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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ideology of Peter's reign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideology_of_Peter's_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grand_Embassy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grand_Embassy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Grand Embassy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grand_Embassy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amsterdam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amsterdam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Amsterdam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amsterdam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deptford" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deptford"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Deptford</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deptford-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Northern_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Northern_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Great Northern War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Northern_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Embassy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Embassy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Second Embassy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Embassy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illness_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illness_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Illness and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illness_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriages_and_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages_and_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Marriages and family</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Marriages_and_family-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Marriages and family subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Marriages_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mistresses_and_illegitimate_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mistresses_and_illegitimate_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Mistresses and illegitimate children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mistresses_and_illegitimate_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Peter the Great</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 145 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-145" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">145 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_I_van_Rusland" title="Pieter I van Rusland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pieter I van Rusland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I._(Russland)" title="Peter I. (Russland) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Peter I. (Russland)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B3%E1%88%8B%E1%89%81_%E1%8D%95%E1%8B%AE%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AD" title="ታላቁ ፕዮትር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ታላቁ ፕዮትር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8)" title="पीटर महान (रूस) – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पीटर महान (रूस)" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_I_Russena_C%C4%81sere" title="Petrus I Russena Cāsere – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Petrus I Russena Cāsere" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80_I_%D0%B4%D1%83%D3%A1%D3%A1%D0%B0" title="Пиотр I дуӡӡа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Пиотр I дуӡӡа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="بطرس الأكبر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بطرس الأكبر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pero_I_de_Rusia" title="Pero I de Rusia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pero I de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE%D5%B6_%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Մեծն Պետրոս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մեծն Պետրոս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierro_I_de_R%C3%BAssia" title="Pierro I de Rússia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Pierro I de Rússia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedru_I_de_Rusia" title="Pedru I de Rusia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pedru I de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8)" title="पीटर महान (रूस) – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पीटर महान (रूस)" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_pe_Tuich%C3%A1va" title="Pedro pe Tuicháva – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pedro pe Tuicháva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_I" title="Пётр I – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Пётр I" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Pyotr" title="I Pyotr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="I Pyotr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="بیرینجی پتر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرینجی پتر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="রাশিয়ার প্রথম পিটার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাশিয়ার প্রথম পিটার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%D1%91tr_1-s%C3%A8" title="Pёtr 1-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pёtr 1-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_I" title="Пётр I – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Пётр I" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_I_(%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96)" title="Пётр I (імператар расійскі) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пётр I (імператар расійскі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_I" title="Пётар I – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пётар I" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_I_(%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Петър I (Русия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Петър I (Русия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_I,_car_Rusije" title="Petar I, car Rusije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Petar I, car Rusije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AAr_Ia%C3%B1_(Rusia)" title="Pêr Iañ (Rusia) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pêr Iañ (Rusia)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80" title="I Пётр – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="I Пётр" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pere_I_de_R%C3%BAssia" title="Pere I de Rússia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pere I de Rússia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%C4%95%D1%80" title="Аслă Петĕр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аслă Петĕр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr_I._Velik%C3%BD" title="Petr I. Veliký – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Petr I. Veliký" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedr_I,_tsar_Rwsia" title="Pedr I, tsar Rwsia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pedr I, tsar Rwsia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_den_Store" title="Peter den Store – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Peter den Store" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_der_Gro%C3%9Fe" title="Peter der Große – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Peter der Große" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peeter_I" title="Peeter I – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Peeter I" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Πέτρος Α΄ της Ρωσίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πέτρος Α΄ της Ρωσίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80" title="I Пётр – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="I Пётр" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_de_Rusia" title="Pedro I de Rusia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pedro I de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petro_la_Granda" title="Petro la Granda – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Petro la Granda" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petri_I.a_Errusiakoa" title="Petri I.a Errusiakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Petri I.a Errusiakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="پتر کبیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پتر کبیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I_of_Russia" title="Peter I of Russia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Peter I of Russia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A6tur_Mikli" title="Pætur Mikli – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Pætur Mikli" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Ier_le_Grand" title="Pierre Ier le Grand – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pierre Ier le Grand" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_de_Grutte" title="Peter de Grutte – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Peter de Grutte" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peadar_M%C3%B3r" title="Peadar Mór – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Peadar Mór" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_de_Rusia" title="Pedro I de Rusia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pedro I de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pita_De_Yin_Daho-gb%C3%B3" title="Pita De Yin Daho-gbó – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Pita De Yin Daho-gbó" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%9C%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%B4_1%EC%84%B8" title="표트르 1세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="표트르 1세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I_o_Russia" title="Peter I o Russia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Peter I o Russia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD_I" title="Պետրոս I – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պետրոս I" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पीटर महान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पीटर महान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_I._Aleksejevi%C4%8D_Romanov" title="Petar I. Aleksejevič Romanov – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Petar I. Aleksejevič Romanov" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_la_1ma_di_Rusia" title="Petrus la 1ma di Rusia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Petrus la 1ma di Rusia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_ti_Natan-ok" title="Pedro ti Natan-ok – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pedro ti Natan-ok" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Agung_(kaisar)" title="Pyotr Agung (kaisar) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pyotr Agung (kaisar)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9tur_mikli" title="Pétur mikli – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pétur mikli" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_I_di_Russia" title="Pietro I di Russia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pietro I di Russia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C" title="פיוטר הגדול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיוטר הגדול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_ingkang_Agung" title="Pyotr ingkang Agung – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pyotr ingkang Agung" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petro_kajala%C9%A3_t%CA%8A" title="Petro kajalaɣ tʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Petro kajalaɣ tʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_I_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="პეტრე I დიდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პეტრე I დიდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80" title="I Пётр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="I Пётр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ia_a_Russi" title="Peter Ia a Russi – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Peter Ia a Russi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I_wa_Urusi" title="Peter I wa Urusi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Peter I wa Urusi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Py%C3%A8_Legran" title="Pyè Legran – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pyè Legran" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr%C3%AA_Mezin" title="Pyotrê Mezin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pyotrê Mezin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_I" title="Пётр I – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пётр I" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piere_l_Grant" title="Piere l Grant – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Piere l Grant" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_I_(imperator_Russiae)" title="Petrus I (imperator Russiae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Petrus I (imperator Russiae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93teris_I" title="Pēteris I – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pēteris I" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9iter_de_Groussen" title="Péiter de Groussen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Péiter de Groussen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80" title="I-й Пётр – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="I-й Пётр" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petras_I" title="Petras I – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Petras I" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AA_I_de_Ruscia" title="Pê I de Ruscia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Pê I de Ruscia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_la_grande" title="Piotr la grande – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Piotr la grande" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedru_I" title="Pedru I – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Pedru I" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peder_I_de_Russia" title="Peder I de Russia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Peder I de Russia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._P%C3%A9ter_orosz_c%C3%A1r" title="I. Péter orosz cár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Péter orosz cár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8)" title="पीटर महान (रूस) – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पीटर महान (रूस)" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Петар Велики – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Петар Велики" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petera_Lehibe" title="Petera Lehibe – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Petera Lehibe" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB" title="റഷ്യയിലെ പീറ്റർ ഒന്നാമൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റഷ്യയിലെ പീറ്റർ ഒന്നാമൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="पीटर द ग्रेट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पीटर द ग्रेट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_I_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="პეტრე I დიდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პეტრე I დიდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="بطرس الاول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بطرس الاول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_I_dari_Rusia" title="Pyotr I dari Rusia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pyotr I dari Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80" title="I Пётр – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="I Пётр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC" title="မဟာပီတာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မဟာပီတာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I_van_Rusland" title="Peter I van Rusland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Peter I van Rusland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पिटर महान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पिटर महान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB1%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D)" title="ピョートル1世 (ロシア皇帝) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピョートル1世 (ロシア皇帝)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_I" title="Пётр I – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Пётр I" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I_av_Russland" title="Peter I av Russland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Peter I av Russland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I_av_Russland" title="Peter I av Russland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Peter I av Russland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8ire_I_de_Russia" title="Pèire I de Russia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pèire I de Russia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_%D0%9F%D3%A7%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80" title="I Пӧтыр – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="I Пӧтыр" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_I" title="Pyotr I – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pyotr I" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪੀਟਰ ਮਹਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੀਟਰ ਮਹਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85" title="پیٹر اعظم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیٹر اعظم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pero_I_%C3%ABd_Russia" title="Pero I ëd Russia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pero I ëd Russia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_de_Grote" title="Peter de Grote – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Peter de Grote" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_I_Wielki" title="Piotr I Wielki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Piotr I Wielki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_da_R%C3%BAssia" title="Pedro I da Rússia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pedro I da Rússia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Petro" title="I Petro – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="I Petro" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petru_I_al_Rusiei" title="Petru I al Rusiei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Petru I al Rusiei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_I._%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Петро I. Російскый – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Петро I. Російскый" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_I" title="Пётр I – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пётр I" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D3%A9%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80_I" title="Бүөтүр I – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бүөтүр I" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi-de-ta-di%E2%80%99" title="Pi-de-ta-di’ – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Pi-de-ta-di’" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8)" title="पीटर महान (रूस) – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पीटर महान (रूस)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%BD_%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B4" title="ᱯᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱫᱽ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱴ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱫᱽ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱴ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Peter the Great" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4iter_die_Groote" title="Päiter die Groote – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Päiter die Groote" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjetri_i_Madh" title="Pjetri i Madh – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pjetri i Madh" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietru_lu_Granni" title="Pietru lu Granni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pietru lu Granni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Peter the Great" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ve%C4%BEk%C3%BD" title="Peter Veľký – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Peter Veľký" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Veliki" title="Peter Veliki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Peter Veliki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%94%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8A_%D0%92%D1%94%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%EA%99%91%D0%B8" title="Пєтръ Вєликꙑи – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Пєтръ Вєликꙑи" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B2%D9%86" title="پیتەری مەزن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پیتەری مەزن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Петар Велики – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Петар Велики" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Veliki" title="Petar Veliki – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Petar Veliki" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietari_Suuri" title="Pietari Suuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pietari Suuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_den_store" title="Peter den store – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Peter den store" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_ang_Dakila_ng_Rusya" title="Pedro ang Dakila ng Rusya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pedro ang Dakila ng Rusya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81" title="உருசியாவின் முதலாம் பேதுரு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருசியாவின் முதலாம் பேதுரு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_I" title="Пётр I – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пётр I" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="จักรพรรดิปิออตร์ที่ 1 แห่งรัสเซีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิปิออตร์ที่ 1 แห่งรัสเซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_I" title="Пётр I – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Пётр I" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Petro" title="I. Petro – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. Petro" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_I" title="Пётр I – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Пётр I" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_I" title="Петро I – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Петро I" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85" title="پطرس اعظم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پطرس اعظم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr_I_Sur%27" title="Petr I Sur' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Petr I Sur'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_I_c%E1%BB%A7a_Nga" title="Pyotr I của Nga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pyotr I của Nga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piitre_I" title="Piitre I – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Piitre I" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="彼得一世 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="彼得一世" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_nga_Harangdon" title="Pedro nga Harangdon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pedro nga Harangdon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="彼得大帝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="彼得大帝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="פיטער דער גרויסער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פיטער דער גרויסער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9t%C3%A9r%C3%B9_1k_il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_R%E1%BB%8D%CC%81s%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Pétérù 1k ilẹ̀ Rọ́síà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pétérù 1k ilẹ̀ Rọ́síà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="彼得大帝 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="彼得大帝" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I" title="Peter I – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Peter I" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petros_I" title="Petros I – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Petros I" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="彼得大帝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="彼得大帝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I_deri_Ruslan" title="Peter I deri Ruslan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Peter I deri Ruslan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_na_Godang" title="Peter na Godang – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Peter na Godang" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tsar/Emperor of Russia from 1682 to 1725</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Alekseyevich</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Romanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov">Romanov</a></i>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Russian monarch. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Peter the Great (disambiguation)">Peter the Great (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Peter I</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_I._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_I_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9)._%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4.Moor_v1(b).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Peter_I._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_I_%28%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%29._%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4.Moor_v1%28b%29.jpg/220px-Peter_I._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_I_%28%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%29._%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4.Moor_v1%28b%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Peter_I._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_I_%28%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%29._%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4.Moor_v1%28b%29.jpg/330px-Peter_I._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_I_%28%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%29._%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4.Moor_v1%28b%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Peter_I._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_I_%28%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%29._%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4.Moor_v1%28b%29.jpg/440px-Peter_I._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_I_%28%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%29._%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4.Moor_v1%28b%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1008" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">1717 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Carel_de_Moor" title="Carel de Moor">Carel de Moor</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">Emperor of Russia</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">2 November 1721 – <span class="nowrap">8 February 1725</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Himself as <a href="/wiki/Sovereign,_Tsar_and_Grand_Prince_of_all_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia">Tsar of Russia</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_I_of_Russia" title="Catherine I of Russia">Catherine I</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign,_Tsar_and_Grand_Prince_of_all_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia">Tsar of all Russia</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">7 May 1682 – <span class="nowrap">2 November 1721</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Russian_monarch" title="Coronation of the Russian monarch">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25 June 1682</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Feodor_III_of_Russia" title="Feodor III of Russia">Feodor III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Himself as <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">Emperor of Russia</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Co-monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_V_of_Russia" title="Ivan V of Russia">Ivan V</a> (1682–1696)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Alekseyevna_of_Russia" title="Sophia Alekseyevna of Russia">Sophia Alekseyevna</a> (1682–1689)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1672-06-09</span>)</span>9 June 1672<br /><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">8 February 1725<span style="display:none">(1725-02-08)</span> (aged 52)<br /><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">Peter and Paul Cathedral</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eudoxia_Lopukhina" title="Eudoxia Lopukhina">Eudoxia Lopukhina</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1689; <abbr title="annulled">ann.