiki/Insular_cortex" title="Insular cortex">insula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limbic_lobe" title="Limbic lobe">limbic lobe</a> but the limbic lobe incorporates parts of the other lobes. The lobes are large areas that are anatomically distinguishable, and are also functionally distinct. Each lobe of the brain has numerous ridges, or <a href="/wiki/Gyri" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyri">gyri</a>, and furrows, <a href="/wiki/Sulcus_(neuroanatomy)" title="Sulcus (neuroanatomy)">sulci</a> that constitute further subzones of the cortex.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expression "lobes of the brain" usually refers only to those of the cerebrum, not to the distinct areas of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frontal_lobe">Frontal lobe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobes_of_the_brain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Frontal lobe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Frontal_lobe" title="Frontal lobe">Frontal lobe</a></div> <p>The frontal lobe is located at the front of each <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemisphere" title="Cerebral hemisphere">cerebral hemisphere</a> and positioned in front of the <a href="/wiki/Parietal_lobe" title="Parietal lobe">parietal lobe</a> and above and in front of the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe" title="Temporal lobe">temporal lobe</a>. It is separated from the parietal lobe by a space between tissues called the <a href="/wiki/Central_sulcus" title="Central sulcus">central sulcus</a>, and from the temporal lobe by a deep fold called the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_sulcus" title="Lateral sulcus">lateral sulcus</a>, also called the Sylvian fissure. The <a href="/wiki/Precentral_gyrus" title="Precentral gyrus">precentral gyrus</a>, which forms the posterior border of the frontal lobe, contains the <a href="/wiki/Primary_motor_cortex" title="Primary motor cortex">primary motor cortex</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_4" title="Brodmann area 4">area 4</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area" title="Brodmann area">Brodmann area architecture</a>) which controls voluntary movements of specific body parts. The precentral region also contains the <a href="/wiki/Premotor_cortex" title="Premotor cortex">premotor cortex</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_6" title="Brodmann area 6">Brodmann area 6</a>). </p><p>The frontal lobe contains most of the <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a>-delicate <a href="/wiki/Neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurons">neurons</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a>. The dopamine system is associated with <a href="/wiki/Reward_system" title="Reward system">reward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">attention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Short-term_memory" title="Short-term memory">short-term memory</a> tasks, <a href="/wiki/Planning" title="Planning">planning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">motivation</a>. Dopamine tends to limit and select <a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">sensory information</a> arriving from the <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Forebrain" title="Forebrain">forebrain</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. A report from the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Mental_Health" title="National Institute of Mental Health">National Institute of Mental Health</a> says a <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> variant that reduces dopamine activity in the <a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">prefrontal cortex</a> is related to poorer performance and inefficient functioning of that brain region during working memory tasks, and to a slightly increased risk for <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The frontal lobe consists of the <a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">prefrontal cortex</a> which is located in the most anterior (farthest away) section of the frontal lobe. It is critical for one's working memory and executive control which helps keep goals and complex tasks organized. </p><p>The divisions of the prefrontal cortex include <a href="/wiki/Orbitofrontal_cortex" title="Orbitofrontal cortex">orbital</a>, medial, and <a href="/wiki/Lateral_prefrontal_cortex" title="Lateral prefrontal cortex">lateral</a> prefrontal cortex. Within the lateral prefrontal cortex there are two different divisions: the <a href="/wiki/Dorsolateral_prefrontal_cortex" title="Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex">dorsolateral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ventrolateral_prefrontal_cortex" title="Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex">ventrolateral</a> prefrontal cortex. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is located on top of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and is mainly responsible for the executive control and manipulation of memories that are retrieved through episodic memory. The ventrolateral prefrontal cortex is important for the regulation of meaningful stimuli that a person experiences throughout their lifetime, such as images, letters, and names. </p><p>Damage to the prefrontal cortex can result in issues with one's long term and short-term memories, as well as create changes in people's behaviors and their abilities to plan and organize.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Damage can result from lesions or tumors that have been surgically removed, and <a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">traumatic brain injuries <b>(TBI)</b></a> experienced from a severe hit to the head causing damage to the brain from swelling. Most often a TBI is experienced within a person's childhood from playing competitive sports or an accident from normal play. Having a traumatic brain injury can increase your chances of developing neurological psychiatric problems and abusing substances, such as cannabis, is known to be a risk factor in developing symptoms associated with schizophrenia. A study found that schizophrenia symptoms (hearing voices, talking to people who were not there, etc.) worsened after the usage of cannabis, suggesting that a TBI from childhood can enhance a development of psychosis due to the changes seen in the white matter within the frontal-temporal areas.