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中国:网管加严导致寒蝉效应 | Human Rights Watch

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rel="lightbox[field_imagefile][<p>顾客在安徽省合肥市一家网吧内使用电脑,2012年3月16日。</p>]" class="imagefield imagefield-lightbox2 imagefield-lightbox2-scale-300x imagefield-field_imagefile imagecache imagecache-field_imagefile imagecache-scale-300x imagecache-field_imagefile-scale-300x"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513050629im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/imagecache/scale-300x/media/images/photographs/2012_China_internetcafeZH.jpg"/></a></span> </div> <div class="views-field-field-image-caption-value"> <div class="field-content"><div><a href="/web/20130513050629/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media/images/photographs/2012_China_internetcafeZH.jpg" rel="lightbox[field_imagefile]" class="image-enlarge">Enlarge</a></div> <p>顾客在安徽省合肥市一家网吧内使用电脑,2012年3月16日。</p></div> </div> <div class="views-field-field-copyright-value"> <span class="field-content">© 2012 路透社</span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fieldgroup group-news-additional"> <div class="content"><div class="field field-type-nodereference field-field-related-content"> <div class="field-label">相关资料:&nbsp;</div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="view view-reference-views-formatter view-id-reference_views_formatter view-display-id-reference_field_1 news-related-materials view-dom-id-2"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="item-list"> <ul> <li class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20130513050629/http://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2011/06/01/facebook">Facebook: 保护用户才进入中国市场</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field-created"> <span class="field-content">2011年06月01年</span> </div> <div class="views-field-tid"> <span class="field-content">声明</span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fieldgroup group-pullquote"> <div class="content"><div class="field field-type-text field-field-news-pullquote"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> <p>这些新规定向中国网民送来一阵噤口寒风。此一决定的目的,是藉由加重网络业者监视与审查用户的责任,以便加强封堵批评言论,限制网络匿名活动。</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-type-text field-field-news-pullquote-author"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> 互联网与人权资深研究员,莘西娅・王 </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="node-body"><p>(华盛顿特区)-国际组织人权观察今天说,中国政府进一步紧缩对网际网络的控制并采用实名注册制度,妨害了网际网络使用者的安全与隐私。</p> <p>2012年12月28日,<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513050629/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2012-12/28/c_132069320.htm">中国的立法机构</a>,全国人民代表大会常务委员会,通过了<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513050629/http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2012-12/28/c_114195221.htm">《关于加强网络信息保护的决定》</a>。令人忧虑的是,其中<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513050629/http://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2012/12/28/national-peoples-congress-standing-committee-decision-concerning-strengthening-network-information-protection/">部分条文</a>要求网络及电信服务提供者,在用戶申办网站接入、固定電話或移动電话服务时,必须收集用戶的个人信息。《决定》第6条还适用于网络信息发布的服务提供者,换言之,当公民上网发布信息时,网络业者必须将用户昵称<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513050629/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2012-12/29/content_16067155.htm">联系</a>到他的真实身分。在这项决定通过的次日,多位著名网络活跃人士的微博帐号即遭<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513050629/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/chinas-weibo-accounts-shuttered-as-part-of-internet-crackdown/2013/01/03/f9fd92c4-559a-11e2-89de-76c1c54b1418_story.html">停止</a>服务。</p> <p>“这些新规定向中国网民送来一阵噤口寒风,”人权观察互联网与人权资深研究员莘西娅・王(Cynthia Wong)说。“此一决定的目的,是藉由加重网络业者监视与审查用户的责任,以便加强封堵批评言论,限制网络匿名活动。”</p> <p>“实名注册”的规定,使政府当局更易于追查网上发言者的身分,或将手机绑定于特定用户,因此不利于匿名发表意见、揭发官员贪腐或保护个人隐私。就算只是备而不用,这项法规也必將压抑批判性言论,因为用户会担心只要发帖批评政府就可能遭到报复。</p> <p>言论自由权虽然受到《中华人民共和国宪法》第35条明文保障,中国政府仍持续予以严厉打压,包括广泛的网络审查与即时监控,并对公民和记者的网上活动加以追诉。例如,2012年2月,作家<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513050629/http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/02/02/forbidden-citizen">朱虞夫</a>被以“煽动颠覆国家政权罪”判刑7年,只因他呼应阿拉伯之春,在网上贴出呼吁政治改革的<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513050629/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/02/the-chinese-poem-that-helped-spur-a-seven-year-prison-term.html">诗歌</a>。</p> <p><strong>网络实名制的背景</strong></p> <p>中国政府试图推动网络实名制,已不是第一次。