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id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historical sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seleucid_rule_over_Judea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seleucid_rule_over_Judea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Seleucid rule over Judea</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Seleucid_rule_over_Judea-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Seleucid rule over Judea subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Seleucid_rule_over_Judea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hellenisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hellenisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiochus_IV_against_Jerusalem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiochus_IV_against_Jerusalem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Antiochus IV against Jerusalem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiochus_IV_against_Jerusalem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maccabean_Revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maccabean_Revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Maccabean Revolt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maccabean_Revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_revolt_to_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_revolt_to_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>From revolt to independence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-From_revolt_to_independence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle From revolt to independence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-From_revolt_to_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judah_and_Jonathan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judah_and_Jonathan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Judah and Jonathan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judah_and_Jonathan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seleucid_civil_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seleucid_civil_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Seleucid civil conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seleucid_civil_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hasmoneans_under_Balas_and_Demetrius_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hasmoneans_under_Balas_and_Demetrius_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Hasmoneans under Balas and Demetrius II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hasmoneans_under_Balas_and_Demetrius_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hasmoneans_under_Demetrius_and_Diodotus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hasmoneans_under_Demetrius_and_Diodotus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Hasmoneans under Demetrius and Diodotus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hasmoneans_under_Demetrius_and_Diodotus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simon_assumes_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simon_assumes_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Simon assumes leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simon_assumes_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hasmonean_expansion_and_civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hasmonean_expansion_and_civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Hasmonean expansion and civil war</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hasmonean_expansion_and_civil_war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hasmonean expansion and civil war subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hasmonean_expansion_and_civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pharisee_and_Sadducee_factions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharisee_and_Sadducee_factions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Pharisee and Sadducee factions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharisee_and_Sadducee_factions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Civil war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intrigues_of_Antipater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intrigues_of_Antipater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Intrigues of Antipater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intrigues_of_Antipater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_intervention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Roman intervention</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Roman_intervention-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Roman intervention subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Roman_intervention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pompey_the_Great" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pompey_the_Great"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Pompey the Great</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pompey_the_Great-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pompey_and_Caesar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pompey_and_Caesar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Pompey and Caesar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pompey_and_Caesar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parthian_invasion,_Antony,_Augustus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parthian_invasion,_Antony,_Augustus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Parthian invasion, Antony, Augustus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parthian_invasion,_Antony,_Augustus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Herod_and_the_end_of_the_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herod_and_the_end_of_the_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Herod and the end of the dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herod_and_the_end_of_the_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Foreign views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legacy and scholarship</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy_and_scholarship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy and scholarship subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jewish_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Jewish nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_religious_scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_religious_scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Jewish religious scholarship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_religious_scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_Jewish_religious_attitudes_and_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_Jewish_religious_attitudes_and_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Influence on Jewish religious attitudes and practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_Jewish_religious_attitudes_and_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numismatics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numismatics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Numismatics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numismatics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hasmonean_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hasmonean_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Hasmonean leaders</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hasmonean_leaders-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hasmonean leaders subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hasmonean_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maccabees_(rebel_leaders)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maccabees_(rebel_leaders)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Maccabees (rebel leaders)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maccabees_(rebel_leaders)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monarchs_(Ethnarchs_and_Kings)_and_High_Priests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monarchs_(Ethnarchs_and_Kings)_and_High_Priests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Monarchs (Ethnarchs and Kings) and High Priests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monarchs_(Ethnarchs_and_Kings)_and_High_Priests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hasmonean dynasty</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmone%C3%ABrs" title="Hasmoneërs – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hasmoneërs" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="السلالة الحشمونية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السلالة الحشمونية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="حشمونیلر شاهلیغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حشمونیلر شاهلیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Хасмонеи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хасмонеи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmoneus" title="Asmoneus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Asmoneus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Хасмонейсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хасмонейсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmonejci" title="Hasmonejci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hasmonejci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmon%C3%A6erne" title="Hasmonæerne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hasmonæerne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmon%C3%A4er" title="Hasmonäer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hasmonäer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmoneide_d%C3%BCnastia" title="Hasmoneide dünastia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hasmoneide dünastia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ασμοναϊκή δυναστεία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ασμοναϊκή δυναστεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmoneos" title="Asmoneos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Asmoneos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makabea_dinastio" title="Makabea dinastio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Makabea dinastio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmondar_leinua" title="Asmondar leinua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Asmondar leinua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حشمونیان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حشمونیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmon%C3%A9ens" title="Hasmonéens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hasmonéens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmonee%C3%ABrs" title="Hasmoneeërs – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hasmoneeërs" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%8A%88%EB%AA%A8%EB%82%98%EC%9D%B4_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="하슈모나이 왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하슈모나이 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C5%A1monejci" title="Hašmonejci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hašmonejci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashmonayim" title="Hashmonayim – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hashmonayim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmonei" title="Asmonei – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Asmonei" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D" title="חשמונאים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חשמונאים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmonaei" title="Hasmonaei – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hasmonaei" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmoneji" title="Hasmoneji – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hasmoneji" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasm%C3%B4neana" title="Hasmôneana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hasmôneana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="खष्मोनाईम राजवंश – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="खष्मोनाईम राजवंश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="السلاله الحشمونيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="السلاله الحشمونيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmonee%C3%ABn" title="Hasmoneeën – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hasmoneeën" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E6%9C%9D" title="ハスモン朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハスモン朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_hasmoneiske_dynasti" title="Det hasmoneiske dynasti – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det hasmoneiske dynasti" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmoneans" title="Asmoneans – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Asmoneans" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="حشمونی سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="حشمونی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AD%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%84%DA%93%DB%8D" title="د حشمونيانو لړۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د حشمونيانو لړۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmon%C3%A4ers" title="Hasmonäers – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hasmonäers" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmoneus" title="Asmoneus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Asmoneus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Hasmoneilor" title="Dinastia Hasmoneilor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dinastia Hasmoneilor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Хасмонеи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хасмонеи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hasmonean dynasty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Хасмонејци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хасмонејци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmonejci" title="Hasmonejci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hasmonejci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelin_toinen_kuningaskunta" title="Israelin toinen kuningaskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Israelin toinen kuningaskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmoneiska_dynastin" title="Hasmoneiska dynastin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hasmoneiska dynastin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahariang_Hasmoneo" title="Kahariang Hasmoneo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kahariang Hasmoneo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="மக்கபேயர் அரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மக்கபேயர் அரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C5%9Fmonayim_Hanedan%C4%B1" title="Haşmonayim Hanedanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Haşmonayim Hanedanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%97" title="Хасмонеї – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хасмонеї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="حشمونی سلطنت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حشمونی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Hasmoneus" title="Vương quốc Hasmoneus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương quốc Hasmoneus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmoneano" title="Hasmoneano – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hasmoneano" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D" title="חשמונאים – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="חשמונאים" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E6%96%AF%E8%92%99%E5%B0%BC%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="哈斯蒙尼王朝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哈斯蒙尼王朝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean">Hasmonean</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dynasty of Judea (140–37 BCE)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output 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.infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Hasmonean dynasty</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ממלכת החשמונאים</span></span> <br /><i>Mamleḵeṯ hāḤašmonaʾim</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">140 BCE–37 BCE</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hasmonean_kingdom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Hasmonean_kingdom.jpg/250px-Hasmonean_kingdom.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Hasmonean_kingdom.jpg/375px-Hasmonean_kingdom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Hasmonean_kingdom.jpg/500px-Hasmonean_kingdom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="790" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> vassal (140–110 BCE)</li><li>Independent kingdom (110–63 BCE)</li><li>Client state of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> (63–40 BCE)</li><li>Client state of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> (40–37 BCE)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeusner1983911_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeusner1983911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes201436_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes201436-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic" title="Imperial Aramaic">Imperial Aramaic</a> (official),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuraoka1992_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuraoka1992-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> (official)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a> (liturgical)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Semi-constitutional <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocratic</a> monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">Prince</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">Basileus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 140–134 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 134 (110)–104 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 104–103 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 103–76 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 76–67 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 67–66 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 66–63 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 63–40 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 40–37 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_the_Hasmonean" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigonus the Hasmonean">Antigonus</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin#Early_Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Early Sanhedrin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Age">Hellenistic Age</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">167 BCE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Dynasty established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">140 BCE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Full independence </div></th><td class="infobox-data">110 BCE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Pompey_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompey the Great">Pompey</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(63_BCE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (63 BCE)">intervenes</a> in Hasmonean civil war </div></th><td class="infobox-data">63 BCE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Roman-Parthian_Wars#Roman_Republic_vs_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Parthian Wars">Parthian invasion</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">40 BCE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(37_BCE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (37 BCE)">overthrows</a> the Hasmoneans </div></th><td class="infobox-data">37 BCE</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_coinage" title="Hasmonean coinage">Hasmonean coinage</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Coele-Syria" title="Coele-Syria">Coele-Syria</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Hasmonean dynasty</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">חַשְׁמוֹנָאִים</span>‎</span> <i>Ḥašmōnāʾīm</i>; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Ασμοναϊκή δυναστεία</span>) was a ruling <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> and surrounding regions during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> times of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a> (part of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>), from <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 140</span> BCE to 37 BCE. Between <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 140</span> and <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 116</span> BCE the dynasty ruled Judea semi-autonomously in the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>, and from roughly 110 BCE, with the empire disintegrating, Judea gained further autonomy and expanded into the neighboring regions of <a href="/wiki/Perea" title="Perea">Perea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Idumea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea">Iturea</a>. The Hasmonean rulers took the Greek title <i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a></i> ("king") as the kingdom became a regional power for several decades. Forces of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> intervened in the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean Civil War">Hasmonean Civil War</a> in 63 BCE and made it into a client state, marking the decline of Hasmonean dynasty; <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a> displaced the last reigning Hasmonean client-ruler in 37 BCE. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a> established the dynasty in 141 BCE, two decades after his brother <a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judas Maccabeus</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יהודה המכבי</span></span> <i>Yehudah HaMakabi</i>) had defeated the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a> of 167 to 141 BCE. According to <a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a>, and the first book of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i> by historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (37 – <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 100</span> CE),<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Seleucid king <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 175–164</span>) moved to assert strict control over the Seleucid <a href="/wiki/Satrapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Satrapy">satrapy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Coele_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coele Syria">Coele Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a><sup id="cite_ref-oxfordbibliographies.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxfordbibliographies.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after his successful invasion of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Egypt</a> (170–168 BCE) was turned back by the intervention of the Roman Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sacked <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Temple</a>, suppressing Jewish and Samaritan religious and cultural observances,<sup id="cite_ref-oxfordbibliographies.com_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxfordbibliographies.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kasher_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kasher-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and imposed <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenistic practices</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 168–167 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-Kasher_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kasher-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The steady collapse of the Seleucid Empire under attacks from the rising powers of the Roman Republic and the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> allowed Judea to regain some autonomy; however, in 63 BCE, the kingdom was invaded by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, broken up and set up as a Roman <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a>, Simon's great-grandsons, became pawns in a <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy war</a> between <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>. The deaths of Pompey (48 BCE) and Caesar (44 BCE), and the related <a href="/wiki/Liberators%27_civil_war" title="Liberators' civil war">Roman civil wars</a>, temporarily relaxed Rome's grip on the Hasmonean kingdom, allowing a brief reassertion of autonomy backed by the Parthian Empire, rapidly crushed by the Romans under <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>. </p><p>The Hasmonean dynasty had survived for 103 years before yielding to the <a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herodian dynasty</a> in 37 BCE. The installation of Herod the Great (an <a href="/wiki/Idumean" class="mw-redirect" title="Idumean">Idumean</a>) as king in 37 BCE made Judea a Roman client state and marked the end of the Hasmonean dynasty. Even then, Herod tried to bolster the legitimacy of his reign by marrying a Hasmonean princess, <a href="/wiki/Mariamne_I" title="Mariamne I">Mariamne</a>, and planning to drown the last male Hasmonean heir at his <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a> palace. In 6 CE, Rome joined Judea proper, Samaria and Idumea into the <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Roman province of Judaea</a>. In 44 CE, Rome installed the rule of a <a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurator (Ancient Rome)">procurator</a> side by side with the rule of the Herodian kings (specifically <a href="/wiki/Agrippa_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrippa I">Agrippa I</a> 41–44 and <a href="/wiki/Agrippa_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrippa II">Agrippa II</a> 50–100). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The family name of the Hasmonean dynasty originates from the ancestor of the house, whom Josephus called by the Hellenised form Asmoneus or Asamoneus (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Ἀσαμωναῖος</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> said to have been the great-grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Mattathias" title="Mattathias">Mattathias</a>, but about whom nothing more is known.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name appears to come from the Hebrew name <i>Hashmonay</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">חַשְׁמוֹנַאי</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ḥašmonay</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Atkinson2016_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkinson2016-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative view posits that the Hebrew name <i>Hashmona'i</i> is linked with the village of <a href="/wiki/Heshmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Heshmon">Heshmon</a>, mentioned in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0615.htm#27">Joshua 15:27</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> P.J. Gott and Logan Licht attribute the name to "Ha Simeon", a veiled reference to the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Simeon" title="Tribe of Simeon">Simeonite Tribe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diadochen1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Diadochen1.png/220px-Diadochen1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Israel" title="Category:History of Israel">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History of <span class="fn org label">Israel</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Western Wall, Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg/245px-Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg/368px-Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg/490px-Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3684" data-file-height="1120" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Levant" title="Prehistory of the Levant">Prehistoric Levant</a></b> <small></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kebaran_culture" title="Kebaran culture">Kebaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushabian_culture" title="Mushabian culture">Mushabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harifian_culture" title="Harifian culture">Harifian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmukian_culture" title="Yarmukian culture">Yarmukian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodian_culture" title="Lodian culture">Lodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizzanim_culture" title="Nizzanim culture">Nizzanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassulian" title="Ghassulian">Ghassulian</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></b> <small></small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retjenu" title="Retjenu">Retjenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habiru" class="mw-redirect" title="Habiru">Habiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu">Shasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Iron Age I <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a></li></ul></li></ul></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 12th–10th centuries BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">United Monarchy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 10th century BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 10th century BCE–720 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 10th century BCE–587 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">Babylonian rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 587–538 BCE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Persian_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehud (Persian province)">Persian Yehud</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 538–333 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Coele-Syria" title="Coele-Syria">Hellenistic period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 333–164 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hasmonean dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 164–37 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herodian dynasty</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_tetrarchy" title="Herodian tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a></li></ul></li></ul></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 37 BCE–6 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Roman Judaea</a> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Jewish-Roman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Roman Wars">Jewish-Roman Wars</a>)</li></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 6 CE–136 CE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Late Antiquity and Middle Ages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 70–638</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 136–395</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Byzantine Palaestina</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Prima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Secunda</a></li></ul></li></ul></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 395–638</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bilad_a-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilad a-Sham">Early Islamic period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">Filastin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Urdunn" title="Jund al-Urdunn">Urdunn</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 638–1099</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1099–1291</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1174–1260</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1260–1517</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Modern history</b> <small>(1517–1948)</small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Eyalet" title="Damascus Eyalet">Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutasarrifate_of_Jerusalem" title="Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem">Mutasarrifate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">OETA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel_(1948%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Israel (1948–present)">State of Israel</a></b> <small>(1948–present)</small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Israeli_history" title="Timeline of Israeli history">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Israel" title="List of years in Israel">Years</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austerity_in_Israel" title="Austerity in Israel">Austerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Wadi" title="Silicon Wadi">Silicon Wadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel conflict</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_Palestine" title="Cartography of Palestine">Historical maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">Historical population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travelogues_of_Palestine" title="Travelogues of Palestine">Historical literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Israel">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_leaders_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel">Jewish leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_military_history" title="Jewish military history">Jewish warfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Israel" title="Archaeology of Israel">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_museums" title="List of Israeli museums">Museums</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/48px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/64px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" 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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Category:History of Palestine (region)">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestine" title="History of Palestine">History of <span class="fn org label">Palestine</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;font-size:50%;line-height:0.5em;border-bottom:none;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem-2013(2)-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Rock_(SE_exposure).