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parietal_lobe">Parietal lobe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobes_of_the_brain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Parietal lobe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parietal_lobe" title="Parietal lobe">Parietal lobe</a></div> <p>The parietal lobe is positioned above the <a href="/wiki/Occipital_lobe" title="Occipital lobe">occipital lobe</a> and behind the <a href="/wiki/Frontal_lobe" title="Frontal lobe">frontal lobe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_sulcus" title="Central sulcus">central sulcus</a>. </p><p>The parietal lobe integrates <a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">sensory</a> information among various <a href="/wiki/Sensory_modality" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory modality">modalities</a>, including spatial sense and navigation (<a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">proprioception</a>), the main sensory receptive area for the sense of touch (<a href="/wiki/Mechanoreceptor" title="Mechanoreceptor">mechanoreception</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Postcentral_gyrus" title="Postcentral gyrus">somatosensory cortex</a> which is just posterior to the central sulcus in the <a href="/wiki/Postcentral_gyrus" title="Postcentral gyrus">postcentral gyrus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Two-streams_hypothesis#Dorsal_stream" title="Two-streams hypothesis">dorsal stream</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">visual system</a>. The major sensory inputs from the <a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mechanoreceptor" title="Mechanoreceptor">touch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermoreceptor" title="Thermoreceptor">temperature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nociceptor" title="Nociceptor">pain</a> receptors), relay through the <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a> to the parietal lobe. </p><p>Several areas of the parietal lobe are important in <a href="/wiki/Language_processing_in_the_brain" title="Language processing in the brain">language processing</a>. The somatosensory cortex can be illustrated as a distorted figure — the <a href="/wiki/Cortical_homunculus" title="Cortical homunculus">homunculus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: "little man"), in which the body parts are rendered according to how much of the somatosensory cortex is devoted to them.<sup id="cite_ref-Schacter,_D._L._2009_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schacter,_D._L._2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Superior_parietal_lobule" title="Superior parietal lobule">superior parietal lobule</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inferior_parietal_lobule" title="Inferior parietal lobule">inferior parietal lobule</a> are the primary areas of body or spatial awareness. A lesion commonly in the right superior or inferior parietal lobule leads to <a href="/wiki/Hemineglect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemineglect">hemineglect</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occipital_lobe">Occipital lobe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobes_of_the_brain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Occipital lobe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Occipital_lobe" title="Occipital lobe">Occipital lobe</a></div> <p>The occipital lobe is the <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">visual processing center</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammalian</a> <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> containing most of the anatomical region of the <a href="/wiki/Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">visual cortex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-titleSparkNotes:_Brain_Anatomy:_Parietal_and_Occipital_Lobes_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titleSparkNotes:_Brain_Anatomy:_Parietal_and_Occipital_Lobes-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Primary_visual_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary visual cortex">primary visual cortex</a> is <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area" title="Brodmann area">Brodmann area 17</a>, commonly called V1 (visual one). Human V1 is located on the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Left_and_right_(lateral),_and_medial" title="Anatomical terms of location">medial</a> side of the occipital lobe within the <a href="/wiki/Calcarine_sulcus" title="Calcarine sulcus">calcarine sulcus</a>; the full extent of V1 often continues onto the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">posterior</a> pole of the occipital lobe. V1 is often also called striate cortex because it can be identified by a large stripe of myelin, the <a href="/wiki/Stria_of_Gennari" class="mw-redirect" title="Stria of Gennari">Stria of Gennari</a>. Visually driven regions outside V1 are called <a href="/wiki/Extrastriate" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrastriate">extrastriate cortex</a>. There are many extrastriate regions, and these are specialized for different visual tasks, such as visuospatial processing, color differentiation, and motion perception. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temporal_lobe">Temporal lobe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobes_of_the_brain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Temporal lobe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe" title="Temporal lobe">Temporal lobe</a></div> <p>The temporal lobe is located beneath the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_fissure" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral fissure">lateral fissure</a> on both <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemisphere" title="Cerebral hemisphere">cerebral hemispheres</a> of the mammalian <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The temporal lobe is involved in processing sensory input into derived meanings for the appropriate retention of <a href="/wiki/Visual_memory" title="Visual memory">visual memories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language_comprehension" class="mw-redirect" title="Language comprehension">language comprehension</a>, and emotion association.