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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Israelite_Tower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israelite_Tower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Israelite Tower</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israelite_Tower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hasmonean_Tower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hasmonean_Tower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Hasmonean Tower</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hasmonean_Tower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Access</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Israelite Tower</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:HaMigdal_HaIsraeli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/HaMigdal_HaIsraeli.jpg/220px-HaMigdal_HaIsraeli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/HaMigdal_HaIsraeli.jpg/330px-HaMigdal_HaIsraeli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/HaMigdal_HaIsraeli.jpg/440px-HaMigdal_HaIsraeli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_location_map_without_titles.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Israelite Tower is located in Jerusalem"><img alt="Israelite Tower is located in Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jerusalem_location_map_without_titles.png/250px-Jerusalem_location_map_without_titles.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jerusalem_location_map_without_titles.png/375px-Jerusalem_location_map_without_titles.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jerusalem_location_map_without_titles.png/500px-Jerusalem_location_map_without_titles.png 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="868" /></a></span><div class="od 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scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Israelite_Tower&params=31_46_35.09_N_35_13_54.62_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°46′35.09″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°13′54.62″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.7764139°N 35.2318389°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.7764139; 35.2318389</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">fortification</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Material</th><td class="infobox-data category">stone</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">8/7th century BCE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data">586 BCE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean">Hasmonean</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Excavation dates</th><td class="infobox-data">1969-1982</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archaeologists</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nahman_Avigad" title="Nahman Avigad">Nahman Avigad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Public access</th><td class="infobox-data">limited</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Jewish_Quarter_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jerusalem_Jewish_Quarter_map.svg/275px-Jerusalem_Jewish_Quarter_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jerusalem_Jewish_Quarter_map.svg/413px-Jerusalem_Jewish_Quarter_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jerusalem_Jewish_Quarter_map.svg/550px-Jerusalem_Jewish_Quarter_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption>Map of Jerusalem's Jewish Quarter. The Israelite Tower stands north of the <a href="/wiki/Broad_Wall_(Jerusalem)" title="Broad Wall (Jerusalem)">Broad Wall</a> (number 4)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Israelite Tower</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">המגדל הישראלי</span>) is an archaeological site in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Quarter_(Jerusalem)" title="Jewish Quarter (Jerusalem)">Jewish Quarter</a>. The site features remains of the city's <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> fortifications which were later incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean">Hasmonean</a> city walls. It was excavated by Israeli archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Nahman_Avigad" title="Nahman Avigad">Nahman Avigad</a> during the 1970s. Finds unearthed at the site attest to the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Babylonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">destruction of Jerusalem</a> in 586 BCE. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Excavation">Excavation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israelite_Tower&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Excavation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1969 and 1982, <a href="/wiki/Nahman_Avigad" title="Nahman Avigad">Nahman Avigad</a> conducted extensive excavations in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Quarter_(Jerusalem)" title="Jewish Quarter (Jerusalem)">Jewish Quarter</a>, situated on Jerusalem's southwestern hill. These excavations, covering an area of some 5 acres, proved crucial for the understanding of the history of settlement in this section of the old city. In the northern part of the quarter, Avigad and his team uncovered three well-preserved segments of late Iron Age (<a href="/wiki/First_Temple_period" class="mw-redirect" title="First Temple period">First Temple period</a>) fortifications. One of these was the Israelite Tower, described as "one of the most impressive fortification remains from biblical times to have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-baa_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israelite_Tower">Israelite Tower</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israelite_Tower&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Israelite Tower"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Slightly north of the <a href="/wiki/Broad_Wall_(Jerusalem)" title="Broad Wall (Jerusalem)">Broad Wall</a>, excavations revealed two perpendicular walls about 4 metres (13 ft) wide and surviving to a maximal height of 7 metres (23 ft). One is 12 metres (39 ft) long, running from east to west, and the other 8 metres (26 ft) long and runs from north to south.<sup id="cite_ref-baa_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Standing on bedrock 45 feet below modern ground level, the walls were built of rough-hewn field stones placed in courses along both faces, with the spaces in-between filled with small stones. A surface of beaten earth tightly bonded to the tower, covered by ashes, produced Late Iron Age II <a href="/wiki/Sherds" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherds">sherds</a> characteristic of the 8th and 7th centuries BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-t10_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avigad identified the tower as the corner of a four-chambered gatehouse in Jerusalem's northern wall, perhaps the "Middle Gate" mentioned in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1139.htm#3">Jeremiah 39:3</a>. It had been built to protect the city's vulnerable northern perimeter, probably during the 8th century BCE but perhaps during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Manasseh_of_Judah" title="Manasseh of Judah">Menasseh</a> in the 7th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-t10_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ih_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ih-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is physically close to the Broad Wall, built during the reign of king <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a>, but appears to have come into use after the Broad Wall had already fallen into disuse.