</abbr> 1698)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_I_of_Russia" title="Catherine I of Russia">Marta Skowrońska</a> (later Catherine I)</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1707)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Issue">Detail</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Petrovich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia" title="Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia">Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Anna_Petrovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia">Anna, Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_Empress_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth, Empress of Russia">Elizabeth, Empress of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Natalia_Petrovna_of_Russia_(1718%E2%80%931725)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchess Natalia Petrovna of Russia (1718–1725)">Grand Duchess Natalia Petrovna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Peter Alekseyevich Romanov</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">Romanov</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexis_of_Russia" title="Alexis of Russia">Alexis of Russia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Natalya_Naryshkina" title="Natalya Naryshkina">Natalya Naryshkina</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodoxy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_the_Great_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peter I's signature"><img alt="Peter I's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Peter_the_Great_Signature.svg/125px-Peter_the_Great_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Peter_the_Great_Signature.svg/188px-Peter_the_Great_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Peter_the_Great_Signature.svg/250px-Peter_the_Great_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="248" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Army_of_Peter_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Army of Peter I (page does not exist)">Army of Peter I</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_I" class="extiw" title="ru:Армия Петра I">ru</a>]</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Treelike list</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1686%E2%80%931700)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)">Russo-Turkish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azov_campaigns_(1695%E2%80%931696)" title="Azov campaigns (1695–1696)">Azov campaigns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War#1702–1710:_Russia_and_the_Baltic_provinces" title="Great Northern War">Ingrian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_N%C3%B6teborg_(1702)" title="Siege of Nöteborg (1702)">Siege of Nöteborg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Nyenschantz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Nyenschantz (page does not exist)">Siege of Nyenschantz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0_(1703)" class="extiw" title="ru:Осада Ниеншанца (1703)">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Narva_(1704)" title="Siege of Narva (1704)">Siege of Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grodno_(1708)" title="Battle of Grodno (1708)">Battle of Grodno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lesnaya" title="Battle of Lesnaya">Battle of Lesnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava" title="Battle of Poltava">Battle of Poltava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Viborg_(1710)" title="Siege of Viborg (1710)">Siege of Viborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Estonia_and_Livonia" title="Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia">Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruth_River_Campaign" title="Pruth River Campaign">Pruth River Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Helsinki_(1713)" title="Battle of Helsinki (1713)">Battle of Helsinki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gangut" title="Battle of Gangut">Battle of Gangut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)" title="Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)">Persian campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Inchkhe_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of the Inchkhe River (page does not exist)">Battle of the Inchkhe River</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%85%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Битва на реке Инчхе">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Derbent_(1722)" title="Battle of Derbent (1722)">Battle of Derbent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great%27s_capture_of_Rasht" title="Peter the Great's capture of Rasht">Capture of Rasht</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Baku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Baku (page does not exist)">Siege of Baku</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83" class="extiw" title="ru:Осада Баку">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </div></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Peter I</b> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈpʲɵtr<span class="wrap"> </span>ɐlʲɪˈksʲejɪvʲɪt͡ɕ]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Пётр I Алексеевич</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Pyotr I Alekseyevich</i></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 9 June [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 30 May] 1672 – 8 February [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 28 January] 1725), was <a href="/wiki/Sovereign,_Tsar_and_Grand_Prince_of_all_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia">Tsar of all Russia</a> from 1682, and the first <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">Emperor of all Russia</a>, known as <b>Peter the Great</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from 1721 until his death in 1725. He reigned jointly with his half-brother <a href="/wiki/Ivan_V_of_Russia" title="Ivan V of Russia">Ivan V</a> until 1696. From this year, Peter was an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarch</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Autocrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocrat">autocrat</a> who remained the ultimate authority and organized a well-ordered <a href="/wiki/Police_state" title="Police state">police state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of Peter's reign was consumed by long wars against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empires</a>. Despite initial difficulties, the wars were ultimately successful and led to expansion to the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, thus laying the groundwork for the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Navy" title="Imperial Russian Navy">Imperial Russian Navy</a>. His victory in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> ended Sweden's era as a great power and was followed by the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. Peter led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political systems with ones that were modern, scientific, <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernized</a>, and based on radical <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECracraft2003_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECracraft2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriessen-Van_het_Reve2006264_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriessen-Van_het_Reve2006264-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1699, he introduced the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which replaced the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine calendar</a> that was long used in Russia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECracraft2003124_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECracraft2003124-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> was particularly resistant to this change.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1703, he introduced the first Russian newspaper, <i><a href="/wiki/Sankt-Peterburgskie_Vedomosti" title="Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti">Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti</a></i>, and ordered the <a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_Russian_orthography#18th-century_changes" title="Reforms of Russian orthography">civil script</a>, a reform of Russian orthography largely designed by himself. On the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Neva" title="Neva">Neva</a> River, he founded <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, a city famously dubbed by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Algarotti" title="Francesco Algarotti">Francesco Algarotti</a> as the "window to the West".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1714, Peter relocated the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg, a status it retained until 1918. </p><p>Peter had a great interest in plants, animals and minerals, in malformed creatures or exceptions to the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_law" title="Scientific law">law of nature</a> for his <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_curiosities" title="Cabinet of curiosities">cabinet of curiosities</a>. He encouraged research of deformities, all along trying to debunk the superstitious fear of <a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">monsters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He promoted <a href="/wiki/Industrialization_in_the_Russian_Empire#Industry_during_the_reign_of_Peter_I" title="Industrialization in the Russian Empire">industrialization in the Russian Empire</a> and higher education. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University" title="Saint Petersburg State University">Saint Petersburg State University</a> were founded in 1724, and invited <a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Christian Wolff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willem_%27s_Gravesande" title="Willem 's Gravesande">Willem 's Gravesande</a>. </p><p>Peter is primarily credited with the modernization of the country, quickly transforming it into a major European power. His administrative reforms, creating a <a href="/wiki/Governing_Senate" title="Governing Senate">Governing Senate</a> in 1711, the <a href="/wiki/Collegium_(ministry)" title="Collegium (ministry)">Collegium</a> in 1717 and the <a href="/wiki/Table_of_Ranks" title="Table of Ranks">Table of Ranks</a> in 1722 had a lasting impact on Russia, and many institutions of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Committee of Ministers of the Russian Empire">Russian government</a> trace their origins to his reign. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Peter_the_Great_parsuna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Young_Peter_the_Great_parsuna.jpg/220px-Young_Peter_the_Great_parsuna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Young_Peter_the_Great_parsuna.jpg/330px-Young_Peter_the_Great_parsuna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Young_Peter_the_Great_parsuna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Peter as a child</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_throne_of_Russia_04_by_shakko.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Double_throne_of_Russia_04_by_shakko.jpg/220px-Double_throne_of_Russia_04_by_shakko.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Double_throne_of_Russia_04_by_shakko.jpg/330px-Double_throne_of_Russia_04_by_shakko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Double_throne_of_Russia_04_by_shakko.jpg/440px-Double_throne_of_Russia_04_by_shakko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Double throne in <a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Armoury" title="Kremlin Armoury">Kremlin Armoury</a>. A large hole was cut in the back of the dual-seated throne used by Ivan and Peter. Sophia would sit behind the throne and listen as Peter conversed with nobles, while feeding him information and giving him responses to questions and problems</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_IMG_1156_(603455489).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Museum_IMG_1156_%28603455489%29.jpg/220px-Museum_IMG_1156_%28603455489%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Museum_IMG_1156_%28603455489%29.jpg/330px-Museum_IMG_1156_%28603455489%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Museum_IMG_1156_%28603455489%29.jpg/440px-Museum_IMG_1156_%28603455489%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="2496" /></a><figcaption>Peter's ship, rigged with a sail and a mast with the help of Dutch carpenters</figcaption></figure> <p>Peter grew up at <a href="/wiki/Izmaylovo_Estate" title="Izmaylovo Estate">Izmaylovo Estate</a> and was educated at the <a href="/wiki/Amusement_Palace" title="Amusement Palace">Amusement Palace</a> from an early age by several tutors commissioned by his father, most notably <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Zotov" title="Nikita Zotov">Nikita Zotov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gordon" title="Patrick Gordon">Patrick Gordon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Menesius" title="Paul Menesius">Paul Menesius</a>. When his father died in 1676, he left the sovereignty to Peter's elder half-brother, the crippled <a href="/wiki/Feodor_III_of_Russia" title="Feodor III of Russia">Feodor III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMassie198025–26_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassie198025–26-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout this period, the government was largely run by <a href="/wiki/Artamon_Matveyev" title="Artamon Matveyev">Artamon Matveyev</a>, an enlightened friend of Alexis, the political head of the <a href="/wiki/Naryshkin_family" title="Naryshkin family">Naryshkin family</a> and one of Peter's greatest childhood benefactors. </p><p>This position changed when Feodor died in 1682. As Feodor did not leave any children, a dispute arose between the Miloslavsky family (<a href="/wiki/Maria_Miloslavskaya" title="Maria Miloslavskaya">Maria Miloslavskaya</a> was the first wife of Alexis I) and Naryshkin family (<a href="/wiki/Natalya_Naryshkina" title="Natalya Naryshkina">Natalya Naryshkina</a> was his second wife) over who should inherit the throne. He <a href="/wiki/Coregency" title="Coregency">jointly ruled</a> with his elder half-brother, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_V_of_Russia" title="Ivan V of Russia">Ivan V</a>, until 1696. Ivan, was next in line but was weakminded and blind. Consequently, the <a href="/wiki/Duma#Boyar_Duma" title="Duma">Boyar Duma</a> (a council of Russian nobles) chose the 10-year-old Peter to become tsar, with his mother as <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>. A hole was cut in the back of the throne, so that she, literally behind the scenes, could whisper to the two boys.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The "Moscow Grand Discharge" started in 1677 and was completed in 1688; it affected noble families with high ranks in the administration; the ministries were also reduced in number. This provoked fierce reactions. <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Alekseyevna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophia Alekseyevna">Sophia</a>, one of Alexis' daughters from his first marriage, led a <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Uprising_of_1682" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Uprising of 1682">rebellion</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Streltsy" title="Streltsy">streltsy</a></i> (Russia's elite military corps) in April–May 1682. In the subsequent conflict, some of Peter's relatives and friends were murdered, including Artamon Matveyev, and Peter witnessed some of these acts of political violence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky2000214_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky2000214-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>streltsy</i> made it possible for Sophia, the Miloslavskys (the clan of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_V_of_Russia" title="Ivan V of Russia">Ivan</a>) and their allies to insist that Peter and Ivan be proclaimed joint tsars, with Ivan being acclaimed as the senior. Sophia then acted as regent during the minority of the sovereigns and exercised all power. For seven years, she ruled as an autocrat. </p><p>From 1682 to 1689, Peter and his mother were banned to <a href="/wiki/Preobrazhenskoye_District" title="Preobrazhenskoye District">Preobrazhenskoye</a>. At the age of 16, he discovered an <a href="/wiki/Botik_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Botik of Peter the Great">English boat</a> on the estate, had it restored and learned to sail. He received a <a href="/wiki/Sextant" title="Sextant">sextant</a>, but did not know how to use it. Peter was fascinated by <a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundials</a>. Therefore, he began a search for a foreign expert in the <a href="/wiki/German_Quarter" title="German Quarter">German Quarter</a>. Peter befriended <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Vinius" title="Andrew Vinius">Andrew Vinius</a>, a bibliophile, who taught him Dutch and two Dutch carpenters, Frans Timmerman and Karsten Brandt. Peter studied arithmetic, geometry, and military sciences (<a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortification</a>). He was not interested in a musical education but liked fireworks and drumming. </p><p>Peter was not particularly concerned that others ruled in his name; <a href="/wiki/Boris_Alekseyevich_Golitsyn" title="Boris Alekseyevich Golitsyn">Boris Golitsyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Apraksin" title="Fyodor Apraksin">Fyodor Apraksin</a> played an important role. He engaged in such pastimes as shipbuilding in <a href="/wiki/Pereslavl-Zalessky" title="Pereslavl-Zalessky">Pereslavl-Zalessky</a> and sailing at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Pleshcheyevo" title="Lake Pleshcheyevo">Lake Pleshcheyevo</a>, as well as mock battles with his <a href="/wiki/Toy_army_of_Peter_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Toy army of Peter I">toy army</a>. Peter's mother sought to force him to adopt a more conventional approach and arranged his marriage to <a href="/wiki/Eudoxia_Lopukhina" title="Eudoxia Lopukhina">Eudoxia Lopukhina</a> in 1689.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky2000218_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky2000218-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The marriage was a failure, and 10 years later, Peter forced his wife to become a nun and thus freed himself from the union. </p><p>By the summer of 1689, Peter, planned to take power from his half-sister Sophia, whose position had been weakened by two unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Crimean campaigns</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a> in an attempt to stop devastating <a href="/wiki/Crimean%E2%80%93Nogai_slave_raids_in_Eastern_Europe" title="Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe">Crimean Tatar raids</a> into Russia's southern lands. When she learned of his designs, Sophia conspired with some leaders of the Streltsy, who continually aroused disorder and dissent. Peter, warned by others from the Streltsy, escaped in the middle of the night to the impenetrable monastery of <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Lavra_of_St._Sergius" title="Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius">Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra</a>; there he slowly gathered adherents who perceived he would win the power struggle. Sophia was eventually overthrown, with Peter I and Ivan V continuing to act as co-tsars. Peter forced Sophia to enter a convent, where she gave up her name and her position as a member of the royal family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMassie198096–106_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassie198096–106-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, he was a frequent guest in German quarter, where he met <a href="/wiki/Anna_Mons" title="Anna Mons">Anna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willem_Mons" title="Willem Mons">Willem Mons</a>. In 1692 he sent <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Isbrand_Ides" title="Eberhard Isbrand Ides">Eberhard Isbrand Ides</a> as envoy to the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> of China. In 1693 he sailed to <a href="/wiki/Solovetsky_Monastery" title="Solovetsky Monastery">Solovetsky Monastery</a> and accepted <a href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">divine providence</a> after surviving a storm.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, Peter could not acquire actual control over Russian affairs. Power was instead exercised by his mother. It was only when Natalya died in 1694 that Peter, then aged 22, became an independent sovereign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky2000216_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky2000216-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formally, Ivan V was a co-ruler with Peter, though being ineffective. Peter became the sole ruler when Ivan died in 1696 without male offspring. </p><p>Peter grew to be extremely tall, especially for the time period, reportedly standing 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky2000216_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky2000216-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was seen as a "second <a href="/wiki/Goliath" title="Goliath">Goliath</a>" or <a href="/wiki/Samson" title="Samson">Samson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollis2015365_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollis2015365-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto4_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Rouvroy,_duc_de_Saint-Simon" title="Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a> described him in 1717 as "tall, well-formed and slim... with a look both bewildered and fierce". Peter had noticeable facial tics, and he may have suffered from <a href="/wiki/Neck_spasm" title="Neck spasm">neck spasm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology_of_Peter's_reign"><span id="Ideology_of_Peter.27s_reign"></span>Ideology of Peter's reign</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kronstadt_Peter_the_Great_monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kronstadt_Peter_the_Great_monument.jpg/220px-Kronstadt_Peter_the_Great_monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kronstadt_Peter_the_Great_monument.jpg/330px-Kronstadt_Peter_the_Great_monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kronstadt_Peter_the_Great_monument.jpg/440px-Kronstadt_Peter_the_Great_monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Monument to Peter the Great in <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>As a young man, Peter I adopted the <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> model of existence in a pragmatic world of competition and personal success, which largely shaped the philosophy of his <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">reformism</a>. He perceived the Russian people as rude, unintelligent, stubborn in their sluggishness, a child, a lazy student. He highly appreciated the state's role in the life of society, saw it as an ideal instrument for achieving high goals, saw it as a universal institution for transforming people, with the help of violence and fear, into educated, conscious, law-abiding and useful to the whole society subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-A_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter had a keen interest in <a href="/wiki/The_Education_of_a_Christian_Prince" title="The Education of a Christian Prince">The Education of a Christian Prince</a> which offers advice to rulers on how to govern justly and wisely.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>He introduced into the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocrat's</a> power the notion of the <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a>'s duties. He considered it necessary to take care of his subjects, to protect them from enemies, to work for their benefit. Above all, he put the interests of Russia. He saw his mission in turning it into a power similar to <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> countries, and subordinated his own life and the lives of his subjects to the realization of this idea. Gradually penetrated the idea that the task should be solved with the help of reforms, which will be carried out at the autocrat's will, who creates good and punishes evil. He considered the morality of a statesman separately from the morality of a private person and believed that the sovereign in the name of state interests can go to murder, violence, forgery and deceit.<sup id="cite_ref-A_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He went through the naval service, starting from the lowest ranks: <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_(rank)" title="Bombardier (rank)">bombardier</a> (1695), <a href="/wiki/Captain" title="Captain">captain</a> (1696), <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">colonel</a> (1706), <a href="/wiki/Schout-bij-nacht" title="Schout-bij-nacht">schout-bij-nacht</a> (1709), <a href="/wiki/Vice_admiral" title="Vice admiral">vice-admiral</a> (1714), <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">admiral</a> (1721). By hard daily work (according to the figurative expression of Peter the Great himself, he was simultaneously "forced to hold a sword and a <a href="/wiki/Quill" title="Quill">quill</a> in one right hand") and courageous behavior he demonstrated to his subjects his personal positive example, showed how to act, fully devoting himself to the fulfillment of duty and service to the <a href="/wiki/Homeland" title="Homeland">fatherland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-A_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_1721.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Europa_1721.svg/220px-Europa_1721.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Europa_1721.svg/330px-Europa_1721.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Europa_1721.svg/440px-Europa_1721.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1357" /></a><figcaption>Europe in 1721 <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capture_of_Azov_1696.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Capture_of_Azov_1696.png/220px-Capture_of_Azov_1696.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Capture_of_Azov_1696.png/330px-Capture_of_Azov_1696.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Capture_of_Azov_1696.png/440px-Capture_of_Azov_1696.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Azov_campaigns" class="mw-redirect" title="Azov campaigns">Capture of Azov</a></i>, 1696, by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ker_Porter" title="Robert Ker Porter">Robert Ker Porter</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Peter reigned for around 43 years. <a href="/wiki/Economic_reforms_under_Peter_the_Great" title="Economic reforms under Peter the Great">He implemented sweeping reforms</a> aimed at modernizing Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heavily influenced by his advisors, like <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bruce" title="Jacob Bruce">Jacob Bruce</a>, Peter reorganized the Russian army along modern lines and dreamed of making Russia a <a href="/wiki/Maritime_power" title="Maritime power">maritime power</a>. He faced much opposition to these policies at home but brutally suppressed rebellions against his authority, including by the <a href="/wiki/Streltsy" title="Streltsy">Streltsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a>, and the greatest civil uprising of his reign, the <a href="/wiki/Bulavin_Rebellion" title="Bulavin Rebellion">Bulavin Rebellion</a>. </p><p>In his process to westernize Russia, he wanted members of his family to marry other European royalty. In the past, his ancestors had been snubbed at the idea; however, it was proving fruitful. He negotiated with <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William,_Duke_of_Courland" title="Frederick William, Duke of Courland">Frederick William, Duke of Courland</a> to marry his niece, <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Russia" title="Anna of Russia">Anna Ivanovna</a>. He used the wedding in order to launch his new capital, St Petersburg, where he had already ordered building projects of westernized palaces and buildings. Peter hired Italian and German architects to design it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2016187_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2016187-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attracted <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Trezzini" title="Domenico Trezzini">Domenico Trezzini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Bartolomeo_Rastrelli" title="Carlo Bartolomeo Rastrelli">Carlo Bartolomeo Rastrelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Alexandre_Le_Blond" title="Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Le Blond">Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Le Blond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Schl%C3%BCter" title="Andreas Schlüter">Andreas Schlüter</a>. </p><p>To improve his nation's position on the seas, Peter sought more maritime outlets. His only outlet at the time was the <a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a> at <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a>. The Baltic Sea was at the time controlled by <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a> in the north, while the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> were controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Empire">Safavid Empire</a> respectively in the south. The country's need for metal was exacerbated by the outbreak of wars for access to the Black and Baltic Seas. </p><p>Peter attempted to acquire control of the Black Sea, which would require expelling the <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> from the surrounding areas. As part of an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland</a> that ceded <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> to Russia, Peter was forced to wage war against the <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimean</a> <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Khan</a> and against the Khan's overlord, the Ottoman Sultan. Peter's primary objective became the capture of the Ottoman fortress of <a href="/wiki/Azov" title="Azov">Azov</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Don_River,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River, Russia">Don River</a>. In the summer of 1695 Peter organized the <a href="/wiki/Azov_campaigns" class="mw-redirect" title="Azov campaigns">Azov campaigns</a> to take the fortress, but his attempts ended in failure. </p><p>Peter returned to Moscow in November 1695 and began building a large navy in <a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a>. He launched about thirty ships against the Ottomans in 1696, capturing Azov in July of that year. He appointed <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gordon_(general)" title="Alexander Gordon (general)">Alexander Gordon</a>, who later would publish a biography on Peter.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter used to hold all his important meetings and numerous celebrations in <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Fort_(admiral)" title="François Le Fort (admiral)">Le Fort</a>'s palace. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grand_Embassy">Grand Embassy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Embassy_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Grand Embassy of Peter the Great">Grand Embassy of Peter the Great</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Storck_-_Bezoek_van_het_Moskovisch_gezantschap_aan_Amsterdam,_1697.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Abraham_Storck_-_Bezoek_van_het_Moskovisch_gezantschap_aan_Amsterdam%2C_1697.jpg/220px-Abraham_Storck_-_Bezoek_van_het_Moskovisch_gezantschap_aan_Amsterdam%2C_1697.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Abraham_Storck_-_Bezoek_van_het_Moskovisch_gezantschap_aan_Amsterdam%2C_1697.jpg/330px-Abraham_Storck_-_Bezoek_van_het_Moskovisch_gezantschap_aan_Amsterdam%2C_1697.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Abraham_Storck_-_Bezoek_van_het_Moskovisch_gezantschap_aan_Amsterdam%2C_1697.jpg/440px-Abraham_Storck_-_Bezoek_van_het_Moskovisch_gezantschap_aan_Amsterdam%2C_1697.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6038" data-file-height="4598" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Storck" title="Abraham Storck">Abraham Storck</a>: Spectacle on the Amstel river, August 1697</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silo_Ermitage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Silo_Ermitage.jpg/220px-Silo_Ermitage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Silo_Ermitage.jpg/330px-Silo_Ermitage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Silo_Ermitage.jpg/440px-Silo_Ermitage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Fleet Manoeuvres Performed on the IJ on 1 September 1797 during Peter's Visit to Amsterdam, painting by Adam Silo (Hermitage)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_%27Pieter_and_Paul%27_on_the_IJ_in_Amsterdam_in_1698_(Abraham_Storck).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/The_%27Pieter_and_Paul%27_on_the_IJ_in_Amsterdam_in_1698_%28Abraham_Storck%29.jpg/220px-The_%27Pieter_and_Paul%27_on_the_IJ_in_Amsterdam_in_1698_%28Abraham_Storck%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/The_%27Pieter_and_Paul%27_on_the_IJ_in_Amsterdam_in_1698_%28Abraham_Storck%29.jpg/330px-The_%27Pieter_and_Paul%27_on_the_IJ_in_Amsterdam_in_1698_%28Abraham_Storck%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/The_%27Pieter_and_Paul%27_on_the_IJ_in_Amsterdam_in_1698_%28Abraham_Storck%29.jpg/440px-The_%27Pieter_and_Paul%27_on_the_IJ_in_Amsterdam_in_1698_%28Abraham_Storck%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a> <i>Pieter and Paul</i> on the <a href="/wiki/IJ_(Amsterdam)" title="IJ (Amsterdam)">IJ</a> while Peter stands on the small ship on the right. Painting by A. Storck. This ship sank on his second voyage.