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Jerusalem-2013%282%29-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Rock_%28SE_exposure%29.jpg/150px-Jerusalem-2013%282%29-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Rock_%28SE_exposure%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Jerusalem-2013%282%29-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Rock_%28SE_exposure%29.jpg/225px-Jerusalem-2013%282%29-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Rock_%28SE_exposure%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Jerusalem-2013%282%29-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Rock_%28SE_exposure%29.jpg/300px-Jerusalem-2013%282%29-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Rock_%28SE_exposure%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7500" data-file-height="5425" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Levant" title="Prehistory of the Levant">Prehistory</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahunian" title="Tahunian">Tahunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassulian" title="Ghassulian">Ghassulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ancient history</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">Egyptian Empire</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a>)</div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Classical period</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Palestine" title="Hellenistic Palestine">Hellenistic Palestine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean kingdom">Hasmonean kingdom</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Palestine" title="Roman Palestine">Roman Palestine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Province of Judaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Diocese of the East</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Secunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Salutaris" title="Palaestina Salutaris">Salutaris</a>))</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_history_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim history in Palestine">Islamic rule</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">Jund Filastin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Urdunn" title="Jund al-Urdunn">Jund al-Urdunn</a>) </div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Crusader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Palestine">Ottoman</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Modern era</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Palestine_Protectorate" title="All-Palestine Protectorate">All-Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">Jordanian West Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip_by_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt">Egyptian Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel#State_of_Israel_(1948–present)" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Military_Governorate" title="Israeli Military Governorate">Military Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Civil_Administration" title="Israeli Civil Administration">Israeli Civil Administration</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palestinian_enclaves" title="Palestinian enclaves">Palestinian enclaves</a>; <br /><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian Authority</a>; <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip#History" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>)</div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/32px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/48px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/64px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Palestine" title="Portal:Palestine">Palestine portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Palestine" title="Template:History of Palestine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Palestine" title="Template talk:History of Palestine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Palestine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Palestine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The lands of the former <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 722</span>–586 BCE), had been occupied in turn by <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s Hellenic <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian empire</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 330</span> BCE), although Jewish religious practice and culture had persisted and even flourished during certain periods. The entire region was heavily contested between the successor states of Alexander's empire, the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Kingdom, during the six <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Wars" title="Syrian Wars">Syrian Wars</a> of the 3rd–1st centuries BCE: "After two centuries of peace under the Persians, the Hebrew state found itself once more caught in the middle of power struggles between two great empires: the Seleucid state with its <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">capital in Syria</a> to the north and the Ptolemaic state, with its <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">capital in Egypt</a> to the south. ... Between 319 and 302 BCE, Jerusalem changed hands seven times."<sup id="cite_ref-Hooker_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hooker-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III the Great</a>, the Seleucids wrested control of Judea from the Ptolemies for the final time, defeating <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Panium" title="Battle of Panium">Battle of Panium</a> in 200 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchäfer200324_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchäfer200324-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz200930_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz200930-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seleucid rule over the Jewish parts of the region then resulted in the rise of Hellenistic cultural and religious practices: "In addition to the turmoil of war, there arose in the Jewish nation pro-Seleucid and pro-Ptolemaic parties; and the schism exercised great influence upon the Judaism of the time. It was in <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> that the Jews first made the acquaintance of Hellenism and of the more corrupt sides of Greek culture; and it was from Antioch that <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> henceforth was ruled."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_sources">Historical sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The major source of information about the origin of the Hasmonean dynasty is the books <a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a> and <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a>, held as <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">canonical</a> scripture by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a>, and most <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a> churches and as <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocryphal</a> by <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> denominations, although they do not comprise the canonical books of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The books cover the period from 175 BCE to 134 BCE during which time the Hasmonean dynasty became semi-independent from the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid empire">Seleucid empire</a> but had not yet expanded far outside of Judea. They are written from the point of view that the salvation of the Jewish people in a crisis came from God through the family of Mattathias, particularly his sons Judas Maccabeus, Jonathan Apphus, and Simon Thassi, and his grandson <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a>. The books include historical and religious material from the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> that was codified by <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> Christians. </p><p>The other primary source for the Hasmonean dynasty is the first book of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wars_of_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wars of the Jews">The Wars of the Jews</a></i> and a more detailed history in <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i> by the Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, (37–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Josephus' account is the only primary source covering the history of the Hasmonean dynasty during the period of its expansion and independence between 110 and 63 BCE. Notably, Josephus, a <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizen</a> and former general in the Galilee, who survived the <a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a> of the 1st century, was a Jew who was captured by and cooperated with the Romans, and wrote his books under Roman patronage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seleucid_rule_over_Judea">Seleucid rule over Judea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Seleucid rule over Judea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenisation">Hellenisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hellenisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stattler-Machabeusze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Stattler-Machabeusze.jpg/220px-Stattler-Machabeusze.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Stattler-Machabeusze.jpg/330px-Stattler-Machabeusze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Stattler-Machabeusze.jpg/440px-Stattler-Machabeusze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Stattler" title="Wojciech Stattler">Wojciech Stattler</a>'s <i>Machabeusze</i> (Maccabees), 1844</figcaption></figure> <p>The continuing Hellenization of Judea pitted traditional Jews against those who eagerly Hellenized.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter felt that the former's orthodoxy held them back.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews were divided both between those favoring Hellenization and those opposing it and over allegiance to the Ptolemies or Seleucids. </p><p>In 175 BCE, conflict broke out between High Priest <a href="/wiki/Onias_III" title="Onias III">Onias III</a> (who opposed Hellenisation and favoured the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemies">Ptolemies</a>) and his brother <a href="/wiki/Jason_(high_priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jason (high priest)">Jason</a> (who favoured Hellenisation and the Seleucids). A period of political intrigue followed, with both Jason and <a href="/wiki/Menelaus_(High_Priest)" title="Menelaus (High Priest)">Menelaus</a> bribing the king to win the High Priesthood, and accusations of murder of competing contenders for the title. The result was a brief civil war. The <a href="/wiki/Tobiads" title="Tobiads">Tobiads</a>, a philo-Hellenistic party, succeeded in placing Jason into the powerful position of High Priest. He established an arena for public games close by the Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Author Lee I. Levine notes, "The 'piece de resistance' of Judaean Hellenisation, and the most dramatic of all these developments, occurred in 175 BCE, when the high priest Jason converted Jerusalem into a Greek <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a> replete with <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(Ancient_Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnasium (Ancient Greece)">gymnasium</a> and ephebeion (2 Maccabees 4). Whether this step represents the culmination of a 150-year process of Hellenisation within Jerusalem in general, or whether it was only the initiative of a small coterie of Jerusalem priests with no wider ramifications, has been debated for decades."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenised Jews</a> are known to have engaged in non-surgical <a href="/wiki/Foreskin_restoration" title="Foreskin restoration">foreskin restoration</a> (epispasm) in order to join the dominant Hellenistic cultural practice of socialising naked in the gymnasium,<sup id="cite_ref-Rubin_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubin-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hodges_JE_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodges_JE-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fredriksen_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fredriksen-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where their <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_in_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumcision in the Bible">circumcision</a> would have carried a social stigma;<sup id="cite_ref-Rubin_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubin-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hodges_JE_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodges_JE-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fredriksen_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fredriksen-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Classical_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical civilization">Classical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman culture">Roman culture</a> found circumcision to be a cruel, barbaric and repulsive custom.<sup id="cite_ref-Rubin_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubin-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hodges_JE_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodges_JE-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fredriksen_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fredriksen-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiochus_IV_against_Jerusalem">Antiochus IV against Jerusalem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Antiochus IV against Jerusalem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antiochos_IV_Epiphanes,_Tetradrachm,_175-164_BC,_HGC_9-620a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Antiochos_IV_Epiphanes%2C_Tetradrachm%2C_175-164_BC%2C_HGC_9-620a.jpg/220px-Antiochos_IV_Epiphanes%2C_Tetradrachm%2C_175-164_BC%2C_HGC_9-620a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Antiochos_IV_Epiphanes%2C_Tetradrachm%2C_175-164_BC%2C_HGC_9-620a.jpg/330px-Antiochos_IV_Epiphanes%2C_Tetradrachm%2C_175-164_BC%2C_HGC_9-620a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Antiochos_IV_Epiphanes%2C_Tetradrachm%2C_175-164_BC%2C_HGC_9-620a.jpg/440px-Antiochos_IV_Epiphanes%2C_Tetradrachm%2C_175-164_BC%2C_HGC_9-620a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>Tetradrachm with portrait of <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus IV">Antiochus IV</a>. Reverse shows Zeus seated on a throne. The Greek inscription reads ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΥ ΘΕΟΥ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥΣ ΝΙΚΗΦΟΡΟΥ (of King Antiochus, God Manifest, Bringer of Victory).</figcaption></figure> <p>In spring 168 BCE, after successfully invading the Ptolemaic kingdom of Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus IV">Antiochus IV</a> was humiliatingly pressured by the Romans to withdraw. According to the Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, the Roman senate dispatched the diplomat <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Popillius_Laenas" title="Gaius Popillius Laenas">Gaius Popilius</a> to Egypt who demanded Antiochus to withdraw. When Antiochus requested time to discuss the matter Popilius "drew a circle round the king with the stick he was carrying and said, 'Before you step out of that circle give me a reply to lay before the senate.'"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenbruckGurtner2019100_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenbruckGurtner2019100-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Antiochus was campaigning in Egypt, a rumor spread in Judah that he had been killed. The deposed high priest Jason took advantage of the situation, attacked Jerusalem, and drove away Menelaus and his followers. Menelaus took refuge in <a href="/wiki/Acra_(fortress)" title="Acra (fortress)">Akra</a>, the Seleucids fortress in Jerusalem. When Antiochus heard of this, he sent an army to Jerusalem to sort things out. Jerusalem was taken, Jason and his followers were driven out, and Menelaus reinstated as high priest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe201015_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe201015-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> He then imposed a tax and established a <a href="/wiki/Acra_(fortress)" title="Acra (fortress)">fortress</a> in Jerusalem. Antiochus tried to suppress public observance of Jewish laws, apparently in an attempt to secure control over the Jews. His government set up an <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idol</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>, which Jews considered to be desecration of the Mount; it also forbade both circumcision and possession of Jewish scriptures, on pain of death. According to Josephus,</p><blockquote><p>"Now Antiochus was not satisfied either with his unexpected taking the city, or with its pillage, or with the great slaughter he had made there; but being overcome with his violent passions, and remembering what he had suffered during the siege, he compelled the Jews to dissolve the laws of their country, and to keep their infants uncircumcised, and to sacrifice swine's flesh upon the altar."<sup id="cite_ref-Whiston_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whiston-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He also outlawed observance of the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Sabbath</a> and the offering of sacrifices at the Jerusalem Temple and required Jewish leaders to sacrifice to idols; punitive executions were also instituted. Possession of Jewish scriptures was made a capital offence. The motives of Antiochus are unclear. He may have been incensed at the overthrow of his appointee, Menelaus,<sup id="cite_ref-Oesterley_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oesterley-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he may have been responding to a Jewish revolt that had drawn on the Temple and the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> for its strength, or he may have been encouraged by a group of radical Hellenisers among the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-deLange_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deLange-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maccabean_Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Maccabean Revolt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:141.Mattathias_and_the_Apostate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/141.Mattathias_and_the_Apostate.jpg/220px-141.Mattathias_and_the_Apostate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/141.Mattathias_and_the_Apostate.jpg/330px-141.Mattathias_and_the_Apostate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/141.Mattathias_and_the_Apostate.jpg/440px-141.Mattathias_and_the_Apostate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="2871" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mattathias" title="Mattathias">Mattathias</a> of Modi'in killing a Jewish apostate, engraving by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The author of the <a href="/wiki/First_Book_of_Maccabees" class="mw-redirect" title="First Book of Maccabees">First Book of Maccabees</a> regarded the Maccabean revolt as a rising of pious Jews against the Seleucid king who had tried to eradicate their religion and against the Jews who supported him. The author of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Book_of_Maccabees" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Book of Maccabees">Second Book of Maccabees</a> presented the conflict as a struggle between "Judaism" and "Hellenism", words that he was the first to use.<sup id="cite_ref-deLange_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deLange-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholarship tends to the second view. </p><p>Most modern scholars argue that the king was intervening in a <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> between traditionalist Jews in the countryside and Hellenised Jews in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Joseph P. Schultz, modern scholarship, "considers the Maccabean revolt less as an uprising against foreign oppression than as a civil war between the orthodox and reformist parties in the Jewish camp."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the conflict over the office of High Priest, traditionalists with Hebrew/Aramaic names like Onias contested against Hellenisers with Greek names like Jason or Menelaus.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other authors point to social and economic factors in the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tcherikover_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tcherikover-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What began as a civil war took on the character of an invasion when the Hellenistic kingdom of Syria sided with the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenising Jews</a> against the traditionalists.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the conflict escalated, Antiochus prohibited the practices of the traditionalists, thereby, in a departure from usual Seleucid practice, banning the religion of an entire people.<sup id="cite_ref-tcherikover_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tcherikover-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars argue that while the rising began as a religious rebellion, it was gradually transformed into a war of national liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p> The two greatest twentieth-century scholars of the Maccabean revolt, Elias Bickermann and Victor Tcherikover, each placed the blame on the policies of the Jewish leaders and not on the Seleucid ruler, Antiochus IV Epiphanes, but for different reasons.<br />Bickermann saw the origin of the problem in the attempt of "Hellenised" Jews to reform the "antiquated" and "outdated" religion practised in Jerusalem, and to rid it of superstitious elements. They were the ones who egged on Antiochus IV and instituted the religious reform in Jerusalem. One suspects that [Bickermann] may have been influenced in his view by an antipathy to Reform Judaism in 19th- and 20th-century Germany. Tcherikover, perhaps influenced by socialist concerns, saw the uprising as one of the rural peasants against the rich elite.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to I and II Maccabees, the priestly family of <a href="/wiki/Mattathias" title="Mattathias">Mattathias</a> (Mattitiyahu in Hebrew), which came to be known as the <i>Maccabees</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> called the people forth to holy war against the Seleucids. Mattathias' sons <a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judas</a> (Yehuda), <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Apphus" title="Jonathan Apphus">Jonathan</a> (Yonoson/Yonatan), and Simon (Shimon) began a military campaign, initially with disastrous results: one thousand Jewish men, women, and children were killed by Seleucid troops because they refused to fight, even in self-defence, on the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Sabbath</a>. Other Jews then reasoned that they must fight when attacked, even on the Sabbath. The institution of <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> practices by Judah over several years led to victory against the Seleucids: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_of_Eleazer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Death_of_Eleazer.jpg/240px-Death_of_Eleazer.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Death_of_Eleazer.jpg/360px-Death_of_Eleazer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Death_of_Eleazer.jpg/480px-Death_of_Eleazer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4915" data-file-height="6068" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Zechariah" title="Battle of Beth Zechariah">Battle of Beth Zechariah</a> in 162 BCE, where the Maccabean rebels suffered a temporary setback. Illustration by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a> in 1866.</figcaption></figure> <blockquote><p>It was now, in the fall of 165, that Judah's successes began to disturb the central government. He appears to have controlled the road from Jaffa to Jerusalem, and thus to have cut off the royal party in Acra from direct communication with the sea and thus with the government. It is significant that this time the Syrian troops, under the leadership of the governor-general Lysias, took the southerly route, by way of Idumea.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Towards the end of 164, Judah felt strong enough to enter Jerusalem and the formal religious worship of Yahweh was re-established. The feast of <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> was instituted to commemorate the recovery of the temple.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorkholm2008290_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorkholm2008290-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antiochus, who was away on a campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a>, died at about the same time in <a href="/wiki/Persis" title="Persis">Persis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorkholm2008287–90_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorkholm2008287–90-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antiochus was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a>, the nephew whose throne he had usurped. Demetrius sent the general <a href="/wiki/Bacchides_(general)" title="Bacchides (general)">Bacchides</a> to Israel with a large army, in order to install <a href="/wiki/Alcimus" title="Alcimus">Alcimus</a> with the office of high priest. Bacchides subdued Jerusalem and returned to his King.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="From_revolt_to_independence">From revolt to independence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: From revolt to independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judah_and_Jonathan">Judah and Jonathan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Judah and Jonathan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestine_under_the_Maccabees_Smith_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Palestine_under_the_Maccabees_Smith_1915.jpg/220px-Palestine_under_the_Maccabees_Smith_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Palestine_under_the_Maccabees_Smith_1915.jpg/330px-Palestine_under_the_Maccabees_Smith_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Palestine_under_the_Maccabees_Smith_1915.jpg/440px-Palestine_under_the_Maccabees_Smith_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2444" data-file-height="3886" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> under the Maccabees according to <a href="/wiki/George_Adam_Smith" title="George Adam Smith">George Adam Smith</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After five years of war and raids, Judah sought an alliance with the Roman Republic to remove the Greeks: "In the year 161 BCE he sent Eupolemus the son of Johanan and Jason the son of <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_Maccabeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleazar Maccabeus">Eleazar</a>, 'to make a league of amity and confederacy with the Romans.'"<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Seleucid army under General <a href="/wiki/Nicanor_(Seleucid_general)" title="Nicanor (Seleucid general)">Nicanor</a> was defeated by Judah (ib. 7:26–50) at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adasa" title="Battle of Adasa">Battle of Adasa</a>, with Nicanor himself killed in action. Next, Bacchides was sent with Alcimus and an army of twenty thousand infantry and two thousand cavalry, and met Judah at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elasa" title="Battle of Elasa">Battle of Elasa</a> (Laisa), where this time it was the Hasmonean commander who was killed. (161/160 BCE). Bacchides now established the Hellenes as rulers in Israel; and upon Judah's death, the persecuted patriots, under Jonathan, brother of Judah, fled beyond the Jordan River. (ib. 9:25–27) They set camp near a morass by the name of Asphar, and remained, after several engagements with the Seleucids, in the <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamp</a> in the country east of the Jordan. </p><p>Following the death of his <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Alcimus" title="Alcimus">Alcimus</a>, High Priest of Jerusalem, Bacchides felt secure enough to leave the country, but two years after the departure of Bacchides from Israel, the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Acre" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Acre">City of Acre</a> felt sufficiently threatened by Maccabee incursions to contact Demetrius and request the return of Bacchides to their territory. Jonathan and Simeon, now more experienced in <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a>, thought it well to retreat farther, and accordingly fortified in the desert a place called Beth-hogla;<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there they were <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">besieged</a> several days by Bacchides. Jonathan offered the rival general a <a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">peace treaty</a> and exchange of <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a>. Bacchides readily consented and even took an <a href="/wiki/Oath" title="Oath">oath</a> of nevermore making war upon Jonathan. He and his forces then vacated Israel. The victorious Jonathan now took up his residence in the old city of <a href="/wiki/Michmash" class="mw-redirect" title="Michmash">Michmash</a>. From there he endeavoured to clear the land of "the <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">godless</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostate</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chief source, 1 Maccabees, says that with this "the sword ceased in Israel", and in fact nothing is reported for the five following years (158–153 BCE). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seleucid_civil_conflict">Seleucid civil conflict</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Seleucid civil conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="floatright"> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_5000a2hp52eespky1268vccbj6vtyvl"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" coords="62,968,182,988" title="Herod the Great" alt="Herod the Great" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" coords="62,932,143,952" title="Parthian Empire" alt="Parthian Empire" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" coords="62,917,171,937" title="Julius Caesar" alt="Julius Caesar" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Antipater_the_Idumaean" coords="62,900,148,920" title="Antipater the Idumaean" alt="Antipater the Idumaean" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" coords="62,767,176,787" title="Aristobulus II" alt="Aristobulus II" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" coords="62,756,159,776" title="Hyrcanus II" alt="Hyrcanus II" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" coords="62,693,187,713" title="Salome Alexandra" alt="Salome Alexandra" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" coords="62,511,198,531" title="Alexander Jannaeus" alt="Alexander Jannaeus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" coords="62,497,171,517" title="Aristobulus I" alt="Aristobulus I" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" coords="62,287,154,307" title="John Hyrcanus" alt="John Hyrcanus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" coords="57,218,160,238" title="Simon Thassi" alt="Simon Thassi" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Magnus" coords="62,795,237,815" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus" alt="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" coords="62,455,171,475" title="John Hyrcanus" alt="John Hyrcanus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" coords="62,154,182,174" title="Alexander Balas" alt="Alexander Balas" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" coords="62,105,193,125" title="Demetrius I Soter" alt="Demetrius I Soter" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/The_Temple_in_Jerusalem" coords="62,77,154,97" title="The Temple in Jerusalem" alt="The Temple in Jerusalem" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Maccabee" coords="62,67,182,87" title="Maccabee" alt="Maccabee" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV" coords="62,0,171,20" title="Antiochus IV" alt="Antiochus IV" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" coords="97,195,228,216" title="Hasmonean dynasty" alt="Hasmonean dynasty" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_5000a2hp52eespky1268vccbj6vtyvl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/5000a2hp52eespky1268vccbj6vtyvl.png" /></div> </div> <p>An important external event brought the design of the Maccabeans to fruition. <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a>'s relations with <a href="/wiki/Attalus_II_Philadelphus" title="Attalus II Philadelphus">Attalus II Philadelphus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a> (reigned 159–138 BCE), <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy VI of Egypt">Ptolemy VI of Egypt</a> (reigned 163–145 BCE), and Ptolemy's co-ruler <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra II of Egypt">Cleopatra II of Egypt</a> were deteriorating, and they supported a rival claimant to the Seleucid throne: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander Balas</a>, who purported to be the son of <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a> and a first cousin of Demetrius. Demetrius was forced to recall the garrisons of Judea, except those in the City of Acre and at Beth-zur, to bolster his strength. Furthermore, he made a bid for the loyalty of Jonathan, permitting him to recruit an army and to reclaim the hostages kept in the City of Acre. Jonathan gladly accepted these terms, took up residence at Jerusalem in 153 BCE, and began fortifying the city. </p><p>Alexander Balas offered Jonathan even more favourable terms, including official appointment as <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priest</a> in Jerusalem, and despite a second letter from Demetrius promising prerogatives that were almost impossible to guarantee,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jonathan declared allegiance to Balas. Jonathan became the official religious leader of his people, and officiated at the <a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Feast of Tabernacles</a> of 153 BCE wearing the High Priest's garments. The Hellenistic party could no longer attack him without severe consequences. Hasmoneans <a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="List of High Priests of Israel">held the office of High Priest continuously</a> until 37 BCE. </p><p>Soon, Demetrius lost both his throne and his life, in 150 BCE. The victorious Alexander Balas was given the further honour of marriage to <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Thea" title="Cleopatra Thea">Cleopatra Thea</a>, daughter of his allies Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II. Jonathan was invited to Ptolemais for the ceremony, appearing with presents for both kings, and was permitted to sit between them as their equal; Balas even clothed him with his own royal garment and otherwise accorded him high honour. Balas appointed Jonathan as <a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">strategos</a> and "meridarch" (i.e., civil governor of a province; details not found in Josephus), sent him back with honours to Jerusalem,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and refused to listen to the Hellenistic party's complaints against Jonathan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hasmoneans_under_Balas_and_Demetrius_II">Hasmoneans under Balas and Demetrius II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hasmoneans under Balas and Demetrius II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 147 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II Nicator</a>, a son of Demetrius I Soter, claimed Balas' throne. The governor of <a href="/wiki/Coele-Syria" title="Coele-Syria">Coele-Syria</a>, Apollonius Taos, used the opportunity to challenge Jonathan to battle, saying that the Jews might for once leave the <a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">mountains</a> and venture out into the <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jonathan and Simeon led a force of 10,000 men against Apollonius' forces in <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>, which was unprepared for the rapid attack and opened the gates in surrender to the Jewish forces. Apollonius received reinforcements from <a href="/wiki/Ashdod_(ancient_city)" title="Ashdod (ancient city)">Azotus</a> and appeared in the plain in charge of 3,000 men including superior cavalry forces. Jonathan assaulted, captured and burned Azotus along with the resident temple of <a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagon</a> and the surrounding villages. </p><p>Alexander Balas honoured the victorious High Priest by giving him the city of <a href="/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron">Ekron</a> along with its outlying territory. The people of Azotus complained to King Ptolemy VI, who had come to make war upon his son-in-law, but Jonathan met Ptolemy at Jaffa in peace and accompanied him as far as the River Eleutherus. Jonathan then returned to Jerusalem, maintaining peace with the King of Egypt despite their support for different contenders for the Seleucid throne.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hasmoneans_under_Demetrius_and_Diodotus">Hasmoneans under Demetrius and Diodotus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hasmoneans under Demetrius and Diodotus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 145 BCE, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Antioch_(145_BCE)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Antioch (145 BCE) (page does not exist)">Battle of Antioch</a> resulted in the final defeat of Alexander Balas by the forces of his father-in-law Ptolemy VI. Ptolemy himself, however, was among the casualties of the battle. Demetrius II Nicator remained sole ruler of the Seleucid Empire and became the second husband of <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Thea" title="Cleopatra Thea">Cleopatra Thea</a>. </p><p>Jonathan owed no allegiance to the new King and took this opportunity to lay siege to the <a href="/wiki/Acra_(fortress)" title="Acra (fortress)">Acra</a>, the Seleucid fortress in Jerusalem and the symbol of Seleucid control over Judea. It was heavily garrisoned by a Seleucid force and offered asylum to Jewish Hellenists.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demetrius was greatly incensed; he appeared with an army at Ptolemais and ordered Jonathan to come before him. Without raising the siege, Jonathan, accompanied by the elders and priests, went to the king and pacified him with presents, so that the king not only confirmed him in his office of high priest, but gave to him the three <a href="/wiki/Samaritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan">Samaritan</a> <a href="/wiki/Toparchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Toparchies">toparchies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ephraim" title="Mount Ephraim">Mount Ephraim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lod</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ramathaim-Zophim" title="Ramathaim-Zophim">Ramathaim-Zophim</a>. In consideration of a present of 300 <a href="/wiki/Talent_(weight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Talent (weight)">talents</a> the entire country was exempted from <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxes</a>, the exemption being confirmed in writing. Jonathan in return lifted the siege of the Acra and left it in Seleucid hands. </p><p>Soon, however, a new claimant to the Seleucid throne appeared in the person of the young <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VI_Dionysus" title="Antiochus VI Dionysus">Antiochus VI Dionysus</a>, son of Alexander Balas and Cleopatra Thea. He was three years old at most, but general <a href="/wiki/Diodotus_Tryphon" title="Diodotus Tryphon">Diodotus Tryphon</a> used him to advance his own designs on the throne. In the face of this new enemy, Demetrius not only promised to withdraw the garrison from the City of Acre, but also called Jonathan his ally and requested him to send troops. The 3,000 men of Jonathan protected Demetrius in his capital, <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, against his own subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Demetrius II did not keep his promise, Jonathan thought it better to support the new king when Diodotus Tryphon and Antiochus VI seized the capital, especially as the latter confirmed all his rights and appointed his brother Simon (Simeon) <a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">strategos</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Paralia_(Palestine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralia (Palestine)">Paralia</a> (the sea coast), from the "Ladder of <a href="/wiki/Tyre_(Lebanon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyre (Lebanon)">Tyre</a>" to the frontier of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jonathan and Simon were now entitled to make conquests; <a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a> submitted voluntarily while Gaza was forcibly taken. Jonathan vanquished even the strategoi of Demetrius II far to the north, in the plain of Hazar, while Simon at the same time took the strong fortress of Beth-zur on the pretext that it harboured supporters of Demetrius.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like Judah in former years, Jonathan sought alliances with foreign peoples. He renewed the treaty with the Roman Republic and exchanged friendly messages with <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> and other places. However, the documents referring to those diplomatic events are of questionable authenticity. </p><p>Diodotus Tryphon went with an army to Judea and invited Jonathan to <a href="/wiki/Bet_She%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Bet She'an">Scythopolis</a> for a friendly conference, where he persuaded him to dismiss his army of 40,000 men, promising to give him Ptolemais and other fortresses. Jonathan fell into the trap; he took with him to Ptolemais 1,000 men, all of whom were slain; he himself was taken prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simon_assumes_leadership">Simon assumes leadership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Simon assumes leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Diodotus Tryphon was about to enter Judea at Hadid, he was confronted by the new Jewish leader, Simon, ready for battle. Tryphon, avoiding an engagement, demanded one hundred talents and Jonathan's two sons as hostages, in return for which he promised to liberate Jonathan. Although Simon did not trust Diodotus Tryphon, he complied with the request so that he might not be accused of the death of his brother. But Diodotus Tryphon did not liberate his prisoner; angry that Simon blocked his way everywhere and that he could accomplish nothing, he executed Jonathan at <a href="/wiki/Baskama" title="Baskama">Baskama</a>, in the country east of the Jordan.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jonathan was buried by Simeon at <a href="/wiki/Modi%27in_(ancient_city)" title="Modi'in (ancient city)">Modin</a>. Nothing is known of his two captive sons. One of his daughters was an ancestor of Josephus.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_153.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_153.png/220px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_153.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_153.png/330px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_153.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_153.png/440px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_153.png 2x" data-file-width="1139" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption><i>Simon Maccabee Made High Priest</i> from <i><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Die_Bibel_in_Bildern" class="extiw" title="commons:Die Bibel in Bildern">Die Bibel in Bildern</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Simon assumed the leadership (142 BCE), receiving the double office of High Priest and <a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">Ethnarch</a> (Prince) of Israel. The leadership of the Hasmoneans was established by a resolution, adopted in 141 BCE, at a large assembly "of the priests and the people and of the elders of the land, to the effect that Simon should be their leader and High Priest forever, until there should arise a <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">faithful prophet</a>" (1 Macc. 14:41). Ironically, the election was performed in Hellenistic fashion. </p><p>Simon, having made the Jewish people semi-independent of the Seleucid Greeks, reigned from 142 to 135 BCE and formed the Hasmonean dynasty, finally capturing the <a href="/wiki/Acra_(fortress)" title="Acra (fortress)">citadel</a> [Acra] in 141 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman Senate accorded the new dynasty recognition <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 139</span> BCE, when the delegation of Simon was in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Simon led the people in peace and prosperity, until in February 135 BCE, he was <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassinated</a> at the instigation of his son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_(son_of_Abubus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy (son of Abubus)">Ptolemy</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Abubus" class="mw-redirect" title="Abubus">Abubus</a> (also spelled Abobus or Abobi), who had been named governor of the region by the Seleucids. Simon's eldest sons, Mattathias and Judah, were also murdered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hasmonean_expansion_and_civil_war">Hasmonean expansion and civil war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hasmonean expansion and civil war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean Civil War">Hasmonean Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Hyrcanus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/John_Hyrcanus.jpg/220px-John_Hyrcanus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/John_Hyrcanus.jpg/330px-John_Hyrcanus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/John_Hyrcanus.jpg/440px-John_Hyrcanus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption>JUDAEA, Hasmoneans. John Hyrcanus I (Yehohanan). 135–104 BCE. Æ Prutah (13mm, 2.02 gm, 12h). "Yehohanan the High Priest and the Council of the Jews" (in Hebrew) in five lines within wreath / Double cornucopiae adorned with ribbons; pomegranate between horns; small A to lower left. Meshorer Group B, 11; Hendin 457.</figcaption></figure> <p>After achieving semi-independency from the Seleucid Empire, the dynasty began to expand into the neighboring regions. <a href="/wiki/Perea" title="Perea">Perea</a> was conquered already by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Apphus" title="Jonathan Apphus">Jonathan Apphus</a>, subsequently <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Idumea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a> conquered the territory of <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a> conquered the territory of <a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea">Iturea</a>. In addition to territorial conquests, the Hasmonean rulers, initially reigning only as rebel leaders, gradually assumed the religious office of <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priest</a> during the reign of Jonathan Apphus in 152 BCE and the monarchical title of <a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">Ethnarch</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a> in 142 BCE, eventually assuming the title of King (<a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a>) in 104 BCE by Aristobulus I. </p><p>In <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 135</span> BCE, John Hyrcanus, Simon's third son, assumed the leadership as both the High Priest (Kohen Gadol) and Ethnarch, taking a Greek "<a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">regnal name</a>" (see <a href="/wiki/Hyrcania" title="Hyrcania">Hyrcania</a>) in an acceptance of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> culture of his <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a> <a href="/wiki/Suzerain" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzerain">suzerains</a>. Within a year of the death of Simon, <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a> King <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a> attacked Jerusalem. According to <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a> opened King <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sepulchre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepulchre">sepulchre</a> and removed three thousand talents which he paid as <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> to spare the city. He remained governor as a <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a> <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a>. For the next two decades of his reign, Hyrcanus continued, like his father, to rule semi-autonomously from the Seleucids. </p><p>The Seleucid empire had been disintegrating in the face of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Parthian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid–Parthian wars">Seleucid–Parthian wars</a> and in 129 BCE <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a> was killed in <a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Media</a> by the forces of <a href="/wiki/Phraates_II_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Phraates II of Parthia">Phraates II of Parthia</a>, permanently ending Seleucid rule east of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>. In 116 BCE, a civil war between Seleucid half-brothers <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VIII_Grypus" title="Antiochus VIII Grypus">Antiochus VIII Grypus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IX_Cyzicenus" title="Antiochus IX Cyzicenus">Antiochus IX Cyzicenus</a> broke out, resulting in a further breakup of the already significantly reduced kingdom. </p><p>This provided opportunity for semi-independent Seleucid client states such as Judea to revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 110 BCE, <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a> carried out the first military conquests of the newly independent Hasmonean kingdom, raising a mercenary army to capture <a href="/wiki/Madaba" title="Madaba">Madaba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schechem" class="mw-redirect" title="Schechem">Schechem</a>, significantly increasing his regional influence.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2018)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p> Hyrcanus conquered <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Transjordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Idumea" class="mw-redirect" title="Idumea">Idumea</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a>), and forced Idumeans to convert to Judaism: </p><blockquote><p>Hyrcanus ... subdued all the Idumeans; and permitted them to stay in that country, if they would circumcise their genitals, and make use of the laws of the Jews; and they were so desirous of living in the country of their forefathers, that they submitted to the use of circumcision, (25) and of the rest of the Jewish ways of living; at which time therefore this befell them, that they were hereafter no other than Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He desired that his wife succeed him as head of the government, with his eldest of five sons, <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a>, becoming only the high-priest. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JanaeusCoinPhoto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/JanaeusCoinPhoto.jpg/220px-JanaeusCoinPhoto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/JanaeusCoinPhoto.jpg/330px-JanaeusCoinPhoto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/JanaeusCoinPhoto.jpg/440px-JanaeusCoinPhoto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Alexander Jannaeus, BCE 103–76</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fortress8185.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Fortress8185.JPG/220px-Fortress8185.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Fortress8185.JPG/330px-Fortress8185.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Fortress8185.JPG/440px-Fortress8185.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The remains of the <a href="/wiki/Sartaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Sartaba">Sartaba</a> fortress built by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Upon Hyrcanus' death in 104 BCE, however, Aristobulus I jailed his three brothers (including <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a>) and his mother and allowed her to starve there. By this means he came into possession of the throne and became the first Hasmonean to take the title of King (<a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a>), asserting the new-found independence of the state. Subsequently he conquered <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristobulus I died after a painful illness in 103 BCE. </p><p>Aristobulus' brothers were freed from prison by his widow; one of them, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a>, reigned as a king as well as a high priest from 103–76 BCE. During his reign he conquered <a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea">Iturea</a> and, according to Josephus, forcibly converted Itureans to Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died during the siege of the fortress Ragaba. In <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 87</span> BCE, according to Josephus, following a six-year civil war involving Seleucid king <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Eucaerus" title="Demetrius III Eucaerus">Demetrius III Eucaerus</a>, Hasmonean ruler Alexander Jannaeus crucified 800 Jewish rebels in Jerusalem. </p><p>The Hasmoneans lost the territories acquired in Transjordan during the 93 BCE <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gadara" title="Battle of Gadara">Battle of Gadara</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a> ambushed Jannaeus and his forces in a hilly area. The Nabataeans saw the acquisitions as a threat to their interests, and used a large number of camels to push the Hasmonean forces into a deep valley where Jannaeus was "lucky to escape alive". Jannaeus returned to fierce Jewish opposition in Jerusalem after his defeat, and had to cede the acquired territories to the Nabataeans so that he could dissuade them from supporting his opponents in Judea.<sup id="cite_ref-lost_kingdom_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lost_kingdom-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander was followed by his wife, <a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a>, who reigned from 76–67 BCE. She was the only <i><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">regnant</a></i> Jewish Queen in the Second Temple period, having followed usurper Queen <a href="/wiki/Athalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Athalia">Athalia</a> who had reigned centuries prior. During Alexandra's reign, her son <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a> held the office of High Priest and was named her successor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharisee_and_Sadducee_factions">Pharisee and Sadducee factions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pharisee and Sadducee factions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1stMithritadicwar89BC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/1stMithritadicwar89BC.svg/220px-1stMithritadicwar89BC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/1stMithritadicwar89BC.svg/330px-1stMithritadicwar89BC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/1stMithritadicwar89BC.svg/440px-1stMithritadicwar89BC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>Kingdom at its greatest extent under <a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a></figcaption></figure> <p>It is difficult to state at what time the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, as a party, arose. Josephus first mentioned them in connection with Jonathan, the successor of Judas Maccabeus ("Ant." xiii. 5, § 9). One of the factors that distinguished the Pharisees from other groups prior to the destruction of the Temple was their belief that all Jews had to observe the purity laws (which applied to the Temple service) outside the Temple. The major difference, however, was the continued adherence of the Pharisees to the laws and traditions of the Jewish people in the face of assimilation. As Josephus noted, the Pharisees were considered the most expert and accurate expositors of Jewish law. </p><p>During the Hasmonean period, the <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a> and Pharisees functioned primarily as political parties. Although the Pharisees had opposed the wars of expansion of the Hasmoneans and the forced conversions of the Idumeans, the political rift between them became wider when Pharisees demanded that the Hasmonean king <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a> choose between being king and being High Priest. In response, the king openly sided with the Sadducees by adopting their rites in the Temple. His actions caused a riot in the Temple and led to a brief civil war that ended with a bloody repression of the Pharisees, although at his deathbed the king called for a reconciliation between the two parties. Alexander was succeeded by his widow, <a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a>, whose brother was <a href="/wiki/Shimon_ben_Shetach" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimon ben Shetach">Shimon ben Shetach</a>, a leading Pharisee. Upon her death her elder son, Hyrcanus, sought Pharisee support, and her younger son, Aristobulus, sought the support of the Sadducees. The conflict between Hyrcanus and Aristobulus culminated in a civil war that ended when the Roman general Pompey captured Jerusalem in 63 BCE and inaugurated the Roman period of Jewish history. </p><p>Josephus attested that Salome Alexandra was very favourably inclined toward the Pharisees and that their political influence grew tremendously under her reign, especially in the institution known as the <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a>. Later texts such as the Mishnah and the Talmud record a host of rulings ascribed to the Pharisees concerning sacrifices and other ritual practices in the Temple, torts, criminal law, and governance. The influence of the Pharisees over the lives of the common people remained strong, and their rulings on Jewish law were deemed authoritative by many. Although these texts were written long after these periods, many scholars believe that they are a fairly reliable account of history during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_war">Civil war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Civil war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alexander Jannaeus' son, <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a>, had scarcely reigned three months when his younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a>, rose in rebellion, whereupon Hyrcanus advanced against him at the head of an army of <a href="/wiki/Mercenaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenaries">mercenaries</a> and his Pharisee followers: "Now Hyrcanus was heir to the kingdom, and to him did his mother commit it before she died; but Aristobulus was superior to him in power and magnanimity; and when there was a battle between them, to decide the dispute about the kingdom, near Jericho, the greatest part deserted Hyrcanus, and went over to Aristobulus." [according to Josephus]<sup id="cite_ref-earlyjewishwritings.com_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earlyjewishwritings.com-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hyrcanus took refuge in the citadel of Jerusalem, but the capture of the Temple by Aristobulus II compelled Hyrcanus to surrender. A peace was then concluded, according to the terms of which Hyrcanus was to renounce the throne and the office of high priest (comp. <a href="/wiki/Emil_Sch%C3%BCrer" title="Emil Schürer">Emil Schürer</a>, "Gesch." i. 291, note 2), but was to enjoy the revenues of the latter office, as Josephus states: "but Hyrcanus, with those of his party who stayed with him, fled to Antonia, and got into his power the hostages (which were Aristobulus's wife, with her children) that he might persevere; but the parties came to an agreement before things should come to extremes, that Aristobulus should be king, and Hyrcanus should resign, but retain all the rest of his dignities, as being the king's brother. Hereupon they were reconciled to each other in the Temple, and embraced one another in a very kind manner, while the people stood round about them; they also changed their houses, while Aristobulus went to the royal palace, and Hyrcanus retired to the house of Aristobulus."<sup id="cite_ref-earlyjewishwritings.com_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earlyjewishwritings.com-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristobulus ruled from 67–63 BCE. </p><p>From 63–40 BCE, the government (by this time reduced to a protectorate of Rome as described below) was in the hands of Hyrcanus II as High Priest and <a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">Ethnarch</a>, although effective power was in the hands of his adviser <a href="/wiki/Antipater_the_Idumaean" title="Antipater the Idumaean">Antipater the Idumaean</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intrigues_of_Antipater">Intrigues of Antipater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Intrigues of Antipater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The struggle would have ended here but for Antipater the Idumean. Antipater saw clearly that it would be easier to reach the object of his ambition, the control of Judea, under the government of the weak Hyrcanus than under the warlike and energetic Aristobulus. He accordingly began to impress upon Hyrcanus' mind that Aristobulus was planning his death, finally persuading him to take refuge with <a href="/wiki/Aretas_III" title="Aretas III">Aretas</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Nabat%C3%A6ans" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabatæans">Nabatæans</a>. Aretas, bribed by Antipater, who also promised him the restitution of the Arabian towns taken by the Hasmoneans, readily espoused the cause of Hyrcanus and advanced toward Jerusalem with an army of fifty thousand. During the siege, which lasted several months, the adherents of Hyrcanus were guilty of two acts that greatly incensed the majority of the Jews: they stoned the pious Onias (see <a href="/wiki/Honi_ha-Magel" class="mw-redirect" title="Honi ha-Magel">Honi ha-Magel</a>) and, instead of a lamb which the besieged had bought of the besiegers for the purpose of the paschal sacrifice, sent a pig. Honi, ordered to curse the besieged, prayed: "Lord of the universe, as the besieged and the besiegers both belong to Thy people, I beseech Thee not to answer the evil prayers of either." The pig incident is derived from rabbinical sources. According to Josephus, the besiegers kept the enormous price of one thousand <a href="/wiki/Ancient_drachma" title="Ancient drachma">drachmas</a> they had asked for the lamb. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_intervention">Roman intervention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Roman intervention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pompey_the_Great">Pompey the Great</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pompey the Great"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pomp%C3%A9e_dans_le_Temple_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Pomp%C3%A9e_dans_le_Temple_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.jpg/220px-Pomp%C3%A9e_dans_le_Temple_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Pomp%C3%A9e_dans_le_Temple_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.jpg/330px-Pomp%C3%A9e_dans_le_Temple_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Pomp%C3%A9e_dans_le_Temple_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.jpg/440px-Pomp%C3%A9e_dans_le_Temple_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i>Pompey in the Temple of Jerusalem</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fouquet" title="Jean Fouquet">Jean Fouquet</a></figcaption></figure><p> While this civil war was going on, the Roman general <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Scaurus_(praetor_56_BCE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (praetor 56 BCE)">Marcus Aemilius Scaurus</a> went to Syria to take possession, in the name of <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Magnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus">Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus</a>, of the kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucids" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucids">Seleucids</a>. The brothers appealed to him, each endeavouring by gifts and promises to win him over to his side. At first Scaurus, moved by a gift of four hundred talents, decided in favour of Aristobulus. Aretas was ordered to withdraw his army from Judea, and while retreating suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Aristobulus. But when Pompey came to Syria (63 BCE), a different situation arose. Pompey, who had just been awarded the title "Conqueror of Asia" due to his decisive victories in Asia Minor over <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a> and the Seleucid Empire, had decided to bring Judea under the rule of the Romans. He took the same view of Hyrcanus' ability, and was moved by much the same motives as Antipater: as a ward of Rome, Hyrcanus would be more acceptable than Aristobulus. When, therefore, the brothers, as well as delegates of the people's party, which, weary of Hasmonean quarrels, desired the extinction of the dynasty, presented themselves before Pompey, he delayed the decision, in spite of Aristobulus' gift of a golden vine valued at five hundred talents. The latter, however, fathomed the designs of Pompey, and assembled his armies. Pompey defeated him multiple times however and captured his cities. Aristobulus II entrenched himself in the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Alexandrium" title="Alexandrium">Alexandrium</a>; but, soon realising the uselessness of resistance, surrendered at the first summons of the Romans, and undertook to deliver Jerusalem to them. The patriots, however, were not willing to open their gates to the Romans, and a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(63_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)">siege</a> ensued which ended with the capture of the city. Pompey entered the <a href="/wiki/Holy_of_Holies" title="Holy of Holies">Holy of Holies</a>; this was only the second time that someone had dared to penetrate into this sacred spot. <a href="/wiki/Iudaea_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Iudaea Province">Judaea</a> had to pay tribute to Rome and was placed under the supervision of the Roman governor of Syria: </p><blockquote><p>In 63 BC, Judaea became a protectorate of Rome. Coming under the administration of a governor, Judaea was allowed a king; the governor's business was to regulate trade and maximise tax revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 57–55 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gabinius" title="Aulus Gabinius">Aulus Gabinius</a>, proconsul of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria#Provincia_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a>, split the former Hasmonean Kingdom into Galilee, Samaria, and Judea, with five districts of legal and religious councils known as <i>sanhedrin</i> (Greek: συνέδριον, "synedrion"): "And when he had ordained five councils (συνέδρια), he distributed the nation into the same number of parts. So these councils governed the people; the first was at Jerusalem, the second at <a href="/wiki/Umm_Qais" title="Umm Qais">Gadara</a>, the third at Amathus, the fourth at <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>, and the fifth at <a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Sepphoris</a> in Galilee."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pompey_and_Caesar">Pompey and Caesar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Pompey and Caesar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mattathias_Antigonos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mattathias_Antigonos.jpg/220px-Mattathias_Antigonos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mattathias_Antigonos.jpg/330px-Mattathias_Antigonos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mattathias_Antigonos.jpg/440px-Mattathias_Antigonos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Antigonus, BCE 40–37</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> initially supported Aristobulus against Hyrcanus and Antipater. Between the weakness of Hyrcanus and the ambition of Aristobulus, Judea lost its independence. Aristobulus was taken to Rome a prisoner, and Hyrcanus was reappointed High Priest, but without political authority. When, in 50 BCE, it appeared that Julius Caesar was interested in using Aristobulus and his family as his clients to take control of Judea from Hyrcanus and Antipater, who were beholden to Pompey, supporters of Pompey had Aristobulus poisoned in Rome and executed Alexander in <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>. </p><p> However, Pompey's pawns soon had occasion to turn to the other side: </p><blockquote><p>At the beginning of the civil war between [Caesar] and Pompey, Hyrcanus, at the instance of Antipater, prepared to support the man to whom he owed his position; but when Pompey was murdered, Antipater led the Jewish forces to the help of Caesar, who was hard pressed at Alexandria. His timely help and his influence over the Egyptian Jews recommended him to Caesar's favour, and secured for him an extension of his authority in Palestine, and for Hyrcanus the confirmation of his ethnarchy. Joppa was restored to the Hasmonean domain, Judea was granted freedom from all tribute and taxes to Rome, and the independence of the internal administration was guaranteed."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> The timely aid from Antipater and Hyrcanus led the triumphant Caesar to ignore the claims of Aristobulus's younger son, <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_the_Hasmonean" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigonus the Hasmonean">Antigonus the Hasmonean</a>, and to confirm Hyrcanus and Antipater in their authority, despite their previous allegiance to Pompey. Josephus noted, </p><blockquote><p>Antigonus... came to Caesar... and accused Hyrcanus and Antipater, how they had driven him and his brethren entirely out of their native country... and that as to the assistance they had sent [to Caesar] into Egypt, it was not done out of good-will to him, but out of the fear they were in from former quarrels, and in order to gain pardon for their friendship to [his enemy] Pompey.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Hyrcanus' restoration as <a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">ethnarch</a> in 47 BCE coincided with Caesar's appointment of Antipater as the first <a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Roman Procurator</a>, allowing Antipater to promote the interests of his own house: "Caesar appointed Hyrcanus to be high priest, and gave Antipater what principality he himself should choose, leaving the determination to himself; so he made him procurator of Judea."<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antipater appointed his sons to positions of influence: Phasael became Governor of Jerusalem, and Herod Governor of Galilee. This led to increasing tension between Hyrcanus and the family of Antipater, culminating in a trial of Herod for supposed abuses in his governorship, which resulted in Herod's flight into exile in 46 BCE. Herod soon returned, however, and the honours to Antipater's family continued. Hyrcanus' incapacity and weakness were so manifest that, when he defended Herod against the Sanhedrin and before <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a>, the latter stripped Hyrcanus of his nominal political authority and his title, bestowing them both upon the accused. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">Caesar was assassinated</a> in 44 BCE and unrest and confusion spread throughout the Roman world, including Judaea. Antipater the Idumean was assassinated in 43 BCE by the Nabatean king, <a href="/wiki/Malichus_I" title="Malichus I">Malichus I</a>, who had bribed one of Hyrcanus' cup-bearers to poison and kill Antipater. However, Antipater's sons managed to maintain their control over Judea and their father's puppet Hasmonean, Hyrcanus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parthian_invasion,_Antony,_Augustus"><span id="Parthian_invasion.2C_Antony.2C_Augustus"></span>Parthian invasion, Antony, Augustus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Parthian invasion, Antony, Augustus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prise_de_J%C3%A9rusalem_par_H%C3%A9rode_le_Grand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Prise_de_J%C3%A9rusalem_par_H%C3%A9rode_le_Grand.jpg/220px-Prise_de_J%C3%A9rusalem_par_H%C3%A9rode_le_Grand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Prise_de_J%C3%A9rusalem_par_H%C3%A9rode_le_Grand.jpg/330px-Prise_de_J%C3%A9rusalem_par_H%C3%A9rode_le_Grand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Prise_de_J%C3%A9rusalem_par_H%C3%A9rode_le_Grand.jpg/440px-Prise_de_J%C3%A9rusalem_par_H%C3%A9rode_le_Grand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i>The taking of Jerusalem by <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a>, 36 BCE (sic)</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parthian_Empire_at_its_greatest_extent.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Parthian_Empire_at_its_greatest_extent.png/220px-Parthian_Empire_at_its_greatest_extent.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Parthian_Empire_at_its_greatest_extent.png/330px-Parthian_Empire_at_its_greatest_extent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Parthian_Empire_at_its_greatest_extent.png/440px-Parthian_Empire_at_its_greatest_extent.png 2x" data-file-width="813" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>Parthian Empire at its greatest extent, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 60</span> BCE</figcaption></figure><p> After Julius Caesar was murdered in 44 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Labienus" title="Quintus Labienus">Quintus Labienus</a>, a Roman republican general and ambassador to the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a>, sided with Brutus and Cassius in the <a href="/wiki/Liberators%27_civil_war" title="Liberators' civil war">Liberators' civil war</a>; after their defeat Labienus joined the Parthians and assisted them in invading Roman territories in 40 BCE. The Parthian army crossed the Euphrates and Labienus was able to entice Mark Antony's Roman garrisons around Syria to rally to his cause. The Parthians split their army, and under <a href="/wiki/Pacorus_I_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacorus I of Parthia">Pacorus</a> conquered the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>: </p><blockquote><p>Antigonus... roused the Parthians to invade Syria and Palestine, [and] the Jews eagerly rose in support of the scion of the Maccabean house, and drove out the hated Idumeans with their puppet Jewish king. The struggle between the people and the Romans had begun in earnest, and though Antigonus, when placed on the throne by the Parthians, proceeded to spoil and harry the Jews, rejoicing at the restoration of the Hasmonean line, thought a new era of independence had come.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> When Phasael and <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a> set out on an embassy to the Parthians, the Parthians instead captured them. Antigonus, who was present, cut off Hyrcanus's ears to make him unsuitable for the High Priesthood, while Phasael was put to death. Antigonus, whose Hebrew name was Mattathias, bore the double title of king and High Priest for only three years, as he had not disposed of Herod, the most dangerous of his enemies. Herod fled into exile and sought the support of Mark Antony. Herod was designated "King of the Jews" by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> in 40 BCE: Antony </p><blockquote><p>then resolved to get [Herod] made king of the Jews...[and] told [the Senate] that it was for their advantage in the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> war that Herod should be king; so they all gave their votes for it. And when the senate was separated, Antony and <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Caesar</a> [Augustus] went out, with Herod between them; while the consul and the rest of the magistrates went before them, in order to offer sacrifices [to the Roman gods], and to lay the decree in the Capitol. Antony also made a feast for Herod on the first day of his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (February 2023)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <p>The struggle thereafter lasted for some years, as the main Roman forces were occupied with defeating the Parthians and had few additional resources to use to support Herod. After the Parthians' defeat, Herod was victorious over his rival in 37 BCE. Antigonus was delivered to Antony and executed shortly thereafter. The Romans assented to Herod's proclamation as King of the Jews, bringing about the end of the Hasmonean rule over Judea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herod_and_the_end_of_the_dynasty">Herod and the end of the dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Herod and the end of the dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antigonus was not, however, the last Hasmonean. The fate of the remaining male members of the family under Herod was not a happy one. <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristobulus III">Aristobulus III</a>, grandson of Aristobulus II through his elder son Alexander, was briefly made high priest, but was soon executed (36 BCE) due to Herod's jealousy. His sister Mariamne was married to Herod, but also fell victim to his jealousy. Her sons by Herod, <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_IV" title="Aristobulus IV">Aristobulus IV</a> and Alexander, were in their adulthood also executed by their father. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a> had been held by the Parthians since 40 BCE. For four years, until 36 BCE, he lived amid the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Jews">Babylonian Jews</a>, who paid him every mark of respect. In that year Herod, who feared that Hyrcanus might induce the Parthians to help him regain the throne, invited him to return to Jerusalem. The Babylonian Jews warned him in vain. Herod received him with every mark of respect, assigning him the first place at his table and the presidency of the state council, while awaiting an opportunity to get rid of him. As the last remaining Hasmonean, Hyrcanus was too dangerous a rival for Herod. In the year 30 BCE, charged with plotting with the King of Arabia, Hyrcanus was condemned and executed. </p><p>The later Herodian rulers <a href="/wiki/Agrippa_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrippa I">Agrippa I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agrippa_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrippa II">Agrippa II</a> both had Hasmonean blood, as Agrippa I's father was <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_IV" title="Aristobulus IV">Aristobulus IV</a>, son of Herod by Mariamne I, but they were not direct male descendants, as Herod was not as a Hasmonean by-blood. The Hasmoneans did not have defined rules for succession and Agrippa was viewed as legitimate via his grandmother, <a href="/wiki/Mariamne_I" title="Mariamne I">Mariamne I</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_views">Foreign views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Foreign views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In his <a href="/wiki/Histories_(Tacitus)" title="Histories (Tacitus)"><i>Histories</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> explained the background for the establishment of the Hasmonean state:</p><blockquote><p>While the East was under the dominion of the Assyrians, Medes, and Persians, the Jews were regarded as the meanest of their subjects: but after the Macedonians gained supremacy, King Antiochus endeavored to abolish Jewish superstition and to introduce Greek civilization; the war with the Parthians, however, prevented his improving this basest of peoples; for it was exactly at that time that Arsaces had revolted. Later on, since the power of Macedon had waned, the Parthians were not yet come to their strength, and the Romans were far away, the Jews selected their own kings. These in turn were expelled by the fickle mob; but recovering their throne by force of arms, they banished citizens, destroyed towns, killed brothers, wives, and parents, and dared essay every other kind of royal crime without hesitation; but they fostered the national superstition, for they had assumed the priesthood to support their civil authority.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_scholarship">Legacy and scholarship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Legacy and scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the Hasmonean dynasty managed to create an independent Jewish kingdom, its successes were rather short-lived, and the dynasty by and large failed to live up to the nationalistic momentum the Maccabee brothers had gained. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_nationalism">Jewish nationalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Jewish nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fall of the Hasmonean Kingdom marked an end to a century of Jewish self-governance, but Jewish nationalism and desire for independence continued under Roman rule, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Census_of_Quirinius" title="Census of Quirinius">Census of Quirinius</a> in CE 6 and leading to a series of <a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a> in the 1st–2nd centuries, including the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">Great Revolt</a> (CE 66–73), the <a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a> (115–117), and <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba%27s_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar Kokhba's revolt">Bar Kokhba's revolt</a> (132–135). </p><p>During the wars, temporary commonwealths were established, but they ultimately fell to the sustained might of Rome. <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Roman legions</a> under <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of Jerusalem">besieged and destroyed Jerusalem</a>, looted and burned <a href="/wiki/Herod%27s_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Herod's Temple">Herod's Temple</a> (in the year 70) and Jewish strongholds (notably Gamla in 67 and <a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a> in 73), and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">enslaved</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/massacre" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:massacre">massacred</a> a large part of the Jewish population. The defeat of the Jewish revolts against the Roman Empire notably contributed to the numbers and geography of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Diaspora">Jewish Diaspora</a>, as many Jews were scattered after losing their state or were sold into <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> throughout the empire. </p><p>Daniel R. Schwartz believes the thematic differences in 1 Maccabees and 2 Maccabees reflect the ideological divide on whether Jews should be oriented around religion or politics, in the form of Jewish theocracies and/or secular nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_religious_scholarship">Jewish religious scholarship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Jewish religious scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jewish tradition holds that the claiming of kingship by the later Hasmoneans led to their eventual downfall, since that title was only to be held by descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">line</a> of <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">King David</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hasmonean bureaucracy was filled with men with Greek names, and the dynasty eventually became very <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenised</a>, to the annoyance of many of its more traditionally-minded Jewish subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frequent dynastic quarrels also contributed to the view among Jews of later generations that the latter Hasmoneans were degenerate.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One member of this school was Josephus, whose accounts are in many cases the sole source of information about the Hasmoneans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_Jewish_religious_attitudes_and_practice">Influence on Jewish religious attitudes and practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Influence on Jewish religious attitudes and practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 1990s, a growing body of research has explored several major changes in Jewish ideas and practice during the Hasmonean period. <a href="/wiki/Shaye_J._D._Cohen" title="Shaye J. D. Cohen">Shaye J. D. Cohen</a>'s 1999 book, <i>The Beginnings of Jewishness</i> posited that Jewish identity first began to transcend the Judean nationality and become a religious identity only in the late 2nd century BCE, when the Hasmoneans began conquering and converting neighboring peoples to Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Gregor_Kratz" title="Reinhard Gregor Kratz">Reinhard Gregor Kratz</a>'s 2013 book <i>Historisches und Biblisches Israel</i> (published in English in 2015 as <i>Historical and Biblical Israel</i>) argued that "biblical" and "non-biblical" Israelite/Jewish traditions existed for centuries in antiquity, with biblical Judaism only becoming predominant under the Hasmoneans.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_J._Collins" title="John J. Collins">John J. Collins</a>'s 2017 book, <i>The Invention of Judaism</i>, identified the mid-2nd century BCE as the first time in which contemporary literature is focused on specific questions of Jewish law (<i><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, Yonatan Adler's 2022 book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Judaism_(book)" title="The Origins of Judaism (book)">The Origins of Judaism</a></i> presented archaeological evidence that many standard Jewish religious practices—such as <i><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kashrut</a></i> and maintaining <a href="/wiki/Tumah_and_taharah" title="Tumah and taharah">ritual purity</a>—were not commonly observed before Hasmonean rule.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numismatics">Numismatics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Numismatics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Hyrcanus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/John_Hyrcanus.jpg/220px-John_Hyrcanus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/John_Hyrcanus.jpg/330px-John_Hyrcanus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/John_Hyrcanus.jpg/440px-John_Hyrcanus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption>A coin of 2nd-century BCE Hasmonean ruler and <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priest of Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a>, omitting depictions of humans or animals</figcaption></figure> <p>Hasmonean coins usually featured the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Hebrew">Paleo-Hebrew</a> script, an older <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a> script that was used to write <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>. The coins are struck only in <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>. The symbols include a <a href="/wiki/Menorah:_Worship,_History,_Legend" title="Menorah: Worship, History, Legend">Menorah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia">cornucopia</a>, palm-branch, <a href="/wiki/Lily" class="mw-redirect" title="Lily">lily</a>, an anchor, star, <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranate</a> and (rarely) a helmet. Despite the apparent <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a> influences of most of the symbols, the origin of the star is more obscure.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hasmonean coins are the first known coins in Judea to completely omit depictions of humans or animals, which Yonatan Adler posited was evidence that the Hasmoneans were the first Jewish authorities to enforce rules on creations of "graven images" in line with the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hasmonean_leaders">Hasmonean leaders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Hasmonean leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hasmonean_dynasty_family_tree.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hasmonean_dynasty_family_tree.svg/220px-Hasmonean_dynasty_family_tree.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hasmonean_dynasty_family_tree.svg/330px-Hasmonean_dynasty_family_tree.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hasmonean_dynasty_family_tree.svg/440px-Hasmonean_dynasty_family_tree.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="946" /></a><figcaption>Family tree of the Hasmonean dynasty</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maccabees_(rebel_leaders)"><span id="Maccabees_.28rebel_leaders.29"></span>Maccabees (rebel leaders)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Maccabees (rebel leaders)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mattathias" title="Mattathias">Mattathias</a>, 170–167 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judas Maccabeus</a>, 167–160 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Apphus" title="Jonathan Apphus">Jonathan Apphus</a>, 160–143 BCE (<a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priest</a> from 152 BCE)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monarchs_(Ethnarchs_and_Kings)_and_High_Priests"><span id="Monarchs_.28Ethnarchs_and_Kings.29_and_High_Priests"></span>Monarchs (Ethnarchs and Kings) and High Priests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Monarchs (Ethnarchs and Kings) and High Priests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a>, 142–135 BCE (<a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">Ethnarch</a> and High Priest)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus I</a>, 134–104 BCE (Ethnarch and High Priest)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a>, 104–103 BCE (<a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">King</a> and High Priest)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a>, 103–76 BCE (King and High Priest)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a>, 76–67 BCE (the only <a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a>, 67–66 BCE (King from 67 BCE; High Priest from 76 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a>, 66–63 BCE (King and High Priest)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a> (restored), 63–40 BCE (High Priest from 63 BCE; Ethnarch from 47 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_the_Hasmonean" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigonus the Hasmonean">Antigonus</a>, 40–37 BCE (King and High Priest)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_III_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristobulus III of Israel">Aristobulus III</a>, 36 BCE (only High Priest)</li></ol> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hasmonean_dynasty.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Territorial expansion of the kingdom, 167–80 BCE"><img alt="Territorial expansion of the kingdom, 167–80 BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hasmonean_dynasty.gif/69px-Hasmonean_dynasty.gif" decoding="async" width="69" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hasmonean_dynasty.gif/104px-Hasmonean_dynasty.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hasmonean_dynasty.gif/139px-Hasmonean_dynasty.gif 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="877" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Territorial expansion of the kingdom, 167–80 BCE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Judea_Judas_Makk.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Judea under Judas Maccabeus"><img alt="Judea under Judas Maccabeus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Judea_Judas_Makk.PNG/120px-Judea_Judas_Makk.PNG" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Judea_Judas_Makk.PNG/180px-Judea_Judas_Makk.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Judea_Judas_Makk.PNG/240px-Judea_Judas_Makk.PNG 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="379" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Judea under <a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judas Maccabeus</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Judea_Jonathan_Makk.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Judea under Jonathan Apphus (after conquest of Perea)"><img alt="Judea under Jonathan Apphus (after conquest of Perea)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Judea_Jonathan_Makk.PNG/120px-Judea_Jonathan_Makk.PNG" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Judea_Jonathan_Makk.PNG/180px-Judea_Jonathan_Makk.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Judea_Jonathan_Makk.PNG/240px-Judea_Jonathan_Makk.PNG 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Judea under <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Apphus" title="Jonathan Apphus">Jonathan Apphus</a> (after conquest of <a href="/wiki/Perea" title="Perea">Perea</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Judea_Simon_Makk.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hasmonean Kingdom under Simon Thassi"><img alt="Hasmonean Kingdom under Simon Thassi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Judea_Simon_Makk.PNG/120px-Judea_Simon_Makk.PNG" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Judea_Simon_Makk.PNG/180px-Judea_Simon_Makk.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Judea_Simon_Makk.PNG/240px-Judea_Simon_Makk.PNG 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="432" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hasmonean Kingdom under <a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Judea_Johannes_Hyrcanus.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hasmonean Kingdom under John Hyrcanus (after conquest of Samaria and Idumea)"><img alt="Hasmonean Kingdom under John Hyrcanus (after conquest of Samaria and Idumea)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Judea_Johannes_Hyrcanus.PNG/70px-Judea_Johannes_Hyrcanus.PNG" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Judea_Johannes_Hyrcanus.PNG/105px-Judea_Johannes_Hyrcanus.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Judea_Johannes_Hyrcanus.PNG/141px-Judea_Johannes_Hyrcanus.PNG 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="862" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hasmonean Kingdom under <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a> (after conquest of <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Idumea</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Judea_Aristobulus_I.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hasmonean Kingdom under Aristobulus I (after conquest of Galilee)"><img alt="Hasmonean Kingdom under Aristobulus I (after conquest of Galilee)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Judea_Aristobulus_I.PNG/84px-Judea_Aristobulus_I.PNG" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Judea_Aristobulus_I.PNG/126px-Judea_Aristobulus_I.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Judea_Aristobulus_I.PNG/167px-Judea_Aristobulus_I.PNG 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hasmonean Kingdom under <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a> (after conquest of <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Judea_Alexander_Janne%C3%BCs.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hasmonean Kingdom under Alexander Jannaeus (after conquest of Iturea)"><img alt="Hasmonean Kingdom under Alexander Jannaeus (after conquest of Iturea)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Judea_Alexander_Janne%C3%BCs.PNG/70px-Judea_Alexander_Janne%C3%BCs.PNG" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Judea_Alexander_Janne%C3%BCs.PNG/105px-Judea_Alexander_Janne%C3%BCs.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Judea_Alexander_Janne%C3%BCs.PNG/141px-Judea_Alexander_Janne%C3%BCs.PNG 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="862" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hasmonean Kingdom under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a> (after conquest of <a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea">Iturea</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hasmoneese_rijk.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hasmonean Kingdom under Salome Alexandra"><img alt="Hasmonean Kingdom under Salome Alexandra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hasmoneese_rijk.PNG/70px-Hasmoneese_rijk.PNG" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hasmoneese_rijk.PNG/105px-Hasmoneese_rijk.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hasmoneese_rijk.PNG/141px-Hasmoneese_rijk.PNG 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="862" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hasmonean Kingdom under <a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Judea_na_Pompeius.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman Judea under Hyrcanus II"><img alt="Roman Judea under Hyrcanus II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Judea_na_Pompeius.PNG/70px-Judea_na_Pompeius.PNG" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Judea_na_Pompeius.PNG/105px-Judea_na_Pompeius.