<sup id="cite_ref-baa_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finds at the tower attest to a battle. On the last day of the 1975 excavation season, Avigad's team unearthed four arrowheads buried in the layer of soot and ashes at the base of the tower. One was made of iron and the other three of bronze, including one distinguished from the others by three triangular fins and a hollow socket for the shaft. This was identified as a <a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scytho</a>-Iranian type in widespread use by Babylonian archers after 600 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-t10_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the pottery found within the conflagration layer is dated earlier than 586 BCE, the range of dates for the possible battle at the site is reduced significantly. The four arrowheads are therefore likely remnants of the Babylonian siege and destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BCE. They are thought to be the first remains ever recovered of the Babylonian siege, having come to rest in the ashes of the burning city, as described in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b25.htm#1">2 Kings 25</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-baa_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-t10_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sco_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sco-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Avigad's discoveries also provided an answer to a contemporary debate about the extent of Iron Age Jerusalem. Before the excavation of the Jewish quarter, scholars had been divided between those that believed the city had been confined to its eastern ridge, including the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a> and the <a href="/wiki/City_of_David_(historic)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of David (historic)">City of David</a>, and those who believed the biblical city has already expanded to encompass the southwestern hill. Avigad's discoveries, since augmented by additional finds, had proven that by the end of the First Temple period, Jerusalem's city walls had expanded to the <a href="/wiki/Hinnom_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinnom Valley">Hinnom Valley</a> in the west and had encompassed the entire southwestern hill.<sup id="cite_ref-baa_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-t10_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hasmonean_Tower">Hasmonean Tower</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israelite_Tower&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hasmonean Tower"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abutting and incorporating the Israelite Tower are the remains of another tower and city wall.<sup id="cite_ref-ih_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ih-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shaped like the Greek letter <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span>, the tower extends north from the wall. Constructed of medium-size, well-cut, close-fitting rectangular ashlars, the tower walls are 9 metres (30 ft) long and between 2.5m and 3m thick. The masonry is characteristic of the 1st or 2nd centuries BCE, as is the pottery found on and below another surface bonded to the wall, 1.3 meters above the earlier 6th century floor. These have linked the later defences to the Hasmonean "First Wall", described in detail in <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-wall_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wall-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Josephus erroneously attributes it to <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> and the kings of Judah, construction of the wall was initiated by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Maccabeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Maccabeus">Jonathan Maccabeus</a> and completed by his brother <a href="/wiki/Simon_Maccabeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Maccabeus">Simon</a> during the 2nd century BCE. A nearby gap between fragments of the wall hints that another city gate stood at the site, possibly the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gennath_gate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gennath gate (page does not exist)">Gennath gate</a> also mentioned by Josephus.<sup id="cite_ref-t10_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ih_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ih-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jer_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-forts_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forts-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Access">Access</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israelite_Tower&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Access"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Israelite Tower is located at the modern junction of Plugot HaKotel and Shonei HaLakhot streets,<sup id="cite_ref-ih_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ih-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> preserved underneath a school.<sup id="cite_ref-sco_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sco-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Access is limited and requires reservation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israelite_Tower&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_during_the_Second_Temple_period" title="Jerusalem during the Second Temple period">Jerusalem during the Second Temple period</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israelite_Tower&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israelite_Tower&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-baa-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-baa_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baa_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baa_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baa_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baa_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Geva">Geva 2003</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-t10-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-t10_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-t10_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-t10_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-t10_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-t10_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-t10_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Singer">Singer 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ih-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ih_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ih_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ih_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ih_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Winter">Winter 1999</a>, pp. 149-150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sco-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sco_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sco_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Price">Price 1997</a>, p. 234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wall-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wall_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Josephus">Josephus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=J.