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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of shrub with edible berries</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the wild "European" blueberry. For the commonly cultivated "American" blueberry, see <a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">Blueberry</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bilberry_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bilberry (disambiguation)">Bilberry (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaccinium_myrtillus_Mustikka_IMG_1100_C-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Vaccinium_myrtillus_Mustikka_IMG_1100_C-_cropped.jpg/220px-Vaccinium_myrtillus_Mustikka_IMG_1100_C-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Vaccinium_myrtillus_Mustikka_IMG_1100_C-_cropped.jpg/330px-Vaccinium_myrtillus_Mustikka_IMG_1100_C-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Vaccinium_myrtillus_Mustikka_IMG_1100_C-_cropped.jpg/440px-Vaccinium_myrtillus_Mustikka_IMG_1100_C-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="1991" /></a><figcaption>Bilberries</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Bilberries</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>) are <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian</a> low-growing <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a> in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium" title="Vaccinium">Vaccinium</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plant</a> family <a href="/wiki/Ericaceae" title="Ericaceae">Ericaceae</a> that bear edible, dark blue berries. They resemble but are distinct from North American <a href="/wiki/Blueberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Blueberries">blueberries</a>. </p><p>The species most often referred to is <i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_myrtillus" title="Vaccinium myrtillus">Vaccinium myrtillus</a></i> L., but the term describes several other closely related species. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_regional_names">Etymology and regional names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilberry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and regional names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name "bilberry" appears to have a <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian languages">Scandinavian</a> origin, possibly from as early as 1577, being similar to the Danish word <i>bølle</i> for <a href="/wiki/Whortleberry" title="Whortleberry">whortleberry</a> with the addition of "berry".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Scandinavian languages, terms for bilberries have names that carry the meaning "blueberry": e.g. <i>blåbär</i> in Swedish and <i>blåbær</i> in Danish and Norwegian.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The bilberry (especially <i>Vaccinium myrtillus</i>) is generally known as <b>blaeberry</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɛr/: 'err' in 'merry'">ɛr</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> in Scottish and Northern English regional dialects,<sup id="cite_ref-Blamey_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blamey-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>whortleberry</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/hw/: 'wh' in 'why'">hw</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> in southern England.<sup id="cite_ref-Blamey_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blamey-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilberry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bilberry" title="Special:EditPage/Bilberry">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lahemaa_mustikad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lahemaa_mustikad.jpg/220px-Lahemaa_mustikad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lahemaa_mustikad.jpg/330px-Lahemaa_mustikad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lahemaa_mustikad.jpg/440px-Lahemaa_mustikad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1473" /></a><figcaption>Ripe bilberry and leaves</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaccinium_myrtillus_vs_Vaccinium_uliginosum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Vaccinium_myrtillus_vs_Vaccinium_uliginosum.JPG/250px-Vaccinium_myrtillus_vs_Vaccinium_uliginosum.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Vaccinium_myrtillus_vs_Vaccinium_uliginosum.JPG/330px-Vaccinium_myrtillus_vs_Vaccinium_uliginosum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Vaccinium_myrtillus_vs_Vaccinium_uliginosum.JPG/500px-Vaccinium_myrtillus_vs_Vaccinium_uliginosum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="1071" /></a><figcaption>The interiors of bilberries (top) have dark-colored flesh, while bog bilberries (bottom) have pale flesh.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bilberries—which are native to Europe—are different from North American <a href="/wiki/Blueberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Blueberries">blueberries</a>, although the species are closely related and belong to the same genus, <i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium" title="Vaccinium">Vaccinium</a></i>. </p><p>Bilberry are non-<a href="/wiki/Climacteric_(botany)" title="Climacteric (botany)">climacteric</a> fruits with a smooth, circular outline at the end opposite the stalk, whereas blueberries retain persistent <a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">sepals</a> there, leaving a rough, star-shaped pattern of five flaps.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bilberries grow singly or in pairs rather than in clusters, as blueberries do, and blueberries have more evergreen leaves. Bilberries are dark in color, and often appear near black with a slight shade of purple. </p><p>Bilberries and blueberries contain diverse <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanins</a>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanidin" title="Anthocyanidin">anthocyanidins</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Delphinidin" title="Delphinidin">delphinidin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyanidin" title="Cyanidin">cyanidin</a> <a href="/wiki/Glycoside" title="Glycoside">glycosides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kaunus_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaunus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While blueberry fruit pulp is light green, <i>V. myrtillus</i> bilberry pulp is red or purple and <i>V. uliginosum</i> bog bilberry pulp is pale-colored. The high anthocyanin content of <i>V. myrtillus</i> may cause