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Judea_na_Pompeius.PNG/141px-Judea_na_Pompeius.PNG 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="862" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman Judea under <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_coinage" title="Hasmonean coinage">Hasmonean coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">History of ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_royal_winter_palaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean royal winter palaces">Hasmonean royal winter palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_states_and_dynasties" title="List of Jewish states and dynasties">List of Jewish states and dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(37_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)">Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeusner1983911-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeusner1983911_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeusner1983">Neusner 1983</a>, p. 911.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes201436-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes201436_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVermes2014">Vermes 2014</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuraoka1992-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuraoka1992_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMuraoka1992">Muraoka 1992</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> <i>Asmonaei</i> from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἀσαμωναῖοι</span> (<i>Asamōnaioi</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLouis_H._Feldman,_Steve_Mason1999" class="citation book cs1">Louis H. Feldman, Steve Mason (1999). <i>Flavius Josephus</i>. Brill Academic Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flavius+Josephus&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Louis+H.+Feldman%2C+Steve+Mason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxfordbibliographies.com-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxfordbibliographies.com_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxfordbibliographies.com_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195393361/obo-9780195393361-0031.xml">"Maccabean Revolt"</a>. <i>obo</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=obo&rft.atitle=Maccabean+Revolt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780195393361%2Fobo-9780195393361-0031.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Schäfer2003">Schäfer (2003)</a>, pp. 36–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819194021/http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Livy/Livy45.html">"Livy's History of Rome"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Livy/Livy45.html">the original</a> on 19 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Livy%27s+History+of+Rome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmcadams.posc.mu.edu%2Ftxt%2Fah%2FLivy%2FLivy45.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kasher-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kasher_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kasher_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasher1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Kasher" title="Aryeh Kasher">Kasher, Aryeh</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SNfZ4OjH_ukC&pg=PA55">"2: The Early Hasmonean Era"</a>. <i>Jews and Hellenistic cities in Eretz-Israel: Relations of the Jews in Eretz-Israel with the Hellenistic cities during the Second Temple Period (332 BCE – 70 CE)</i>. Texte und Studien zum Antiken Judentum. Vol. 21. <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mohr_Siebeck" title="Mohr Siebeck">Mohr Siebeck</a>. pp. 55–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-145241-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-145241-3"><bdi>978-3-16-145241-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+The+Early+Hasmonean+Era&rft.btitle=Jews+and+Hellenistic+cities+in+Eretz-Israel%3A+Relations+of+the+Jews+in+Eretz-Israel+with+the+Hellenistic+cities+during+the+Second+Temple+Period+%28332+BCE+%E2%80%93+70+CE%29&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.series=Texte+und+Studien+zum+Antiken+Judentum&rft.pages=55-65&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-3-16-145241-3&rft.aulast=Kasher&rft.aufirst=Aryeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSNfZ4OjH_ukC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jewish Antiquities</i> 12:265 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+12.265">[1]</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+14.468">[2]</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+16.179">[3]</a>,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hart, John Henry Arthur (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Asmoneus"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Asmoneus">"Asmoneus" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 763.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Asmoneus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=763&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=John+Henry+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atkinson2016-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Atkinson2016_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_Atkinson2016" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth Atkinson (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SrfMDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23"><i>A History of the Hasmonean State: Josephus and Beyond</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 23–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-66903-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-66903-2"><bdi>978-0-567-66903-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Hasmonean+State%3A+Josephus+and+Beyond&rft.pages=23-&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-567-66903-2&rft.au=Kenneth+Atkinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSrfMDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P.J. Gott and Logan Licht, <i>Following Philo: The Magdalene, The Virgin, The Men Called Jesus</i> (Bolivar: Leonard Press, 2015) 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hooker-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hooker_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hooker, Richard. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060829230214/http://www.wsu.edu:8000/~dee/HEBREWS/HEBREWS.HTM">"Yavan in the House of Shem. Greeks and Jews 332–63 BC"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsu.edu:8000/~dee/HEBREWS/HEBREWS.HTM">the original</a> on 29 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yavan+in+the+House+of+Shem.+Greeks+and+Jews+332%E2%80%9363+BC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsu.edu%3A8000%2F~dee%2FHEBREWS%2FHEBREWS.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span> World Civilizations Learning Modules. Washington State University, 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchäfer200324-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchäfer200324_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchäfer2003">Schäfer 2003</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz200930-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz200930_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2009">Schwartz 2009</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ginzberg, Lewis. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1588&letter=A&search=Antiochus%20III">"Antiochus III The Great"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antiochus+III+The+Great&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D1588%26letter%3DA%26search%3DAntiochus%2520III&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Books-of-the-Maccabees">"The Books of the Maccabees"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=The+Books+of+the+Maccabees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FThe-Books-of-the-Maccabees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagness2012">Magness 2012</a>, p. 93: the impact of Hellenization caused deep divisions among the Jewish population. Many of Jerusalem's elite families ... eagerly adopted Greek customs.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchäfer2003">Schäfer 2003</a>, pp. 43–44: the "determined Jewish reformers" who saw separation from the pagans as the cause of all misfortune</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ginzberg, Lewis. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1589&letter=A">"The Tobiads and Oniads"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Tobiads+and+Oniads.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D1589%26letter%3DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Jewish Encyclopedia.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levine, Lee I. <i>Judaism and Hellenism in antiquity: conflict or confluence?</i> Hendrickson Publishers, 1998. pp. 38–45. Via "The Impact of Greek Culture on Normative Judaism." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.houseofdavid.ca/maccabee.htm">[4]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubin-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rubin_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rubin_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rubin_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin1980" class="citation journal cs1">Rubin, Jody P. (July 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/rubin/">"Celsus' Decircumcision Operation: Medical and Historical Implications"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Urology_(journal)" title="Urology (journal)">Urology</a></i>. <b>16</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>: 121–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0090-4295%2880%2990354-4">10.1016/0090-4295(80)90354-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6994325">6994325</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urology&rft.atitle=Celsus%27+Decircumcision+Operation%3A+Medical+and+Historical+Implications&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=121-124&rft.date=1980-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0090-4295%2880%2990354-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6994325&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Jody+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cirp.org%2Flibrary%2Frestoration%2Frubin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hodges_JE-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hodges_JE_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodges_JE_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodges_JE_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=514&letter=C&search=circumcision#2">Jewish Encyclopedia: Circumcision: In Apocryphal and Rabbinical Literature</a>: "Contact with Grecian life, especially at the games of the arena [which involved <a href="/wiki/Nudity" title="Nudity">nudity</a>], made this distinction obnoxious to the Hellenists, or antinationalists; and the consequence was their attempt to appear like the Greeks by <a href="/wiki/Epispasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Epispasm">epispasm</a> ("making themselves foreskins"; I Macc. i. 15; Josephus, "Ant." xii. 5, § 1; Assumptio Mosis, viii.; I Cor. vii. 18; Tosef., Shab. xv. 9; Yeb. 72a, b; Yer. Peah i. 16b; Yeb. viii. 9a). All the more did the law-observing Jews defy the edict of <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a> prohibiting circumcision (I Macc. i. 48, 60; ii. 46); and the Jewish women showed their loyalty to the Law, even at the risk of their lives, by themselves circumcising their sons."; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodges2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hodges, Frederick M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/">"The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_History_of_Medicine" title="Bulletin of the History of Medicine">Bulletin of the History of Medicine</a></i>. <b>75</b> (Fall 2001). <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>: 375–405. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fbhm.2001.0119">10.1353/bhm.2001.0119</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11568485">11568485</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29580193">29580193</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+History+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+Ideal+Prepuce+in+Ancient+Greece+and+Rome%3A+Male+Genital+Aesthetics+and+Their+Relation+to+Lipodermos%2C+Circumcision%2C+Foreskin+Restoration%2C+and+the+Kynodesme&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=Fall+2001&rft.pages=375-405&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29580193%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11568485&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fbhm.2001.0119&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=Frederick+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cirp.org%2Flibrary%2Fhistory%2Fhodges2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fredriksen-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fredriksen_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fredriksen_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fredriksen_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFredriksen2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paula_Fredriksen" title="Paula Fredriksen">Fredriksen, Paula</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NW9yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10"><i>When Christians Were Jews: The First Generation</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19051-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19051-9"><bdi>978-0-300-19051-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Christians+Were+Jews%3A+The+First+Generation&rft.place=London&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-300-19051-9&rft.aulast=Fredriksen&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNW9yDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenbruckGurtner2019100-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenbruckGurtner2019100_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuckenbruckGurtner2019">Stuckenbruck & Gurtner 2019</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe201015-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe201015_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrabbe2010">Grabbe 2010</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://virtualreligion.net/iho/antiochus_4.html">"Antiochus IV Epiphanes"</a>. <i>virtualreligion.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=virtualreligion.net&rft.atitle=Antiochus+IV+Epiphanes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvirtualreligion.net%2Fiho%2Fantiochus_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whiston-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whiston_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0148&redirect=true">"Flavius Josephus, The Wars of the Jews, Book I, Whiston chapter pr"</a>. <i>perseus.tufts.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Flavius+Josephus%2C+The+Wars+of+the+Jews%2C+Book+I%2C+Whiston+chapter+pr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148%26redirect%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oesterley-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oesterley_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oesterley, W.O.E., <i>A History of Israel</i>, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1939</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deLange-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deLange_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deLange_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_de_Lange" title="Nicholas de Lange">Nicholas de Lange</a> (ed.), <i>The Illustrated History of the Jewish People</i>, London, Aurum Press, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85410-530-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85410-530-1">978-1-85410-530-1</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (December 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelushkin1991" class="citation book cs1">Telushkin, Joseph (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewishliteracy00telu/page/114"><i>Jewish Literacy: The Most Important Things to Know about the Jewish Religion, Its People, and Its History</i></a>. W. Morrow. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewishliteracy00telu/page/114">114</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-08506-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-08506-3"><bdi>978-0-688-08506-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Literacy%3A+The+Most+Important+Things+to+Know+about+the+Jewish+Religion%2C+Its+People%2C+and+Its+History&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=W.+Morrow&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-688-08506-3&rft.aulast=Telushkin&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjewishliteracy00telu%2Fpage%2F114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2004" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Sarah Iles (2004). <i>Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01517-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01517-3"><bdi>978-0-674-01517-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+Ancient+World%3A+A+Guide&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01517-3&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Iles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg1993" class="citation book cs1">Greenberg, Irving (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewishwaylivingh00gree/page/29"><i>The Jewish Way: Living the Holidays</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewishwaylivingh00gree/page/29">29</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-87303-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-87303-5"><bdi>978-0-671-87303-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Way%3A+Living+the+Holidays&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-671-87303-5&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Irving&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjewishwaylivingh00gree%2Fpage%2F29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz1981" class="citation book cs1">Schultz, Joseph P. (1981). <i>Judaism and the Gentile Faiths: Comparative Studies in Religion</i>. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-1707-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-1707-6"><bdi>978-0-8386-1707-6</bdi></a>. <q>Modern scholarship on the other hand considers the Maccabean revolt less as an uprising against foreign oppression than as a civil war between the orthodox and reformist parties in the Jewish camp</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism+and+the+Gentile+Faiths%3A+Comparative+Studies+in+Religion&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+Univ+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-1707-6&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=Joseph+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGundry2003" class="citation book cs1">Gundry, Robert H. (2003). <i>A Survey of the New Testament</i>. Zondervan. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-23825-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-23825-6"><bdi>978-0-310-23825-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+the+New+Testament&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-310-23825-6&rft.aulast=Gundry&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedmanAllen_C._MyersAstrid_B._Beck2000" class="citation book cs1">Freedman, David Noel; Allen C. Myers; Astrid B. Beck (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eerdmansdictiona0000unse/page/837"><i>Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eerdmansdictiona0000unse/page/837">837</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2400-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2400-4"><bdi>978-0-8028-2400-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=837&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2400-4&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=David+Noel&rft.au=Allen+C.+Myers&rft.au=Astrid+B.+Beck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feerdmansdictiona0000unse%2Fpage%2F837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tcherikover-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tcherikover_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tcherikover_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tcherikover, Victor <i>Hellenistic Civilization and the Jews</i>, New York: Atheneum, 1975</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1986" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Leon James (1986). <i>A Survey of Israel's History</i>. Zondervan. p. 357. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-34770-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-34770-5"><bdi>978-0-310-34770-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Israel%27s+History&rft.pages=357&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-310-34770-5&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Leon+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jewish Life and Thought Among Greeks and Romans: Primary Readings</i> by Louis H. Feldman, Meyer Reinhold, Fortress Press, 1996, p. 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doran, Robert. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalinterest.org/article/revolt-of-the-maccabees-1053">"Revolt of the Maccabees"</a>. September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revolt+of+the+Maccabees.&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalinterest.org%2Farticle%2Frevolt-of-the-maccabees-1053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span> <i>The National Interest</i>, 2006, via The Free Library by Farlex.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The name may be related to the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> word for "hammer", or may be derived from an acronym of the Jewish battle cry "<i>Mi Kamocha B'elim, <a href="/wiki/YHWH" class="mw-redirect" title="YHWH">YHWH</a></i>" ("Who is like you among the heavenly powers, <i>GOD</i>!" (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> <i>15:11</i>), "MKBY" (Mem, Kaf, Bet and Yud).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bickerman, Elias J. <i>Ezra to the Last of the Maccabees</i>. Schocken, 1962. Via <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.houseofdavid.ca/maccabee.htm#Bickerman">[5]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorkholm2008290-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorkholm2008290_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorkholm2008">Morkholm 2008</a>, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorkholm2008287–90-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorkholm2008287–90_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorkholm2008">Morkholm 2008</a>, pp. 287–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%207:7&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 7:7</a>, via Bentwich, Norman. <i>Josephus</i>, The Jewish Publication Society of America. Philadelphia, 1914.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">("Bet Ḥoglah" for Βηθαλαγά in Josephus; 1 Macc. has Βαιδβασὶ, perhaps = Bet Bosem or Bet Bassim ["spice-house"], near <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%209:55–73&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 9:55–73</a>; Josephus, <i>l.c.</i> xiii. 1, §§ 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%2010:1–46&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 10:1–46</a>; Josephus, "Ant." xiii. 2, §§ 1–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%2010:51–66&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 10:51–66</a>; Josephus, "Ant." xiii. 4, § 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gottheil, Richard. Krauss, Samuel. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8773-jonathan-maccabeus">"Jonathan Apphus"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jonathan+Apphus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F8773-jonathan-maccabeus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%2010:67–89&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 10:67–89</a>, 10:1–7; Josephus, <i>l.c.</i> xiii. 4, §§ 3–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%209:20&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 9:20</a>; Josephus, <i>l.c.</i> xiii. 4, § 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%209:21–52&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 9:21–52</a>; Josephus, <i>l.c.</i> xiii. 4, § 9; 5, §§ 2–3; "R. E. J." xlv. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%2011:52–59&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 11:52–59</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%209:53–74&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 9:53–74</a>; Josephus, <i>l.c.</i> xiii. 5, §§ 3–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%2012:33–48&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 12:33–48</a>; Josephus, <i>l.c.</i> xiii. 5, § 10; 6, §§ 1–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">143 BCE; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%2013:12–30&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 13:12–30</a>; Josephus, <i>l.c.</i> xiii. 6, § 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, "Vita", § 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%2014:36&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 14:36</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazar1975" class="citation book cs1">Mazar, Benjamin (1975). <i>The Mountain of the Lord</i>. Doubleday & Company, Inc. pp. 70–71, 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-04843-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-04843-9"><bdi>978-0-385-04843-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mountain+of+the+Lord&rft.pages=70-71%2C+216&rft.pub=Doubleday+%26+Company%2C+Inc&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-385-04843-9&rft.aulast=Mazar&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%208:17–20&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 8:17–20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus. <i>The Jewish Wars</i> (1:61)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiebuhrNiebuhr1852" class="citation book cs1">Niebuhr, Barthold Georg; Niebuhr, Marcus Carsten Nicolaus von (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lecturesonancie05niebgoog"><i>Lectures on Ancient History</i></a>. Taylor, Walton, and Maberly. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lecturesonancie05niebgoog/page/n479">465</a> – via Internet Archive. <q>Grypus Cyzicenus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lectures+on+Ancient+History&rft.pages=465&rft.pub=Taylor%2C+Walton%2C+and+Maberly&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Niebuhr&rft.aufirst=Barthold+Georg&rft.au=Niebuhr%2C+Marcus+Carsten+Nicolaus+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flecturesonancie05niebgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1">Josephus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://christianbookshelf.org/josephus/the_antiquities_of_the_jews/chapter_10_how_upon_the.htm"><i>The Antiquities of the Jews</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Antiquities+of+the+Jews&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchristianbookshelf.org%2Fjosephus%2Fthe_antiquities_of_the_jews%2Fchapter_10_how_upon_the.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span> Book XIII, Chapter 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruen1998" class="citation book cs1">Gruen, Erich S. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o3zITiLtH-EC&q=grypus+hyrcanus&pg=PA24"><i>Heritage and Hellenism: The Reinvention of Jewish Tradition</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92919-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92919-7"><bdi>978-0-520-92919-7</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heritage+and+Hellenism%3A+The+Reinvention+of+Jewish+Tradition&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-520-92919-7&rft.aulast=Gruen&rft.aufirst=Erich+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do3zITiLtH-EC%26q%3Dgrypus%2Bhyrcanus%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller1893" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, John Mee (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iEj7FA8InCoC&q=hyrcanus+medeba+110&pg=PA287"><i>Encyclopaedic Dictionary of the Bible</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7268-095-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7268-095-4"><bdi>978-81-7268-095-4</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedic+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1893&rft.isbn=978-81-7268-095-4&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=John+Mee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiEj7FA8InCoC%26q%3Dhyrcanus%2Bmedeba%2B110%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sievers, 142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the destruction of the Samaritan temple on Mount Gerizim by John Hyrcanus, see for instance: Menahem Mor, "The Persian, Hellenistic and Hasmonean Period", in <i>The Samaritans</i> (ed. Alan D. Crown; Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck, 1989) 1–18; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Bourgel2016" class="citation journal cs1">Jonathan Bourgel (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34049422">"The Destruction of the Samaritan Temple by John Hyrcanus: A Reconsideration"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Journal of Biblical Literature">Journal of Biblical Literature</a></i>. <b>135</b> (153/3): 505. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15699%2Fjbl.1353.2016.3129">10.15699/jbl.1353.2016.3129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Destruction+of+the+Samaritan+Temple+by+John+Hyrcanus%3A+A+Reconsideration&rft.volume=135&rft.issue=153%2F3&rft.pages=505&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15699%2Fjbl.1353.2016.3129&rft.au=Jonathan+Bourgel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34049422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span> See also idem, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/10/11/628/htm">"The Samaritans during the Hasmonean Period: The Affirmation of a Discrete Identity?"</a> Religions 2019, 10(11), 628.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/j/josephus/works/ant-13.htm">Josephus, <i>Ant.</i> xiii, 9:1., via</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1999" class="citation cs2">Smith, Morton (1999), Sturdy, John; Davies, W. D.; Horbury, William (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-judaism/gentiles-in-judaism-125-bcece-66/1AC78E99125BFE8E215AC8137DD8FE32">"The Gentiles in Judaism 125 BCE – 66 CE"</a>, <i>The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 3: The Early Roman Period</i>, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 192–249, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fchol9780521243773.008">10.1017/chol9780521243773.008</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24377-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24377-3"><bdi>978-0-521-24377-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2023</span>, <q>These changes accompanied and were partially caused by the great extension of the Judaeans' contacts with the peoples around them. Many historians have chronicled the Hasmonaeans' territorial acquisitions. In sum, it took them twenty-five years to win control of the tiny territory of Judaea and get rid of the Seleucid colony of royalist Jews (with, presumably, gentile officials and garrison) in Jerusalem. [...] However, in the last years before its fall, the Hasmonaeans were already strong enough to acquire, partly by negotiation, partly by conquest, a little territory north and south of Judaea and a corridor on the west to the coast at Jaffa/Joppa. This was briefly taken from them by Antiochus Sidetes, but soon regained, and in the half century from Sidetes' death in 129 to Alexander Jannaeus' death in 76 they overran most of Palestine and much of western and northern Transjordan. First John Hyrcanus took over the hills of southern and central Palestine (Idumaea and the territories of Shechem, Samaria and Scythopolis) in 128–104; then his son, Aristobulus I, took Galilee in 104–103, and Aristobulus' brother and successor, Jannaeus, in about eighteen years of warfare (103–96, 86–76) conquered and reconquered the coastal plain, the northern Negev, and western edge of Transjordan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism%3A+Volume+3%3A+The+Early+Roman+Period&rft.atitle=The+Gentiles+in+Judaism+125+BCE+%E2%80%93+66+CE&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=192-249&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fchol9780521243773.008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24377-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Morton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fcambridge-history-of-judaism%2Fgentiles-in-judaism-125-bcece-66%2F1AC78E99125BFE8E215AC8137DD8FE32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flavius Josephus, <i>Antiquities of the Jews, in Flavii Iosephi opera</i>, ed. B. Niese, Weidmann, Berlin, 1892, book 13, 9:1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seán Freyne, 'Galilean Studies: Old Issues and New Questions,' in Jürgen Zangenberg, Harold W. Attridge, Dale B. Martin, (eds.)