2011年,中国政府就开始推动<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513050629/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-16212578">微博客用户实名注册</a>,更早也曾在2007年尝试推动<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513050629/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2007/05/22/tech-china-blogs-dc-idUKPEK35342620070522">博客实名制</a>。2010年,两家美国公司<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513050629/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/36021136/ns/technology_and_science-security/t/two-us-internet-companies-leave-china/#.UOSsxKzNkyk">停止</a>中国(.cn)域名注册服务,因为他们认为中国政府的规定过分侵犯客户隐私。虽然在官方2010年发布的<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513050629/http://www.hrichina.org/crf/article/3241">互联网发展规划</a>中,实名制是一个重要部分,但到目前为止,中国政府并未贯彻执行相关规定。</p> <p>此次全国人大常委会的新举措,可能显示当局决定扩大推广网络实名制,并加强现行规定的执行力度。在《决定》出台前,一连串<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513050629/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/403003/20121108/china-corruption-party-communist-internet.htm">重大弊案</a>信息突破官方媒体封锁,引发网上蜂传热议,<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513050629/http://globalvoicesonline.org/2013/01/01/chinas-top-10-protesters-listed-by-tencent-news/">社交媒体</a>也日益成为动员公民行动的利器。例如,在2011年7月温州动车事故中,<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513050629/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/29/world/asia/29china.html?pagewanted=all">微博和博客</a>扮演<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513050629/http://www.techinasia.com/the-wenzhou-crash-and-the-future-of-weibo/">追究</a>弊端、揭穿官方粉饰的角色。在社会公愤下,官方被迫做出回应:铁道工人将先前奉命掩埋的第一节车厢挖出来重新勘验;地方官员也收回成命,不再禁止律师代理罹难者家属的案件。</p> <p>另一类似案例发生在2012年8月,陜西安监局长杨达才被网友贴出一张他在重大死伤车祸现场嘻笑、佩戴贵重手表的照片后<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513050629/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-19672473">被免职</a>。愤怒的网民立刻展开搜索,从多张照片中发现他曾佩戴许多品牌名表,并且坐拥数百万财产,与他担任公务员的薪资显不相称。由于新闻媒体受到政府严格控制,互联网是中国民众从独立来源获取信息的少数管道之一,也日渐成为公民对政府问责的有力工具。</p> <p>在《决定》出台前,官方媒体于2012年12月刊载了<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513050629/http://advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org/2012/12/20/china-government-willinglness-to-expand-control-over-internet-worries-netizens/">一系列评论文章</a>,形容互联网是一个充斥暴力、谣言和网络罪犯的空间。全国人大常委会引用这些报导,凸显保护<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513050629/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2012-12/28/c_132069320.htm">个人隐私和信息安全</a>的必要,作为立法的理由。然而,实名制恐怕反而危害安全和隐私。举例而言,南韩为遏止网络覇凌,于2007年立法要求所有网站必须收集在社交媒体贴文用户的身分信息。但当依据实名制建立的个人资料库发生<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513050629/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/08/what-south-korea-can-teach-us-about-online-anonymity/">黑客事件</a>,造成大约3千5百万社交媒体用户隐私受损之后,民间强烈要求政府废止这项规定。最后,南韩最高法院以该法限制言论自由、又<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513050629/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444082904577606794167615620.html">无法解决</a>网上覇凌问题,认定其违宪。以中国情况来说,人大常委会并未充分说明有何重大威胁,必须对网上隐私和言论如此紧守严控,何况这种管制还可能损害用户的安全。 </p><p>不论为了维护隐私或言论自由,都必须保障匿名通信的权利。这项权利虽非绝对,但为了鼓励可能遭到报复的言论,保护个人匿名发言的重要性早已获得公认。在2011年向人权理事会提交的<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513050629/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/17session/a.hrc.17.27_en.pdf">报告</a>中,联合国促进和保护意见和表达自由权问题特别报告员即明确呼吁各国“确保个人可以在网上匿名表达意见,避免采用实名注册制度。”人权观察相信,应让网络使用者保有匿名发言的能力,特别是在政府迫害异议人士的国家,例如中国。</p><p> </p><p><strong>业者被迫审查言论</strong></p> <p>全国人大常委会的决定同时指示网络服务提供者要“加强对其用户发布的信息的管理”,这意味著言论审查将民间化,由互联网和电信业者来执行。在中国,所有服务提供者原本就已负有管制各式各样“违法内容”的责任。所谓“违法内容”定义宽泛,实际上常被用来查禁不符合官方路线、或被政府视为政治敏感的言论。如今政府又指示加强这项工作,未来私营业者恐将承受更大压力,进一步限制社交媒体、搜索引擎和其他重要网络工具的使用。</p> <p>此外,<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513050629/http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb742566.aspx">虚拟个人网络</a>(VPN)服务提供者的业务也受到<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513050629/http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2012/dec/14/china-tightens-great-firewall-internet-control">愈来愈多干扰</a>。VPN服务可以避开中国国家防火墙,保障互联网用户的通信安全。许多企业、记者和一般用户都靠VPN来加密互联网信息,逃避中国的过滤机制。</p> <p>“社交媒体在中国已渐渐成为公众信赖的问责工具,而这些新的管制规定将扼杀它这种濳在功能,” 王说。“如果政府真要全面打击贪腐,就不该叫告密者和普通公民们封口,也不该强迫业者代替他们这么做。相反地,政府应该允许人民利用网络畅所欲言,并且保护他们的身分不被泄露。”</p></div><div class="translation-links"><div class="label">Also available in:</div> <ul class="translation-list"><li class="node_translation_en first"><a href="/web/20130513050629/http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/01/04/china-renewed-restrictions-send-online-chill" title="China: Renewed 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