staining of the fingers, lips, and tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-kaunus_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaunus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species">Species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilberry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>bilberries</i> can describe several closely related species, which (except for <i>V. uliginosum</i>) are part of <a href="/wiki/Section_(botany)" title="Section (botany)">section</a> <i>Myrtillus</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-kron_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kron-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_myrtillus" title="Vaccinium myrtillus">Vaccinium myrtillus</a></i> L. (bilberry)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_uliginosum" title="Vaccinium uliginosum">Vaccinium uliginosum</a></i> L. (bog bilberry, bog blueberry, bog whortleberry, bog huckleberry, northern bilberry, ground hurts)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_cespitosum" title="Vaccinium cespitosum">Vaccinium cespitosum</a></i> Michx. (dwarf bilberry)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_deliciosum" title="Vaccinium deliciosum">Vaccinium deliciosum</a></i> Piper (Cascade bilberry)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_membranaceum" title="Vaccinium membranaceum">Vaccinium membranaceum</a></i> (mountain bilberry, black mountain huckleberry, black huckleberry, twin-leaved huckleberry)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_ovalifolium" title="Vaccinium ovalifolium">Vaccinium ovalifolium</a></i> (oval-leafed blueberry, oval-leaved bilberry, mountain blueberry, high-bush blueberry).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilberry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bilberry plants can suffer from bilberry blight,<sup id="cite_ref-NatEn_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatEn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Phytophthora_kernoviae" title="Phytophthora kernoviae">Phytophthora kernoviae</a></i>. There have been severe outbreaks in <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a>, England.<sup id="cite_ref-StaffsCC_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StaffsCC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bilberry is used as a food plant by the <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> of some <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a> species.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Harvesting">Harvesting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilberry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Harvesting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bilberry" title="Special:EditPage/Bilberry">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norwegian_blueberries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Norwegian_blueberries.jpg/250px-Norwegian_blueberries.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Norwegian_blueberries.jpg/330px-Norwegian_blueberries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Norwegian_blueberries.jpg/500px-Norwegian_blueberries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1372" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption>Closeup of bilberries</figcaption></figure> <p>Bilberries are found in <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acidic</a>, nutrient-poor <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soils</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subarctic" title="Subarctic">subarctic</a> regions of the world. They are difficult to grow and the fruit is small, so they are seldom cultivated. Fruits are mostly collected from wild plants growing on publicly accessible lands throughout northern and central Europe where they are plentiful; for example, up to a fifth (17–21%) of the land area of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> contains bilberry bushes, where it is called blåbär (lit. "blueberry", which is a source of confusion with the American blueberry).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bilberries can be picked by a <a href="/wiki/Berry-picking_rake" title="Berry-picking rake">berry-picking rake</a> like <a href="/wiki/Lingonberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingonberries">lingonberries</a>, but are more susceptible to damage. They are softer and juicier than blueberries, making them difficult to transport. Because of these factors, fresh bilberries are only available from markets and gourmet stores. Frozen bilberries, however, are available year round in many parts of Europe. </p><p>In Iceland, bilberries (known as <i>aðalbláber</i>, or "prime blueberry") grow predominantly in <a href="/wiki/Westfjords" title="Westfjords">Westfjords</a> and the surrounding area. In most of the country, the closely related <a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_uliginosum" title="Vaccinium uliginosum">bláber</a> occupy the same habitat. Both species are commonly found growing with <a href="/wiki/Betula_nana" title="Betula nana">dwarf birch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empetrum_nigrum" title="Empetrum nigrum">crowberries</a>. Wild growth is vast compared to the population of Iceland and wild harvesting is legal, and a popular activity in August when the berry season peaks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilberry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarte_aux_myrtilles,_Refuge_du_Lac_du_Lou,_Les_Belleville.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tarte_aux_myrtilles%2C_Refuge_du_Lac_du_Lou%2C_Les_Belleville.jpg/220px-Tarte_aux_myrtilles%2C_Refuge_du_Lac_du_Lou%2C_Les_Belleville.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tarte_aux_myrtilles%2C_Refuge_du_Lac_du_Lou%2C_Les_Belleville.jpg/330px-Tarte_aux_myrtilles%2C_Refuge_du_Lac_du_Lou%2C_Les_Belleville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tarte_aux_myrtilles%2C_Refuge_du_Lac_du_Lou%2C_Les_Belleville.jpg/440px-Tarte_aux_myrtilles%2C_Refuge_du_Lac_du_Lou%2C_Les_Belleville.