+BJ+5.142&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148"><i>The Wars of the Jews</i> 5:142-145,159</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jer-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jer_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ronen">Ronen 1984</a>, pp. 116-117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-forts-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-forts_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Rocca2008">Rocca 2008</a>, pp. 14-15</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israelite_Tower&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="Geva" class="citation book cs1">Geva, Hillel (2003). "Western Jerusalem at the end of the First Temple Period in Light of the Excavations in the Jewish Quarter". In Vaughn, Andrew G; Killebrew, Ann E (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yYS4VEu08h4C"><i>Jerusalem in Bible and archaeology: the First Temple period</i></a>. Society of Biblical Literature. pp. 183–208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-066-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-066-0"><bdi>978-1-58983-066-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Western+Jerusalem+at+the+end+of+the+First+Temple+Period+in+Light+of+the+Excavations+in+the+Jewish+Quarter&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+in+Bible+and+archaeology%3A+the+First+Temple+period&rft.pages=183-208&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-066-0&rft.aulast=Geva&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyYS4VEu08h4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelite+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><cite id="Josephus"> Josephus, Flavius. William Whiston, A.M., translator (1895). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0148">The Works of Flavius Josephus</a></i>. Auburn and Buffalo, New York: John E. Beardsley. Retrieved 15 July 2010.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Price" class="citation book cs1">Price, Randall (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IoGQT16GNDcC"><i>The Stones Cry Out</i></a>. Harvest House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56507-640-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56507-640-2"><bdi>978-1-56507-640-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stones+Cry+Out&rft.pub=Harvest+House&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-56507-640-2&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Randall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIoGQT16GNDcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelite+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Rocca2008" class="citation book cs1">Rocca, Samuel (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gup5vH_B-aoC"><i>The Forts of Judaea 168 BC – AD 73</i></a>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-171-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-171-7"><bdi>978-1-84603-171-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forts+of+Judaea+168+BC+%E2%80%93+AD+73&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-171-7&rft.aulast=Rocca&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGup5vH_B-aoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelite+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ronen" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ronen, Israel (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6CdceCDoc8C"><bdi lang="he">ירושלים לדורותיה, מעיר-מקדש לבירת ממלכת החשמונאים</bdi></a> (in Hebrew). Open University of Israel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-06-1075-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-06-1075-3"><bdi>978-965-06-1075-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%94%2C+%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8-%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%A9+%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA+%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D&rft.pub=Open+University+of+Israel&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-965-06-1075-3&rft.aulast=Ronen&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY6CdceCDoc8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelite+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Singer" class="citation book cs1">Singer, Suzanne F. (2011). "Jerusalem's Babylonian Siege Tower". In Corbet, Joey (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402230616/http://www.reformedstudies.org/files/ten_top_biblical_archaeology_discoveries.pdf"><i>Top Ten Biblical Archaeology Discoveries</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, DC: Biblical Archaeology Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reformedstudies.org/files/ten_top_biblical_archaeology_discoveries.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jerusalem%E2%80%99s+Babylonian+Siege+Tower&rft.btitle=Top+Ten+Biblical+Archaeology+Discoveries&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Biblical+Archaeology+Society&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Suzanne+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reformedstudies.org%2Ffiles%2Ften_top_biblical_archaeology_discoveries.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelite+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Winter" class="citation book cs1">Winter, Dave (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vFmaH4AbP6QC"><i>Israel Handbook</i></a>. Footprint Travel Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900949-48-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-900949-48-4"><bdi>978-1-900949-48-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+Handbook&rft.pub=Footprint+Travel+Guides&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-900949-48-4&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvFmaH4AbP6QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelite+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israelite_Tower&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121005032727/http://www.jewish-quarter.org.il/atar-migd.asp">The Israelite Tower</a> at the Jewish Quarter website.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israelite_Tower&oldid=1254720604">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israelite_Tower&oldid=1254720604</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_Jerusalem" title="Category:Archaeological sites in Jerusalem">Archaeological sites in Jerusalem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_Quarter_(Jerusalem)" title="Category:Jewish Quarter (Jerusalem)">Jewish Quarter (Jerusalem)</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Hebrew-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Hebrew-language_script_(he)" title="Category:CS1 uses Hebrew-language script (he)">CS1 uses Hebrew-language script (he)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Hebrew-language_sources_(he)" title="Category:CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)">CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 November 2024, at 10:17<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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