</figcaption></figure> <p>Peter knew that Russia could not face the Ottoman Empire alone. In March 1697, he traveled "incognito" to Western Europe on an 18-month journey with a large Russian delegation—the so-called <a href="/wiki/Grand_Embassy_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Grand Embassy of Peter the Great">"Grand Embassy"</a>. Peter was the first tsar to leave Russia for more than 100 years.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He used a fake name, allowing him to escape social and diplomatic events, but since he was far taller than most others, he could not fool anyone. One goal was to seek the aid of European monarchs, but Peter's hopes were dashed. France was a traditional ally of the Ottoman Sultan, and <a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Austria</a> was eager to maintain peace in the east while conducting its own wars in the west. Peter, furthermore, had chosen an inopportune moment: the Europeans at the time were more concerned about the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> over who would succeed the childless King <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II of Spain</a> than about fighting the Ottoman Sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky2000218_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky2000218-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter failed to expand the anti-Ottoman alliance. </p><p>In Riga, the local Swedish commander <a href="/wiki/Erik_Dahlbergh" title="Erik Dahlbergh">Erik Dahlbergh</a> decided to pretend that he did not recognize Peter and did not allow him to inspect the fortifications.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Three years later, Peter would cite the inhospitable reception as one of the reasons for starting the Great Northern War). He met <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Casimir_Kettler" title="Frederick Casimir Kettler">Frederick Casimir Kettler</a>, the Duke of Courland.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a>, the tsar was apprenticed for two months to an artillery engineer. (Decrees were issued on the construction of the first <a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a> <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">blast furnace</a> plants.) In July he met <a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_Hanover" title="Sophia of Hanover">Sophia of Hanover</a> at <a href="/wiki/Coppenbr%C3%BCgge" title="Coppenbrügge">Coppenbrügge</a> castle. She described him: "The tsar is a tall, handsome man, with an attractive face. He has a lively mind is very witty. Only, someone so well endowed by nature could be a little better mannered."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter rented a ship in <a href="/wiki/Emmerich_am_Rhein" title="Emmerich am Rhein">Emmerich am Rhein</a> and sailed to Zaandam, where he arrived on 18 August 1697. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</h4></div> <p>Peter studied <a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">saw-mills</a>, manufacturing and shipbuilding in Zaandam but left after a week.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sailed to Amsterdam after he was recognized and attacked.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The log-cabin he rented became the <a href="/wiki/Czar_Peter_House_(Netherlands)" title="Czar Peter House (Netherlands)">Czar Peter House</a>. He sailed to <a href="/wiki/Texel" title="Texel">Texel</a> to see a fleet. Through the mediation of <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Witsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolaas Witsen">Nicolaas Witsen</a>, an expert on Russia, the tsar was given the opportunity to gain practical experience in shipyard, belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>, for a period of four months, under the supervision of <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_Claesz_Pool" class="extiw" title="de:Gerrit Claesz Pool">Gerrit Claesz Pool</a>. The diligent and capable tsar assisted in the construction of an <a href="/wiki/East_Indiaman" title="East Indiaman">East Indiaman</a> <i>Peter and Paul</i> specially laid down for him. Peter felt that the ship's carpenters in Holland worked too much by eye and lacked accurate construction drawings. During his stay the tsar engaged many skilled workers such as builders of locks, fortresses, shipwrights, and seamen—including <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Cruys" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelis Cruys">Cornelis Cruys</a>, a vice-admiral who became, under <a href="/wiki/Franz_Lefort" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Lefort">Franz Lefort</a>, the tsar's advisor in maritime affairs; engineer <a href="/wiki/Menno_van_Coehoorn" title="Menno van Coehoorn">Menno van Coehoorn</a> refused. Peter put his knowledge of shipbuilding to use in helping build Russia's navy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMassie1980183–188_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassie1980183–188-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peter and Witsen visited <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Ruysch" title="Frederik Ruysch">Frederik Ruysch</a> who had all the specimens exposed in five rooms. He taught Peter how to catch <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterflies</a> and how to preserve them. They also had a common interest in <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together they went to see patients. He arrived in Utrecht on a <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barge</a> and met <a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">stadtholder</a> <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> in a tavern.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he visited the <a href="/wiki/States-General_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="States-General of the Netherlands">States-General of the Netherlands</a> he left the hall and the astonished attendees with his wig pulled over his head, according Massie.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He visited <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_der_Heyden" title="Jan van der Heyden">Jan van der Heyden</a>, the inventor of a <a href="/wiki/Fire_hose" title="Fire hose">fire hose</a>. He collected paintings by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Silo" title="Adam Silo">Adam Silo</a> with ships and <a href="/wiki/Seascapes" title="Seascapes">seascapes</a>. In October 1697, the Tsar visited Delft and received an "eal viewer" from the microscopist <a href="/wiki/Antoni_van_Leeuwenhoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoni van Leeuwenhoek">Antoni van Leeuwenhoek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Ryswick" title="Peace of Ryswick">Peace of Ryswick</a> he was invited by King of England to visit him. The Dutch <a href="/wiki/Regenten" title="Regenten">regents</a> considered the Tsar too inquisitive, and this affected their willingness to help the Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deptford">Deptford</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_I_by_Kneller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Peter_I_by_Kneller.jpg/220px-Peter_I_by_Kneller.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Peter_I_by_Kneller.jpg/330px-Peter_I_by_Kneller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Peter_I_by_Kneller.jpg/440px-Peter_I_by_Kneller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Peter I by <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Kneller" title="Godfrey Kneller">Godfrey Kneller</a>, 1698. This portrait was Peter's gift to the King of England.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woolwich_Dockyard,_1698.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Woolwich_Dockyard%2C_1698.jpg/220px-Woolwich_Dockyard%2C_1698.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Woolwich_Dockyard%2C_1698.jpg/330px-Woolwich_Dockyard%2C_1698.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Woolwich_Dockyard%2C_1698.jpg/440px-Woolwich_Dockyard%2C_1698.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2006" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption>Woolwich Dockyard in 1698: the recently erected Great Storehouse (centre-right) dominates the built environment of the dockyard.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 11 January 1698 (<a href="/wiki/Old_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Style">O.S.</a>), Peter arrived at <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Embankment" title="Victoria Embankment">Victoria Embankment</a> with four chamberlains, three interpreters (<a href="/wiki/Peter_Shafirov" title="Peter Shafirov">Peter Shafirov</a>, LeFort), two clock makers, a cook, a priest, six trumpeters, 70 soldiers from the <a href="/wiki/Preobrazhensky_regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Preobrazhensky regiment">Preobrazhensky regiment</a>, four dwarfs and a monkey which he purchased in Amsterdam; Jacob Bruce accompanied him. Peter stayed at 21 <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Street,_Strand" title="Norfolk Street, Strand">Norfolk Street, Strand</a>, and met with Bishop of Salisbury <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Burnet" title="Gilbert Burnet">Gilbert Burnet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Osborne,_1st_Duke_of_Leeds" title="Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds">Thomas Osborne</a> and posed for Sir <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Kneller" title="Godfrey Kneller">Godfrey Kneller</a>. He watched the proceedings within the <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">Parliament</a> from a rooftop window.<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At some time, he had an affair with actress <a href="/wiki/Letitia_Cross" title="Letitia Cross">Letitia Cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He visited the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint" title="Royal Mint">Royal Mint</a> four times; it is not clear whether he ever met <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Warden_of_the_Mint" title="Warden of the Mint">mint's warden</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who introduced <a href="/wiki/Milling_(minting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Milling (minting)">milling</a> on the coinage.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter was impressed by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recoinage_of_1696" title="Great Recoinage of 1696">Great Recoinage of 1696</a>, according to Massie.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At some time he visited <a href="/wiki/Spithead" title="Spithead">Spithead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a>, with captain John Perry to watch a <a href="/wiki/Mock_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mock battle">mock battle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February he attended a <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet Review">Fleet Review</a> in <a href="/wiki/Deptford,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Deptford, London">Deptford</a>, and inspected the <a href="/wiki/Woolwich_Dockyard" title="Woolwich Dockyard">Woolwich Dockyard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Arsenal" title="Royal Arsenal">Royal Arsenal</a> with <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Deane_(shipwright)" title="Anthony Deane (shipwright)">Anthony Deane</a>. For three months he stayed at <a href="/wiki/Sayes_Court" title="Sayes Court">Sayes Court</a> as the guest of <a href="/wiki/John_Evelyn" title="John Evelyn">John Evelyn</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was trained on a telescope at the <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwich Observatory">Greenwich Observatory</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Flamsteed" title="John Flamsteed">John Flamsteed</a>. Peter communicated with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Story" title="Thomas Story">Thomas Story</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a> about their position that believers should not join the military.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto7_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King William III presented a <a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">schooner</a> with a whole crew to Peter I in exchange for the monopoly right of English merchants to trade tobacco in Russia (see <a href="/wiki/Charles_Whitworth,_1st_Baron_Whitworth" title="Charles Whitworth, 1st Baron Whitworth">Charles Whitworth</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of April 1698 he left after being shown how to make watches, and carpeting coffins. Back in Holland he visited Harderwijk and Cleves. </p><p>The Embassy next went to Leipzig, Dresden, where he met with the <a href="/wiki/Christiane_Eberhardine_of_Brandenburg-Bayreuth" title="Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth">Queen of Poland</a>. Three times he visited the <a href="/wiki/Staatliche_Kunstsammlungen_Dresden" title="Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden">Kunstsammlung</a>, then <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigstein_Fortress" title="Königstein Fortress">Königstein Fortress</a>, Prague, Vienna, to pay a visit to <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMassie1980191_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassie1980191-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Rava-Ruska" title="Rava-Ruska">Rava-Ruska</a>, he crossed the border and Peter spoke with <a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Augustus II the Strong</a>. Peter's visit was cut short, when he was informed of the second <a href="/wiki/Streltsy_uprising" title="Streltsy uprising">Streltsy uprising</a> in June. The rebellion was easily crushed by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gordon" title="Patrick Gordon">General Gordon</a> before Peter returned home early September.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter nevertheless acted ruthlessly towards the mutineers; 4,600 rebels were sent to prison. Around 1,182 were tortured and executed, and Peter ordered that their bodies be publicly exhibited as a warning to future conspirators.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky2000220_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky2000220-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Streltsy were disbanded, and Peter's half-sister Sophia, who they sought to put on the throne, was kept in strictest seclusion at <a href="/wiki/Novodevichy_Convent" title="Novodevichy Convent">Novodevichy Convent</a>. </p><p>Peter's visits to the West impressed upon him the notion that European customs were in several respects superior to Russian traditions. He commanded all of his courtiers and officials to wear European clothing (no <a href="/wiki/Caftans" class="mw-redirect" title="Caftans">caftans</a>) and cut off their long beards, causing <a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">Boyars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a>, who were very fond of their beards, great upset.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyar_beard_article_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyar_beard_article-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boyars who sought to retain their beards were required to pay an annual <a href="/wiki/Beard_tax" title="Beard tax">beard tax</a> of one hundred <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">rubles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky2000221_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky2000221-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, Peter also sought to end <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">arranged marriages</a>, which were the norm among the <a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">Russian nobility</a>, because he thought such a practice was barbaric and led to domestic violence, since the partners usually resented each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDmytryshyn197421_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDmytryshyn197421-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reforms">Reforms</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Summer_Garden_(Zubov).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Summer_Garden_%28Zubov%29.jpg/220px-Summer_Garden_%28Zubov%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Summer_Garden_%28Zubov%29.jpg/330px-Summer_Garden_%28Zubov%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Summer_Garden_%28Zubov%29.jpg/440px-Summer_Garden_%28Zubov%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1550" /></a><figcaption>Vista through the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Garden" title="Summer Garden">Summer Garden</a> towards the Summer Palace, 1716</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8,_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_I,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%2C_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_I%2C_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg/220px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%2C_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_I%2C_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%2C_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_I%2C_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg/330px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%2C_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_I%2C_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%2C_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_I%2C_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg/440px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%2C_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_I%2C_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Embankment of the <a href="/wiki/Fontanka" title="Fontanka">Fontanka</a> River, Laundry Bridge, <a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace_of_Peter_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Palace of Peter I">Summer Palace of Peter I</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Petersburg_Kunstkamera_from_Neva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Saint_Petersburg_Kunstkamera_from_Neva.jpg/220px-Saint_Petersburg_Kunstkamera_from_Neva.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Saint_Petersburg_Kunstkamera_from_Neva.jpg/330px-Saint_Petersburg_Kunstkamera_from_Neva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Saint_Petersburg_Kunstkamera_from_Neva.jpg/440px-Saint_Petersburg_Kunstkamera_from_Neva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4971" data-file-height="2992" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/Kunstkamera" title="Kunstkamera">Kunstkamera</a> across the Neva</figcaption></figure><p>In 1698, Peter sent a delegation to <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, under boyar <a href="/wiki/Boris_Sheremetev" title="Boris Sheremetev">Boris Sheremetev</a>, to observe the training and abilities of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights of Malta</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Navy_of_the_Order_of_Saint_John" title="Navy of the Order of Saint John">fleet</a>. Sheremetev investigated the possibility of future joint ventures with the Knights, including action against the Turks and the possibility of a future Russian naval base.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 September 1698, Peter officially founded the first <a href="/wiki/Russian_Navy" title="Russian Navy">Russian Navy</a> base, <a href="/wiki/Taganrog" title="Taganrog">Taganrog</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a>. </p><p>In 1699, Peter changed the date of the celebration of the new year from 1 September to 1 January. Traditionally, the years were reckoned from the purported <a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">creation of the World</a>, but after Peter's reforms, they were to be counted from the <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">birth of Christ</a>. Thus, in the year 7207 of the old Russian calendar, Peter proclaimed that the <a href="/wiki/Julian_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Calendar">Julian Calendar</a> was in effect and the year was 1700.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOudard1929197_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOudard1929197-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the death of Lefort in 1699, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Danilovich_Menshikov" title="Alexander Danilovich Menshikov">Menshikov</a> succeeded him as Peter's prime favourite and confidant. </p><p>In 1700, Peter I prevented the election of a new <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarch</a> and deprived the Russian Church of the opportunity to regain a single spiritual leader. Reducing the number of monasteries, he converted all monasteries with less than 30 monks into schools or churches.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He encouraged the development of private entrepreneurship, but under strict state control. He initiated the construction of canals by John Perry and implemented a monetary reform, using the decimal principle as the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Monetary_system" title="Monetary system">monetary system</a> (1698-–1704). </p><p> Peter attracted many foreign specialists and opened an educational institution for <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bidloo" title="Nicolaas Bidloo">Nicolaas Bidloo</a>. In 1701, the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_School_of_Mathematics_and_Navigation" title="Moscow School of Mathematics and Navigation">Moscow School of Mathematics and Navigation</a> was founded, led by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bruce" title="Jacob Bruce">Jacob Bruce</a>; for fifteen years, naval officers, surveyors, engineers, and gunners were educated there.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA._%D0%A0%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9,_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82,_%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80_-_1695-1700%D0%B3_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD.e1t.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA._%D0%A0%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%2C_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%2C_%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80_-_1695-1700%D0%B3_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD.e1t.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA._%D0%A0%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%2C_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%2C_%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80_-_1695-1700%D0%B3_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD.e1t.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA._%D0%A0%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%2C_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%2C_%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80_-_1695-1700%D0%B3_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD.e1t.jpg/330px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA._%D0%A0%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%2C_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%2C_%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80_-_1695-1700%D0%B3_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD.e1t.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA._%D0%A0%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%2C_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%2C_%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80_-_1695-1700%D0%B3_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD.e1t.jpg/440px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA._%D0%A0%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%2C_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%2C_%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80_-_1695-1700%D0%B3_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD.e1t.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1157" data-file-height="1476" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Preobrazhensky_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Preobrazhensky Regiment">Preobrazhensky Regiment</a> with the Sukarev tower.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1700, Jan Thesingh (-1701) received a monopoly on printing and importing books, maps and prints into Russia for fifteen years.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1701 he appointed <a href="/wiki/Fedor_Polikarpov-Orlov" title="Fedor Polikarpov-Orlov">Fedor Polikarpov-Orlov</a> as head of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Print_Yard" title="Moscow Print Yard">Moscow Print Yard</a>. In 1707, Tsar Peter I bought a fully equipped <a href="/wiki/Printing_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Printing house">printing house</a> in <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a>, including staff.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter replaced the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_numerals" title="Cyrillic numerals">Cyrillic numerals</a> with <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a> (1705–1710) and the Cyrillic <a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">font</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_Russian_orthography#18th-century_changes" title="Reforms of Russian orthography">civil script</a> (1708–1710).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1708, <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a> became an advisor and offered to write new laws for the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriessen-Van_het_Reve200660–61_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriessen-Van_het_Reve200660–61-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December Russia was divided into <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Russia_in_1708-1710" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Russia in 1708-1710">eight governorates</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Governorate_(Russia)" title="Governorate (Russia)">guberniya</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matwei_Petrowitsch_Gagarin" class="extiw" title="de:Matwei Petrowitsch Gagarin">Matwei Petrowitsch Gagarin</a> was the first governor of Siberia.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter was visited by <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Bruijn" title="Cornelis de Bruijn">Cornelis de Bruijn</a>, who spent six years in Russia and made drawings of the Kremlin.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1711, Peter visited elector <a href="/wiki/August_II_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="August II of Poland">August II of Poland</a> in Dresden, <a href="/wiki/Karlovy_Vary" title="Karlovy Vary">Carlsbad</a> and Torgau where his son Aleksei married. In 1713 he visited Hamburg, sieged <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belagerung_von_T%C3%B6nning_(1713)" class="extiw" title="de:Belagerung von Tönning (1713)">Tönningen</a> with his allies. He then traveled to Hanover and was a guest of Duke <a href="/wiki/Anton_Ulrich_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" class="mw-redirect" title="Anton Ulrich of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Anton Ulrich of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salzdahlum" class="mw-redirect" title="Salzdahlum">Salzdahlum</a>. From Danzig he sailed to Riga, <a href="/wiki/Helsingfors" class="mw-redirect" title="Helsingfors">Helsingfors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>. </p><p>In 1711, Peter established by decree a new state body known as the <a href="/wiki/Governing_Senate" title="Governing Senate">Governing Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Normally, the <a href="/wiki/Boyar_duma" class="mw-redirect" title="Boyar duma">Boyar duma</a> would have exercised power during his absence. Peter, however, mistrusted the boyars; he instead abolished the Duma and created a Senate of ten members. The Senate was founded as the highest state institution to supervise all judicial, financial and administrative affairs. Originally established only for the time of the monarch's absence, the Senate became a permanent body after his return. A special high official, the <a href="/wiki/Ober-Procurator" class="mw-redirect" title="Ober-Procurator">Ober-Procurator</a>, served as the link between the ruler and the senate and acted, in Peter own words, as "the sovereign's eye". Without his signature no Senate decision could go into effect; the Senate became one of the most important institutions of Imperial Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmerColton1992242–243_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmerColton1992242–243-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1701, 1705 and 1712, Peter I issued decrees establishing an Engineering School in <a href="/wiki/Sukharev_Tower" title="Sukharev Tower">Sukharev Tower</a>, which was supposed to recruit up to 100 students, but had only 23.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, he issued another decree in 1714 calling for <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">compulsory education</a>, which dictated that all Russian 10- to 15-year-old children of the nobility, government clerks, and lesser-ranked officials must learn basic arithmetic, <a href="/wiki/Trigonometry" title="Trigonometry">trigonometry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>, and should be tested on the subjects at the end of their studies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDmytryshyn197410–11_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDmytryshyn197410–11-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Erskine_(physician)" title="Robert Erskine (physician)">Areskine</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Iatrochemist" class="mw-redirect" title="Iatrochemist">iatrochemist</a>, became head of the court apothecary; <a href="/wiki/Johann_Daniel_Schumacher" title="Johann Daniel Schumacher">Johann Daniel Schumacher</a> was appointed secretary and librarian of the <a href="/wiki/Kunstkamera" title="Kunstkamera">Kunstkamera</a>. The country's first scientific library was opened in his palace in the Summer Garden. Peter ordered the development of <a href="/wiki/Aptekarsky_Island" title="Aptekarsky Island">Aptekarsky Island</a>, headquarters for the Medical Clerical Office and the Main Pharmacy.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gottlieb Schober was commissioned to examine <a href="/wiki/Hot_springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot springs">hot springs</a> and discovered rich deposits of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>; Peter immediately set up a factory for the development in the <a href="/wiki/Samara_Oblast" title="Samara Oblast">Samara Oblast</a>. In 1721 the shipyard <a href="/wiki/Petrozavod" title="Petrozavod">Petrozavod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petrodvorets_Watch_Factory" title="Petrodvorets Watch Factory">Petrodvorets Watch Factory</a> was established. Some 3,500 new words—German, French, Dutch, English, Italian, Swedish in origin—entered Russian in Peter's period, roughly one-fourth of them shipping and naval terms.