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5332" data-file-height="3545" /></a><figcaption>Bilberry pie, <i>tarte aux myrtilles</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The fruits are eaten fresh or made into <a href="/wiki/Jam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jam">jams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruit_fool" title="Fruit fool">fools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juice" title="Juice">juices</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Pie" title="Pie">pies</a>. In France and Italy, they are used as a base for <a href="/wiki/Liqueur" title="Liqueur">liqueurs</a> and are a popular flavouring for <a href="/wiki/Sorbet" title="Sorbet">sorbets</a> and other desserts. In <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, they are often used as a flavouring for <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe" title="Crêpe">crêpes</a>. In the Vosges and the <a href="/wiki/Massif_Central" title="Massif Central">Massif Central</a>, bilberry tart (<i>tarte aux myrtilles</i>) is a traditional dessert. In Romania, they are used as a base for a liqueur called <i>afinată</i> – the name of the fruit in Romanian is <i>afină</i>. In Nordic countries, they are eaten fresh or made into jams and other dishes, including bilberry pie (Finnish <i>mustikkapiirakka</i>, Swedish <i>blåbärspaj</i>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%A5b%C3%A4rssoppa" title="Blåbärssoppa">blåbärssoppa</a></i>, a bilberry soup served hot or cold. In Iceland they are popularly eaten with <a href="/wiki/Skyr" title="Skyr">skyr</a> (a cultured dairy product similar to yoghurt). In Poland, they are eaten fresh (often mixed with sugar), as a filling in a sweet yeast-leavened bun known as <i>jagodzianka</i>, in jams (known for their health benefits in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Diarrhoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Diarrhoea">diarrhoea</a>) and with <a href="/wiki/Smetana_(dairy_product)" title="Smetana (dairy product)">śmietana</a> (a soured cream) or unsoured cream as a sauce for rice or pasta for a light summertime meal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilberry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One review of low-quality <a href="/wiki/Clinical_research" title="Clinical research">clinical research</a> concluded there was no evidence that consuming bilberries improves <a href="/wiki/Night_vision" title="Night vision">night vision</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Canter_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canter-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although bilberries have been used in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a>, there are no proven health benefits or anti-disease effects from consuming them.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilberry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Ireland, the fruit is known as <i>fraughan</i>, from the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> <i>fraochán</i>, and is traditionally gathered on the last Sunday in July, known as "Fraughan Sunday". Bilberries were also collected at the Celtic festival of <a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a> in August, the first traditional harvest festival of the year. The crop of bilberries was said to indicate how well the rest of the crops would fare in their harvests later in the year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilberry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bilberry">"Bilberry"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster Dictionary</i>. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Bilberry&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fbilberry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blamey-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blamey_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blamey_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlameyFitterFitter2003" class="citation book cs1">Blamey, M.; Fitter, R.; Fitter, A (2003). <i>Wildflowers of Britain and Ireland: The Complete Guide to the British and Irish Flora</i>. London: A & C Black. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-7950-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-7950-5"><bdi>978-1-4081-7950-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wildflowers+of+Britain+and+Ireland%3A+The+Complete+Guide+to+the+British+and+Irish+Flora.&rft.place=London&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=A+%26+C+Black&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-7950-5&rft.aulast=Blamey&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Fitter%2C+R.&rft.au=Fitter%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVoss1996" class="citation book cs1">Voss, E.G. (1996). <i>Michigan Flora Part III Dicots Concluded</i>. Cranbrook Institute of Science. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-877370-40-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-877370-40-1"><bdi>1-877370-40-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michigan+Flora+Part+III+Dicots+Concluded&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Cranbrook+Institute+of+Science&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-877370-40-1&rft.aulast=Voss&rft.aufirst=E.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kaunus-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kaunus_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kaunus_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurdulisIvanauskasDirseKazlauskas2007" class="citation journal cs1">Burdulis, D.; Ivanauskas, L.; Dirse, V.; Kazlauskas, S.; Razukas, A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medicina.lsmuni.lt/med/0712/0712-09e.pdf">"Study of diversity of anthocyanin composition in bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) fruits"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Medicina (Kaunas)</i>. <b>43</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">971–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmedicina43120127">10.3390/medicina43120127</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18182842">18182842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medicina+%28Kaunas%29&rft.atitle=Study+of+diversity+of+anthocyanin+composition+in+bilberry+%28Vaccinium+myrtillus+L.%29+fruits&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E971-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fmedicina43120127&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18182842&rft.aulast=Burdulis&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Ivanauskas%2C+L.&rft.au=Dirse%2C+V.&rft.au=Kazlauskas%2C+S.&rft.au=Razukas%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedicina.lsmuni.lt%2Fmed%2F0712%2F0712-09e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLättiRiihinenKainulainen2008" class="citation journal cs1">Lätti, A.K.; Riihinen, K.R.; Kainulainen, P.S. (2008). "Analysis of anthocyanin variation in wild populations of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) in Finland". <i>Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</i>. <b>56</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">190–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf072857m">10.1021/jf072857m</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18072741">18072741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Food+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+anthocyanin+variation+in+wild+populations+of+bilberry+%28Vaccinium+myrtillus+L.