<i>Religion, Ethnicity, and Identity in Ancient Galilee: A Region in Transition,</i> Mohr Siebeck, 2007 pp. 13–32, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lost_kingdom-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lost_kingdom_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJane2001" class="citation book cs1">Jane, Taylor (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FcAoBq4_EnEC"><i>Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. pp. 46–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-508-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-508-2"><bdi>978-1-86064-508-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petra+and+the+Lost+Kingdom+of+the+Nabataeans&rft.place=London&rft.pages=46-47&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-508-2&rft.aulast=Jane&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFcAoBq4_EnEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-earlyjewishwritings.com-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-earlyjewishwritings.com_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-earlyjewishwritings.com_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons" class="citation web cs1">Lyons, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earlyjewishwritings.com/text/josephus/war1.html">"Josephus, Wars Book I"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Josephus%2C+Wars+Book+I&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearlyjewishwritings.com%2Ftext%2Fjosephus%2Fwar1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hooker, Richard. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060829230214/http://www.wsu.edu:8000/~dee/HEBREWS/HEBREWS.HTM">"The Hebrews: The Diaspora"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsu.edu:8000/~dee/HEBREWS/HEBREWS.HTM">the original</a> on 29 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hebrews%3A+The+Diaspora&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsu.edu%3A8000%2F~dee%2FHEBREWS%2FHEBREWS.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span> World Civilizations Learning Modules. Washington State University, 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0146&redirect=true">"Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book 1, Whiston chapter pr"</a>. <i>perseus.tufts.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Flavius+Josephus%2C+Antiquities+of+the+Jews%2C+Book+1%2C+Whiston+chapter+pr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0146%26redirect%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Josephus uses συνέδριον for the first time in connection with the decree of the Roman governor of Syria, Gabinius (57 BCE), who abolished the constitution and the then existing form of government of Palestine and divided the country into five provinces, at the head of each of which a sanhedrin was placed ("Ant." xiv 5, § 4)." via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=229&letter=S&search=Gabinius">Jewish Encyclopedia: Sanhedrin</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bentwich, <i>Josephus</i>, Chapter I, "The Jews and the Romans.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.interhack.net/projects/library/wars-jews/b1c10.htmlM">http://www.interhack.net/projects/library/wars-jews/b1c10.htmlM</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i>, <a href="/wiki/William_Whiston" title="William Whiston">William Whiston</a> translation, xiv 140; at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0146&layout=&loc=14.140">[6]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bentwich, Chapter I.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earlyjewishwritings.com/text/josephus/war1.html">"Josephus, Wars Book I"</a>. <i>earlyjewishwritings.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=earlyjewishwritings.com&rft.atitle=Josephus%2C+Wars+Book+I&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearlyjewishwritings.com%2Ftext%2Fjosephus%2Fwar1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus, <i>Histories</i>, Book V, 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2021" class="citation web cs1">Schwartz, Daniel R. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240316100256/https://www.thetorah.com/article/judea-versus-judaism-between-1-and-2-maccabees">"Judea versus Judaism: Between 1 and 2 Maccabees"</a>. <i>TheTorah.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetorah.com/article/judea-versus-judaism-between-1-and-2-maccabees">the original</a> on 16 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheTorah.com&rft.atitle=Judea+versus+Judaism%3A+Between+1+and+2+Maccabees&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Daniel+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetorah.com%2Farticle%2Fjudea-versus-judaism-between-1-and-2-maccabees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatherwood2011" class="citation book cs1">Catherwood, Christopher (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=krKeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT34"><i>A Brief History of the Middle East</i></a>. Hachette Book Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7624-4102-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7624-4102-0"><bdi>978-0-7624-4102-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Hachette+Book+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7624-4102-0&rft.aulast=Catherwood&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkrKeBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEyal2013" class="citation book cs1">Eyal, Regev (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BeE9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18"><i>The Hasmoneans: Ideology, Archaeology, Identity</i></a>. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-647-55043-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-647-55043-5"><bdi>978-3-647-55043-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hasmoneans%3A+Ideology%2C+Archaeology%2C+Identity&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-647-55043-5&rft.aulast=Eyal&rft.aufirst=Regev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBeE9AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElon_Gilad2014" class="citation news cs1">Elon Gilad (23 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/features/1.633308">"Meet the Hasmoneans: A Brief History of a Violent Epoch"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Meet+the+Hasmoneans%3A+A+Brief+History+of+a+Violent+Epoch&rft.date=2014-12-23&rft.au=Elon+Gilad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fjewish%2Ffeatures%2F1.633308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarkabi1983" class="citation book cs1">Harkabi, Yehoshafat (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rb00WGipKCIC&pg=RA1-PA72"><i>The Bar Kokhba Syndrome: Risk and Realism in International Politics</i></a>. Rossel Books. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-940646-01-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-940646-01-8"><bdi>978-0-940646-01-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bar+Kokhba+Syndrome%3A+Risk+and+Realism+in+International+Politics&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Rossel+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-940646-01-8&rft.aulast=Harkabi&rft.aufirst=Yehoshafat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drb00WGipKCIC%26pg%3DRA1-PA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler2022" class="citation book cs1">Adler, Yonatan (15 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k8KREAAAQBAJ&vq"><i>The Origins of Judaism: An Archaeological-Historical Reappraisal</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26837-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26837-9"><bdi>978-0-300-26837-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Judaism%3A+An+Archaeological-Historical+Reappraisal&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2022-11-15&rft.isbn=978-0-300-26837-9&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Yonatan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk8KREAAAQBAJ%26vq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adler (2002), p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adler (2002), p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawler2022" class="citation news cs1">Lawler, Andrew (15 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/is-judaism-a-younger-religion-than-previously-thought-180981118/">"Is Judaism a Younger Religion Than Previously Thought?"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Is+Judaism+a+Younger+Religion+Than+Previously+Thought%3F&rft.date=2022-11-15&rft.aulast=Lawler&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fis-judaism-a-younger-religion-than-previously-thought-180981118%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein" class="citation book cs1">Finkelstein, Louis. <i>The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 1</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 32–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism%3A+Volume+1&rft.pages=32-28&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adler (2022), p. 87–106.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorkholm2008" class="citation book cs1">Morkholm, Otto (2008). "Antiochus IV". In William David Davies; Louis Finkelstein (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pa75TjBSRkwC"><i>The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 2, The Hellenistic Age</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 278–291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21929-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21929-7"><bdi>978-0-521-21929-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antiochus+IV&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism%3A+Volume+2%2C+The+Hellenistic+Age&rft.pages=278-291&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-21929-7&rft.aulast=Morkholm&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPa75TjBSRkwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2010" class="citation book cs1">Grabbe, Lester L. (12 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i89-9fdNUcAC"><i>An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism: History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah, the Maccabees, Hillel, and Jesus</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-55248-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-55248-8"><bdi>978-0-567-55248-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Second+Temple+Judaism%3A+History+and+Religion+of+the+Jews+in+the+Time+of+Nehemiah%2C+the+Maccabees%2C+Hillel%2C+and+Jesus&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2010-08-12&rft.isbn=978-0-567-55248-8&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di89-9fdNUcAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuckenbruckGurtner2019" class="citation book cs1">Stuckenbruck, Loren T.; Gurtner, Daniel M. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1E6_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT100"><i>T&T Clark Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism Volume One</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 100–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-65813-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-65813-5"><bdi>978-0-567-65813-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%26T+Clark+Encyclopedia+of+Second+Temple+Judaism+Volume+One&rft.pages=100-&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-567-65813-5&rft.aulast=Stuckenbruck&rft.aufirst=Loren+T.&rft.au=Gurtner%2C+Daniel+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1E6_DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlavius_Josephus1895" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a> (1895). <a href="/wiki/William_Whiston" title="William Whiston">Whiston, William</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completeworksfl01whisgoog/page/n6/mode/2up"><i>The Complete Works of Flavius-Josephus the Celebrated Jewish Historian</i></a>. Philadelphia: John E. Potter & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Works+of+Flavius-Josephus+the+Celebrated+Jewish+Historian&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=John+E.+Potter+%26+Company&rft.date=1895&rft.au=Flavius+Josephus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompleteworksfl01whisgoog%2Fpage%2Fn6%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="Schäfer2003">Schäfer, Peter (2003). <i>The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World</i>, Second Edition. London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30587-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30587-7">978-0-415-30587-7</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuraoka1992" class="citation book cs1">Muraoka, T. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MaEOAAAAYAAJ"><i>Studies in Qumran Aramaic</i></a>. Peeters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6831-419-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6831-419-9"><bdi>978-90-6831-419-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Qumran+Aramaic&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-90-6831-419-9&rft.aulast=Muraoka&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMaEOAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeusner1983" class="citation book cs1">Neusner, J. (1983). "Jews in Iran". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3 (2); the Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24693-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24693-4"><bdi>978-0-521-24693-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jews+in+Iran&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Volume+3+%282%29%3B+the+Seleucid%2C+Parthian+and+Sasanian+periods&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24693-4&rft.aulast=Neusner&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>The Hasmoneans in Jewish Historiography</i> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Schafler" title="Samuel Schafler">Samuel Schafler</a>, Diss, DHL, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_America" title="Jewish Theological Seminary of America">Jewish Theological Seminary of America</a>, New York, 1973</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermes2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Vermes" title="Géza Vermes">Vermes, Géza</a> (2014). <i>The True Herod</i>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-48841-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-48841-1"><bdi>978-0-567-48841-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+True+Herod&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-567-48841-1&rft.aulast=Vermes&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9za&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchäfer2003" class="citation book cs1">Schäfer, Peter (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YBarWAR2qVkC"><i>The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30585-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30585-3"><bdi>978-0-415-30585-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Jews+in+the+Greco-Roman+World&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-30585-3&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4fer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYBarWAR2qVkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagness2012" class="citation book cs1">Magness, Jodi (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qZjih7ngVokC"><i>The Archaeology of the Holy Land: From the Destruction of Solomon's Temple to the Muslim Conquest</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-12413-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-12413-3"><bdi>978-0-521-12413-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+the+Holy+Land%3A+From+the+Destruction+of+Solomon%27s+Temple+to+the+Muslim+Conquest&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-12413-3&rft.aulast=Magness&rft.aufirst=Jodi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqZjih7ngVokC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2009" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Seth (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K13JHSSyH1gC"><i>Imperialism and Jewish Society: 200 B.C.E. to 640 C.E.</i></a> Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2485-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2485-4"><bdi>978-1-4008-2485-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperialism+and+Jewish+Society%3A+200+B.C.E.+to+640+C.E.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2485-4&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK13JHSSyH1gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Atkinson, Kenneth. <i>A History of the Hasmonean State: Josephus and Beyond</i>. New York: Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2016.</li> <li>Berthelot, Katell . <i>In Search of the Promised Land?: The Hasmonean Dynasty between Biblical Models and Hellenistic Diplomacy.</i>Göttingen Vandenhoek & Ruprecht, 2017. 494 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-55252-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-55252-0">978-3-525-55252-0</a>.</li> <li>Davies, W. D, Louis Finkelstein, and William Horbury. <i>The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. 2: Hellenistic Age</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.</li> <li>Derfler, Steven Lee. <i>The Hasmonean Revolt: rebellion or revolution?</i> Lewiston: E Mellen Press, 1989.</li> <li>Eshel, Hanan. <i>Dead Sea scrolls and the Hasmonean state</i>. Jerusalem: Yad Ben-Zvi Pr., 2008.</li> <li>Schäfer, Peter. <i>The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World</i>. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2003.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasmonean_dynasty&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Hasmonean dynasty</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Hasmonean+dynasty&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Hasmonean+dynasty">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Hasmonean+dynasty&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=351&letter=H&search=Hasmonean">Jewish Encyclopedia: Hasmoneans</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050629084248/http://www.adath-shalom.ca/greek_influence.htm">The Impact of Greek Culture on Normative Judaism from the Hellenistic Period through the Middle Ages <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 330</span> BCE – CE 1250</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aish.com/literacy/jewishhistory/Crash_Course_in_Jewish_History__Part_29_-_The_Revolt_of_the_Maccabees.asp">The Reign of the Hasmoneans</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143134/http://www.aish.com/literacy/jewishhistory/Crash_Course_in_Jewish_History__Part_29_-_The_Revolt_of_the_Maccabees.asp">Archived</a> 21 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Crash Course in Jewish History</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=1&ArticleID=29">"Under the Influence: Hellenism in Ancient Jewish Life"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229232302/http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=1&ArticleID=29">Archived</a> 29 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Biblical Archaeology Society</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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comparisons">Population history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_military_history" title="Jewish military history">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions and exoduses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Captivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Captivity">Assyrian Captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah%27s_revolts_against_Babylon" title="Judah's revolts against Babylon">Judah's revolts against Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">Babylonian Yehud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Second_Temple_period" title="Timeline of the Second Temple period">Timeline of the Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hasmonean kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Judaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Judaea">Roman Judaea</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars and revolts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judean_Civil_War" title="Judean Civil War">Judean Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish-Roman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Roman Wars">Jewish-Roman Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">First Jewish-Roman War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(66)" title="Battle of Beth Horon (66)">Battle of Beth Horon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee_campaign_(67)" title="Galilee campaign (67)">Galilee campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Masada" title="Siege of Masada">Siege of Masada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora revolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Carthage" title="History of the Jews in Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Mesopotamia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_(Hebrew_title)" title="Nasi (Hebrew title)">Nasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmudic_academies_in_Babylonia" title="Talmudic academies in Babylonia">Talmudic academies in Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Constantius_Gallus" title="Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus">Revolt against Gallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Heraclius" title="Jewish revolt against Heraclius">Revolt against Heraclius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mohammedan Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Banu_Qurayza" title="Siege of Banu Qurayza">Siege of Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Siege of Banu Qaynuqa">Siege of Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Banu_Nadir" title="Invasion of Banu Nadir">Invasion of Banu Nadir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule" title="History of the Jews under Muslim rule">Under Muslim rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Sephardic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kairouan" title="History of the Jews in Kairouan">Kairouan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_the_Crusades" title="History of the Jews and the Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Expulsion of Jews from Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Medieval antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_question" title="Jewish question">Jewish question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Jewish)" title="Disabilities (Jewish)">Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israeli history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Yishuv" class="mw-redirect" title="New Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">See also</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:JH" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:JH">WP:Jewish history</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_Israel_and_Judah" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_Ancient_Israel" title="Template:Rulers of Ancient Israel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rulers_of_Ancient_Israel" title="Template talk:Rulers of Ancient Israel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_Ancient_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of Ancient Israel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_Israel_and_Judah" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers of <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Israel and Judah</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Davidic line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Israel_and_Judah" title="Kings of Israel and Judah">Kings of Israel and Judah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Judah" title="Kings of Judah">Kings of Judah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Israel<br />(united monarchy)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ish-bosheth" title="Ish-bosheth">Ish-bosheth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel<br />(northern kingdom)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeroboam" title="Jeroboam">Jeroboam I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadab_of_Israel" title="Nadab of Israel">Nadab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baasha_of_Israel" title="Baasha of Israel">Baasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elah_(king)" title="Elah (king)">Elah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimri_(king)" title="Zimri (king)">Zimri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibni" title="Tibni">Tibni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omri" title="Omri">Omri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahab" title="Ahab">Ahab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jezebel" title="Jezebel">Jezebel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahaziah_of_Israel" title="Ahaziah of Israel">Ahaziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoram_of_Israel" title="Jehoram of Israel">Jehoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehu" title="Jehu">Jehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoahaz_of_Israel" title="Jehoahaz of Israel">Jehoahaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoash_of_Israel" title="Jehoash of Israel">Jehoash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeroboam_II" title="Jeroboam II">Jeroboam II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_of_Israel" title="Zechariah of Israel">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallum_of_Israel" title="Shallum of Israel">Shallum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem" title="Menahem">Menahem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekahiah" title="Pekahiah">Pekahiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekah" title="Pekah">Pekah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoshea" title="Hoshea">Hoshea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah<br />(southern kingdom)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rehoboam" title="Rehoboam">Rehoboam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abijah_of_Judah" title="Abijah of Judah">Abijam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_of_Judah" title="Asa of Judah">Asa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoshaphat" title="Jehoshaphat">Jehoshaphat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoram_of_Judah" title="Jehoram of Judah">Jehoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahaziah_of_Judah" title="Ahaziah of Judah">Ahaziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athaliah" title="Athaliah">Athaliah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoash_of_Judah" title="Jehoash of Judah">Jehoash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaziah_of_Judah" title="Amaziah of Judah">Amaziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzziah" title="Uzziah">Uzziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jotham" title="Jotham">Jotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahaz" title="Ahaz">Ahaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasseh_of_Judah" title="Manasseh of Judah">Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amon_of_Judah" title="Amon of Judah">Amon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoahaz_of_Judah" title="Jehoahaz of Judah">Jehoahaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jeconiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zedekiah" title="Zedekiah">Zedekiah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Judea<br />(Hasmonean dynasty)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Mattathias" title="Antigonus II Mattathias">Antigonus II Mattathias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Jewish leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_leaders_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel">List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hanukkahחֲנֻכָּה" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanukkah" title="Template:Hanukkah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hanukkah" title="Template talk:Hanukkah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hanukkah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hanukkah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hanukkahחֲנֻכָּה" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Hanukkah</li><li>חֲנֻכָּה</li></ul></div></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hanukkah_traditions" title="Category:Hanukkah traditions">Traditions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_menorah" title="Hanukkah menorah">Hanukkah menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreidel" title="Dreidel">Dreidel (Sevivon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_gelt" title="Hanukkah gelt">Gelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_menorah" title="Public menorah">Public menorah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biscochos" title="Biscochos">Biscochos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrniki" title="Syrniki">Syrniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritas_de_prasa" title="Fritas de prasa">Fritas de prasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latke" title="Latke">Latke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noodle_latkes" title="Noodle latkes">Noodle latkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfenj" title="Sfenj">Sfenj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufganiyah" title="Sufganiyah">Sufganiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%B1uelo" title="Buñuelo">Buñuelos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_music" title="Hanukkah music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Ma%27oz_Tzur" title="Ma'oz Tzur">Ma'oz Tzur</a> (Rock of Ages)"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haneirot_Halalu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haneirot Halalu (page does not exist)">Haneirot Halalu</a> (These lights)"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Odecha_Ki_Tovot_Gamalta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odecha Ki Tovot Gamalta (page does not exist)">Odecha Ki Tovot Gamalta</a> (I will Thank You)"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ichlu_Mashmanim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ichlu Mashmanim (page does not exist)">Ichlu Mashmanim</a> (Eat Fattened Animals)"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Little_Dreidel" title="I Have a Little Dreidel">I Have a Little Dreidel</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Oh_Chanukah" title="Oh Chanukah">Oh Chanukah</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Chanukah_Song" title="The Chanukah Song">The Chanukah Song</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Erran_Baron_Cohen_Presents:_Songs_in_the_Key_of_Hanukkah" title="Erran Baron Cohen Presents: Songs in the Key of Hanukkah">Erran Baron Cohen Presents: Songs in the Key of Hanukkah</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Light_One_Candle" title="Light One Candle">Light One Candle</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Puppy_for_Hanukkah" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppy for Hanukkah">Puppy for Hanukkah</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hanukkah_Sessions" title="The Hanukkah Sessions">The Hanukkah Sessions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_film" title="Hanukkah film">Films</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eight_Crazy_Nights" title="Eight Crazy Nights">Eight Crazy Nights</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Full-Court_Miracle" title="Full-Court Miracle">Full-Court Miracle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hebrew_Hammer_(film)" title="The Hebrew Hammer (film)">The Hebrew Hammer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_in_television" title="Hanukkah in television">In television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_One_with_the_Holiday_Armadillo" class="mw-redirect" title="The One with the Holiday Armadillo">The One with the Holiday Armadillo</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Rugrats_Chanukah" title="A Rugrats Chanukah">A Rugrats Chanukah</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festigal" title="Festigal">Festigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latke%E2%80%93Hamantash_Debate" title="Latke–Hamantash Debate">Latke–Hamantash Debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgivukkah" title="Thanksgivukkah">Thanksgivukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallel" title="Hallel">Hallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_bush" title="Hanukkah bush">Hanukkah bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_Harry" title="Hanukkah Harry">Hanukkah Harry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Elf_on_the_Shelf#Mensch_on_a_Bench" title="The Elf on the Shelf">Mensch on a Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrismukkah" title="Chrismukkah">Chrismukkah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chanukia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hanukkah"><img alt="Hanukkah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chanukia.jpg/100px-Chanukia.