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of his reforms, Peter started an industrialization effort that was slow but eventually successful. Russian manufacturing and main exports were based on the mining and lumber industries. In 1719, the privileges of miners were enshrined in law with the Berg Privilege, which allowed representatives of all classes to search for <a href="/wiki/Ores" class="mw-redirect" title="Ores">ores</a> and build metallurgical plants. At the same time, manufacturers and artisans were exempted from state taxes and <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Conscription in the Russian Empire">recruiting</a>, and their houses were exempt from the post of troops. The law also guaranteed the inheritance of the ownership of factories, proclaimed industrial activity a matter of state importance and protected manufacturers from interference in their affairs by local authorities. The same law established the <a href="/wiki/Collegium_of_Mining" title="Collegium of Mining">Collegium of Mining</a>, and managed <a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Urals#The_18th_century" title="History of metallurgy in the Urals">the entire mining and metallurgical industry</a>, and local administrations. The <a href="/wiki/Demidov" title="Demidov">Demidovs</a> became the first Russian exporters of iron to <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. In 1721, a decree was issued that allowed factory owners, regardless of whether they had a noble rank, to buy <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Northern_War">Great Northern War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZauerveydNA_Petr1UsmirDA19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/ZauerveydNA_Petr1UsmirDA19.jpg/220px-ZauerveydNA_Petr1UsmirDA19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/ZauerveydNA_Petr1UsmirDA19.jpg/330px-ZauerveydNA_Petr1UsmirDA19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/ZauerveydNA_Petr1UsmirDA19.jpg/440px-ZauerveydNA_Petr1UsmirDA19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1841" data-file-height="1450" /></a><figcaption><i>Peter I of Russia pacifies his marauding troops after <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Narva_(1704)" title="Siege of Narva (1704)">retaking Narva</a> in 1704</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Sauerweid" title="Nikolay Sauerweid">Nikolay Sauerweid</a>, 1859</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_IMG_1148_(603618024).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Museum_IMG_1148_%28603618024%29.jpg/220px-Museum_IMG_1148_%28603618024%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Museum_IMG_1148_%28603618024%29.jpg/330px-Museum_IMG_1148_%28603618024%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Museum_IMG_1148_%28603618024%29.jpg/440px-Museum_IMG_1148_%28603618024%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption>Interior of Peter's log cabin</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_benois.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Peter_benois.jpg/220px-Peter_benois.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Peter_benois.jpg/330px-Peter_benois.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Peter_benois.jpg/440px-Peter_benois.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption><i>Peter the Great Meditating the Idea of Building St Petersburg at the Shore of the Baltic Sea</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Benois" title="Alexandre Benois">Alexandre Benois</a>, 1916</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lomonosov_Poltava_1762_1764.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Lomonosov_Poltava_1762_1764.jpg/220px-Lomonosov_Poltava_1762_1764.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Lomonosov_Poltava_1762_1764.jpg/330px-Lomonosov_Poltava_1762_1764.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Lomonosov_Poltava_1762_1764.jpg/440px-Lomonosov_Poltava_1762_1764.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2980" data-file-height="2063" /></a><figcaption><i>Peter I in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava" title="Battle of Poltava">Battle of Poltava</a></i>, a mosaic by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Mikhail Lomonosov</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1st_Winter_Palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/1st_Winter_Palace.jpg/220px-1st_Winter_Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/1st_Winter_Palace.jpg/330px-1st_Winter_Palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/1st_Winter_Palace.jpg/440px-1st_Winter_Palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>First Winter Palace by <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Zubov" title="Alexey Zubov">Alexey Zubov</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Peter made a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1700)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1700)">temporary peace</a> with the Ottoman Empire that allowed him to keep the captured fort of Azov, and turned his attention to Russian maritime supremacy. He sought to acquire control of the Baltic Sea, which had been taken by the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a> a half-century earlier. Peter declared war on Sweden, which was at the time led by the young King <a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">Charles XII</a>. Sweden was also opposed by <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxony</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Preobrazhensky_regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Preobrazhensky regiment">Preobrazhensky regiment</a> took part in all major battles of the Great Northern War. </p><p>Russia was ill-prepared to fight the Swedes, and their first attempt at seizing the Baltic coast ended in disaster at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1700)" title="Battle of Narva (1700)">Battle of Narva</a> in 1700. In the conflict, the forces of Charles XII, rather than employ a slow methodical siege, attacked immediately using a blinding snowstorm to their advantage. After the battle, Charles XII decided to concentrate his forces against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which gave Peter time to reorganize the Russian army and conquered <a href="/wiki/Nyenschantz" title="Nyenschantz">Nyenschantz</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ingria" title="Ingria">Ingrian campaign</a>. Bidloo had to organize a military hospital. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bruce_(1668%E2%80%931720)" title="Robert Bruce (1668–1720)">Robert Bruce</a> was appointed <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of St. Petersburg. After the defeat at Narva, Peter I gave the order to melt the <a href="/wiki/Church_bell" title="Church bell">church bells</a> into cannons and mortars. In 1701, Peter ordered the construction of Novodvinsk Fortress north of Archangelsk. Everybody was convinced they knew: his Majesty will wage war.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_N%C3%B6teborg_(1702)" title="Siege of Nöteborg (1702)">siege of Nöteborg</a> Russian forces captured the Swedish fortress, renamed <a href="/wiki/Shlisselburg_Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Shlisselburg Fortress">Shlisselburg</a>. In 1702 Peter the Great established the Olonets Shipyard at <a href="/wiki/Lodeynoye_Pole" title="Lodeynoye Pole">Lodeynoye Pole</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Russian_frigate_Shtandart" title="Russian frigate Shtandart">Russian frigate Shtandart</a> was built. </p><p>While the Poles fought the Swedes, Peter founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> on <a href="/wiki/29_June" class="mw-redirect" title="29 June">29 June</a> 1703 on <a href="/wiki/Hare_Island_(Saint_Petersburg)" title="Hare Island (Saint Petersburg)">Hare Island</a>. He forbade the building of stone edifices outside Saint Petersburg, which he intended to become Russia's capital, so that all stonemasons could participate in the construction of the new city. While the city was being built along the <a href="/wiki/Neva" title="Neva">Neva</a> he lived in a modest three-room log cabin (with a study but without a fire-place) which had to make room for the first version of the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a>. The first buildings which appeared were a shipyard at the <a href="/wiki/Admiralty,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Admiralty, Saint Petersburg">Admiralty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a> (1704-1706) and the <a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Paul_Fortress" title="Peter and Paul Fortress">Peter and Paul Fortress</a> (1706). Peter took his whole family on a boat trip to Kronstadt.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following several defeats, Polish King <a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Augustus II the Strong</a> abdicated in 1706. Swedish king Charles XII turned his attention to Russia, invading it in 1708. After crossing into Russia, Charles defeated Peter at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Holowczyn" title="Battle of Holowczyn">Golovchin</a> in July. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lesnaya" title="Battle of Lesnaya">Battle of Lesnaya</a>, Charles suffered his first loss after Peter crushed a group of Swedish reinforcements marching from <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>. Deprived of this aid, Charles was forced to abandon his proposed march on Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMassie1980453_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassie1980453-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles XII refused to retreat to Poland or back to Sweden and instead invaded <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. Peter withdrew his army southward, employing <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a>, destroying along the way anything that could assist the Swedes. Deprived of local supplies, the Swedish army was forced to halt its advance in the winter of 1708–1709. In the summer of 1709, they resumed their efforts to capture <a href="/wiki/Left-bank_Ukraine" title="Left-bank Ukraine">Russian-ruled Ukraine</a>, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava" title="Battle of Poltava">Battle of Poltava</a> on 27 June. The battle was a decisive defeat for the Swedish forces, ending Charles' campaign in Ukraine and forcing him south to seek refuge in the Ottoman Empire. Russia had defeated what was considered to be one of the world's best militaries, and the victory overturned the view that Russia was militarily incompetent. In Poland, Augustus II was restored as King. </p><p>Peter, overestimating the support he would receive from his Balkan allies, attacked the Ottoman Empire, initiating the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1710%E2%80%931711)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)">Russo-Turkish War of 1710</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky2000224_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky2000224-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter's campaign in the Ottoman Empire was disastrous, and in the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pruth" title="Treaty of the Pruth">Treaty of the Pruth</a>, Peter was forced to return the Black Sea ports he had seized in 1697.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky2000224_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky2000224-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In return, the Sultan expelled Charles XII. The Ottomans called him <i>Mad Peter</i> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">deli Petro</i>), for his willingness to sacrifice large numbers of his troops in wartime.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peter's northern armies took the Swedish province of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia_(1629%E2%80%931721)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Livonia (1629–1721)">Livonia</a> (the northern half of modern <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, and the southern half of modern <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>), driving the Swedes out of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Finland">Finland</a>. In 1714, the Russian fleet won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gangut" title="Battle of Gangut">Battle of Gangut</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wrath" title="Great Wrath">Great Wrath</a> most of Finland was occupied by Russian forces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Embassy">Second Embassy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Hersent_-_Peter_I_of_Russia_and_Louis_XV_of_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Louis_Hersent_-_Peter_I_of_Russia_and_Louis_XV_of_France.jpg/220px-Louis_Hersent_-_Peter_I_of_Russia_and_Louis_XV_of_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Louis_Hersent_-_Peter_I_of_Russia_and_Louis_XV_of_France.jpg/330px-Louis_Hersent_-_Peter_I_of_Russia_and_Louis_XV_of_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Louis_Hersent_-_Peter_I_of_Russia_and_Louis_XV_of_France.jpg/440px-Louis_Hersent_-_Peter_I_of_Russia_and_Louis_XV_of_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2544" data-file-height="2172" /></a><figcaption>Tsar Peter the Great picks up the young King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a> (1717), painted around 1838</figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1716, Tsar Peter traveled in the Baltic region to discuss peace negotiations and how to protect the sea trade route from the Swedes. He visited Riga, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Danzig</a>. There <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Ivanovna_of_Russia" title="Catherine Ivanovna of Russia">his niece</a> married the quarrelsome <a href="/wiki/Karl_Leopold,_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Karl Leopold, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a> with which Peter wanted an alliance. He obtained the assistance of the <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William I of Prussia">Frederick William I of Prussia</a> who sieged the strong Swedish <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festung_Wismar" class="extiw" title="de:Festung Wismar">fortress Wismar</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Altona-Altstadt" title="Altona-Altstadt">Altona</a> he met with Danish diplomats, supporting Prussia. He sailed to Copenhagen heading an allied fleet. In <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a> he visited the monastery, where Luther lived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStählin1785119_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStählin1785119-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May he went on to <a href="/wiki/Bad_Pyrmont" title="Bad Pyrmont">Bad Pyrmont</a>, and, because of his physical problems he stayed at this spa. There he met with the genius <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Blumentrost" title="Laurentius Blumentrost">Blumentrost</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Erskine_(physician)" title="Robert Erskine (physician)">Areskine</a> accompanied him. </p><p>In early December Peter arrived in Amsterdam and visited <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Witsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolaas Witsen">Nicolaas Witsen</a>. He bought the <a href="/wiki/Anatomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomic">anatomic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">herbarium</a> collection of <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Ruysch" title="Frederik Ruysch">Frederik Ruysch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levinus_Vincent" title="Levinus Vincent">Levinus Vincent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Seba" title="Albertus Seba">Albertus Seba</a>. He obtained many paintings among other from <a href="/wiki/Maria_Sibylla_Merian" title="Maria Sibylla Merian">Maria Sibylla Merian</a> for his <a href="/wiki/Kunstkamera" title="Kunstkamera">Kunstkamera</a> and Rembrandt's "David and Jonathan" for <a href="/wiki/Peterhof_Palace" title="Peterhof Palace">Peterhof Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollis2015367_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollis2015367-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He paid a visit to a friend's mansion near <a href="/wiki/Nigtevecht" title="Nigtevecht">Nigtevecht</a>, a silk manufacture and a paper-mill.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At five in the morning he was received by <a href="/wiki/Herman_Boerhaave" title="Herman Boerhaave">Herman Boerhaave</a> who showed Peter the <a href="/wiki/Hortus_Botanicus_Leiden" title="Hortus Botanicus Leiden">Botanical Garden</a>. In April 1717 he continued his travel to <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a>, Dunkirk and Calais. In Paris he obtained many books, requested to become a member of the <a href="/wiki/Academie_de_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Academie de Sciences">Academie de Sciences</a> and visited the parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_(building)" title="Sorbonne (building)">Sorbonne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madame_Maintenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame Maintenon">Madame Maintenon</a>. Via the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Saint-Cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Saint-Cloud">Palace of Saint-Cloud</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trianon" title="Grand Trianon">Grand Trianon</a> at Versailles, <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spa,_Belgium" title="Spa, Belgium">Spa</a> he travelled on to <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a>, at that time one of the most important fortresses in Europe. He went back Amsterdam to attend a <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertrag_von_Amsterdam_(1717)" class="extiw" title="de:Vertrag von Amsterdam (1717)">Treaty</a> with France and Prussia on 15 August.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He achieved a diplomatic success, and his international prestige, consolidated. Again he visited the <a href="/wiki/Hortus_Botanicus_(Amsterdam)" title="Hortus Botanicus (Amsterdam)">Hortus Botanicus</a> and left the city early September 1717, heading for Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriessen-Van_het_Reve2006_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriessen-Van_het_Reve2006-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October he was back in St Petersburg.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1719 <a href="/wiki/New_Holland_Island" title="New Holland Island">New Holland Island</a> was created. </p><p>The tsar's navy was powerful enough that the Russians could penetrate Sweden. Still, Charles XII refused to yield, and not until his death in battle in 1718 did peace become feasible. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grengam" title="Battle of Grengam">battle of Grengam</a>, Sweden made peace with all powers but Russia by 1720. In 1721, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nystad" title="Treaty of Nystad">Treaty of Nystad</a> ended the Great Northern War. Russia acquired <a href="/wiki/Ingria" title="Ingria">Ingria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reval_Governorate" title="Reval Governorate">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riga_Governorate" title="Riga Governorate">Livonia</a>, and a substantial portion of <a href="/wiki/Old_Finland" title="Old Finland">Karelia</a>. In turn, Russia paid two million <a href="/wiki/Riksdaler" class="mw-redirect" title="Riksdaler">Riksdaler</a> and surrendered most of Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECracraft200337_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECracraft200337-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years">Later years</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0,_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B004.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B004.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B004.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>His small wooden palace in <a href="/wiki/Strelna" title="Strelna">Strelna</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Alexandre_Le_Blond" title="Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Le Blond">Le Blond</a> around 1714, had a <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1717, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bekovich-Cherkassky" title="Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky">Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky</a> led the first Russian military expedition into Central Asia against the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a>. The expedition ended in complete disaster when the entire expeditionary force was slaughtered. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J.-M._Nattier_(d%27apr%C3%A8s)_-_Portrait_de_Pierre_Ier_(mus%C3%A9e_de_l%E2%80%99Ermitage).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/J.-M._Nattier_%28d%27apr%C3%A8s%29_-_Portrait_de_Pierre_Ier_%28mus%C3%A9e_de_l%E2%80%99Ermitage%29.jpg/234px-J.-M._Nattier_%28d%27apr%C3%A8s%29_-_Portrait_de_Pierre_Ier_%28mus%C3%A9e_de_l%E2%80%99Ermitage%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="234" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/J.-M._Nattier_%28d%27apr%C3%A8s%29_-_Portrait_de_Pierre_Ier_%28mus%C3%A9e_de_l%E2%80%99Ermitage%29.jpg/352px-J.-M._Nattier_%28d%27apr%C3%A8s%29_-_Portrait_de_Pierre_Ier_%28mus%C3%A9e_de_l%E2%80%99Ermitage%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/J.-M._Nattier_%28d%27apr%C3%A8s%29_-_Portrait_de_Pierre_Ier_%28mus%C3%A9e_de_l%E2%80%99Ermitage%29.jpg/469px-J.-M._Nattier_%28d%27apr%C3%A8s%29_-_Portrait_de_Pierre_Ier_%28mus%C3%A9e_de_l%E2%80%99Ermitage%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1537" data-file-height="1999" /></a><figcaption>Peter in 1717 by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marc_Nattier" title="Jean-Marc Nattier">Jean-Marc Nattier</a></figcaption></figure><p>To the end of 1717, the preparatory phase of administrative reform in Russia was completed. After 1718, Peter established <a href="/wiki/Collegium_(ministry)" title="Collegium (ministry)">collegiums</a> in place of the old central agencies of government, including foreign affairs, war, navy, expense, income, justice, and inspection. Later others were added, to regulate mining and industry. Each college consisted of a president, a vice-president, a number of councilors and assessors, and a procurator. Some foreigners were included in various colleges but not as president. <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Yaguzhinsky" title="Pavel Yaguzhinsky">Pavel Yaguzhinsky</a> was entrusted with the observation of the "soonest possible establishment of colleges by their presidents". Peter did not have enough loyal, talented or educated persons to put in full charge of the various departments. Peter preferred to rely on groups of individuals who would keep check on one another.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmerColton1992245_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmerColton1992245-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decisions depended on the majority vote. In 1718, Peter investigated why the formerly Swedish province of <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a> was so orderly. He discovered that the Swedes spent as much administering Livonia (300 times smaller than his empire) as he spent on the entire Russian bureaucracy. He was forced to dismantle the province's government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1974281_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1974281-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1721 he had Gagarin, the governor of Siberia, executed.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hlebovskiy_AssamPriPetrGRM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hlebovskiy_AssamPriPetrGRM.jpg/220px-Hlebovskiy_AssamPriPetrGRM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hlebovskiy_AssamPriPetrGRM.jpg/330px-Hlebovskiy_AssamPriPetrGRM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hlebovskiy_AssamPriPetrGRM.jpg/440px-Hlebovskiy_AssamPriPetrGRM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Петровские ассамблеи">Peter the Great's Assembly in 1718</a> by <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Chlebowski" title="Stanisław Chlebowski">Stanisław Chlebowski</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Imperor_whole_Russia.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Peter_Imperor_whole_Russia.jpeg/220px-Peter_Imperor_whole_Russia.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Peter_Imperor_whole_Russia.jpeg/330px-Peter_Imperor_whole_Russia.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Peter_Imperor_whole_Russia.jpeg/440px-Peter_Imperor_whole_Russia.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>Peter I being titulated as the emperor of Russia (1721) by <a href="/wiki/Boris_Chorikov" title="Boris Chorikov">Boris Chorikov</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Peter's last years were marked by further reform in Russia. On 2 November 1721 (<a href="/wiki/New_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="New Style">N.S.</a>), soon after peace was made with Sweden, he was officially proclaimed <i><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_All_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of All Russia">Emperor of All Russia</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Russian_monarch" title="Coronation of the Russian monarch">coronation of the Russian monarch</a> took place in <a href="/wiki/Dormition_Cathedral,_Moscow" title="Dormition Cathedral, Moscow">Uspensky Cathedral, Moscow</a>. Some proposed that he take the title <i>Emperor of the East</i>, but he refused.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gavrila_Golovkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gavrila Golovkin">Gavrila Golovkin</a>, the State Chancellor, was the first to add "the Great, Father of His Country, Emperor of <a href="/wiki/All_the_Russias" class="mw-redirect" title="All the Russias">All the Russias</a>" to Peter's traditional title of tsar following a speech by <a href="/wiki/Theophan_Prokopovich" title="Theophan Prokopovich">Theophan Prokopovich</a> in 1721. Peter's imperial title was recognized by <a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus II of Poland">Augustus II of Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William I of Prussia">Frederick William I of Prussia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Sweden" title="Frederick I of Sweden">Frederick I of Sweden</a>, but not by the other European monarchs. In the minds of many, the word <i>emperor</i> connoted superiority or pre-eminence over kings. Several rulers feared that Peter would claim authority over them, just as the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> had claimed <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> over all Christian nations. </p> <blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/By_the_grace_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="By the grace of God">By the grace of God</a>, the most excellent and great sovereign emperor Pyotr Alekseevich the ruler of all the Russias: of <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a>, Tsar of <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>, Tsar of <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a> and Tsar of <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, sovereign of <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a>, great prince of <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Yugorsk" title="Yugorsk">Yugorsk</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Perm_Governorate" title="Perm Governorate">Perm</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Vyatka_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyatka River">Vyatka</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" title="Volga Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and others, sovereign and great prince of the <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Novgorod</a> Lower lands, of <a href="/wiki/Chernihiv" title="Chernihiv">Chernigov</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Rostov,_Yaroslavl_Oblast" title="Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast">Rostov</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Belozersk" title="Belozersk">Belozersk</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Udorsky_District" title="Udorsky District">Udora</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Kondia" title="Kondia">Kondia</a> and the sovereign of all the northern lands, and the sovereign of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia" title="Kingdom of Iberia">Iverian lands</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli_(1484%E2%80%931762)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Kartli (1484–1762)">Kartlian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Georgian Kings</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Kabardia" title="Kabardia">Kabardin lands</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Mountain</a> princes and many other states and lands western and eastern here and there and the successor and sovereign and ruler.</p></blockquote> <p>In 1722, Peter issued a Decree on the succession to the throne, in which he abolished the ancient custom of transferring the throne to direct descendants in the male line (as he had no son). The decree was so unusual for Russian society that it was necessary to explain it. Peter created a new <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence" title="Order of precedence">order of precedence</a> for landowners known as the <a href="/wiki/Table_of_Ranks" title="Table of Ranks">Table of Ranks</a>. Formerly, precedence had been determined by birth. To deprive the <a href="/wiki/Boyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Boyars">Boyars</a> of their high positions, Peter directed that precedence should be determined by merit and service to the Emperor. The Table of Ranks continued to remain in effect until the Russian monarchy was <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">overthrown in 1917</a>. </p><p>In 1722, <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(traveller)" title="John Bell (traveller)">John Bell</a> accompanied Peter the Great on a military expedition to the city of <a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Derbent</a> near the Caspian Sea. The once powerful Persian <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Empire">Safavid Empire</a> to the south was in deep decline. Taking advantage of the profitable situation, Peter launched the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722-1723)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Persian War (1722-1723)">Russo-Persian War of 1722–1723</a>, otherwise known as "The Persian Expedition of Peter the Great", which drastically increased Russian influence for the first time in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> region, and prevented the Ottoman Empire from making territorial gains in the region. After considerable success and the capture of many provinces and cities in the Caucasus and northern mainland Persia, the Safavids were forced to hand over territory to Russia, comprising <a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Derbent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shirvan" title="Shirvan">Shirvan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilan Province">Gilan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazandaran_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandaran Province">Mazandaran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Astrabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrabad">Astrabad</a>. Within twelve years all the territories were ceded back to Persia, now led by the charismatic military genius <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a>, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Resht" title="Treaty of Resht">Treaty of Resht</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ganja" title="Treaty of Ganja">Treaty of Ganja</a>, and as the result of a Russo-Persian alliance against the Ottoman Empire, which was the common enemy of both.