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decoding=\"async\" width=\"40\" height=\"43\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg/60px-Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg/80px-Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"512\" data-file-height=\"555\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-text\"\u003EOd 1. do 30. novembra 2024. učestvujte u projektu \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Azijski_mjesec/2024.\" title=\"Wikipedia:Azijski mjesec/2024.\"\u003E\"Azijski mjesec\"\u003C/a\u003E.\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sajt"> <div 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id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Struktura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struktura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Struktura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struktura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funkcija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funkcija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Funkcija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funkcija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klinički_značaj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klinički_značaj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Klinički značaj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klinički_značaj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Također_pogledajte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Također_pogledajte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Također pogledajte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Također_pogledajte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjski_linkovi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjski_linkovi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vanjski linkovi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjski_linkovi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Uključi/isključi sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Uključi/isključi sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Podocit</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na članak na drugom jeziku. Dostupno na 18 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="خلية رجلاء – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خلية رجلاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pod%C3%B2cit" title="Podòcit – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Podòcit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podocyt" title="Podocyt – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Podocyt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podozyt" title="Podozyt – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Podozyt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podocyte" title="Podocyte – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Podocyte" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podocito" title="Podocito – španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Podocito" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="پودوسیت – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پودوسیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podocyte" title="Podocyte – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Podocyte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podocito" title="Podocito – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Podocito" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podosit" title="Podosit – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Podosit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podocita" title="Podocita – italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Podocita" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Подоцит – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Подоцит" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podocyt" title="Podocyt – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Podocyt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pod%C3%B3cito" title="Podócito – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Podócito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Подоцит – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Подоцит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podocit" title="Podocit – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Podocit" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Подоцит – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Подоцит" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%B3%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="足細胞 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="足細胞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q138912#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi međujezičke linkove" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Podocit" title="Prikaži stranicu sa sadržajem [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razgovor:Podocit&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Razgovor o sadržaju (stranica ne postoji) [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Promijeni varijantu jezika" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">bosanski</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Pregledi"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Podocit"><span>Čitaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podocit&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podocit&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kod ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi izvor</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podocit&action=history" title="Prethodne izmjene ove stranice [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Historija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alati" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alati</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Alati</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Radnje </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Podocit"><span>Čitaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podocit&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podocit&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kod ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi izvor</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podocit&action=history"><span>Historija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Općenito </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:%C5%A0ta_vodi_ovamo/Podocit" title="Spisak svih članaka koji su povezani s ovim [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Šta