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chanukia.jpg/150px-Chanukia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chanukia.jpg/200px-Chanukia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean <br />Revolt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hasmonean Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical accounts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Maccabees" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of Maccabees">Books of Maccabees</a> (1 and 2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="The War of the Jews">The War of the Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_the_cruse_of_oil" title="Miracle of the cruse of oil">Miracle of the cruse of oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mattathias" title="Mattathias">Mattathias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gaddi" title="John Gaddi">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_Avaran" title="Eleazar Avaran">Eleazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Apphus" title="Jonathan Apphus">Jonathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ma%27aleh_Levona" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ma'aleh Levona">Ma'aleh Levona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(166_BC)" title="Battle of Beth Horon (166 BC)">Beth Horon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emmaus" title="Battle of Emmaus">Emmaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Zur" title="Battle of Beth Zur">Beth Zur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabee_campaigns_of_163_BC" title="Maccabee campaigns of 163 BC">Campaigns of 163 BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Zechariah" title="Battle of Beth Zechariah">Beth Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adasa" title="Battle of Adasa">Adasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elasa" title="Battle of Elasa">Elasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_states_and_regions_in_the_history_of_the_Levant" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_states_and_regions_of_the_Levant" title="Template:Ancient states and regions of the Levant"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_states_and_regions_of_the_Levant" title="Template talk:Ancient states and regions of the Levant"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_states_and_regions_of_the_Levant" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient states and regions of the Levant"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_states_and_regions_in_the_history_of_the_Levant" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ancient states and regions in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant" title="History of the ancient Levant">history</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copper_Age_state_societies" title="Copper Age state societies">Copper Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kish_civilization" title="Kish civilization">Kish civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Halaf" title="Tell Halaf">Tell Halaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagar_Bazar" title="Chagar Bazar">Chagar Bazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamoukar" title="Hamoukar">Hamoukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkesh" title="Urkesh">Urkesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andarig" title="Andarig">Andarig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apum" title="Apum">Apum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian Empire">First Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla#Third_kingdom" title="Ebla">Third Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekallatum" title="Ekallatum">Ekallatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurda" title="Kurda">Kurda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria#The_third_kingdom" title="Mari, Syria">Third Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Mukish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_eth-Thadeyn" title="Tell eth-Thadeyn">Shaddai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Taban" title="Tell Taban">Ṭābetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Leilan#Shubat-Enlil" title="Tell Leilan">Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahiran" title="Zahiran">Zahiran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amqu" title="Amqu">Amqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_(region)" title="Aram (region)">Aram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barga_(kingdom)" title="Barga (kingdom)">Barga</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite city-states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ashtara" title="Tell Ashtara">Aštartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gaza#Bronze_Age" title="History of Gaza">Azzati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashan" title="Bashan">Bashan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut#History" title="Beirut">Beruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus#Late_Bronze" title="Damascus">Dimasqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibeon_(ancient_city)" title="Gibeon (ancient city)">Gibeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Hazor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenites" title="Kenites">Kenites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamid_el-Loz" title="Kamid el-Loz">Kumidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Lachish" title="Tel Lachish">Lakisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(Syria)" title="Kadesh (Syria)">Qadesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechem#Bronze_Age" title="Shechem">Shechem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urshu" title="Urshu">Urshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuha%C5%A1%C5%A1e" title="Nuhašše">Nuhašše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Hadidi" title="Tell Hadidi">Tell Hadidi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naziba" title="Naziba">Naziba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_Kingdom" title="Niya Kingdom">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ib%27al" title="Ib'al">Ib'al Confederacy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Paleo-Syrian states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armi_(Syria)" title="Armi (Syria)">Armi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Aleppo" title="Ancient Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armanum" title="Armanum">Armanum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tall_Bazi" title="Tall Bazi">Tall Bazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khana" title="Kingdom of Khana">Khana</a>/<a href="/wiki/Terqa" title="Terqa">Terqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Brak" title="Tell Brak">Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuttul" title="Tuttul">Tuttul</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Suhum" title="Suhum">Suhum</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFApiru" title="ʿApiru">ʿApiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahlamu" title="Ahlamu">Aḫlamū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suteans" title="Suteans">Suteans</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amqu" title="Amqu">Amqu</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFApiru" title="ʿApiru">ʿApiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu">Shasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutu" title="Shutu">Shutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Tadmor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunip" title="Tunip">Tunip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upu" title="Upu">Upu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nuha%C5%A1%C5%A1e" title="Nuhašše">Nuhašše</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niya_Kingdom" title="Niya Kingdom">Niya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramaean states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_Rehob" title="Aram Rehob">Aram Rehob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit-Adini" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit-Adini">Bit-Adini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Agusi" title="Bit Agusi">Bit Agusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Bahiani" title="Bit Bahiani">Bit Bahiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshur" title="Geshur">Geshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Hama, Syria">Hamath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Sam'al</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zobah" title="Zobah">Zobah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel (Samaria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Israel (united)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashdod_(ancient_city)" title="Ashdod (ancient city)">Ashdod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron">Ekron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gath_(city)" title="Gath (city)">Gath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amrit" title="Amrit">Amrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabs" title="History of the Arabs">Arabs</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itureans" class="mw-redirect" title="Itureans">Itureans</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qedarites" title="Qedarites">Qedarites</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Luwian-Aramaean states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kummuh" title="Kummuh">Kummuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhuti" title="Luhuti">Luhuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palistin" title="Palistin">Palistin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattin" title="Pattin">Pattin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> - <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emesene_dynasty" title="Emesene dynasty">Emesene Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanid Kingdom</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hasmonean dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_Tetrarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Tetrarchy">Herodian Tetrarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea">Iturea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabataean Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanukhids" title="Tanukhids">Tanukhid confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Template:Rulers of the Ancient Near East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Template talk:Rulers of the Ancient Near East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of the Ancient Near East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"><div style="overflow:auto"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0; font-size:96.6%;"> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin:0; font-size:96.6%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Territories/<br />dates<br /><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Akshak" title="Akshak">Akshak</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a><br /></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td rowspan="2">4000–3200 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Naqada_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqada I">Naqada I</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Gerzeh_culture" title="Gerzeh culture">Naqada II</a></b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_(front_top_part_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gebel el-Arak Knife"><img alt="Gebel el-Arak Knife" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/50px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/75px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/100px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1582" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="1" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Egypt-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt-Mesopotamia relations">Egypt-Mesopotamia relations</a> </td> <td colspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia" title="History of Mesopotamia">Pre-Dynastic period</a> (4000–2900 BCE) </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></b><br />(4000–3100 BCE)<br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/100px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/150px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/200px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="1158" /></a></span><br />(<a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">Anu Ziggurat</a>, 4000 BCE)<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rolzegel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/100px-Rolzegel.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/150px-Rolzegel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/200px-Rolzegel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="714" /></a></span><br />(Anonymous "King-priests") </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa II</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Susa II Priest-King with bow and arrows"><img alt="Susa II Priest-King with bow and arrows" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/35px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/53px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/70px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="1663" /></a></span><br />(Uruk influence or control) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">3200–3100 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Proto-Dynastic period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Naqada III</a>)<br />Early or legendary kings: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a></b><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Pen-Abu</a></i> <i>Animal</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Stork_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stork (Pharaoh)">Stork</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Canide_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canide (Pharaoh)">Canide</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Bull_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull (Pharaoh)">Bull</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Shendjw</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a></b><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Khayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayu">Khayu</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Neheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neheb">Neheb</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a></i> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nat-Hor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nat-Hor (page does not exist)">Nat-Hor</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Mekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a></i><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">3100–2900 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" rowspan="1" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic Period</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Narmer Palette"><img alt="Narmer Palette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/40px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/60px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/80px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1611" data-file-height="2404" /></a><figcaption>Narmer Palette</figcaption></figure><br /><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> <a href="/wiki/Neithhotep" title="Neithhotep">Neithhotep</a><sup>♀</sup> (regent) <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a> <a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a> <a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a> <a href="/wiki/Merneith" title="Merneith">Merneith</a><sup>♀</sup> (regent) <a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a> <a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a> <a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a> <a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Bird (Pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="1" rowspan="13"><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanites</a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><b><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a></b><br />(3100–2900 BCE) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa III</a>)<br />(3100–2700 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2900 BCE </td> <td rowspan="8" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">Second Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra/Raneb</a> <a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a> <a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Khasekhemwy"><img alt="Khasekhemwy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/30px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/45px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/60px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4103" data-file-height="5203" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period I</a> (2900–2700 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">First Eblaite</a><br />Kingdom</b><br /> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">First kingdom of Mari</a></b><br /> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> I dynasty</b><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Jushur" title="Jushur">Jushur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kullassina-bel" title="Kullassina-bel">Kullassina-bel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nangishlishma" title="Nangishlishma">Nangishlishma</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/En-tarah-ana" title="En-tarah-ana">En-tarah-ana</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Babum" title="Babum">Babum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puannum" title="Puannum">Puannum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalibum" title="Kalibum">Kalibum</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2800 BCE <p><br /> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><i><a href="/wiki/Kalumum" title="Kalumum">Kalumum</a> <a href="/wiki/Zuqaqip" title="Zuqaqip">Zuqaqip</a> <a href="/wiki/Atab" title="Atab">Atab</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mashda" title="Mashda">Mashda</a> <a href="/wiki/Arwium" title="Arwium">Arwium</a> <a href="/wiki/Etana" title="Etana">Etana</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Balih" title="Balih">Balih</a> <a href="/wiki/En-me-nuna" title="En-me-nuna">En-me-nuna</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Melem-Kish" title="Melem-Kish">Melem-Kish</a> <a href="/wiki/Barsal-nuna" title="Barsal-nuna">Barsal-nuna</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> I dynasty</b><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Mesh-ki-ang-gasher" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesh-ki-ang-gasher">Mesh-ki-ang-gasher</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><i><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a> ("conqueror of <a href="/wiki/Aratta" title="Aratta">Aratta</a>")</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2700 BCE </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period II</a> (2700–2600 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><i><a href="/wiki/Zamug" title="Zamug">Zamug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tizqar" title="Tizqar">Tizqar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilku" title="Ilku">Ilku</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iltasadum" title="Iltasadum">Iltasadum</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><i><a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda" title="Lugalbanda">Lugalbanda</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dumuzid,_the_Fisherman" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumuzid, the Fisherman">Dumuzid, the Fisherman</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Enmebaragesi" title="Enmebaragesi">Enmebaragesi</a> ("made the land of Elam submit")<sup id="cite_ref-SKL_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SKL-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Aga_of_Kish" title="Aga of Kish">Aga of Kish</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ak_gal-ukkin_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aga of Kish"><img alt="Aga of Kish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/22px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/33px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/44px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="826" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/15px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/20px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda,_2600_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/30px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/45px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/60px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="595" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Old Elamite period</a></b><br />(2700–1500 BCE)<br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Indus-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus-Mesopotamia relations">Indus-Mesopotamia relations</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2600 BCE </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><b><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">Third Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saqqara,_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2,_Ancient_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saqqarah Djeser pyramid"><img alt="Saqqarah Djeser pyramid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/50px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/75px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/100px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span><br />(First <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Egyptian pyramids</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period III</a> (2600–2340 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Sagisu" title="Sagisu">Sagisu</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abur-lim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abur-lim (page does not exist)">Abur-lim</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agur-lim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agur-lim (page does not exist)">Agur-lim</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibbi-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibbi-Damu (page does not exist)">Ibbi-Damu</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baba-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baba-Damu (page does not exist)">Baba-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> II dynasty</b><br />(5 kings)<br /><a href="/wiki/Uhub" title="Uhub">Uhub</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mesilim" title="Mesilim">Mesilim</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><i><a href="/wiki/Ur-Nungal" title="Ur-Nungal">Ur-Nungal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Udul-kalama" title="Udul-kalama">Udulkalama</a><br /><a href="/wiki/La-ba%27shum" title="La-ba'shum">Labashum</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/En-hegal" title="En-hegal">En-hegal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugalshaengur" title="Lugalshaengur">Lugal-<br />shaengur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Ur_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ur I">Ur</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/A-Imdugud" title="A-Imdugud">A-Imdugud</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-Pabilsag" title="Ur-Pabilsag">Ur-Pabilsag</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ur-Palbisag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/30px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/45px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/60px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1385" data-file-height="2201" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Meskalamdug" title="Meskalamdug">Meskalamdug</a><br />(Queen <a href="/wiki/Puabi" title="Puabi">Puabi</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Akalamdug" title="Akalamdug">Akalamdug</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><i><a href="/wiki/En-nun-tarah-ana" title="En-nun-tarah-ana">Enun-dara-anna</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mes-he" class="mw-redirect" title="Mes-he">Mes-he</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Melamanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamanna">Melamanna</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugal-kitun" title="Lugal-kitun">Lugal-kitun</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Nin-kisalsi" title="Nin-kisalsi">Nin-kisalsi</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Me-durba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Me-durba (page does not exist)">Me-durba</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugal-dalu" title="Lugal-dalu">Lugal-dalu</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2575 BCE </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><b><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a> <a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kheops-Pyramid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/50px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/75px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/100px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="971" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a> <a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a> <a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="8"><b><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="First Dynasty of Ur">Ur I dynasty</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Mesannepada" title="Mesannepada">Mesannepada</a><br />"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk </td></tr> <tr> <td>2500 BCE </td> <td rowspan="22" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> (2500-539 BCE) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/The_second_kingdom_of_Mari" class="mw-redirect" title="The second kingdom of Mari">Second kingdom of Mari</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Ikun-Shamash" title="Ikun-Shamash">Ikun-Shamash</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iku-Shamagan" title="Iku-Shamagan">Iku-Shamagan</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iku-Shamagan"><img alt="Iku-Shamagan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/30px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/45px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/60px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="2102" /></a></span><br /><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Ansud" title="Ansud">Ansud</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sa%27umu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'umu">Sa'umu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ishtup-Ishar" title="Ishtup-Ishar">Ishtup-Ishar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ikun-Mari" title="Ikun-Mari">Ikun-Mari</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iblul-Il" title="Iblul-Il">Iblul-Il</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nizi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nizi (page does not exist)">Nizi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="3"><b>Kish III dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ku-Baba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ku-Baba">Ku-Baba</a><sup>♀</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Akshak" title="Akshak">Akshak dynasty</a></b><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unzi (page does not exist)">Unzi</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undalulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undalulu (page does not exist)">Undalulu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> II dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Enshakushanna" title="Enshakushanna">Ensha-<br />kushanna</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mug-si" title="Mug-si">Mug-si</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> I dynasty</b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Pabilgagaltuku" title="Pabilgagaltuku">Pabilgagaltuku</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> I dynasty</b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-Nanshe" title="Ur-Nanshe">Ur-Nanshe</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ur-Nanshe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/30px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/45px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/60px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="918" /></a></span><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Akurgal" title="Akurgal">Akurgal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/A%27annepada" title="A'annepada">A'annepada</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Meskiagnun" title="Meskiagnun">Meskiagnun</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Elulu" title="Elulu">Elulu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Balulu" title="Balulu">Balulu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Awan_dynasty" title="Awan dynasty">Awan dynasty</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Peli_(king_of_Awan)" title="Peli (king of Awan)">Peli</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tata_(king_of_Awan)" title="Tata (king of Awan)">Tata</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ukku-Tanhish" title="Ukku-Tanhish">Ukkutahesh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hishutash" title="Hishutash">Hishur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2450 BCE </td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a> <a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a> <a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a> <a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a> <a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a> <a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enar-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enar-Damu (page does not exist)">Enar-Damu</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishar-Malik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishar-Malik (page does not exist)">Ishar-Malik</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ush,_king_of_Umma" title="Ush, king of Umma">Ush</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Enakalle" title="Enakalle">Enakalle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite</a> invasions<br />(3 kings)<sup id="cite_ref-SKL_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SKL-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Shushun-Tarana" title="Shushun-Tarana">Shushun-<br />tarana</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Napi-Ilhush" title="Napi-Ilhush">Napilhush</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2425 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;"><a href="/wiki/Kun-Damu" title="Kun-Damu">Kun-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" colspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Eannatum" title="Eannatum">Eannatum</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/30px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/45px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/60px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="2595" /></a></span><br />(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2400 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adub-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adub-Damu (page does not exist)">Adub-Damu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Igrish-Halam" title="Igrish-Halam">Igrish-Halam</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Irkab-Damu" title="Irkab-Damu">Irkab-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;"><b><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> IV dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Suen" title="Puzur-Suen">Puzur-Suen</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-Zababa" title="Ur-Zababa">Ur-Zababa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urur (page does not exist)">Urur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Lugal-kinishe-dudu" title="Lugal-kinishe-dudu">Lugal-kinishe-dudu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugal-kisalsi" title="Lugal-kisalsi">Lugal-kisalsi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/E-iginimpa%27e" title="E-iginimpa'e">E-iginimpa'e</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Meskigal" title="Meskigal">Meskigal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Lumma" title="Ur-Lumma">Ur-Lumma</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Il,_king_of_Umma" title="Il, king of Umma">Il</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gishakidu" title="Gishakidu">Gishakidu</a><br />(Queen <a href="/wiki/Bara-irnun" title="Bara-irnun">Bara-irnun</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;"><a href="/wiki/Enannatum_I" title="Enannatum I">Enannatum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Entemena" title="Entemena">Entemena</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Enannatum_II" title="Enannatum II">Enannatum II</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Enentarzi" title="Enentarzi">Enentarzi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;"><b><a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> II dynasty</b><br />Nanni<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II (page does not exist)">Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;"><a href="/wiki/Kikku-Siwe-Temti" title="Kikku-Siwe-Temti">Kiku-siwe-tempti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2380 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="6"><b><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a> <a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a> <a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a> <a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I,_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.,_39.121.