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee201331_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201331-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peter changed the system of <a href="/wiki/Direct_taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct taxation">direct taxation</a>. He abolished the land tax and household tax and replaced them with a <a href="/wiki/Tax_per_head" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax per head">poll tax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The taxes on land and on households were payable only by individuals who owned property or maintained families. The new head taxes were payable by <a href="/wiki/Serf" class="mw-redirect" title="Serf">serfs</a> and paupers. Peter began construction of the <a href="/wiki/Monplaisir_Palace" title="Monplaisir Palace">Monplaisir Palace</a> based on his own sketches. He ordered to purchase 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Lime_trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Lime trees">lime trees</a> which were shipped to St Petersburg.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1725, the construction of <a href="/wiki/Peterhof_Palace" title="Peterhof Palace">Peterhof</a>, a palace near Saint Petersburg, was completed. Peterhof was a grand residence, becoming known as the "Russian <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Versailles</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illness_and_death">Illness and death</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deathbed_portrait_of_Peter_I_by_I.Nikitin_(1725,_Russian_museum).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Deathbed_portrait_of_Peter_I_by_I.Nikitin_%281725%2C_Russian_museum%29.jpg/220px-Deathbed_portrait_of_Peter_I_by_I.Nikitin_%281725%2C_Russian_museum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Deathbed_portrait_of_Peter_I_by_I.Nikitin_%281725%2C_Russian_museum%29.jpg/330px-Deathbed_portrait_of_Peter_I_by_I.Nikitin_%281725%2C_Russian_museum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Deathbed_portrait_of_Peter_I_by_I.Nikitin_%281725%2C_Russian_museum%29.jpg/440px-Deathbed_portrait_of_Peter_I_by_I.Nikitin_%281725%2C_Russian_museum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1679" /></a><figcaption>Peter the Great on his <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deathbed" class="extiw" title="wikt:deathbed">deathbed</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Nikitin_(painter)" title="Ivan Nikitin (painter)">Nikitin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the winter of 1723, Peter, whose overall health was never robust, began having problems with his <a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary tract">urinary tract</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">bladder</a>. In the summer of 1724, a team of doctors performed surgery releasing upwards of four pounds of blocked urine. Peter remained bedridden until late autumn. In the first week of October, restless and certain he was cured, Peter began a lengthy inspection tour of various projects. Rastrelli finished his <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Peter_I_(St._Michael%27s_Castle)" title="Monument to Peter I (St. Michael's Castle)">monument to Peter I (St. Michael's Castle)</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a>, in November, at <a href="/wiki/Lakhta,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Lakhta, Saint Petersburg">Lakhta</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a> to inspect some ironworks, Peter saw a group of soldiers drowning near shore and, wading out into near-waist deep water, came to their rescue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1905_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain1905-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This icy water rescue is said to have exacerbated Peter's bladder problems and caused his death. The story, however, has been viewed with skepticism by some historians, pointing out that the German chronicler <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_von_Staehlin" class="extiw" title="de:Jacob von Staehlin">de:Jacob von Staehlin</a> is the only source for the story.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early January 1725, Peter was struck once again with <a href="/wiki/Uremia" title="Uremia">uremia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Azotemia" title="Azotemia">azotemia</a>. Legend has it that before lapsing into unconsciousness Peter asked for a paper and pen and scrawled an unfinished note that read: <i>"Leave all to ..."</i> and then, exhausted by the effort, asked for his daughter Anna to be summoned.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peter died between four and five in the morning 8 February. An <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">autopsy</a> revealed his bladder to be infected with <a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">gangrene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2007179–82_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2007179–82-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was fifty-two years, seven months old when he died, having reigned forty-two years. He is interred in <a href="/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral</a>. </p><p>After his death, students came to the Military College with a request to "leave science" under the pretext of "unconsciousness and incomprehensibility."<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_Horseman_and_St%27Isaac%27s_cathedral_1890-1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bronze_Horseman_and_St%27Isaac%27s_cathedral_1890-1900.jpg/220px-Bronze_Horseman_and_St%27Isaac%27s_cathedral_1890-1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bronze_Horseman_and_St%27Isaac%27s_cathedral_1890-1900.jpg/330px-Bronze_Horseman_and_St%27Isaac%27s_cathedral_1890-1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bronze_Horseman_and_St%27Isaac%27s_cathedral_1890-1900.jpg/440px-Bronze_Horseman_and_St%27Isaac%27s_cathedral_1890-1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3204" data-file-height="2218" /></a><figcaption>The 1782 statue of Peter I in Saint Petersburg, informally known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Horseman" title="Bronze Horseman">Bronze Horseman</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Isaac%27s_Cathedral" title="Saint Isaac's Cathedral">Saint Isaac's Cathedral</a> is in the background.</figcaption></figure> <p>Peter had a great interest in <a href="/wiki/Dissenters" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissenters">dissenters</a> and visited gatherings of Quakers and Mennonites. He did not believe in <a href="/wiki/Miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Miracles">miracles</a> and founded <a href="/wiki/The_All-Joking,_All-Drunken_Synod_of_Fools_and_Jesters" title="The All-Joking, All-Drunken Synod of Fools and Jesters">The All-Joking, All-Drunken Synod of Fools and Jesters</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an organization that mocked the Orthodox and Catholic Church when he was eighteen. In January 1695, Peter refused to partake in a traditional Russian Orthodox ceremony of the <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany Ceremony</a>, and would often schedule events for The All-Joking, All-Drunken Synod of Fools and Jesters to directly conflict with the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He often used the nickname <i>Pakhom Mikhailov</i> (Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Пахом Михайлов</span></span>) among the ministers of religion who made up his relatively close circle of long-term drinking companions. </p><p>Peter was brought up in the Russian Orthodox faith, but he had low regard for the Church hierarchy, which he kept under tight governmental control. The traditional leader of the Church was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Metropolitans_and_Patriarchs_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow">Patriarch of Moscow</a>. In 1700, when the office fell vacant, Peter refused to name a replacement, allowing the patriarch's coadjutor (or deputy) to discharge the duties of the office. Peter could not tolerate the patriarch exercising power superior to the tsar, as indeed had happened in the case of <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Philaret_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Philaret of Moscow">Philaret</a> (1619–1633) and <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Nikon_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Nikon of Moscow">Nikon</a> (1652–66). The <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Lavra" title="Alexander Nevsky Lavra">Alexander Nevsky Lavra</a> was constructed between 1710–1712; <a href="/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral</a> between 1712–1733. In 1716 he invited <a href="/wiki/Theophan_Prokopovich" title="Theophan Prokopovich">Theophan Prokopovich</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pietist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pietist">pietist</a> and astronomer, to come to the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollis2015352_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollis2015352-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Ecclesiastical Regulations</i> of 1721 are based on the ideas of <a href="/wiki/August_Hermann_Francke" title="August Hermann Francke">August Hermann Francke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollis2015340_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollis2015340-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Church_reform_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Church reform of Peter the Great">Church reform of Peter the Great</a> therefore abolished the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">patriarchate</a>, replacing it with a <a href="/wiki/Holy_Synod" title="Holy Synod">Holy Synod</a> that was under the control of a <a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Russia)" title="Procurator (Russia)">Procurator</a>. </p><p>In 1721, Peter followed the advice of Prokopovich in designing the Holy Synod as a council of ten clergymen. For leadership in the Church, Peter turned increasingly to Ukrainians, who were more open to reform, but were not well loved by the Russian clergy. Peter implemented a law that stipulated that no Russian man could join a monastery before the age of fifty. He felt that too many able Russian men were being wasted on clerical work when they could be joining his new and improved army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDmytryshyn197418_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDmytryshyn197418-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriages_and_family">Marriages and family</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_the_Great_Interrogating_the_Tsarevich_Alexei_Petrovich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Peter_the_Great_Interrogating_the_Tsarevich_Alexei_Petrovich.jpg/220px-Peter_the_Great_Interrogating_the_Tsarevich_Alexei_Petrovich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Peter_the_Great_Interrogating_the_Tsarevich_Alexei_Petrovich.jpg/330px-Peter_the_Great_Interrogating_the_Tsarevich_Alexei_Petrovich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Peter_the_Great_Interrogating_the_Tsarevich_Alexei_Petrovich.jpg/440px-Peter_the_Great_Interrogating_the_Tsarevich_Alexei_Petrovich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1588" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great_Interrogating_the_Tsarevich_Alexei_Petrovich_at_Peterhof" title="Peter the Great Interrogating the Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich at Peterhof">Peter the Great Interrogating the Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich at Peterhof</a></i>, a painting by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ge" title="Nikolai Ge">Nikolai Ge</a> (1871)</figcaption></figure> <p>Peter the Great had two wives, with whom he had fifteen children, three of whom survived to adulthood. Peter's mother selected his first wife, <a href="/wiki/Eudoxia_Lopukhina" title="Eudoxia Lopukhina">Eudoxia Lopukhina</a>, when he was only 16.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2004134_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2004134-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was consistent with previous Romanov tradition by choosing a daughter of a minor noble. This was done to prevent fighting between the stronger noble houses and to bring fresh blood into the family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2004133_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2004133-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his return from his European tour in 1698, Peter sought to end his unhappy marriage. He divorced the <a href="/wiki/Tsaritsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsaritsa">tsaritsa</a> and forced her to join a convent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2004134_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2004134-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She had borne him three children, although only one, <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Petrovich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia" title="Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia">Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia</a>, survived past his childhood. </p><p>Menshikov introduced him to <a href="/wiki/Marta_Helena_Skowro%C5%84ska" class="mw-redirect" title="Marta Helena Skowrońska">Marta Helena Skowrońska</a>, the daughter of a <a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian identity">Polish-Lithuanian</a> peasant, and took her as a mistress some time between 1702 and 1704.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2004131,_134_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2004131,_134-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marta converted to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> and was given the name Catherine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2004131_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2004131-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though no record exists, Catherine and Peter married secretly between 23 October and 1 December 1707 in St. Petersburg.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2004136_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2004136-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter valued Catherine and married officially, at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Isaac%27s_Cathedral" title="Saint Isaac's Cathedral">Saint Isaac's Cathedral</a> on 19 February 1712. </p><p>In 1718, his son <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Petrovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexei Petrovich">Alexei Petrovich</a> was locked up in the Peter and Paul fortress, whom he regarded as the rebellious <a href="/wiki/Absalom" title="Absalom">Absalom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollis2015368_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollis2015368-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was suspected of being involved in a plot to overthrow the Emperor. Alexei was tried and confessed under torture during questioning conducted by a secular court (<a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Andreyevich_Tolstoy" title="Pyotr Andreyevich Tolstoy">count Tolstoy</a>). He was convicted and sentenced to be executed. The sentence of <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a> could only be carried out with Peter's signed authorization, and Alexei died in prison, as Peter hesitated before making the decision. Alexei's death most likely resulted from injuries suffered during his torture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMassie198076,_377,_707_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassie198076,_377,_707-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexei's mother Eudoxia was punished. She was dragged from her home, tried on false charges of adultery, publicly flogged, and confined in monasteries while being forbidden to be talked to. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (August 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Peter_the_Great#Dubious" title="Talk:Peter the Great">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1724, Peter had his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_I_of_Russia" title="Catherine I of Russia">Catherine</a>, crowned as Empress, although he remained Russia's actual ruler. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Issue">Issue</h3></div> <p>By his two wives, he had fifteen children: three by Eudoxia and twelve by Catherine. These included four sons named <i>Pavel</i> and three sons named <i>Peter</i>, all of whom died in infancy. Only three of his children survived to adulthood. He had only three grandchildren: Tsar <a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Russia" title="Peter II of Russia">Peter II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Natalya_Alexeyevna_of_Russia_(1714%E2%80%931728)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchess Natalya Alexeyevna of Russia (1714–1728)">Grand Duchess Natalia</a> by Alexei and Tsar <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter III</a> by Anna. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Birth</th> <th>Death</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><i><b>By Eudoxia Lopukhina</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Petrovich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia" title="Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia">Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia</a></td> <td>18 February 1690</td> <td>26 June 1718, age 28</td> <td>Married 1711, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Christine_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Charlotte Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Charlotte Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a>;<br />issue <a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Russia" title="Peter II of Russia">Peter II of Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alexander Petrovich</td> <td>13 October 1691</td> <td>14 May 1692, age 7 months</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pavel Petrovich</td> <td>1693</td> <td>1693</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><i><b>By Catherine I</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Peter Petrovich</td> <td>Winter 1704<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2004135_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2004135-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1707<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2004135_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2004135-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Born and died before the official marriage of his parents </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paul Petrovich</td> <td>October 1705<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2004135_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2004135-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1707<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2004135_102-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2004135-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Born and died before the official marriage of his parents </td></tr> <tr> <td>Catherine Petrovna</td> <td>7 February 1707<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2004135_102-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2004135-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>7 August 1708<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2004135_102-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2004135-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Born and died before the official marriage of her parents </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anna_Petrovna" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Petrovna">Anna Petrovna</a></td> <td>27 January 1708</td> <td>15 May 1728</td> <td>Married 1725, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick,_Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp">Karl Friedrich, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp</a>; <br />issue <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter III of Russia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yelisaveta Petrovna,<br />later <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia" title="Elizabeth of Russia">Empress Elizabeth</a></td> <td>29 December 1709</td> <td>5 January 1762</td> <td>Reputedly married 1742, <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Razumovsky" title="Alexei Razumovsky">Alexei Razumovsky</a>;<br /> no issue </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maria Natalia Petrovna</td> <td>20 March 1713</td> <td>17 May 1715</td> <td>born in Riga </td></tr> <tr> <td>Margarita Petrovna</td> <td>19 September 1714</td> <td>7 June 1715</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_Petrovich_(1715-1719)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Petrovich (1715-1719)">Peter Petrovich</a></td> <td>9 November 1715 (<a href="/wiki/New_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="New Style">N.S.</a>)</td> <td>6 May 1719</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pavel Petrovich</td> <td>13 January 1717</td> <td>14 January 1717</td> <td>in <a href="/wiki/Wesel" title="Wesel">Wesel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Natalia_Petrovna_of_Russia_(1718%E2%80%931725)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchess Natalia Petrovna of Russia (1718–1725)">Natalia Petrovna</a></td> <td>31 August 1718</td> <td>15 March 1725</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Peter Petrovich</td> <td>7 October 1723</td> <td>7 October 1723</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pavel Petrovich</td> <td>1724</td> <td>1724</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mistresses_and_illegitimate_children">Mistresses and illegitimate children</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_the_Great,_Tsar_of_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Peter_the_Great%2C_Tsar_of_Russia.jpg/220px-Peter_the_Great%2C_Tsar_of_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Peter_the_Great%2C_Tsar_of_Russia.jpg/330px-Peter_the_Great%2C_Tsar_of_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Peter_the_Great%2C_Tsar_of_Russia.jpg/440px-Peter_the_Great%2C_Tsar_of_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1667" data-file-height="2044" /></a><figcaption>Peter the Great with a black <a href="/wiki/Page_(servant)" title="Page (servant)">page</a>, by <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_von_Mardefeld" class="extiw" title="de:Gustav von Mardefeld">de:Gustav von Mardefeld</a>, a Prussian diplomat, who attended the peace congress on <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> between 1717–1719.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Mons" title="Anna Mons">Anna Mons</a>, from 1691 (or 1692) until 1704.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2004134_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2004134-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letitia_Cross" title="Letitia Cross">Letitia Cross</a> in 1698</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hamilton_(lady_in_waiting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Hamilton (lady in waiting)">Lady Mary Hamilton</a><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Miscarriage (1715)</li> <li>Unnamed child (1717–1718?)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Cantemir" title="Maria Cantemir">Princess Maria Dmitrievna Cantemirovna of Moldavia</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Cantemir" title="Dimitrie Cantemir">Dimitrie Cantemir</a> <ul><li>Unnamed son (1722–1723?)<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter-the-Great-by-Collot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Peter-the-Great-by-Collot.jpg/220px-Peter-the-Great-by-Collot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Peter-the-Great-by-Collot.jpg/330px-Peter-the-Great-by-Collot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Peter-the-Great-by-Collot.jpg/440px-Peter-the-Great-by-Collot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4739" /></a><figcaption>Head (original) of the model after which the monument by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Falconet" title="Peter Falconet">Falconet</a> was cast in gypsum by <a href="/wiki/Marie-Anne_Collot" title="Marie-Anne Collot">Marie-Anne Collot</a>. <a href="/wiki/Russian_Museum" title="Russian Museum">Russian Museum</a>, Saint-Petersburg.</figcaption></figure> <p>Peter's legacy has always been a major concern of Russian intellectuals. Peter is a more complex character than he is sometimes given credit for. Some believe Peter's reforms divided the country socially and weakened it spiritually. <a href="/wiki/Riasanovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Riasanovsky">Riasanovsky</a> points to a "paradoxical dichotomy" in the black and white images such as God/Antichrist, educator/ignoramus, architect of Russia's greatness/destroyer of national culture, father of his country/scourge of the common man.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky2000_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky2000-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a> he was the Antichrist, because of the calendar changes and <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax" title="Poll tax">poll tax</a>. Peter compared himself with <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">King David</a> or <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> with a divine mission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollis2015359,_364,_379_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollis2015359,_364,_379-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At his funeral Prokopovich compared him with <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voltaire's 1759 biography gave 18th-century Russians a man of the Enlightenment, while Alexander Pushkin's "<a href="/wiki/The_Bronze_Horseman_(poem)" title="The Bronze Horseman (poem)">The Bronze Horseman</a>" poem of 1833 gave a powerful romantic image of a creator-god.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slavophiles in mid-19th century deplored Peter's westernization of Russia. </p><p>Western writers and political analysts recounted "The Testimony" or secret will of Peter the Great. It supposedly revealed his grand evil plot for Russia to control the world via conquest of Constantinople, Afghanistan and India. It was a forgery made in Paris at Napoleon's command when he started the <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">invasion of Russia in 1812</a>. Nevertheless, it is still quoted in foreign policy circles.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Communists executed the last Romanovs, and their historians such as <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Pokrovsky" title="Mikhail Pokrovsky">Mikhail Pokrovsky</a> presented strongly negative views of the entire dynasty. Stalin however admired how Peter strengthened the state, and wartime, diplomacy, industry, higher education, and government administration. Stalin wrote in 1928, "when Peter the Great, who had to deal with more developed countries in the West, feverishly built works in factories for supplying the army and strengthening the country's defenses, this was an original attempt to leap out of the framework of backwardness."<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Soviet historiography emphasizes both the positive achievement and the negative factor of oppressing the common people.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the fall of Communism in 1991, scholars and the general public in Russia and the West gave fresh attention to Peter and his role in Russian history. His reign is now seen as the decisive formative event in the Russian imperial past. Many new ideas have merged, such as whether he strengthened the autocratic state or whether the tsarist regime was not statist enough given its small bureaucracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZitser2005_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZitser2005-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modernization models have become contested ground.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He initiated a wide range of economic, social, political, administrative, educational and military reforms which ended the dominance of traditionalism and religion in Russia and initiated its westernization. His efforts included secularization of education, organization of administration for effective governance, enhanced use of technology, establishing an industrial economy, modernization of the army and establishment of a strong navy.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian Y. Vodarsky said in 1993 that Peter, "did not lead the country on the path of accelerated economic, political and social development, did not force it to 'achieve a leap' through several stages.... On the contrary, these actions to the greatest degree put a brake on Russia's progress and created conditions for holding it back for one and a half centuries!"<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The autocratic powers that Stalin admired appeared as a liability to <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Анисимов, Евгений Викторович">Evgeny Anisimov</a>, who complained that Peter was, "the creator of the administrative command system and the true ancestor of Stalin."<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the period from 1678 to 1710, however, the population grew 2 times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVodarsky197648_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVodarsky197648-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>, "He did not completely bridge the gulf between Russia and the Western countries, but he achieved considerable progress in development of the national economy and trade, education, science and culture, and foreign policy. Russia became a <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a>, without whose concurrence no important European problem could thenceforth be settled. His internal reforms achieved progress to an extent that no earlier innovator could have envisaged."<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the cultural turn in <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> has downplayed diplomatic, economic and constitutional issues, new cultural roles have been found for Peter, for example in architecture (<a href="/wiki/Petrine_Baroque" title="Petrine Baroque">Petrine Baroque</a>) and dress. James Cracraft argues: </p> <dl><dd>The Petrine revolution in Russia—subsuming in this phrase the many military, naval, governmental, educational, architectural, linguistic, and other internal reforms enacted by Peter's regime to promote Russia's rise as a major European power—was essentially a cultural revolution, one that profoundly impacted both the basic constitution of the Russian Empire and, perforce, its subsequent development.