%29+in+Finland&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E190-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjf072857m&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18072741&rft.aulast=L%C3%A4tti&rft.aufirst=A.K.&rft.au=Riihinen%2C+K.R.&rft.au=Kainulainen%2C+P.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kron-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kron_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKathleen_A._KronE._Ann_PowellJ._L._Luteyn2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kathleen A. Kron; E. Ann Powell; J. L. Luteyn (2002). "Phylogenetic relationships within the blueberry tribe (Vaccinieae, Ericaceae) based on sequence data from MATK and nuclear ribosomal ITS regions, with comments on the placement of <i>Satyria</i>". <i>American Journal of Botany</i>. <b>89</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">327–</span>336. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.89.2.327">10.3732/ajb.89.2.327</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21669741">21669741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+relationships+within+the+blueberry+tribe+%28Vaccinieae%2C+Ericaceae%29+based+on+sequence+data+from+MATK+and+nuclear+ribosomal+ITS+regions%2C+with+comments+on+the+placement+of+Satyria&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E327-%3C%2Fspan%3E336&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3732%2Fajb.89.2.327&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21669741&rft.au=Kathleen+A.+Kron&rft.au=E.+Ann+Powell&rft.au=J.+L.+Luteyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatEn-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NatEn_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120327094135/http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/biodiversity/threats/phytophthora.aspx">"Phytophthora"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Natural_England" title="Natural England">Natural England</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/biodiversity/threats/phytophthora.aspx">the original</a> on 27 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phytophthora&rft.pub=Natural+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naturalengland.org.uk%2Fourwork%2Fconservation%2Fbiodiversity%2Fthreats%2Fphytophthora.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StaffsCC-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StaffsCC_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180127004607/https://www.staffordshire.gov.uk/environment/eLand/Countryside/phytophthora/ChannelHome.aspx">"Disease of Bilberry (Phytophthora)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_County_Council" title="Staffordshire County Council">Staffordshire County Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.staffordshire.gov.uk/environment/eLand/Countryside/phytophthora/ChannelHome.aspx">the original</a> on 27 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Disease+of+Bilberry+%28Phytophthora%29&rft.pub=Staffordshire+County+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.staffordshire.gov.uk%2Fenvironment%2FeLand%2FCountryside%2Fphytophthora%2FChannelHome.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A5b%C3%A4r" class="extiw" title="sv:Blåbär">sv:Blåbär</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canter-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Canter_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCanterErnst2004" class="citation journal cs1">Canter, Peter H; Ernst, Edzard (2004). "Anthocyanosides of Vaccinium myrtillus (Bilberry) for Night Vision—A Systematic Review of Placebo-Controlled Trials". <i>Survey of Ophthalmology</i>. <b>49</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">38–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.survophthal.2003.10.006">10.1016/j.survophthal.2003.10.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-6257">0039-6257</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14711439">14711439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Survey+of+Ophthalmology&rft.atitle=Anthocyanosides+of+Vaccinium+myrtillus+%28Bilberry%29+for+Night+Vision%E2%80%94A+Systematic+Review+of+Placebo-Controlled+Trials&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0039-6257&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14711439&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.survophthal.2003.10.006&rft.aulast=Canter&rft.aufirst=Peter+H&rft.au=Ernst%2C+Edzard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nccih.nih.gov/health/bilberry">"Bilberry"</a>. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bilberry&rft.pub=National+Center+for+Complementary+and+Integrative+Health%2C+US+National+Institutes+of+Health&rft.date=2016-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnccih.nih.gov%2Fhealth%2Fbilberry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilberry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bilberry" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bilberry">Bilberry</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/20px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/bilberry" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/bilberry"><i>bilberry</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_myrtillus" class="extiw" title="commons:Vaccinium myrtillus">Bilberry</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Blueberries" title="Template:Blueberries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Blueberries" title="Template talk:Blueberries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Blueberries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Blueberries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Blueberries193" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">Blueberries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_angustifolium" title="Vaccinium angustifolium">Vaccinium angustifolium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_boreale" title="Vaccinium boreale">Vaccinium boreale</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_caesariense" title="Vaccinium caesariense">Vaccinium caesariense</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_corymbosum" title="Vaccinium corymbosum">Vaccinium corymbosum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_darrowii" title="Vaccinium darrowii">Vaccinium