<sup id="cite_ref-smith07_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith07-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup> </p><p>Within the temporal lobe is an area of the brain called the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a> which is associated with forming new memories and learning new things. The hippocampus has been studied many times in the past for its correlation with epilepsy showing there to be damage of this area. Although it has been difficult to determine the exact link between the temporal lobe and epilepsy, Chauvière (2020) suggests that there is a positive connection between the circuitry reorganization within the neurons and temporal lobe structure impacting rhythmic activities that are important for cognition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limbic_lobe">Limbic lobe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobes_of_the_brain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Limbic lobe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Limbic_lobe" title="Limbic lobe">Limbic lobe</a></div> <p>The limbic lobe is an arc-shaped region of <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cortex</a> on the medial surface of each <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemisphere" title="Cerebral hemisphere">cerebral hemisphere</a> of the mammalian brain, consisting of parts of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. The term is ambiguous, with some authors<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2014)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> including the <a href="/wiki/Paraterminal_gyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraterminal gyrus">paraterminal gyrus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Subcallosal_area" title="Subcallosal area">subcallosal area</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cingulate_gyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cingulate gyrus">cingulate gyrus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Parahippocampal_gyrus" title="Parahippocampal gyrus">parahippocampal gyrus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dentate_gyrus" title="Dentate gyrus">dentate gyrus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Subiculum" title="Subiculum">subiculum</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Fix2008_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fix2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <i><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">Terminologia Anatomica</a></i> includes the <a href="/wiki/Cingulate_sulcus" title="Cingulate sulcus">cingulate sulcus</a>, the cingulate gyrus, the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_cingulate_gyrus" title="Isthmus of cingulate gyrus">isthmus of cingulate gyrus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fasciolar_gyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasciolar gyrus">fasciolar gyrus</a>, the parahippocampal gyrus, the parahippocampal sulcus, the <a href="/wiki/Dentate_gyrus" title="Dentate gyrus">dentate gyrus</a>, the fimbrodentate sulcus, the <a href="/wiki/Fimbria_of_hippocampus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fimbria of hippocampus">fimbria of hippocampus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Collateral_fissure" title="Collateral fissure">collateral sulcus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rhinal_sulcus" title="Rhinal sulcus">rhinal sulcus</a>, and omits the hippocampus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Insular_cortex">Insular cortex</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobes_of_the_brain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Insular cortex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Insular_cortex" title="Insular cortex">Insular cortex</a></div> <p>The insular cortex is a portion of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a> folded deep within the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_sulcus" title="Lateral sulcus">lateral sulcus</a> (the fissure separating the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe" title="Temporal lobe">temporal lobe</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Parietal_lobe" title="Parietal lobe">parietal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frontal_lobe" title="Frontal lobe">frontal lobes</a>). The insular cortex has an important function for sending axons to the amygdala and responding to tones and somatosensory stimulation.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berret, et al. (2019) used mice to study the fear response that is associated with perceived threats from their memory of previously being shocked on their foot, finding adverse reflex responses in shocking stimulation whenever the insular cortex was silenced. This finding supports that the insular cortex takes information to specific <a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">amygdala</a> subdivisions creating different components for fear behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The insulae are believed to be involved in <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> and play a role in diverse functions usually linked to <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotion</a> or the regulation of the body's <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a>. These functions include <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motor_control" title="Motor control">motor control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-awareness" title="Self-awareness">self-awareness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive function">cognitive functioning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">interpersonal experience</a>. In relation to these, it is involved in <a href="/wiki/Psychopathology" title="Psychopathology">psychopathology</a>. </p><p>The insular cortex is divided into two parts: the larger anterior insula and the smaller posterior insula in which more than a dozen field areas have been identified. The cortical area overlying the insula toward the lateral surface of the brain is the <a href="/wiki/Operculum_(brain)" title="Operculum (brain)">operculum</a> (meaning <i>lid</i>). The opercula are formed from parts of the enclosing frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Model_images">Model images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobes_of_the_brain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Model images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lobes_of_the_brain.