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">iconic</a> representations of dead saints typical for centuries of Russian visual culture suddenly give way to naturalistic <a href="/wiki/Portrait_painting" title="Portrait painting">portraiture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_the_Great_tomb.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ec/Peter_the_Great_tomb.JPG/220px-Peter_the_Great_tomb.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ec/Peter_the_Great_tomb.JPG/330px-Peter_the_Great_tomb.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ec/Peter_the_Great_tomb.JPG/440px-Peter_the_Great_tomb.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of Peter the Great in the <a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Paul_Fortress" title="Peter and Paul Fortress">Peter and Paul Fortress</a>, St Petersburg</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80_I_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80_I_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80_I_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80_I_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.jpg/330px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80_I_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80_I_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.jpg/440px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80_I_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2531" data-file-height="1655" /></a><figcaption><i>Peter I at <a href="/wiki/Krasnaya_Gorka_fort" title="Krasnaya Gorka fort">Krasnaya Gorka</a> Lighting a Fire on the Shore to Signal to his Sinking Ships</i>; the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Navy" title="Imperial Russian Navy">Russian</a> <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Fleet" title="Baltic Fleet">Baltic Fleet</a> first went to sea in full force, – to help the Russian troops <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Viborg_(1710)" title="Siege of Viborg (1710)">besieging Viborg</a>, – the fleet got caught in a storm.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Painting by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Ivan Aivazovsky</a> (1846).</figcaption></figure> <p>Peter has been featured in many histories, novels, plays, films, monuments and paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They include the poems <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bronze_Horseman_(poem)" title="The Bronze Horseman (poem)">The Bronze Horseman</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Poltava_(poem)" title="Poltava (poem)">Poltava</a></i> and the unfinished novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Moor_of_Peter_the_Great" title="The Moor of Peter the Great">The Moor of Peter the Great</a></i>, all by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a>. The former dealt with <a href="/wiki/The_Bronze_Horseman" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bronze Horseman">The Bronze Horseman</a>, an equestrian statue raised in Peter's honour. <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Nikolayevich_Tolstoy" title="Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy">Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy</a> wrote a biographical historical novel about him, named <i>Peter I</i>, in the 1930s. </p> <ul><li>The 1922 German silent film <i><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great_(1922_film)" title="Peter the Great (1922 film)">Peter the Great</a></i> directed by <a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Buchowetzki" title="Dimitri Buchowetzki">Dimitri Buchowetzki</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Emil_Jannings" title="Emil Jannings">Emil Jannings</a> as Peter</li> <li>In 1929 <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Nikolayevich_Tolstoy#Peter_the_Great" title="Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy">A.N. Tolstoy's play</a> was true to the party line, depicting Peter as a tyrant who "suppressed everyone and everything as if he had been possessed by demons, sowed fear, and put both his son and his country on the rack."<sup id="cite_ref-Gorchakov_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorchakov-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 1937–1938 Soviet film <i><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great_(1937_film)" title="Peter the Great (1937 film)">Peter the Great</a></i></li> <li>The 1976 film <i><a href="/wiki/How_Czar_Peter_the_Great_Married_Off_His_Moor" title="How Czar Peter the Great Married Off His Moor">How Czar Peter the Great Married Off His Moor</a></i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Petrenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksey Petrenko">Aleksey Petrenko</a> as Peter, and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Vysotsky" title="Vladimir Vysotsky">Vladimir Vysotsky</a> as <a href="/wiki/Abram_Petrovich_Gannibal" title="Abram Petrovich Gannibal">Abram Petrovich Gannibal</a>, shows Peter's attempt to build the Baltic Fleet.</li> <li>Peter was played by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Niklas" title="Jan Niklas">Jan Niklas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Schell" title="Maximilian Schell">Maximilian Schell</a> in the 1986 <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> <a href="/wiki/Miniseries" title="Miniseries">miniseries</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter the Great (TV series)">Peter the Great</a></i>.</li> <li>The 2007 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sovereign%27s_Servant" title="The Sovereign's Servant">The Sovereign's Servant</a></i> depicts the unsavoury brutal side of Peter during the campaign.</li> <li>A character based on Peter plays a major role in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Unreason" title="The Age of Unreason">The Age of Unreason</a></i>, a series of four <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternate history</a> novels written by American science fiction and fantasy author <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Keyes" title="Gregory Keyes">Gregory Keyes</a>.</li> <li>Peter is one of many supporting characters in <a href="/wiki/Neal_Stephenson" title="Neal Stephenson">Neal Stephenson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque Cycle">Baroque Cycle</a></i> – mainly featuring in the third novel, <i>The System of the World</i>.</li> <li>Peter was portrayed on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> by Isaac Rouse as a boy, Will Howard as a young adult and <a href="/wiki/Elliot_Cowan" title="Elliot Cowan">Elliot Cowan</a> as an adult in the radio plays <i>Peter the Great: The Gamblers</i><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Peter the Great: The Queen of Spades</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> written by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Walker_(radio_dramatist)" title="Mike Walker (radio dramatist)">Mike Walker</a> and which were the last two plays in the first series of <i>Tsar</i>. The plays were broadcast on 25 September and 2 October 2016.</li> <li>A verse in the "<a href="/wiki/Godiva%27s_Hymn" title="Godiva's Hymn">Engineers' Drinking Song</a>" references Peter the Great:</li></ul> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>There was a man named Peter the Great who was a Russian Tzar;<br /> When remodeling his the castle put the throne behind the bar;<br /> He lined the walls with vodka, rum, and 40 kinds of beers;<br /> And advanced the Russian culture by 120 years! </p> </div></blockquote> <ul><li>Peter was played by <a href="/wiki/Jason_Isaacs" title="Jason Isaacs">Jason Isaacs</a> in the 2020 'antihistory' Hulu series <a href="/wiki/The_Great_(TV_series)" title="The Great (TV series)"><i>The Great</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Peter is featured as the leader of the Russian civilization in the computer game <i>Sid Meier's <a href="/wiki/Civilization_VI" title="Civilization VI">Civilization VI</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Peter was played by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kolesnikov" title="Ivan Kolesnikov">Ivan Kolesnikov</a> in the 2022 Russian historical documentary film <i><a href="/wiki/Peter_I:_The_Last_Tsar_and_the_First_Emperor" title="Peter I: The Last Tsar and the First Emperor">Peter I: The Last Tsar and the First Emperor</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_order.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diamond order of Peter the Great"><img alt="Diamond order of Peter the Great" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Peter_order.jpg/82px-Peter_order.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Peter_order.jpg/123px-Peter_order.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Peter_order.jpg/164px-Peter_order.jpg 2x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Diamond order of Peter the Great</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_I_by_Clementi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peter the Great by Maria Giovanna Clementi"><img alt="Peter the Great by Maria Giovanna Clementi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Peter_I_by_Clementi.jpg/81px-Peter_I_by_Clementi.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Peter_I_by_Clementi.jpg/122px-Peter_I_by_Clementi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Peter_I_by_Clementi.jpg/163px-Peter_I_by_Clementi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="1928" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Peter the Great by <a href="/wiki/Maria_Giovanna_Clementi" title="Maria Giovanna Clementi">Maria Giovanna Clementi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_I_in_russian_dress_during_Grand_Embassy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peter I in Russian dress during Grand Embassy"><img alt="Peter I in Russian dress during Grand Embassy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Peter_I_in_russian_dress_during_Grand_Embassy.jpg/82px-Peter_I_in_russian_dress_during_Grand_Embassy.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Peter_I_in_russian_dress_during_Grand_Embassy.jpg/122px-Peter_I_in_russian_dress_during_Grand_Embassy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Peter_I_in_russian_dress_during_Grand_Embassy.jpg/163px-Peter_I_in_russian_dress_during_Grand_Embassy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="1680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Peter I in Russian dress during <a href="/wiki/Grand_Embassy" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Embassy">Grand Embassy</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nevrev_019.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peter in a foreign outfit in front of his mother Natalya Naryshkina, Patriarch Adrian and Nikita Zotov (by Nikolai Nevrev, 1903)"><img alt="Peter in a foreign outfit in front of his mother Natalya Naryshkina, Patriarch Adrian and Nikita Zotov (by Nikolai Nevrev, 1903)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nevrev_019.jpg/97px-Nevrev_019.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nevrev_019.jpg/146px-Nevrev_019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nevrev_019.jpg/194px-Nevrev_019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="1791" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Peter in a foreign outfit in front of his mother <a href="/wiki/Natalya_Naryshkina" title="Natalya Naryshkina">Natalya Naryshkina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Adrian_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Adrian of Moscow">Patriarch Adrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Zotov" title="Nikita Zotov">Nikita Zotov</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Nevrev" title="Nikolai Nevrev">Nikolai Nevrev</a>, 1903)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_I_by_I.Nikitin_(1720s,_Russian_museum).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peter I by the favorite court painter Ivan Nikitin (c. 1720)"><img alt="Peter I by the favorite court painter Ivan Nikitin (c. 1720)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Peter_I_by_I.Nikitin_%281720s%2C_Russian_museum%29.jpg/120px-Peter_I_by_I.Nikitin_%281720s%2C_Russian_museum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Peter_I_by_I.Nikitin_%281720s%2C_Russian_museum%29.jpg/180px-Peter_I_by_I.Nikitin_%281720s%2C_Russian_museum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Peter_I_by_I.Nikitin_%281720s%2C_Russian_museum%29.jpg/240px-Peter_I_by_I.Nikitin_%281720s%2C_Russian_museum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Peter I by the favorite court painter <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Nikitin_(painter)" title="Ivan Nikitin (painter)">Ivan Nikitin</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1720</span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9D._%D0%A4._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The city will be laid here by ru:Nikolay Dobrovolsky (1880), Central Naval Museum"><img alt="The city will be laid here by ru:Nikolay Dobrovolsky (1880), Central Naval Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%D0%9D._%D0%A4._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD.jpg/120px-%D0%9D._%D0%A4._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%D0%9D._%D0%A4._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD.jpg/180px-%D0%9D._%D0%A4._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%D0%9D._%D0%A4._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD.jpg/240px-%D0%9D._%D0%A4._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="936" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The city will be laid here</i> by <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Добровольский, Николай Флорианович">ru:Nikolay Dobrovolsky</a> (1880), <a href="/wiki/Central_Naval_Museum" title="Central Naval Museum">Central Naval Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80-%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peter the Great Founding St. Petersburg, 1703 (by Alexander Kotzebue, 1862)"><img alt="Peter the Great Founding St. Petersburg, 1703 (by Alexander Kotzebue, 1862)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80-%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg/89px-%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80-%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80-%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg/133px-%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80-%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80-%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg/177px-%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80-%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="3451" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Peter the Great Founding St. Petersburg, 1703 (by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kotzebue" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Kotzebue">Alexander Kotzebue</a>, 1862)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Serov_%E2%80%94_Peter_the_Great.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peter walking along the embankment of St. Petersburg. Valentin Serov 1907, Tretyakov Gallery"><img alt="Peter walking along the embankment of St. Petersburg. Valentin Serov 1907, Tretyakov Gallery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Serov_%E2%80%94_Peter_the_Great.jpg/120px-Serov_%E2%80%94_Peter_the_Great.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Serov_%E2%80%94_Peter_the_Great.jpg/180px-Serov_%E2%80%94_Peter_the_Great.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Serov_%E2%80%94_Peter_the_Great.jpg/240px-Serov_%E2%80%94_Peter_the_Great.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1053" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Peter walking along the embankment of St. Petersburg. <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Serov" title="Valentin Serov">Valentin Serov</a> 1907, <a href="/wiki/Tretyakov_Gallery" title="Tretyakov Gallery">Tretyakov Gallery</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_I_by_Carel_de_Moor.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peter I, copy by Andrey Matveyev after Carel de Moor (1724)"><img alt="Peter I, copy by Andrey Matveyev after Carel de Moor (1724)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Peter_I_by_Carel_de_Moor.jpeg/88px-Peter_I_by_Carel_de_Moor.jpeg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Peter_I_by_Carel_de_Moor.jpeg/132px-Peter_I_by_Carel_de_Moor.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Peter_I_by_Carel_de_Moor.jpeg/176px-Peter_I_by_Carel_de_Moor.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Peter I, copy by <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Matveyev" title="Andrey Matveyev">Andrey Matveyev</a> after <a href="/wiki/Carel_de_Moor" title="Carel de Moor">Carel de Moor</a> (1724)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antropow_-_Zar_Peter_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peter by Aleksey Antropov (1772), Taganrog Museum of Art"><img alt="Peter by Aleksey Antropov (1772), Taganrog Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Antropow_-_Zar_Peter_I.jpg/97px-Antropow_-_Zar_Peter_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Antropow_-_Zar_Peter_I.jpg/146px-Antropow_-_Zar_Peter_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Antropow_-_Zar_Peter_I.jpg/195px-Antropow_-_Zar_Peter_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="554" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Peter by <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Antropov" title="Aleksey Antropov">Aleksey Antropov</a> (1772), <a href="/wiki/Taganrog_Museum_of_Art" title="Taganrog Museum of Art">Taganrog Museum of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portret_van_Peter_I_de_Grote,_tsaar_van_Rusland,_RP-P-OB-67.704.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dutch engraving, after Carel de Moor"><img alt="Dutch engraving, after Carel de Moor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Portret_van_Peter_I_de_Grote%2C_tsaar_van_Rusland%2C_RP-P-OB-67.704.jpg/90px-Portret_van_Peter_I_de_Grote%2C_tsaar_van_Rusland%2C_RP-P-OB-67.704.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Portret_van_Peter_I_de_Grote%2C_tsaar_van_Rusland%2C_RP-P-OB-67.704.jpg/135px-Portret_van_Peter_I_de_Grote%2C_tsaar_van_Rusland%2C_RP-P-OB-67.704.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Portret_van_Peter_I_de_Grote%2C_tsaar_van_Rusland%2C_RP-P-OB-67.704.jpg/180px-Portret_van_Peter_I_de_Grote%2C_tsaar_van_Rusland%2C_RP-P-OB-67.704.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5522" data-file-height="7346" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dutch engraving, after Carel de Moor</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_I._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_I_(%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5)_1717_%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%A4_canvas_e1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peter the Great by fr:François Jouvenet (1717), Pavlovsk Palace collection"><img alt="Peter the Great by fr:François Jouvenet (1717), Pavlovsk Palace collection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Peter_I._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_I_%28%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%29_1717_%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%A4_canvas_e1.jpg/83px-Peter_I._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_I_%28%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%29_1717_%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%A4_canvas_e1.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Peter_I._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_I_%28%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%29_1717_%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%A4_canvas_e1.jpg/125px-Peter_I._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_I_%28%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%29_1717_%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%A4_canvas_e1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Peter_I._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_I_%28%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%29_1717_%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%A4_canvas_e1.jpg/166px-Peter_I._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_I_%28%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%29_1717_%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%A4_canvas_e1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="828" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Peter the Great by <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jouvenet" class="extiw" title="fr:François Jouvenet">fr:François Jouvenet</a> (1717), <a href="/wiki/Pavlovsk_Palace" title="Pavlovsk Palace">Pavlovsk Palace</a> collection</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_I_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Toy army of Peter the Great at Kozhukhovo [ru] by Aleksey Kivshenko (1882)"><img alt="Toy army of Peter the Great at Kozhukhovo [ru] by Aleksey Kivshenko (1882)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_I_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg/120px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_I_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_I_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg/180px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_I_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_I_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg/240px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_I_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="730" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Toy_army_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Toy army of Peter the Great">Toy army of Peter the Great</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozhukhovo_(South-Eastern_Administrative_Okrug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kozhukhovo (South-Eastern Administrative Okrug) (page does not exist)">Kozhukhovo</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3)" class="extiw" title="ru:Кожухово (Юго-Восточный административный округ)">ru</a>]</sup> by <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Kivshenko" title="Aleksey Kivshenko">Aleksey Kivshenko</a> (1882)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petr_Drozhdin_009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Peter by Pyotr Drozhdin (1795), Russian Museum"><img alt="Portrait of Peter by Pyotr Drozhdin (1795), Russian Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Petr_Drozhdin_009.jpg/82px-Petr_Drozhdin_009.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Petr_Drozhdin_009.jpg/123px-Petr_Drozhdin_009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Petr_Drozhdin_009.jpg/164px-Petr_Drozhdin_009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1012" data-file-height="1476" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of Peter by <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Drozhdin" title="Pyotr Drozhdin">Pyotr Drozhdin</a> (1795), <a href="/wiki/Russian_Museum" title="Russian Museum">Russian Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_der-Grosse_1838.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A posthumous portrait of Peter the Great by Paul Delaroche, c. 1838, Hamburger Kunsthalle collection"><img alt="A posthumous portrait of Peter the Great by Paul Delaroche, c. 1838, Hamburger Kunsthalle collection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Peter_der-Grosse_1838.jpg/89px-Peter_der-Grosse_1838.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Peter_der-Grosse_1838.jpg/134px-Peter_der-Grosse_1838.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Peter_der-Grosse_1838.jpg/179px-Peter_der-Grosse_1838.jpg 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A posthumous portrait of Peter the Great by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Delaroche" title="Paul Delaroche">Paul Delaroche</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1838</span>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburger_Kunsthalle" title="Hamburger Kunsthalle">Hamburger Kunsthalle</a> collection</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:02_158_Book_illustrations_of_Historical_description_of_the_clothes_and_weapons_of_Russian_troops.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/02_158_Book_illustrations_of_Historical_description_of_the_clothes_and_weapons_of_Russian_troops.jpg/220px-02_158_Book_illustrations_of_Historical_description_of_the_clothes_and_weapons_of_Russian_troops.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/02_158_Book_illustrations_of_Historical_description_of_the_clothes_and_weapons_of_Russian_troops.jpg/330px-02_158_Book_illustrations_of_Historical_description_of_the_clothes_and_weapons_of_Russian_troops.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/02_158_Book_illustrations_of_Historical_description_of_the_clothes_and_weapons_of_Russian_troops.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>Peter completely reformed the Russian army along western lines. This depiction shows an infantryman from 1704 installing a plug <a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">bayonet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_reform_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Government reform of Peter the Great">Government reform of Peter the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1721%E2%80%9396)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1721–96)">History of Russia (1721–96)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_administrative_division_of_Russia" title="History of the administrative division of Russia">History of the administrative division of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Empire#Peter_the_Great" title="Military history of the Russian Empire">Military history of the Russian Empire § Peter the Great</a>, on the modernization of the Russian military under Peter the Great</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great_Statue" title="Peter the Great Statue">Peter the Great Statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Russian_Empire#Peter_I's_reforms" title="Censorship in the Russian Empire">Censorship in the Russian Empire § Peter I's Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_battlecruiser_Pyotr_Velikiy" title="Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy">Russian battlecruiser <i>Pyotr Velikiy</i></a>, a Russian Navy battle cruiser named after Peter the Great</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter is also known by the following nicknames: <ul><li>Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Пётр Алексеев сын Михайлов</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:</small> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Pyotr Alekseyev syn Mikhaylov</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></small> 'Pyotr Mikhaylov, son of Aleksey';</li> <li>Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Пётр Михайлов</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:</small> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Pyotr Mikhaylov</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-A_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Пётр Великий</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Pyotr Velikiy</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[pʲɵtr<span class="wrap"> </span>vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 'Leave all ..." story first appears in H-F de Bassewitz <i>Russkii arkhiv</i> 3 (1865). Russian historian E.V. Anisimov contends that Bassewitz's aim was to convince readers that Anna, not Empress Catherine, was Peter's intended heir.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-A-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnisimov2023" class="citation web cs1"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Анисимов, Евгений Викторович">Anisimov, Y. V.</a> (16 June 2023) [13 December 2022]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/c/piotr-i-ed3825/?v=7552714">"Пётр I"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Encyclopedia" title="Great Russian Encyclopedia">Great Russian Encyclopedia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Great+Russian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80+I&rft.date=2023-06-16&rft.aulast=Anisimov&rft.aufirst=Y.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbigenc.ru%2Fc%2Fpiotr-i-ed3825%2F%3Fv%3D7552714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKollmann2012" class="citation book cs1">Kollmann, Nancy Shields (2012). "Peter the Great and spectacles of suffering". <i>Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Russia. New Studies in European History</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 403–415. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1070-2513-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1070-2513-4"><bdi>978-1-1070-2513-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/780398248">780398248</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25252905M">25252905M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peter+the+Great+and+spectacles+of+suffering&rft.btitle=Crime+and+Punishment+in+Early+Modern+Russia.+New+Studies+in+European+History&rft.pages=403-415&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F780398248&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL25252905M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-1070-2513-4&rft.aulast=Kollmann&rft.aufirst=Nancy+Shields&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFКостецкаяСусловаАксенова2023" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Костецкая, Е. В.; Суслова, Л. Н.; Аксенова, В. А. (7 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nauka-dialog.ru/jour/article/view/4813">"Следствие по делу князя М. П. Гагарина в контексте развития системы государственного контроля в первой четверти XVIII века"</a>. <i>Научный диалог</i> (in Russian). <b>12</b> (7): 346–373. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24224%2F2227-1295-2023-12-7-346-373">10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-7-346-373</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2227-1295">2227-1295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83+%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8F+%D0%9C.+%D0%9F.+%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8+XVIII+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=346-373&rft.date=2023-10-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.24224%2F2227-1295-2023-12-7-346-373&rft.issn=2227-1295&rft.aulast=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F&rft.aufirst=%D0%95.+%D0%92.&rft.au=%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C+%D0%9B.+%D0%9D.&rft.au=%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C+%D0%92.+%D0%90.