vodi ovamo</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Srodne_izmjene/Podocit" rel="nofollow" title="Nedavne izmjene na stranicama koje su povezane sa ovom [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Srodne izmjene</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Upload" title="Postavi slike i druge medije [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Postavi datoteku</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Posebne_stranice" title="Spisak svih posebnih stranica [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Posebne stranice</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podocit&oldid=3504671" title="Trajni link ove verzije stranice"><span>Trajni link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podocit&action=info" title="Više informacija o ovoj stranici"><span>Informacije o stranici</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Citiraj&page=Podocit&id=3504671&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacije kako citirati ovu stranicu"><span>Citiraj ovu stranicu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Skra%C4%87iva%C4%8D_adresa&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPodocit"><span>Skraćeni link</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPodocit"><span>Preuzmi QR kod</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Štampanje / izvoz </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Kolekcija&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Podocit"><span>Napravi knjigu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:DownloadAsPdf&page=Podocit&action=show-download-screen"><span>Preuzmi kao PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podocit&printable=yes" title="Verzija ove stranice za štampanje [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Za štampanje</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Na drugim projektima </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q138912" title="Link na povezane podatke spremišnih stavki [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Stavka na Wikipodacima</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" 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dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3638947">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Podocit</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Renal_corpuscle-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Renal_corpuscle-en.svg/250px-Renal_corpuscle-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Renal_corpuscle-en.svg/375px-Renal_corpuscle-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Renal_corpuscle-en.svg/500px-Renal_corpuscle-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="764" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Struktura <a href="/wiki/Bubre%C5%BEno_tjela%C5%A1ce" title="Bubrežno tjelašce">bubrežnog tjelašceta</a> struct <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3303351">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> Krv teče uz uzlaznoj arterioli na vrhu, a niz silaznu arteriolu na dnu. Teče kroz <a href="/wiki/Glomerul" title="Glomerul">glomerulske</a> kapilare, gdje se filtrira pritiskom. <b>Podociti</b> (zeleni) omotani su oko kapilara. Krv se filtrira kroz prorezanu dijafragmu (ili prorez za filtriranje), između stopala ili podocitnog nastavka. Filtrirana krv izlazi iz proksimalne tubule (žuto) s desne strane.</div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Detalji</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Embriologija" title="Embriologija">Prekursor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Srednji_mezoderm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Srednji mezoderm (stranica ne postoji)">Srednji mezoderm</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Organski_sistem" title="Organski sistem">Sistem</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mokra%C4%87ni_sistem" title="Mokraćni sistem">Mokraćni sistem</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Lokacija</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bowmanova_%C4%8Dahura" title="Bowmanova čahura">Bowmanova čahura</a>, u <a href="/wiki/Bubreg" title="Bubreg">bubregu</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifikatori</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latinski_jezik" title="Latinski jezik">Latinski</a></th><td class="infobox-data">'<b>Podocytus'</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D050199">D050199</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy (stranica ne postoji)">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fme.biostr.washington.edu/FME/index.jsp?fmaid=70967">70967</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomska_terminologija" title="Anatomska terminologija">Anatomska terminologija</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138912" class="extiw" title="d:Q138912">uredi na Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Podociti</b> su <a href="/wiki/%C4%86elija_(biologija)" title="Ćelija (biologija)">ćelije</a> u <a href="/wiki/Bowmanova_%C4%8Dahura" title="Bowmanova čahura">Bowmanovoj čahuri</a>, u <a href="/wiki/Bubreg" title="Bubreg">bubrezima</a>, koje se omotavaju oko <a href="/wiki/Glomerul" title="Glomerul">glomerulskih</a> <a href="/wiki/Kapilar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapilar">kapilara</a>. Podocitne ćlije čine epitelnu sluznicu Bowmanove čahure, trećeg sloja kroz koji se odvija <a href="/wiki/Ultrafiltracija" title="Ultrafiltracija">ultrafiltracija</a> krvi. Bowmanova čahura filtrira <a href="/wiki/Krv" title="Krv">krv</a>, zadržavajući velike <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekule</a> poput <a href="/wiki/Protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein">proteina</a>, dok manje molekule, kao što su <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">voda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soli" class="mw-redirect" title="Soli">soli</a> i <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0e%C4%87er" title="Šećer">šećer</a> filtriraju se kao prvi korak u stvaranju <a href="/wiki/Mokra%C4%87a" title="Mokraća">urina</a>. Iako različiti <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomija)" title="Organ (anatomija)">utrobni organi</a> imaju slojeve <a href="/wiki/Epitel" title="Epitel">epitela</a> , naziv <b>visceralne ili utrobne epitelne ćelije</b> obično se posebno odnosi na podocite, koji su specijalizirane epitelne ćelije u utrobnom sloju čahure. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Pedicel"></span> Podociti imaju dugi stopalasti nastavak, po čemu su ćelije i imenovane (<i>podo–</i> = <a href="/wiki/Prefiks" title="Prefiks">prefiks</a> od stopalo + <i>–cit</i> = <a href="/wiki/Sufiks" title="Sufiks">sufiks</a> od ćelija). Pediceli se omotavaju oko kapilara i ostavljaju proreze između njih. Krv se filtrira kroz ove proreze, od kojih je svaki poznat kao <b>filtracijski prorez</b> ili <b>prorezna dijafragma</b> ili <b>prorezna pora</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-lote_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lote-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Da bi se pediceli omotali oko kapilara i radili, potrebno je nekoliko je proteina. Kada novorođenčad dođu na svijet s određenim nedostacima u ovim proteinima, kao što su <a href="/wiki/Nefrin" title="Nefrin">nefrin</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=CD2AP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CD2AP (stranica ne postoji)">CD2AP</a>, njihovi bubrezi ne mogu funkcionirati. Ljudi imaju varijacije u ovim proteinima, a neke ih mogu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geneti%C4%8Dka_predispozicija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetička predispozicija (stranica ne postoji)">predisponirati</a> kasnije u životu. <a href="/wiki/Nefrin" title="Nefrin">Nefrin</a> je protein poput zip-patentnog zatvarača, koji oblikuje proreznu dijafragmu, s razmacima između zubaca patentnog zatvarača, dovoljno velikim da prođu šećer i voda, ali premali za proteine. Defekti nefrina odgovorni su za urođenu insuficijenciju bubrega. CD2AP regulira citoskelet podocita i stabilizira proreznu dijafragmu.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Struktura">Struktura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podocit&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak "Struktura"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podocit&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Struktura"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Physiology_of_Nephron.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Physiology_of_Nephron.png/260px-Physiology_of_Nephron.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Physiology_of_Nephron.png/390px-Physiology_of_Nephron.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Physiology_of_Nephron.png/520px-Physiology_of_Nephron.png 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="1221" /></a><figcaption>Osnovni fiziološki procesi u bubregu</figcaption></figure> <p>Pronađeni su podociti koji oblažu Bowmanove čahure u <a href="/wiki/Nefron" title="Nefron">nefronima</a> <a href="/wiki/Bubreg" title="Bubreg">bubrega</a>. Stopalasti nastavci poznati kao <i>pediceli</i>, koji se protežu od podocita, obavijaju se oko <a href="/wiki/Glomerul" title="Glomerul">glomerulskih</a> <a href="/wiki/Kapilar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapilar">kapilara</a> i formiraju proreze za filtriranje. Pediceli povećavaju površinu ćelija, omogućavajući efikasnu <a href="/wiki/Ultrafiltracija" title="Ultrafiltracija">ultrafiltraciju</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Podociti luče i održavaju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glomerulska_bazna_membrana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glomerulska bazna membrana (stranica ne postoji)">baznu membranu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lote_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lote-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Duž bazobočnog domena podocita nalaze se brojne presvučene <a href="/wiki/Vezikula" title="Vezikula">vezikule</a> i presvučene jame, što ukazuje na visoku stopu vezikulnog prometa. </p><p>Podociti imaju dobro razvijen <a href="/wiki/Endoplazmatski_retikulum" title="Endoplazmatski retikulum">endoplazmatski retikulum</a> i velik <a href="/wiki/Golgijev_aparat" title="Golgijev aparat">Golgijev aparat</a>, što ukazuje na veliki kapacitet za <a href="/wiki/Sinteza_proteina" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinteza proteina">sintezu proteina</a> i <a href="/wiki/Posttranslacijska_modifikacija" class="mw-redirect" title="Posttranslacijska modifikacija">posttranslacijske modifikacije</a>. </p><p>Također je sve više dokaza o velikom broju multivertikulskih tijela i drugih <a href="/wiki/Lizosom" title="Lizosom">lizosomskih</a> komponenata viđenih u ovim ćelijama, što ukazuje na visoku <a href="/wiki/Endocitoza" title="Endocitoza">endocitoznu</a> aktivnost. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funkcija">Funkcija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podocit&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak "Funkcija"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podocit&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Funkcija"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Filtration_barrier.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Filtration_barrier.svg/300px-Filtration_barrier.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Filtration_barrier.svg/450px-Filtration_barrier.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Filtration_barrier.svg/600px-Filtration_barrier.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>Shema filtracijske barijere (krv-urin) u bubregu. <br /> A. Endotelne ćelije glomerula; 1. pore (fenestra). <br /> B. Glomerulska bazalna membrana: 1. <i>lamina rara interna</i> 2. <i>lamina densa</i> 3. <i>lamina rara externa</i> <br /> C. Podociti: 1. enzimski i strukturni protein <b>2. filtracijski otvor </b>3. <a href="/wiki/Dijafragma" title="Dijafragma">dijafragma</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Podociti imaju primarne nastavke zvane trabekule, koji se obavijaju oko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glomerulski_kapilar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glomerulski kapilar (stranica ne postoji)">glomerulskih kapilara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ovalle_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ovalle-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kvržice zauzvrat imaju sekundarne nastavke, koji se nazivaju pediceli.<sup id="cite_ref-Ovalle_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ovalle-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pediceli se međusobno digitaliziraju, što dovodi do tankih praznina nazvanih filtracijski prorezi.