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inferior view of cerebrum."><img alt="Inferior view of cerebrum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lobes_of_the_brain.jpg/120px-Lobes_of_the_brain.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lobes_of_the_brain.jpg/180px-Lobes_of_the_brain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lobes_of_the_brain.jpg/240px-Lobes_of_the_brain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inferior view of cerebrum.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0101_Brain_LateralView.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lateral view of left hemisphere."><img alt="Lateral view of left hemisphere." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Blausen_0101_Brain_LateralView.png/120px-Blausen_0101_Brain_LateralView.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Blausen_0101_Brain_LateralView.png/180px-Blausen_0101_Brain_LateralView.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Blausen_0101_Brain_LateralView.png/240px-Blausen_0101_Brain_LateralView.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1340" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lateral view of left hemisphere.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_lobes_animation_small2.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Both hemispheres. Left and right lobes are color-matched.   Insular lobe"><img alt="Both hemispheres. Left and right lobes are color-matched.   Insular lobe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Four_lobes_animation_small2.gif/120px-Four_lobes_animation_small2.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Four_lobes_animation_small2.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Both hemispheres. Left and right lobes are color-matched.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF00FF; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Insular_cortex" title="Insular cortex">Insular lobe</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brain_lobes_-_insular_lobe.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Insular lobe."><img alt="Insular lobe." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Brain_lobes_-_insular_lobe.png/120px-Brain_lobes_-_insular_lobe.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Brain_lobes_-_insular_lobe.png/180px-Brain_lobes_-_insular_lobe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Brain_lobes_-_insular_lobe.png/240px-Brain_lobes_-_insular_lobe.png 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="482" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Insular_cortex" title="Insular cortex">Insular lobe</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brainlobes.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Four cerebral lobes and cerebellum:   Occipital lobe   Parietal lobe   Frontal lobe   Temporal lobe"><img alt="Four cerebral lobes and cerebellum:   Occipital lobe   Parietal lobe   Frontal lobe   Temporal lobe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Brainlobes.svg/120px-Brainlobes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Brainlobes.svg/180px-Brainlobes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Brainlobes.svg/240px-Brainlobes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="286" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Four cerebral lobes and cerebellum:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E5FB4E; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Occipital_lobe" title="Occipital lobe">Occipital lobe</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FCD84E; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Parietal_lobe" title="Parietal lobe">Parietal lobe</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DB3422; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Frontal_lobe" title="Frontal lobe">Frontal lobe</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A7FB4D; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe" title="Temporal lobe">Temporal lobe</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0111_BrainLobes.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Brain lobes and olfactory bulb."><img alt="Brain lobes and olfactory bulb." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Blausen_0111_BrainLobes.png/120px-Blausen_0111_BrainLobes.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Blausen_0111_BrainLobes.png/180px-Blausen_0111_BrainLobes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Blausen_0111_BrainLobes.png/240px-Blausen_0111_BrainLobes.png 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brain lobes and <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_bulb" title="Olfactory bulb">olfactory bulb</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobes_of_the_brain&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poles_of_cerebral_hemispheres" class="mw-redirect" title="Poles of cerebral hemispheres">Poles of cerebral hemispheres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_in_the_human_brain" title="List of regions in the human brain">List of regions in the human brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">Neuroanatomy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobes_of_the_brain&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berger, Oltmanns, Holtkamp, & Bengner.  (2017). Sex differences in verbal and nonverbal learning before and after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery. Epilepsy & Behavior, 66, 57–63. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yebeh.2016.11.037">10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.037</a> </p><p>Berret, Kintscher, Palchaudhuri, Tang, Osypenko, Kochubey, & Schneggenburge, (2019). Insular cortex processes aversive somatosensory information and is crucial for threat learning. Science, 364(6443), 1–11. </p><p>Chauvière. (2020). Potential causes of cognitive alterations in temporal lobe epilepsy. Behavioural Brain Research, 378. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbr.2019.112310">10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112310</a> </p><p>Gluck, Mercado, & Myers. (2020). Learning and memory from brain to behavior. <i>Worth Publications</i> </p><p> Jain, & Srivastava, (2017). Frontal lobe abnormality and psychosis in traumatic brain injury and cannabis abuse. 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cerebral_cortex" title="Template:Cerebral cortex"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cerebral_cortex" title="Template talk:Cerebral cortex"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cerebral_cortex" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cerebral cortex"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_cerebral_cortex_of_the_human_brain304" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">human brain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frontal_lobe" title="Frontal lobe">Frontal lobe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superolateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">Prefrontal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_frontal_gyrus" title="Superior frontal gyrus">Superior frontal gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_4" title="Brodmann area 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_6" title="Brodmann area 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_8" title="Brodmann area 8">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_frontal_gyrus" title="Middle frontal gyrus">Middle frontal gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_9" title="Brodmann area 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_10" title="Brodmann area 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_46" title="Brodmann area 46">46</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_frontal_gyrus" title="Inferior frontal gyrus">Inferior frontal gyrus</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_11" title="Brodmann area 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_47" title="Brodmann area 47">47</a>-<a href="/wiki/Orbital_part_of_inferior_frontal_gyrus" title="Orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus">Pars orbitalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broca%27s_area" title="Broca's area">Broca's area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_44" title="Brodmann area 44">44</a>-<a href="/wiki/Opercular_part_of_inferior_frontal_gyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus">Pars opercularis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_45" title="Brodmann area 45">45</a>-<a href="/wiki/Triangular_part_of_inferior_frontal_gyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Triangular part of inferior frontal gyrus">Pars triangularis</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_frontal_sulcus" title="Superior frontal sulcus">Superior frontal sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_frontal_sulcus" title="Inferior frontal sulcus">Inferior frontal sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precentral_gyrus" title="Precentral gyrus">Precentral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Precentral_gyrus" title="Precentral gyrus">Precentral gyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precentral_sulcus" title="Precentral sulcus">Precentral sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medial/inferior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">Prefrontal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_frontal_gyrus" title="Superior frontal gyrus">Superior frontal gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_4" title="Brodmann area 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_6" title="Brodmann area 6">6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_frontal_gyrus" title="Medial frontal gyrus">Medial frontal gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_8" title="Brodmann area 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_9" title="Brodmann area 9">9</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paraterminal_gyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraterminal gyrus">Paraterminal gyrus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paraolfactory_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraolfactory area">Paraolfactory area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_12" title="Brodmann area 12">12</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_gyrus" title="Straight gyrus">Straight gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_11" title="Brodmann area 11">11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_gyri" title="Orbital gyri">Orbital gyri</a>/<a href="/wiki/Orbitofrontal_cortex" title="Orbitofrontal cortex">Orbitofrontal cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_10" title="Brodmann area 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_11" title="Brodmann area 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_12" title="Brodmann area 12">12</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventromedial_prefrontal_cortex" title="Ventromedial prefrontal cortex">Ventromedial prefrontal cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_10" title="Brodmann area 10">10</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcallosal_area" title="Subcallosal area">Subcallosal area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_25" title="Brodmann area 25">25</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_sulcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfactory sulcus">Olfactory sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_sulcus" title="Orbital sulcus">Orbital sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precentral_gyrus" title="Precentral gyrus">Precentral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paracentral_lobule" title="Paracentral lobule">Paracentral lobule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_4" title="Brodmann area 4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracentral_sulcus" title="Paracentral sulcus">Paracentral sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Both</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_motor_cortex" title="Primary motor