darrowii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_elliottii" title="Vaccinium elliottii">Vaccinium elliottii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_fuscatum" title="Vaccinium fuscatum">Vaccinium fuscatum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_hirsutum" title="Vaccinium hirsutum">Vaccinium hirsutum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_koreanum" title="Vaccinium koreanum">Vaccinium koreanum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_meridionale" title="Vaccinium meridionale">Vaccinium meridionale</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_myrsinites" title="Vaccinium myrsinites">Vaccinium myrsinites</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_myrtilloides" title="Vaccinium myrtilloides">Vaccinium myrtilloides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_pallidum" title="Vaccinium pallidum">Vaccinium pallidum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_tenellum" title="Vaccinium tenellum">Vaccinium tenellum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_virgatum" title="Vaccinium virgatum">Vaccinium virgatum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antioxidant-berries-bilberry-988870.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blueberries"><img alt="Blueberries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Antioxidant-berries-bilberry-988870.jpg/120px-Antioxidant-berries-bilberry-988870.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Antioxidant-berries-bilberry-988870.jpg/250px-Antioxidant-berries-bilberry-988870.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1640" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">Blueberry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">As food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bilberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%A5b%C3%A4rssoppa" title="Blåbärssoppa">Blåbärssoppa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry_pie" title="Blueberry pie">Blueberry pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry_sauce" title="Blueberry sauce">Blueberry sauce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry_tea" title="Blueberry tea">Blueberry tea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Blueberries" title="Category:Blueberries">Category: Blueberries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Non-timber_forest_products870" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" 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href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">Animal products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">Furs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pine_honey" title="Pine honey">pine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Wild game</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berry" title="Berry">Berries</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree" title="Fruit tree">tree fruit</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">Banana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bilberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_binucao" title="Garcinia binucao">Binukaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">Blackberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">Blueberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">Breadfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">Durian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_gummi-gutta" title="Garcinia gummi-gutta">Gambooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huckleberry" title="Huckleberry">Huckleberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea" title="Vaccinium vitis-idaea">Lingonberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_vesca" title="Fragaria vesca">Woodland strawberry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaf_vegetables" title="List of leaf vegetables">Edible plants</a> / <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddlehead" title="Fiddlehead">Fiddlehead ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_palm" title="Heart of palm">Heart of palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Mahuwa_flowers" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahuwa flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroxylon_sagu" title="Metroxylon sagu">Sago palm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycas_circinalis" title="Cycas circinalis">queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fil%C3%A9_powder" title="Filé powder">filé powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_beer" title="Root beer">root beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenoa" title="Serenoa">Saw palmetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng#Wild_ginseng" title="Ginseng">Wild ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_onion" title="Wild onion">Wild onions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">Bear garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">Canada onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_vineale" title="Allium vineale">Crow garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_bisceptrum" title="Allium bisceptrum">Twincrest onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_validum" title="Allium validum">Pacific mountain onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">Ramps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">Mushrooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russula_vesca" title="Russula vesca">Bare-toothed russula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imleria_badia" title="Imleria badia">Bay bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_scabrum" title="Leccinum scabrum">Birch bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis">Cep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantharellus" title="Cantharellus">Chanterelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillaria_mellea" title="Armillaria mellea">Honey mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a> (reishi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsutake" title="Matsutake">Matsutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_campestris" title="Agaricus campestris">Meadow mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morchella" title="Morchella">Morel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleurotus_ostreatus" title="Pleurotus ostreatus">Oyster mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrolepiota_procera" title="Macrolepiota procera">Parasol mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_aurantiacum" title="Leccinum aurantiacum">Red cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactarius_deliciosus" title="Lactarius