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nauka-dialog.ru%2Fjour%2Farticle%2Fview%2F4813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECracraft2003-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECracraft2003_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCracraft2003">Cracraft 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriessen-Van_het_Reve2006264-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriessen-Van_het_Reve2006264_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDriessen-Van_het_Reve2006">Driessen-Van het Reve 2006</a>, p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prlib.ru/en/news/1284185">"Peter the Great ordered to establish January 1st as the New Year's Day countrywide"</a>. <i>Presidential Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Library&rft.atitle=Peter+the+Great+ordered+to+establish+January+1st+as+the+New+Year%27s+Day+countrywide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prlib.ru%2Fen%2Fnews%2F1284185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECracraft2003124-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECracraft2003124_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCracraft2003">Cracraft 2003</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntosh2019" class="citation web cs1">McIntosh, Matthew (30 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brewminate.com/peter-the-great-and-the-new-year-in-russia/">"Peter the Great and the New Year in Russia"</a>. <i>Brewminate: A Bold Blend of News and Ideas</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brewminate%3A+A+Bold+Blend+of+News+and+Ideas&rft.atitle=Peter+the+Great+and+the+New+Year+in+Russia&rft.date=2019-12-30&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrewminate.com%2Fpeter-the-great-and-the-new-year-in-russia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCracraft1988" class="citation book cs1">Cracraft, James (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gg19b0fFbIIC&dq=Algarotti+Sint+Petersburg+1737&pg=PA228"><i>The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture By James Cracraft</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2261-1664-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2261-1664-8"><bdi>978-0-2261-1664-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Petrine+Revolution+in+Russian+Architecture+By+James+Cracraft&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-2261-1664-8&rft.aulast=Cracraft&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGg19b0fFbIIC%26dq%3DAlgarotti%2BSint%2BPetersburg%2B1737%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyanThomas2013" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, Judith; Thomas, Alfred (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Jccp2DawwMC&dq=Algarotti+window+to+the+West&pg=PA58"><i>Cultures of Forgery: Making Nations, Making Selves</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1354-5827-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1354-5827-0"><bdi>978-1-1354-5827-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultures+of+Forgery%3A+Making+Nations%2C+Making+Selves&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-1354-5827-0&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3Jccp2DawwMC%26dq%3DAlgarotti%2Bwindow%2Bto%2Bthe%2BWest%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDriessen-Van_het_Reve2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Driessen-Van het Reve, Jozien J. (2006). <i>De Kunstkamera van Peter de Grote. De Hollandse inbreng, gereconstrueerd uit brieven van Albert Seba en Johann Daniel Schumacher uit de jaren 1711–1752</i> (in Dutch). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=The+Grand+Embassy+of+Peter+the+Great&rft.aulast=Miate&rft.aufirst=Liana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Farticle%2F2327%2Fthe-grand-embassy-of-peter-the-great%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, D. (2006) Peter the Great, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/peter-the-great-part-1-of-3-the-carpenter-czar/">Peter the Great: Part 1 of 3 (The Carpenter Czar)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028081948/https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/peter-the-great-part-1-of-3-the-carpenter-czar/">Archived</a> 28 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Radio Netherlands Archives. 8 June 1996. Retrieved 8 May 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onh.nl/verhaal/tsaar-peter-de-grote-bezoekt-zaandam">"Tsaar Peter de Grote bezoekt Zaandam"</a>. <i>ONH</i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1996) Tsaar Peter de Grote en zijn Amsterdamse vrienden, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oud-utrecht.nl/nieuws/1275-tsaar-peter-de-grote-in-utrecht-in-1697-en-1717">"Tsaar Peter de Grote in Utrecht in 1697 en 1717"</a>. <i>Oud Utrecht</i> (in Dutch). 7 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78298-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78298-2"><bdi>978-0-521-78298-2</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter+the+Great+Through+British+Eyes%3A+Perceptions+and+Representations+of+the+Tsar+Since+1698&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78298-2&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRaDIN2GaXtIC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newtonrussiaearl0000unse">Boss, Valentin, (2002) Newton and Russia : the early influence, 1698–1796</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.4159/harvard.9780674733527.c4/html">"1. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=petersburg24.ru&rft.atitle=Home+court+pharmacy%3A+Famous+buildings+%E2%80%93+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3+24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpetersburg24.ru%2Feng%2Fplace%2Fglavnaya-pridvornaya-apteka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/98/09/20/reviews/980920.20cracrat.html">"Russia's Cultural Revolution"</a>. <i>archive.nytimes.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.nytimes.com&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+Cultural+Revolution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F98%2F09%2F20%2Freviews%2F980920.20cracrat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solovki.ca/english/pet.php">"Peter I (Peter the Great) & Solovki"</a>. <i>www.solovki.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.solovki.ca&rft.atitle=Peter+I+%28Peter+the+Great%29+%26+Solovki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.solovki.ca%2Fenglish%2Fpet.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.V. Anisimov, 2002, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassie1980453-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMassie1980453_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMassie1980">Massie 1980</a>, p. 453.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky2000224-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky2000224_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky2000224_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiasanovsky2000">Riasanovsky 2000</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRory2022" class="citation book cs1">Rory, Finnin (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1314897094"><i>Blood of Others: Stalin's Crimean Atrocity and the Poetics of Solidarity</i></a>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-3700-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-3700-5"><bdi>978-1-4875-3700-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1314897094">1314897094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+of+Others%3A+Stalin%27s+Crimean+Atrocity+and+the+Poetics+of+Solidarity&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1314897094&rft.isbn=978-1-4875-3700-5&rft.aulast=Rory&rft.aufirst=Finnin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1314897094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStählin1785119-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStählin1785119_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStählin1785">Stählin 1785</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyton1985" class="citation book cs1">Ayton, E.J. 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(1969). <i>The visits of Peter the Great to the United Provinces in 1697–1698 and 1716–1717</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+visits+of+Peter+the+Great+to+the+United+Provinces+in+1697%E2%80%931698+and+1716%E2%80%931717&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Knoppers&rft.aufirst=Jake+V.+Th.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFétrangères" class="citation web cs1">étrangères, Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/the-ministry-and-its-network/the-diplomatic-archives/documents-from-the-diplomatic-archives/article/the-1717-convention-of-amsterdam-a-treaty-marking-the-alliance-and-reciprocal">"The 1717 Convention of Amsterdam, a treaty marking the alliance and reciprocal guarantees between France, Russia and Prussia (15.08.1717)"</a>. <i>France Diplomacy - Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+Diplomacy+-+Ministry+for+Europe+and+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+1717+Convention+of+Amsterdam%2C+a+treaty+marking+the+alliance+and+reciprocal+guarantees+between+France%2C+Russia+and+Prussia+%2815.08.1717%29&rft.aulast=%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res&rft.aufirst=Minist%C3%A8re+de+l%27Europe+et+des+Affaires&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diplomatie.gouv.fr%2Fen%2Fthe-ministry-and-its-network%2Fthe-diplomatic-archives%2Fdocuments-from-the-diplomatic-archives%2Farticle%2Fthe-1717-convention-of-amsterdam-a-treaty-marking-the-alliance-and-reciprocal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriessen-Van_het_Reve2006-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriessen-Van_het_Reve2006_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDriessen-Van_het_Reve2006">Driessen-Van het Reve 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECracraft200337-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECracraft200337_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCracraft2003">Cracraft 2003</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmerColton1992245-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmerColton1992245_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmerColton1992">Palmer & Colton 1992</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1974281-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1974281_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPipes1974">Pipes 1974</a>, p. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Лакиер А. 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Breitkopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4050-3064-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4050-3064-2"><bdi>978-0-4050-3064-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/118987">118987</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL4378643W">4378643W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Originalanekdoten+von+Peter+dem+Grossen%3A+aus+dem+Munde+angesehener+Personen+zu+Moskau+und+Petersburg+vernommen%2C+und+der+Vergessenheit+entrissen&rft.pub=J.G.I.+Breitkopf&rft.date=1785&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F118987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL4378643W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-4050-3064-2&rft.aulast=St%C3%A4hlin&rft.aufirst=Jacob+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2007179–82-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2007179–82_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes2007">Hughes 2007</a>, pp. 179–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassie1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Massie" title="Robert K. Massie">Massie, Robert K.</a> (1981). <i>Peter the Great: His Life and World</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Books" title="Ballantine Books">Ballantine Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3452-9806-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-3452-9806-3"><bdi>0-3452-9806-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter+the+Great%3A+His+Life+and+World&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-3452-9806-3&rft.aulast=Massie&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushkovitch1990" class="citation journal cs1">Bushkovitch, Paul A. (January 1990). "The Epiphany Ceremony of the Russian Court in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". <i>Russian Review</i>. <b>49</b> (1). Blackwell Publishing on behalf of The Editors and Board of Trustees of the Russian Review: 1–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F130080">10.2307/130080</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/130080">130080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+Review&rft.atitle=The+Epiphany+Ceremony+of+the+Russian+Court+in+the+Sixteenth+and+Seventeenth+Centuries&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=1990-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F130080&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F130080%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bushkovitch&rft.aufirst=Paul+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollis2015352-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollis2015352_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollis2015">Collis 2015</a>, p. 352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollis2015340-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollis2015340_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollis2015">Collis 2015</a>, p. 340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDmytryshyn197418-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDmytryshyn197418_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDmytryshyn1974">Dmytryshyn 1974</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Cracraft, <i>The church reform of Peter the Great</i> (1971).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2004134-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2004134_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2004134_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2004134_95-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes2004">Hughes 2004</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2004133-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2004133_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes2004">Hughes 2004</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2004131,_134-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2004131,_134_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes2004">Hughes 2004</a>, pp. 131, 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2004131-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2004131_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes2004">Hughes 2004</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2004136-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2004136_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes2004">Hughes 2004</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollis2015368-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollis2015368_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollis2015">Collis 2015</a>, p. 368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassie198076,_377,_707-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMassie198076,_377,_707_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMassie1980">Massie 1980</a>, pp. 76, 377, 707.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2004135-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2004135_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2004135_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2004135_102-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2004135_102-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2004135_102-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2004135_102-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes2004">Hughes 2004</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O98300/peter-the-great-with-a-miniature-mardefeld-gustav-von/">"Peter the Great with a Black Page Mardefelt, Gustaff B. Mardefeld, Gustav von (Baron) V&A Explore The Collections"</a>. <i>Victoria and Albert Museum: Explore the Collections</i>. 7 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Victoria+and+Albert+Museum%3A+Explore+the+Collections&rft.atitle=Peter+the+Great+with+a+Black+Page+Mardefelt%2C+Gustaff+B.+Mardefeld%2C+Gustav+von+%28Baron%29+V%26A+Explore+The+Collections&rft.date=2023-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.vam.ac.uk%2Fitem%2FO98300%2Fpeter-the-great-with-a-miniature-mardefeld-gustav-von%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Peter the Great: A Life From Beginning to</i>. Hourly History. 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-7239-6063-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-7239-6063-2">1-7239-6063-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Gordon (1755), pp. 308–309</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Petre_P._Panaitescu" title="Petre P. Panaitescu">Petre P. Panaitescu</a>, Dimitrie Cantemir. Viața și opera, col. Biblioteca Istorică, vol. III, Ed. Academiei RPR, București, 1958, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky2000-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky2000_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiasanovsky2000">Riasanovsky 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollis2015359,_364,_379-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollis2015359,_364,_379_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollis2015">Collis 2015</a>, pp. 359, 364, 379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas Riasanovsky, <i>The Image of Peter the Great in Russian History and Thought</i> (1985) pp. 57, 84, 279, 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Lenton, "Voltaire and Peter the Great" <i>History Today</i> (1968) 18#10 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/voltaire-and-peter-great">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513090430/https://www.historytoday.com/archive/voltaire-and-peter-great">Archived</a> 13 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kathleen Scollins, "Cursing at the Whirlwind: The Old Testament Landscape of The Bronze Horseman." <i>Pushkin Review</i> 16.1 (2014): 205–231 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hum.michaelkrasuski.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Scollins_BronzeHorseman_2014.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026020451/https://hum.michaelkrasuski.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Scollins_BronzeHorseman_2014.pdf">Archived</a> 26 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert Resis, "Russophobia and the 'Testament' of Peter the Great, 1812–1980" <i>Slavic Review</i> 44#4 (1985), pp. 681–693 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/download/50985326/The_will_of_Peter_the_great.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindsey Hughes, <i>Russia in the Age of Peter the Great</i> (1998) p 464.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riasanovsky, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZitser2005-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZitser2005_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZitser2005">Zitser 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waugh, 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learnodo-newtonic.com/peter-the-great-accomplishments">"10 Major Accomplishments of Peter the Great"</a>. <i>learnodo-newtonic.com</i>. 21 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=learnodo-newtonic.com&rft.atitle=10+Major+Accomplishments+of+Peter+the+Great&rft.date=2023-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearnodo-newtonic.com%2Fpeter-the-great-accomplishments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (July 2023)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes, p. 464</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes, p. 465.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVodarsky197648-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVodarsky197648_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVodarsky1976">Vodarsky 1976</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Peter-the-Great">"Peter I"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a>. 29 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peter+I&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FPeter-the-Great&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Cracraft, "The Russian Empire as Cultural Construct", <i>Journal of the Historical Society</i> (2010) 10#2 pp. 167–188, quoting p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAivazovsky" class="citation web cs1">Aivazovsky, I.K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rusmuseumvrm.ru/data/collections/painting/17_19/zh_5879/index.php?lang=en">"Peter I at Krasnaya Gorka Lighting a Fire on the Shore to Signal to his Sinking Ships"</a>. <i>The Virtual <a href="/wiki/Russian_Museum" title="Russian Museum">Russian Museum</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Virtual+Russian+Museum&rft.atitle=Peter+I+at+Krasnaya+Gorka+Lighting+a+Fire+on+the+Shore+to+Signal+to+his+Sinking+Ships&rft.aulast=Aivazovsky&rft.aufirst=I.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frusmuseumvrm.ru%2Fdata%2Fcollections%2Fpainting%2F17_19%2Fzh_5879%2Findex.php%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, <i>The Image of Peter the Great in Russian History and Thought</i> (1985).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindsey Hughes, "'What manner of man did we lose?': Death-bed images of Peter the Great". <i>Russian History</i> 35.1–2 (2008): 45–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gorchakov-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gorchakov_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorchakov1957" class="citation book cs1">Gorchakov, Nikolai A. (1957). <i>The Theatre in Soviet Russia</i>. 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Retrieved 8 May 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07wndxx">BBC Radio 4 – Drama, Tsar, Peter the Great: Queen of Spades</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160929205551/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07wndxx">Archived</a> 29 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC. Retrieved 8 May 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2235759/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_15">"The Great (2020)"</a>. <i>IMDB</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDB&rft.atitle=The+Great+%282020%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt2235759%2F%3Fref_%3Dnm_flmg_act_15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://gamerant.com/civilization-6-leader-civilization-breakdown-montezuma-shaka/">https://gamerant.com/civilization-6-leader-civilization-breakdown-montezuma-shaka/</a> Civilization 6 Leader and Civilization Breakdown – Montezuma to Shaka] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220618133234/https://gamerant.com/civilization-6-leader-civilization-breakdown-montezuma-shaka/">Archived</a> 18 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. GameRant. Retrieved 15 December 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.ru/forbeslife/480623-poslednij-car-o-cem-zabyli-sozdateli-dokumental-nogo-fil-ma-o-petre-i">"Последний царь: о чём забыли создатели документального фильма о Петре I"</a>. <i>Forbes.ru</i> (in Russian). 3 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%3A+%D0%BE+%D1%87%D1%91%D0%BC+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%BE+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5+I&rft.date=2022-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.ru%2Fforbeslife%2F480623-poslednij-car-o-cem-zabyli-sozdateli-dokumental-nogo-fil-ma-o-petre-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Anisimov, Evgenii V. (2015) <i>The Reforms of Peter the Great: Progress Through Violence in Russia</i> (Routledge)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBain1905" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet_Bain" title="Robert Nisbet Bain">Bain, R. Nisbet</a> (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070526185803/http://history.wisc.edu/sommerville/351/CMHPeter.html"><i>Peter the Great and his pupils</i></a>. Cambridge UP. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.wisc.edu/sommerville/351/CMHPeter.html">the original</a> on 26 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter+the+Great+and+his+pupils&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Bain&rft.aufirst=R.+Nisbet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.wisc.edu%2Fsommerville%2F351%2FCMHPeter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Brechka, Frank T., “Peter the Great: The Books He Owned.” <i>The Journal of Library History.</i> 17, no. 1 (1982): 1–15.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCracraft2003" class="citation book cs1">Cracraft, James (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508065607/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia?a=o&d=115404966"><i>The Revolution of Peter the Great</i></a>. Harvard UP. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=115404966">the original</a> on 8 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolution+of+Peter+the+Great&rft.pub=Harvard+UP&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Cracraft&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2FPM.qst%3Fa%3Do%26d%3D115404966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDmytryshyn1974" class="citation book cs1">Dmytryshyn, Basil (1974). <i>Modernization of Russia Under Peter I and Catherine II</i>. Wiley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernization+of+Russia+Under+Peter+I+and+Catherine+II&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Dmytryshyn&rft.aufirst=Basil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVodarsky1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vodarsky, Yaroslav (1976). <bdi lang="ru">Население России в конце XVII и начале XVIII веков</bdi> [<i>The population of Russia in the late XVII and early XVIII centuries</i>] (in Russian). Moscow: Наука.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5+XVII+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5+XVIII+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Vodarsky&rft.aufirst=Yaroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon1755" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gordon_(general)" title="Alexander Gordon (general)">Gordon, Alexander</a> (1755). <i>The history of Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia. To which is prefixed, A short general history of the country, from the rise of that monarchy: and an account of the author's life</i>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/09104286">09104286</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL17030794M">17030794M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Peter+the+Great%2C+Emperor+of+Russia.+To+which+is+prefixed%2C+A+short+general+history+of+the+country%2C+from+the+rise+of+that+monarchy%3A+and+an+account+of+the+author%27s+life&rft.date=1755&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F09104286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL17030794M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes, John R. (2007). "The seizures of Peter Alexeevich". <i>Epilepsy & Behavior</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 179–182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yebeh.2006.11.005">10.1016/j.yebeh.2006.11.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17174607">17174607</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25504057">25504057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Epilepsy+%26+Behavior&rft.atitle=The+seizures+of+Peter+Alexeevich&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=179-182&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25504057%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17174607&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.yebeh.2006.11.005&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Hughes" title="Lindsey Hughes">Hughes, Lindsey</a> (2004). "Catherine I of Russia, Consort to Peter the Great". In Campbell Orr, Clarissa (ed.). <i>Queenship in Europe 1660–1815: The Role of the Consort</i>. Cambridge UP. pp. 131–154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-1422-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-1422-5"><bdi>978-0-5218-1422-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Catherine+I+of+Russia%2C+Consort+to+Peter+the+Great&rft.btitle=Queenship+in+Europe+1660%E2%80%931815%3A+The+Role+of+the+Consort&rft.pages=131-154&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-5218-1422-5&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Lindsey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2013" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Stephen J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CXl-02q1YwsC&pg=PA31"><i>Peter the Great</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1364-5325-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1364-5325-0"><bdi>978-1-1364-5325-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter+the+Great&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-1364-5325-0&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCXl-02q1YwsC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassie1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Massie" title="Robert K. Massie">Massie, Robert K.</a> (1980). <i>Peter the Great: His Life and World</i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3072-9145-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3072-9145-5"><bdi>978-0-3072-9145-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter+the+Great%3A+His+Life+and+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-3072-9145-5&rft.aulast=Massie&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span>, a popular biography; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/petergreat00robe">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontefiore2016" class="citation book cs1">Montefiore, Simon Sebag (2016). <i>The Romanovs: 1613–1918</i>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romanovs%3A+1613%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Montefiore&rft.aufirst=Simon+Sebag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOudard1929" class="citation book cs1">Oudard, Georges (1929). <i>Peter the Great</i>. Translated by Atkinson, Frederick. New York: Payson and Clarke. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/29-027809">29-027809</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL7431283W">7431283W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter+the+Great&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Payson+and+Clarke&rft.date=1929&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL7431283W%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F29-027809&rft.aulast=Oudard&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes1974" class="citation book cs1">Pipes, Richard (1974). <i>Russia under the old regime</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+under+the+old+regime&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiasanovsky2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_V._Riasanovsky" title="Nicholas V. Riasanovsky">Riasanovsky, Nicholas</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofrussia00rias"><i>A History of Russia</i></a> (6th ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503361-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503361-8"><bdi>978-0-19-503361-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Russia&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Oxford+UP&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503361-8&rft.aulast=Riasanovsky&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofrussia00rias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmerColton1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Roswell_Palmer" title="Robert Roswell Palmer">Palmer, R.R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joel_Colton" title="Joel Colton">Colton, Joel</a> (1992). <a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_Modern_World" title="A History of the Modern World"><i>A History of the Modern World</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Modern+World&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=R.R.