cortex">Primary motor cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_4" title="Brodmann area 4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premotor_cortex" title="Premotor cortex">Premotor cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_6" title="Brodmann area 6">6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_motor_area" title="Supplementary motor area">Supplementary motor area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_6" title="Brodmann area 6">6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_eye_field" title="Supplementary eye field">Supplementary eye field</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_6" title="Brodmann area 6">6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontal_eye_fields" title="Frontal eye fields">Frontal eye fields</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_8" title="Brodmann area 8">8</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parietal_lobe" title="Parietal lobe">Parietal lobe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superolateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_parietal_lobule" title="Superior parietal lobule">Superior parietal lobule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_5" title="Brodmann area 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_7" title="Brodmann area 7">7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_parietal_lobule" title="Inferior parietal lobule">Inferior parietal lobule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_40" title="Brodmann area 40">40</a>-<a href="/wiki/Supramarginal_gyrus" title="Supramarginal gyrus">Supramarginal gyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_39" title="Brodmann area 39">39</a>-<a href="/wiki/Angular_gyrus" title="Angular gyrus">Angular gyrus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parietal_operculum" class="mw-redirect" title="Parietal operculum">Parietal operculum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_43" title="Brodmann area 43">43</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intraparietal_sulcus" title="Intraparietal sulcus">Intraparietal sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medial/inferior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paracentral_lobule" title="Paracentral lobule">Paracentral lobule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Brodmann area 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Brodmann area 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Brodmann area 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_5" title="Brodmann area 5">5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precuneus" title="Precuneus">Precuneus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_7" title="Brodmann area 7">7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_sulcus" title="Marginal sulcus">Marginal sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Both</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postcentral_gyrus" title="Postcentral gyrus">Postcentral gyrus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Primary_somatosensory_cortex" title="Primary somatosensory cortex">Primary somatosensory cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_areas_3,_1_and_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Brodmann areas 3, 1 and 2">3, 1 and 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_somatosensory_cortex" title="Secondary somatosensory cortex">Secondary somatosensory cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_5" title="Brodmann area 5">5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_parietal_cortex" title="Posterior parietal cortex">Posterior parietal cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_7" title="Brodmann area 7">7</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occipital_lobe" title="Occipital lobe">Occipital lobe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superolateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemisphere#Poles" title="Cerebral hemisphere">Occipital pole of cerebrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occipital_gyri" title="Occipital gyri">Occipital gyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_occipital_sulcus" title="Lateral occipital sulcus">Lateral occipital gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_18" title="Brodmann area 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_19" title="Brodmann area 19">19</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunate_sulcus" title="Lunate sulcus">Lunate sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_occipital_sulcus" title="Transverse occipital sulcus">Transverse occipital sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medial/inferior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">Visual cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_17" class="mw-redirect" title="Brodmann area 17">17</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneus" title="Cuneus">Cuneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingual_gyrus" title="Lingual gyrus">Lingual gyrus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcarine_sulcus" title="Calcarine sulcus">Calcarine sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe" title="Temporal lobe">Temporal lobe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superolateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_temporal_gyrus" title="Transverse temporal gyrus">Transverse temporal gyrus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Auditory_cortex" title="Auditory cortex">Auditory cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_areas_41_and_42" title="Brodmann areas 41 and 42">41 and 42</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_temporal_gyrus" title="Superior temporal gyrus">Superior temporal gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_38" title="Brodmann area 38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_22" title="Brodmann area 22">22</a>/<a href="/wiki/Wernicke%27s_area" title="Wernicke's area">Wernicke's area</a> (<a href="/wiki/Planum_temporale" title="Planum temporale">Planum temporale</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_temporal_sulcus" title="Superior temporal sulcus">Superior temporal sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_temporal_gyrus" title="Middle