<sup id="cite_ref-lote_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lote-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prorezi su prekriveni proreznim dijafragmama koje su sastavljene od velikog broja proteina na ćelijskoj površini, uključujući <a href="/wiki/Nefrin" title="Nefrin">nefrin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Podokaliksin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Podokaliksin (stranica ne postoji)">podokaliksin</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kadherin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadherin">P-kadherin</a>, koji ograničavaju prolaz velikih <a href="/wiki/Makromolekula" title="Makromolekula">makromolekula</a>, kao što su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serumski_albumin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serumski albumin (stranica ne postoji)">serumski albumin</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gama_globulin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gama globulin (stranica ne postoji)">gama globulin</a>, osiguravajući da ostanu u <a href="/wiki/Krvotok" title="Krvotok">krvotoku</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proteini koji su potrebni za ispravnu funkciju proreza dijafragme uključuju <a href="/wiki/Nefrin" title="Nefrin">nefrin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=KIRREL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KIRREL (stranica ne postoji)">NEPH1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=KIRREL3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KIRREL3 (stranica ne postoji)">NEPH2</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Podocin" title="Podocin">podocin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=CD2AP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CD2AP (stranica ne postoji)">CD2AP</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=FAT1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FAT1 (stranica ne postoji)">FAT1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Male molekule poput <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">vode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glukoza" title="Glukoza">glukoze</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">iona</a> <a href="/wiki/Soli" class="mw-redirect" title="Soli">soli</a> mogu proći kroz filtracijske proreze i formirati <a href="/wiki/Ultrafiltracija" title="Ultrafiltracija">ultrafiltrat</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tubulska_te%C4%8Dnost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tubulska tečnost (stranica ne postoji)">tubulskoj tečnosti</a>, koji <a href="/wiki/Nefron" title="Nefron">nefron</a> dalje obrađuje da bi proizveo <a href="/wiki/Mokra%C4%87a" title="Mokraća">urin</a>. </p><p>Podociti su takođe uključeni u regulaciju <a href="/wiki/Brzina_glomerulske_filtracije" title="Brzina glomerulske filtracije">brzine glomerulske filtracije</a> (GFR). Kad se podociti skupljaju, uzrokuju zatvaranje proreza za filtriranje. Ovo smanjuje GFR, smanjenjem površine dostupne za filtriranje. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klinički_značaj"><span id="Klini.C4.8Dki_zna.C4.8Daj"></span>Klinički značaj</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podocit&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak "Klinički značaj"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podocit&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Klinički značaj"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Glomerulum_of_mouse_kidney_in_Scanning_Electron_Microscope,_magnification_5,000x.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Glomerulum_of_mouse_kidney_in_Scanning_Electron_Microscope%2C_magnification_5%2C000x.GIF/300px-Glomerulum_of_mouse_kidney_in_Scanning_Electron_Microscope%2C_magnification_5%2C000x.GIF" decoding="async" width="300" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Glomerulum_of_mouse_kidney_in_Scanning_Electron_Microscope%2C_magnification_5%2C000x.GIF/450px-Glomerulum_of_mouse_kidney_in_Scanning_Electron_Microscope%2C_magnification_5%2C000x.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Glomerulum_of_mouse_kidney_in_Scanning_Electron_Microscope%2C_magnification_5%2C000x.GIF/600px-Glomerulum_of_mouse_kidney_in_Scanning_Electron_Microscope%2C_magnification_5%2C000x.GIF 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Elektronska mikrografija međusobne digilalizacije pedicela, da bi stvorili brojne filtracijske proreze oko <a href="/wiki/Glomerul" title="Glomerul">glomerulnih</a> kapilara, uvećanje 5000x</figcaption></figure> <p>Gubitak stopalastog nastavka na podocitima (tj. ispadanje podocita) je obilježje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolest_minimalnih_promjena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolest minimalnih promjena (stranica ne postoji)">bolesti minimalnih promjena</a>, koja se zbog toga ponekad naziva bolešću stopalskog nastavka.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prekid filtracijskih proreza ili uništavanje podocita može dovesti do masivne <a href="/wiki/Proteinurija" title="Proteinurija">proteinurije</a>, pri čemu se velike količine proteina gubi iz krvi. </p><p>Primjer za to je kongenitalni poremećaj <a href="/w/index.php?title=Finska_nefroza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finska nefroza (stranica ne postoji)">finska nefroza</a>, koji je karakteriziran neonatalnom proteinurijom koja dovodi do završne faze, kao što je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otkazivanje_bubrega&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otkazivanje bubrega (stranica ne postoji)">otkazivanje bubrega</a>. Utvrđeno je da je bolest uzrokovana mutacijom <a href="/wiki/Nefrin" title="Nefrin">nefrinskog</a> gena. </p><p>Prisustvo podocita u urinu predloženo je kao rani dijagnostički marker za <a href="/wiki/Preeklampsija" title="Preeklampsija">preeklampsiju</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Također_pogledajte"><span id="Tako.C4.91er_pogledajte"></span>Također pogledajte</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podocit&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak "Također pogledajte"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podocit&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Također pogledajte"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowmanova_%C4%8Dahura" title="Bowmanova čahura">Bowmanova čahura</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podocit&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak "Reference"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podocit&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Reference"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3312388">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-lote-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lote_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lote_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lote_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3303350">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFLote" class="citation book cs1">Lote, Christopher J. <i>Principles of Renal Physiology, 5th edition</i>. 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