&rft.au=Colton%2C+Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Historiography and memory</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Brown, Peter B. "Towards a Psychohistory of Peter the Great: Trauma, Modeling, and Coping in Peter's Personality". <i>Russian History</i> 35#1–2 (2008): 19–44.</li> <li>Brown, Peter B. "Gazing Anew at Poltava: Perspectives from the Military Revolution Controversy, Comparative History, and Decision-Making Doctrines". <i>Harvard Ukrainian Studies</i> 31.1/4 (2009): 107–133. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41756499">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201115050129/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41756499">Archived</a> 15 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Cracraft, James. "Kliuchevskii on Peter the Great". <i>Canadian-American Slavic Studies</i> 20.4 (1986): 367–381.</li> <li>Daqiu, Zhu. "Cultural Memory and the Image of Peter the Great in Russian Literature". <i>Russian Literature & Arts</i> 2 (2014): 19+.</li> <li>Gasiorowska, Xenia. <i>The image of Peter the Great in Russian fiction</i> (1979) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imageofpetergrea0000gasi">online</a></li> <li>Platt, Kevin M. F. <i>Terror and Greatness: Ivan and Peter as Russian Myths</i> (2011) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Resis, Albert. "Russophobia and the" Testament" of Peter the Great, 1812–1980". <i>Slavic Review</i> 44.4 (1985): 681–693 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/download/50985326/The_will_of_Peter_the_great.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>.</li> <li>Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. <i>The Image of Peter the Great in Russian History and Thought</i> (1985). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Waugh, Daniel Clarke. "We have never been modern: Approaches to the study of Russia in the age of Peter the Great". <i>Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas H.</i> 3 (2001): 321–345 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41050779">online in English</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219200552/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41050779">Archived</a> 19 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZitser2005" class="citation journal cs1">Zitser, Ernest A. (Spring 2005). "Post-Soviet Peter: New Histories of the Late Muscovite and Early Imperial Russian Court". <i>Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 375–392. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fkri.2005.0032">10.1353/kri.2005.0032</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161390436">161390436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kritika%3A+Explorations+in+Russian+and+Eurasian+History&rft.atitle=Post-Soviet+Peter%3A+New+Histories+of+the+Late+Muscovite+and+Early+Imperial+Russian+Court&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=375-392&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fkri.2005.0032&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161390436%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zitser&rft.aufirst=Ernest+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Zitser, Ernest A. "The Difference that Peter I Made". in <i>The Oxford Handbook of Modern Russian History.</i> ed. by Simon Dixon (2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/52837343/08Zitser_The_Difference_that_Peter_I_Made.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/30px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/45px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/60px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="115" data-file-height="108" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Monarchy" title="Portal:Monarchy">Monarchy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li>Anderson, M.S. "Russia under Peter the Great and the changed relations of East and West". in J.S. Bromley, ed., <i>The New Cambridge Modern History: VI: 1688–1715</i> (1970) pp. 716–40.</li> <li>Anisimov, Evgenii V. <i>The Reforms of Peter the Great: Progress through Coercion in Russia</i> (1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reformsofpetergr0000anis">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBain1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet_Bain" title="Robert Nisbet Bain">Bain, Robert Nisbet</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Peter I."><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Peter_I.">"Peter I." </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 288–91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peter+I.&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=288-91&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Bain&rft.aufirst=Robert+Nisbet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bushkovitch, Paul. <i>Peter the Great: The Struggle for Power, 1671–1725</i> (2001)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushkovitch2003" class="citation book cs1">Bushkovitch, Paul (2003). <i>Peter the Great</i>. Rowman and Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9639-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9639-0"><bdi>978-0-8476-9639-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter+the+Great&rft.pub=Rowman+and+Littlefield&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-9639-0&rft.aulast=Bushkovitch&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/petergreat00bush">online</a></li> <li>Cracraft, James. "Kliuchevskii on Peter the Great". <i>Canadian-American Slavic Studies</i> 20.4 (1986): 367–381.</li> <li>Cracraft, James. <i>The Revolution of Peter the Great</i> (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/revolutionofpete00crac">online</a></li> <li>Duffy, Christopher. <i>Russia's Military Way to the West: Origins and Nature of Russian Military Power 1700–1800</i> (Routledge, 2015) pp 9–41</li> <li>Graham, Stephen. <i>Peter The Great</i> (1929) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208197">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrey1960" class="citation book cs1">Grey, Ian (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/petergreatempero00grey"><i>Peter the Great: Emperor of All Russia</i></a>. Philadelphia, Lippincott.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter+the+Great%3A+Emperor+of+All+Russia&rft.pub=Philadelphia%2C+Lippincott&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Grey&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpetergreatempero00grey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Hughes" title="Lindsey Hughes">Hughes, Lindsey</a> (1998). <i>Russia in the Age of Peter the Great</i>. Yale UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3000-8266-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3000-8266-1"><bdi>978-0-3000-8266-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+in+the+Age+of+Peter+the+Great&rft.pub=Yale+UP&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-3000-8266-1&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Lindsey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiainageofpet00hugh">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Hughes" title="Lindsey Hughes">Hughes, Lindsey</a> (2001). <i>Peter the Great and the West: New Perspectives</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3339-2009-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3339-2009-1"><bdi>978-0-3339-2009-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter+the+Great+and+the+West%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-3339-2009-1&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Lindsey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Hughes" title="Lindsey Hughes">Hughes, Lindsey</a> (2002). <i>Peter the Great: A Biography</i>. Yale UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-0300-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-0300-7"><bdi>978-0-3001-0300-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter+the+Great%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Yale+UP&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-3001-0300-7&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Lindsey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kamenskii, Aleksandr. <i>The Russian Empire in the Eighteenth Century: Searching for a Place in the World</i>(1997) pp 39–164.</li> <li>Kluchevsky, V.O. <i>A history of Russia</i> vol 4 (1926) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofrussia04kliuuoft">online</a> pp 1–230.</li> <li>Oliva, Lawrence Jay. ed. <i>Russia in the era of Peter the Great</i> (1969), excerpts from primary and secondary sources <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiaineraofpet00oliv">two week borrowing</a></li> <li>Pares, Bernard. <i>A History Of Russia</i> (1947) pp 193–225. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.174320">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaeff1963" class="citation book cs1">Raeff, Mafrc, ed. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080317021723/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=11635244"><i>Peter the Great, Reformer or Revolutionary?</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=11635244">the original</a> on 17 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter+the+Great%2C+Reformer+or+Revolutionary%3F&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2FPM.qst%3Fa%3Do%26d%3D11635244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, David, and Bruce W. Menning, eds. <i>Reforming the Tsar's Army – Military Innovation in Imperial Russia from Peter the Great to the Revolution</i> (Cambridge UP, 2004) 361 pp. scholarly essays</li> <li>Sumner, B.H. <i>Peter the Great and the emergence of Russia</i> (1950), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/petergreatemerge0000sumn/page/n7/mode/2up">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTavernier2006" class="citation book cs1">Tavernier, Roger (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0RMoRvbo-d8C&pg=PA349"><i>Russia and the Low Countries: An International Bibliography, 1500–2000</i></a>. Barkhuis. p. 349. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-0770-8904-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-0770-8904-0"><bdi>978-9-0770-8904-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+the+Low+Countries%3A+An+International+Bibliography%2C+1500%E2%80%932000&rft.pages=349&rft.pub=Barkhuis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-9-0770-8904-0&rft.aulast=Tavernier&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0RMoRvbo-d8C%26pg%3DPA349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWes1992" class="citation book cs1">Wes, Martinus A. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N9wviNiWb0EC&pg=PA14"><i>Classics in Russia, 1700–1855: Between Two Bronze Horsemen</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-0040-9664-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-0040-9664-6"><bdi>978-9-0040-9664-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classics+in+Russia%2C+1700%E2%80%931855%3A+Between+Two+Bronze+Horsemen&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-9-0040-9664-6&rft.aulast=Wes&rft.aufirst=Martinus+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN9wviNiWb0EC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Peter_the_Great" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9" class="extiw" title="commons:Пётр Первый"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Peter I of Russia</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m67curWtS-o"><span class="plainlinks"><i>Romanovs</i>. The third film. Peter I, Catherine I</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> – Historical reconstruction <i>The Romanovs</i>. StarMedia. Babich-Design (Russia, 2013)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.cnrs.fr/articles/peter-the-great-a-tsar-who-loved-science"><i>Peter the Great, a Tsar who Loved Science</i> by Philippe Testard-Vaillant</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/h/hughes-peter.html"><i>Russia in the Age of Peter the Great</i> by Lindsey Hughes, Yale University Press</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Feodor_III_of_Russia" title="Feodor III of Russia">Feodor III</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Tsar_of_all_Russia" title="Tsar of all Russia">Tsar of all Russia</a> </b><br />1682–1721<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Ivan_V_of_Russia" title="Ivan V of Russia">Ivan V</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">Emperor of Russia</a> </b><br />1721–1725 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_I_of_Russia" title="Catherine I of Russia">Catherine I</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Sweden" title="Frederick I of Sweden">Frederick</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Estonia_and_Livonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Estonia and Livonia">Duke of Estonia and Livonia</a> </b><br />1721–1725 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_I_Dolgorukiy" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri I Dolgorukiy">Yuri I Dolgorukiy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Bogolyubsky" title="Andrey Bogolyubsky">Andrei I Bogolyubsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_of_Vladimir" title="Mikhail of Vladimir">Mikhail of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_the_Big_Nest" title="Vsevolod the Big Nest">Vsevolod the Big Nest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_II_of_Vladimir" title="Yuri II of Vladimir">Yuri II of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_of_Rostov" title="Konstantin of Rostov">Konstantin of Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_II_of_Vladimir" title="Yuri II of Vladimir">Yuri II of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_II_of_Vladimir" title="Yaroslav II of Vladimir">Yaroslav II of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_III_of_Vladimir" title="Sviatoslav III of Vladimir">Sviatoslav III of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_II_of_Vladimir" title="Andrey II of Vladimir">Andrey II of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky" title="Alexander Nevsky">Alexander Nevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_of_Tver" title="Yaroslav of Tver">Yaroslav of Tver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_of_Kostroma" title="Vasily of Kostroma">Vasily of Kostroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Pereslavl" title="Dmitry of Pereslavl">Dmitry of Pereslavl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_of_Gorodets" title="Andrey of Gorodets">Andrey of Gorodets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_of_Tver" title="Mikhail of Tver">Mikhail of Tver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yury_of_Moscow" title="Yury of Moscow">Yuri of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Tver" title="Dmitry of Tver">Dmitry the Terrible Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Mikhailovich_of_Tver" title="Aleksandr Mikhailovich of Tver">Alexander of Tver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_I_of_Moscow" title="Ivan I of Moscow">Ivan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_of_Moscow" title="Simeon of Moscow">Simeon the Proud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_II_of_Moscow" title="Ivan II of Moscow">Ivan II the Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Suzdal" title="Dmitry of Suzdal">Dmitry of Suzdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Donskoy" title="Dmitry Donskoy">Dmitry of the Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_I_of_Moscow" title="Vasily I of Moscow">Vasily I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_II_of_Moscow" title="Vasily II of Moscow">Vasily II the Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_III_of_Russia" title="Vasili III of Russia">Vasily III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsar_of_all_Russia" title="Tsar of all Russia">Tsars of all Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan IV the Terrible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_I_of_Russia" title="Feodor I of Russia">Feodor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irina_Godunova" title="Irina Godunova">Irina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Godunov" title="Boris Godunov">Boris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_II_of_Russia" title="Feodor II of Russia">Feodor II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/False_Dmitry_I" title="False Dmitry I">False Dmitry I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_IV_of_Russia" title="Vasili IV of Russia">Vasili IV</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Vladislav</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Russia" title="Michael of Russia">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_of_Russia" title="Alexis of Russia">Alexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_III_of_Russia" title="Feodor III of Russia">Feodor III</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_V_of_Russia" title="Ivan V of Russia">Ivan V</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(co-rulers)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">Emperors of all Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_I_of_Russia" title="Catherine I of Russia">Catherine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Russia" title="Peter II of Russia">Peter II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Russia" title="Anna of Russia">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_VI_of_Russia" title="Ivan VI of Russia">Ivan VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia" title="Elizabeth of Russia">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tsareviches_of_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tsarevich_of_Russia" title="Template:Tsarevich of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tsarevich_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Tsarevich of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tsarevich_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tsarevich of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tsareviches_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tsarevich" title="Tsarevich">Tsareviches</a> of Russia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation (<a href="/wiki/Rurik_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rurik dynasty">Rurikids</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Dmitry_Ivanovich_of_Russia_(1552%E2%80%931553)" title="Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich of Russia (1552–1553)">Dmitry Ivanovich (1552)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Ivan_Ivanovich_of_Russia" title="Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich of Russia">Ivan Ivanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_I_of_Russia" title="Feodor I of Russia">Feodor I Ivanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Uglich" title="Dmitry of Uglich">Dmitry Ivanovich (1582)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation (Rurikids)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Ivan_Dmitriyevich" title="Tsarevich Ivan Dmitriyevich">Ivan Dmitriyevich</a> (pretendent, murdered at the age of three)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation (<a href="/wiki/Boris_Godunov" title="Boris Godunov">Godunovs</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_II_of_Russia" title="Feodor II of Russia">Feodor II Borisovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">Romanovs</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_of_Russia" title="Alexis of Russia">Alexei I Romanov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation (Romanovs)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Dmitry_Alexeyevich_of_Russia" title="Tsarevich Dmitry Alexeyevich of Russia">Dmitry Alexeyevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Alexei_Alexeyevich_of_Russia" title="Tsarevich Alexei Alexeyevich of Russia">Alexei Alekseyevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_III_of_Russia" title="Feodor III of Russia">Feodor III Alekseyevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Simeon_Alexeyevich_of_Russia" title="Tsarevich Simeon Alexeyevich of Russia">Simeon Alexeyevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_V_of_Russia" title="Ivan V of Russia">Ivan V Alekseyevich</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter I Alekseyevich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation (Romanovs)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Petrovich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia" title="Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia">Alexei Petrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Petrovich_(1715%E2%80%931719)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Petrovich (1715–1719)">Peter Petrovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saint_Petersburg" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saint_Petersburg" title="Template:Saint Petersburg"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saint_Petersburg" title="Template talk:Saint Petersburg"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saint_Petersburg" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saint Petersburg"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saint_Petersburg" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Administrative divisions of Saint Petersburg">Districts</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal City</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad Oblast</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_and_structures_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="List of buildings and structures in Saint Petersburg">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Saint_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Saint Petersburg">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floods_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="Floods in Saint Petersburg">Floods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Demographics of Saint Petersburg">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Economy of Saint Petersburg">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Flag of Saint Petersburg">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="History of Saint Petersburg">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Timeline of Saint Petersburg">Timeline</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landmarks_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Landmarks of Saint Petersburg">Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Saint_Petersburg" title="List of people from Saint Petersburg">People</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Geography of Saint Petersburg">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Saint_Petersburg" title="Central Saint Petersburg">Central Saint Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamenny_Islands" title="Kamenny Islands">Kamenny Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhtinsky_Razliv" title="Lakhtinsky Razliv">Lakhtinsky Razliv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyka" title="Moyka">Moyka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neva" title="Neva">Neva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Holland_Island" title="New Holland Island">New Holland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrogradsky_Island" title="Petrogradsky Island">Petrogradsky Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulkovo_Heights" title="Pulkovo Heights">Pulkovo Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasilyevsky_Island" title="Vasilyevsky Island">Vasilyevsky Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Canal" title="Winter Canal">Winter Canal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Society_and_culture_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="Society and culture in Saint Petersburg">Society and culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg#Literature" title="Saint Petersburg">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="List of museums in Saint Petersburg">Museums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterhof_Palace" title="Peterhof Palace">Peterhof Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a></li></ul></li> <li>Music <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariinsky_Theatre" title="Mariinsky Theatre">Mariinsky Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra">Orchestra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg#Parks" title="Saint Petersburg">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg#Religion" title="Saint Petersburg">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Savior_on_Blood" title="Church of the Savior on Blood">Church of the Savior on Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazan_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Kazan Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">Kazan Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Isaac%27s_Cathedral" title="Saint Isaac's Cathedral">Saint Isaac's Cathedral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="Sport in Saint Petersburg">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="List of theatres in Saint Petersburg">Theaters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Theatre" title="Hermitage Theatre">Hermitage Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg#Tourism" title="Saint Petersburg">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Saint_Petersburg_and_Related_Groups_of_Monuments" title="Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments">World Heritage Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Politics of Saint Petersburg">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_City_Administration" title="Saint Petersburg City Administration">City Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_Saint_Petersburg_government" class="mw-redirect" title="List of heads of Saint Petersburg government">Heads of Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emergency services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Police" title="Saint Petersburg Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Russia" title="Crime in Russia">Crime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_higher_education_and_academic_institutions_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="List of higher education and academic institutions in Saint Petersburg">Education (primary, secondary, and tertiary)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg#Transportation" title="Saint Petersburg">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulkovo_Airport" title="Pulkovo Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="List of bridges in Saint Petersburg">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buses_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="Buses in Saint Petersburg">Buses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Metro" title="Saint Petersburg Metro">Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="Trams in Saint Petersburg">Trams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saint_Petersburg" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Saint_Petersburg" title="Category:Saint Petersburg">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Outline of Saint Petersburg">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8479#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8479#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8479#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121263465">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/30329184">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/61539/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrgK4xk38hTVkRypKrKBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118592955">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Peter I, Emperor of Russia, 1672-1725"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80126171">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11945657h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11945657h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621325">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Piotr <1672-1725 ; imperatore di Russia ; 1.>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/BVEV067484">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35696628">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000720224&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX848404">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070206953">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90154816">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000064292&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000025752&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000490028">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=44629">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201623154">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/ljx01dj41c527fr">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810537513105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/44247">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266421705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000106480">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614663706706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02824673?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500288795">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/435633">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1046790">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118592955.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118592955">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027408183">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6wh2vtx">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/66282">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\P\E\PeterI">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_the_Great&oldid=1257868426">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_the_Great&oldid=1257868426</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peter_the_Great" title="Category:Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1672_births" title="Category:1672 births">1672 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1725_deaths" title="Category:1725 deaths">1725 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:17th-century_Russian_monarchs" title="Category:17th-century Russian monarchs">17th-century Russian monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_Russian_monarchs" title="Category:18th-century Russian monarchs">18th-century Russian monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tsars_of_Russia" title="Category:Tsars of Russia">Tsars of Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Emperors_of_Russia" title="Category:Emperors of Russia">Emperors of Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:House_of_Romanov" title="Category:House of Romanov">House of Romanov</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:City_founders_from_the_Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Category:City founders from the Tsardom of Russia">City founders from the Tsardom of Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Royalty_from_Moscow" title="Category:Royalty from Moscow">Royalty from Moscow</a></li><li><a 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-14T13:31:45Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T01:04:04Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ef\/Peter_I._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_I_%28%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%29._%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4.Moor_v1%28b%29.jpg","headline":"Tsar\/Emperor of Russia from 1682 to 1725"}</script> </body> </html>