temporal gyrus">Middle temporal gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_21" title="Brodmann area 21">21</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medial/inferior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occipitotemporal_sulcus" title="Occipitotemporal sulcus">Occipitotemporal sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusiform_gyrus" title="Fusiform gyrus">Fusiform gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_37" title="Brodmann area 37">37</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_temporal_lobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial temporal lobe">Medial temporal lobe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_27" title="Brodmann area 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_28" title="Brodmann area 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_34" title="Brodmann area 34">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_35" class="mw-redirect" title="Brodmann area 35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_36" class="mw-redirect" title="Brodmann area 36">36</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_temporal_sulcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior temporal sulcus">Inferior temporal sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_temporal_gyrus" title="Inferior temporal gyrus">Inferior temporal gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_20" title="Brodmann area 20">20</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sulcus_(neuroanatomy)" title="Sulcus (neuroanatomy)">Interlobar<br />sulci/fissures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superolateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_sulcus" title="Central sulcus">Central (frontal+parietal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_sulcus" title="Lateral sulcus">Lateral (frontal+parietal+temporal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parieto-occipital_sulcus" title="Parieto-occipital sulcus">Parieto-occipital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preoccipital_notch" title="Preoccipital notch">Preoccipital notch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medial/inferior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_fissure" title="Longitudinal fissure">Longitudinal fissure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cingulate_sulcus" title="Cingulate sulcus">Cingulate (frontal+cingulate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_fissure" title="Collateral fissure">Collateral (temporal+occipital)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callosal_sulcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Callosal sulcus">Callosal sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limbic_lobe" title="Limbic lobe">Limbic lobe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parahippocampal_gyrus" title="Parahippocampal gyrus">Parahippocampal gyrus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>anterior</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entorhinal_cortex" title="Entorhinal cortex">Entorhinal cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perirhinal_cortex" title="Perirhinal cortex">Perirhinal cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postrhinal_cortex" title="Postrhinal cortex">Postrhinal cortex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_parahippocampal_gyrus" title="Posterior parahippocampal gyrus">Posterior parahippocampal gyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepyriform_area" title="Prepyriform area">Prepyriform area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cingulate_cortex" title="Cingulate cortex">Cingulate cortex</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cingulate_gyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cingulate gyrus">gyrus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subgenual_area_25" class="mw-redirect" title="Subgenual area 25">Subgenual area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_25" title="Brodmann area 25">25</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_cingulate_cortex" title="Anterior cingulate cortex">Anterior cingulate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_24" title="Brodmann area 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_32" title="Brodmann area 32">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_33" title="Brodmann area 33">33</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_cingulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior cingulate">Posterior cingulate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_23" title="Brodmann area 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_31" title="Brodmann area 31">31</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_cingulate_gyrus" title="Isthmus of cingulate gyrus">Isthmus of cingulate gyrus</a>: <a href="/wiki/Retrosplenial_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrosplenial region">Retrosplenial cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_26" title="Brodmann area 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_29" title="Brodmann area 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_30" title="Brodmann area 30">30</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hippocampal_formation" title="Hippocampal formation">Hippocampal formation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampal_sulcus" title="Hippocampal sulcus">Hippocampal sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbria_of_hippocampus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fimbria of hippocampus">Fimbria of hippocampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentate_gyrus" title="Dentate gyrus">Dentate gyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinal_sulcus" title="Rhinal sulcus">Rhinal sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indusium_griseum" title="Indusium griseum">Indusium griseum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncus" title="Uncus">Uncus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">Amygdala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insular_cortex" title="Insular cortex">Insular cortex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_cortex" title="Insular cortex">Insular cortex</a></li></ul> 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