deliciosus">Saffron milk cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suillus_luteus" title="Suillus luteus">Slippery jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">Truffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricholoma_equestre" title="Tricholoma equestre">Yellow knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphium_affine" title="Scaphium affine">Malva nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Oil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allanblackia_oil" title="Allanblackia oil">Allanblackia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonia" title="Platonia">Bacuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlenut_oil" title="Candlenut oil">Candlenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_grandiflorum" title="Theobroma grandiflorum">Capuacu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnauba_wax" title="Carnauba wax">Carnauba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydnocarpus_wightiana_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydnocarpus wightiana seed oil">Chaulmoogra <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<i>Hydnocarpus wightiana</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_oil" title="Eucalyptus oil">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illipe" title="Illipe">Illipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_wax" title="Japan wax">Japan wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokum_butter" title="Kokum butter">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pycnanthus_angolensis" title="Pycnanthus angolensis">Kombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadesma_butyracea" title="Pentadesma butyracea">Kpangnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusum_oil" title="Kusum oil">Kusum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichilia_emetica" title="Trichilia emetica">Mafura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Oil" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_oil" title="Mango oil">Mango butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_murumuru" title="Astrocaryum murumuru">Murumuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagkesar_seed_oil" title="Nagkesar seed oil">Nagkesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">kernel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulwara_oil" title="Phulwara oil">Phulwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilu_oil" title="Pilu oil">Pilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongamia_oil" title="Pongamia oil">Pongamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta_seed_oil" title="Shorea robusta seed oil">Sal-seed <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<i>Shorea robusta</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanu_oil" title="Tamanu oil">Tamanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea-seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_tree_oil" title="Tea tree oil">Tea-tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_aculeatum" title="Astrocaryum aculeatum">Tucuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucuhuba_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ucuhuba seed oil">Ucuuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vateria_indica_oil" title="Vateria indica oil"><i>Vateria indica</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">Resins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoin_(resin)" title="Benzoin (resin)">Benzoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch tar">Birch tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creosote#Wood-tar_creosote" title="Creosote">Creosote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">Gamboge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">Rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">Turpentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a> / <a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">gum</a> / etc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">Birch syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicle" title="Chicle">Chicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Coconut sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_sugar" title="Date sugar">Date sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_syrup" title="Fruit syrup">Fruit syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">Gum arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_(botany)" title="Kino (botany)">Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">Latex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">Maple sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akpeteshie" title="Akpeteshie">akpeteshie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogogoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogogoro">ogogoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_gum" title="Spruce gum">Spruce gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadou" title="Amadou">Amadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_musical_instruments" title="Bamboo musical instruments">musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_bark" title="Birch bark">Birch bark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_beer" title="Birch beer">Birch beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">Forage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaria" title="Uncaria">Gambier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss#Commercial" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural dyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">henna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">Quinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diospyros_melanoxylon" title="Diospyros melanoxylon">Tendu leaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">Thatching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_ivory" title="Vegetable ivory">Vegetable ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow#Medicinal" title="Willow">Willow bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa"><i>Dehesa</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Iberian agroforestry)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_produce_(India)" title="Forest produce (India)">Indian forest produce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_stores" title="Naval stores">Naval stores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcrafting" title="Wildcrafting">Wildcrafting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Category:Non-timber forest products">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" 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