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kneeling statuette of Pepy I"><img alt="Kneeling statuette of Pepy I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/30px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/45px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/60px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a> dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugalannemundu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugalannemundu">Lugalannemundu</a><br />"King of the four quarters of the world" </td></tr> <tr> <td>2370 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Isar-Damu" title="Isar-Damu">Isar-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enna-Dagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enna-Dagan (page does not exist)">Enna-Dagan</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikun-Ishar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikun-Ishar (page does not exist)">Ikun-Ishar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ishqi-Mari" title="Ishqi-Mari">Ishqi-Mari</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="4" rowspan="1">Invasion by <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a><br />Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter<sup id="cite_ref-SKL_101-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SKL-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ukush" title="Ukush">Ukush</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lugalanda" title="Lugalanda">Lugalanda</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Urukagina" title="Urukagina">Urukagina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Luh-ishan" title="Luh-ishan">Luh-ishan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2350 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puzur-Nirah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puzur-Nirah (page does not exist)">Puzur-Nirah</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishu-Il&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishu-Il (page does not exist)">Ishu-Il</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu-Sin_(Akshak)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu-Sin (Akshak) (page does not exist)">Shu-Sin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> III dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugal-zage-si" title="Lugal-zage-si">Lugalzagesi</a><br />(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2340 BCE </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><b><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Period</a> (2340–2150 BCE)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="9"><b><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> <a href="/wiki/Rimush" title="Rimush">Rimush</a> <a href="/wiki/Manishtushu" title="Manishtushu">Manishtushu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><b>Akkadian Governors:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Eshpum" title="Eshpum">Eshpum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ilshu-rabi" title="Ilshu-rabi">Ilshu-rabi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Epirmupi" title="Epirmupi">Epirmupi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ili-ishmani" title="Ili-ishmani">Ili-ishmani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2250 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_of_Naram-Sin_(portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/25px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/38px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/50px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="2300" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lugal-ushumgal" title="Lugal-ushumgal">Lugal-ushumgal</a><br />(vassal of the Akkadians) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2200 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Seventh Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare Neby</a> <a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare Khendu</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare Tereru</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare Pepiseneb</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a> <a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Ibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="6"><b>Second <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Eblaite</a><br />Kingdom</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Third kingdom of Mari</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Shakkanakku" title="Shakkanakku">Shakkanakku</a><br />dynasty)<br /><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ididish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ididish (page does not exist)">Ididish</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu-Dagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu-Dagan (page does not exist)">Shu-Dagan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ishma-Dagan" title="Ishma-Dagan">Ishma-Dagan</a><br />(Vassals of the Akkadians) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="5"><br /><a href="/wiki/Shar-Kali-Sharri" title="Shar-Kali-Sharri">Shar-Kali-Sharri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Igigi_of_Akkad" title="Igigi of Akkad">Igigi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imi" title="Imi">Imi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanum_of_Akkad" title="Nanum of Akkad">Nanum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilulu" title="Ilulu">Ilulu</a> (3 years)<br /><a href="/wiki/Dudu_of_Akkad" title="Dudu of Akkad">Dudu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shu-turul" title="Shu-turul">Shu-turul</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> IV dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-nigin" title="Ur-nigin">Ur-nigin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-gigir" title="Ur-gigir">Ur-gigir</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="1" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> II dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Puzer-Mama" title="Puzer-Mama">Puzer-Mama</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-Ningirsu_I" title="Ur-Ningirsu I">Ur-Ningirsu I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pirig-me" title="Pirig-me">Pirig-me</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu-Baba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu-Baba (page does not exist)">Lu-Baba</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu-gula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu-gula (page does not exist)">Lu-gula</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaku_of_Lagash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaku of Lagash (page does not exist)">Ka-ku</a><br /> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Hishep-Ratep" class="mw-redirect" title="Hishep-Ratep">Hishep-Ratep</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helu_(Awan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helu (Awan) (page does not exist)">Helu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Khita" title="Khita">Khita</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Inshushinak" title="Puzur-Inshushinak">Puzur-Inshushinak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2150 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Ninth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare,_ninth_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Neferkare, ninth dynasty">Neferkare VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a> </td> <td colspan="8" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><b><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III period</a> (2150–2000 BCE)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BBr-M%C3%AAr" title="Nûr-Mêr">Nûr-Mêr</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ishtup-Ilum" title="Ishtup-Ilum">Ishtup-Ilum</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ishtup-Ilum_statue_(head).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/25px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/38px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/50px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="810" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Ishgum-Addu" title="Ishgum-Addu">Ishgum-Addu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Apil-kin" title="Apil-kin">Apil-kin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dynasty_of_Sumer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutian dynasty of Sumer">Gutian dynasty</a></b><br />(21 kings)<br /><br /><a href="/wiki/La-erabum" title="La-erabum">La-erabum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Si%27um" title="Si'um">Si'um</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuda_(Uruk)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuda (Uruk) (page does not exist)">Kuda (Uruk)</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puzur-ili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puzur-ili (page does not exist)">Puzur-ili</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ur-Utu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ur-Utu (page does not exist)">Ur-Utu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE; rowspan=2"><b><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> II dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugalannatum" title="Lugalannatum">Lugalannatum</a><br />(vassal of the Gutians) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Baba" title="Ur-Baba">Ur-Baba</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gudea" title="Gudea">Gudea</a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/30px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/45px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/60px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="3900" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-Ningirsu" title="Ur-Ningirsu">Ur-Ningirsu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-gar" title="Ur-gar">Ur-gar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nam-mahani" title="Nam-mahani">Nam-mahani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><br /><a href="/wiki/Tirigan" title="Tirigan">Tirigan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2125 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">Tenth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merykare</a> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> V dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Utu-hengal" title="Utu-hengal">Utu-hengal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2100 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="1">(Vassals of UR III) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Iddi-ilum" title="Iddi-ilum">Iddi-ilum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ili-Ishar" title="Ili-Ishar">Ili-Ishar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tura-Dagan" title="Tura-Dagan">Tura-Dagan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ishtar" title="Puzur-Ishtar">Puzur-Ishtar</a><br />(Vassals of Ur III)<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Third_dynasty_of_Ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Third dynasty of Ur">Ur III dynasty</a></b><br />"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Ur-Nammu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/35px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/53px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/70px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="632" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a> <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a> <a href="/wiki/Amar-Sin" title="Amar-Sin">Amar-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Sin" title="Shu-Sin">Shu-Sin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2025-1763 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> invasions</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ibbi-Sin" title="Ibbi-Sin">Ibbi-Sin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Elamite</a> invasions</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Kindattu" title="Kindattu">Kindattu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shimashki_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimashki Dynasty">Shimashki Dynasty</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Third Eblaite</a><br />Kingdom</b><br /> (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ibbit-Lim" title="Ibbit-Lim">Ibbit-Lim</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibbit-Lim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/30px-Ibbit-Lim.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/45px-Ibbit-Lim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/60px-Ibbit-Lim.png 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="345" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Immeya" title="Immeya">Immeya</a> <a href="/wiki/Indilimma" title="Indilimma">Indilimma</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" rowspan="2">(<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> <a href="/wiki/Shakkanakku" title="Shakkanakku">Shakkanakkus</a>)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hitial-Erra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitial-Erra (page does not exist)">Hitial-Erra</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hanun-Dagan" title="Hanun-Dagan">Hanun-Dagan</a><br />(...)<br /><br /><br /><b>Lim Dynasty</b><br /><b>of <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Yaggid-Lim" title="Yaggid-Lim">Yaggid-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/Yahdun-Lim" title="Yahdun-Lim">Yahdun-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/Yasmah-Adad" title="Yasmah-Adad">Yasmah-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Zimri-Lim" title="Zimri-Lim">Zimri-Lim</a> (Queen <a href="/wiki/Shibtu" title="Shibtu">Shibtu</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyria</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_I" title="Puzur-Ashur I">Puzur-Ashur I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shalim-ahum" title="Shalim-ahum">Shalim-ahum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ilu-shuma" title="Ilu-shuma">Ilu-shuma</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Erishum_I" title="Erishum I">Erishum I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ikunum" title="Ikunum">Ikunum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sargon_I" title="Sargon I">Sargon I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_II" title="Puzur-Ashur II">Puzur-Ashur II</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Assyria" title="Naram-Sin of Assyria">Naram-Sin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Erishum_II" title="Erishum II">Erishum II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="6" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>)<br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_(1940).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/30px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/45px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/60px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_of_Isin" title="Dynasty of Isin">Dynasty of Isin</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Ishbi-Erra" title="Ishbi-Erra">Ishbi-Erra</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Ilishu" title="Shu-Ilishu">Shu-Ilishu</a> <a href="/wiki/Iddin-Dagan" title="Iddin-Dagan">Iddin-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan" title="Ishme-Dagan">Ishme-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipit-Eshtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipit-Eshtar">Lipit-Eshtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Ninurta" title="Ur-Ninurta">Ur-Ninurta</a> <a href="/wiki/Bur-Suen" title="Bur-Suen">Bur-Suen</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipit-Enlil" title="Lipit-Enlil">Lipit-Enlil</a> <a href="/wiki/Erra-imitti" title="Erra-imitti">Erra-imitti</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-bani" title="Enlil-bani">Enlil-bani</a> <a href="/wiki/Zambiya" title="Zambiya">Zambiya</a> <a href="/wiki/Iter-pisha" title="Iter-pisha">Iter-pisha</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-du-kuga" title="Ur-du-kuga">Ur-du-kuga</a> <a href="/wiki/Suen-magir" title="Suen-magir">Suen-magir</a> <a href="/wiki/Damiq-ilishu" title="Damiq-ilishu">Damiq-ilishu</a><br /><b>Dynasty of Larsa</b>: <a href="/wiki/Naplanum" title="Naplanum">Naplanum</a> <a href="/wiki/Emisum" title="Emisum">Emisum</a> <a href="/wiki/Samium" title="Samium">Samium</a> <a href="/wiki/Zabaia" title="Zabaia">Zabaia</a> <a href="/wiki/Gungunum" title="Gungunum">Gungunum</a> <a href="/wiki/Abisare" title="Abisare">Abisare</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumuel" title="Sumuel">Sumuel</a> <a href="/wiki/Nur-Adad" title="Nur-Adad">Nur-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Iddinam" title="Sin-Iddinam">Sin-Iddinam</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Eribam" title="Sin-Eribam">Sin-Eribam</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Iqisham" title="Sin-Iqisham">Sin-Iqisham</a> <a href="/wiki/Silli-Adad" title="Silli-Adad">Silli-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Warad-Sin" title="Warad-Sin">Warad-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim-Sin I">Rim-Sin I</a> (...) <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim-Sin II">Rim-Sin II</a><br /><b>Uruk VI dynasty</b>: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-k%C4%81%C5%A1id" title="Sîn-kāšid">Sîn-kāšid</a> Sîn-iribam <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-g%C4%81mil" title="Sîn-gāmil">Sîn-gāmil</a> Ilum-gamil <a href="/wiki/An-am" title="An-am">An-am</a> <a href="/wiki/Irdanene" title="Irdanene">Irdanene</a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%AEm-Anum" title="Rîm-Anum">Rîm-Anum</a> Nabi-ilišu </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="4"><b><a href="/wiki/Sukkalmah_dynasty" title="Sukkalmah dynasty">Sukkalmah dynasty</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Siwe-Palar-Khuppak" title="Siwe-Palar-Khuppak">Siwe-Palar-Khuppak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a><sup>♀</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1800–1595 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Biblical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical">Biblical</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Yamhad_dynasty" title="Yamhad dynasty">Yamhad dynasty</a>)<br />(Amorites) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="6"><b><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyria</a></b><br /> <p>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings" title="List of Assyrian kings">Shamshi-Adad</a> dynasty<br />1808–1736 BCE)<br />(Amorites)<br /><a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I" title="Shamshi-Adad I">Shamshi-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_I" title="Ishme-Dagan I">Ishme-Dagan I</a> <a href="/wiki/Mut-Ashkur" title="Mut-Ashkur">Mut-Ashkur</a> <a href="/wiki/Rimush_of_Assyria" title="Rimush of Assyria">Rimush</a> <a href="/wiki/Asinum" title="Asinum">Asinum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dugul" title="Ashur-dugul">Ashur-dugul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-apla-idi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-apla-idi">Ashur-apla-idi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasir-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-Sin">Nasir-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-namir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-namir">Sin-namir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipqi-Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipqi-Ishtar">Ipqi-Ishtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-salulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad-salulu">Adad-salulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Adasi_(Assyria)" title="Adasi (Assyria)">Adasi</a><br /><br /> (Non-dynastic usurpers<br />1735–1701 BCE)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Sin" title="Puzur-Sin">Puzur-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dugul" title="Ashur-dugul">Ashur-dugul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-apla-idi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-apla-idi">Ashur-apla-idi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasir-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-Sin">Nasir-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-namir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-namir">Sin-namir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipqi-Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipqi-Ishtar">Ipqi-Ishtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-salulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad-salulu">Adad-salulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Adasi_(Assyria)" title="Adasi (Assyria)">Adasi</a><br /><br /> (<a href="/wiki/Adaside_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaside dynasty">Adaside dynasty</a><br />1700–722 BCE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bel-bani" title="Bel-bani">Bel-bani</a> <a href="/wiki/Libaya" title="Libaya">Libaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad I">Sharma-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Iptar-Sin" title="Iptar-Sin">Iptar-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Bazaya" title="Bazaya">Bazaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Lullaya" title="Lullaya">Lullaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Ninua" title="Shu-Ninua">Shu-Ninua</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad II">Sharma-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Erishum_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Erishum III">Erishum III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_II" title="Shamshi-Adad II">Shamshi-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_II" title="Ishme-Dagan II">Ishme-Dagan II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_III" title="Shamshi-Adad III">Shamshi-Adad III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_I" title="Ashur-nirari I">Ashur-nirari I</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_III" title="Puzur-Ashur III">Puzur-Ashur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nasir_I" title="Enlil-nasir I">Enlil-nasir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Nur-ili" title="Nur-ili">Nur-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-shaduni" title="Ashur-shaduni">Ashur-shaduni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_I" title="Ashur-rabi I">Ashur-rabi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_I" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe I">Ashur-nadin-ahhe I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-Nasir_II" title="Enlil-Nasir II">Enlil-Nasir II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_II" title="Ashur-nirari II">Ashur-nirari II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-nisheshu" title="Ashur-bel-nisheshu">Ashur-bel-nisheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rim-nisheshu" title="Ashur-rim-nisheshu">Ashur-rim-nisheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_II" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe II">Ashur-nadin-ahhe II</a> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="4" rowspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/40px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/60px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/80px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3170" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian dynasty">First Babylonian dynasty</a><br />("Old Babylonian Period")<br />(<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>)</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Sumu-abum" title="Sumu-abum">Sumu-abum</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumu-la-El" title="Sumu-la-El">Sumu-la-El</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-muballit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-muballit">Sin-muballit</a><a href="/wiki/Sabium" title="Sabium">Sabium</a> <a href="/wiki/Apil-Sin" title="Apil-Sin">Apil-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-muballit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-muballit">Sin-muballit</a> <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Samsu-iluna" title="Samsu-iluna">Samsu-iluna</a> <a href="/wiki/Abi-eshuh" class="mw-redirect" title="Abi-eshuh">Abi-eshuh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammi-ditana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammi-ditana">Ammi-ditana</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammi-saduqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammi-saduqa">Ammi-saduqa</a> <a href="/wiki/Samsu-Ditana" title="Samsu-Ditana">Samsu-Ditana</a><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Kassite_rulers" title="Early Kassite rulers">Early Kassite rulers</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><br /><br /><b>Second Babylonian dynasty<br />("<a href="/wiki/Sealand_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand Dynasty">Sealand Dynasty</a>")</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ilum-ma-ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilum-ma-ili">Ilum-ma-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Itti-ili-nibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Itti-ili-nibi">Itti-ili-nibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Damqi-ilishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Damqi-ilishu">Damqi-ilishu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ishkibal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishkibal">Ishkibal</a> <a href="/wiki/Shushushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shushushi">Shushushi</a> <a href="/wiki/Gulkishar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulkishar">Gulkishar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sealand_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand Dynasty"><sup>m</sup>DIŠ+U-EN</a> <a href="/wiki/Peshgaldaramesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshgaldaramesh">Peshgaldaramesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayadaragalama" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayadaragalama">Ayadaragalama</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Akurduana" class="mw-redirect" title="Akurduana">Akurduana</a> <a href="/wiki/Melamkurkurra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamkurkurra">Melamkurkurra</a> <a href="/wiki/Ea-gamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea-gamil">Ea-gamil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Intermediate Period">Second Intermediate Period</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixteenth</a></b><br /><b>Dynasty</b><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos</a></b><br /><b>Dynasty</b><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">Seventeenth</a></b><br /><b>Dynasty</b> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br />("<a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a>")<br /><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_(axe_of_Ahmose_I,_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II)_Colorized_per_source.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos"><img alt="Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/35px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/53px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/70px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos</figcaption></figure><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a> <a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a> <a href="/wiki/Apepi_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apepi (pharaoh)">Apepi</a> <a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a></b><br />(1600–1260 BCE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kirta" title="Kirta">Kirta</a> <a href="/wiki/Shuttarna_I" title="Shuttarna I">Shuttarna I</a> <a href="/wiki/Parshatatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Parshatatar">Parshatatar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1531–1155 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tutankhamun"><img alt="Tutankhamun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/30px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/45px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/60px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Tutankhamun</figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6" rowspan="3"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/30px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/45px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/60px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2639" data-file-height="3973" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b>Third Babylonian dynasty (<a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a>)</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Agum-Kakrime" class="mw-redirect" title="Agum-Kakrime">Agum-Kakrime</a> <a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_I" title="Burnaburiash I">Burnaburiash I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_III" title="Kashtiliash III">Kashtiliash III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulamburiash" title="Ulamburiash">Ulamburiash</a> <a href="/wiki/Agum_III" title="Agum III">Agum III</a> <a href="/wiki/Karaindash" title="Karaindash">Karaindash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-harbe_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadashman-harbe I">Kadashman-harbe I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_I" title="Kurigalzu I">Kurigalzu I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_I" title="Kadashman-Enlil I">Kadashman-Enlil I</a> <a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Burnaburiash II">Burnaburiash II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kara-hardash" title="Kara-hardash">Kara-hardash</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Bugash" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-Bugash">Nazi-Bugash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_II" title="Kurigalzu II">Kurigalzu II</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maruttash" title="Nazi-Maruttash">Nazi-Maruttash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Turgu" title="Kadashman-Turgu">Kadashman-Turgu</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_II" title="Kadashman-Enlil II">Kadashman-Enlil II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kudur-Enlil" title="Kudur-Enlil">Kudur-Enlil</a> <a href="/wiki/Shagarakti-Shuriash" title="Shagarakti-Shuriash">Shagarakti-Shuriash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashtiliashu_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtiliashu IV">Kashtiliashu IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-shumi" title="Enlil-nadin-shumi">Enlil-nadin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_II" title="Kadashman-Harbe II">Kadashman-Harbe II</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-iddina" title="Adad-shuma-iddina">Adad-shuma-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-usur" title="Adad-shuma-usur">Adad-shuma-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Meli-Shipak_II" title="Meli-Shipak II">Meli-Shipak II</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_I" title="Marduk-apla-iddina I">Marduk-apla-iddina I</a> <a href="/wiki/Zababa-shuma-iddin" title="Zababa-shuma-iddin">Zababa-shuma-iddin</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-ahi" title="Enlil-nadin-ahi">Enlil-nadin-ahi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Middle Elamite period</a> <p>(1500–1100 BCE)<br /><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Elam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Elam">Kidinuid dynasty</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Elam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Elam">Igehalkid dynasty</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Untash-Napirisha" title="Untash-Napirisha">Untash-Napirisha</a><br /><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a> <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a> <a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Hittite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Empire">Hittite Empire</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a> <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> <a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a> <a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a> <a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a> <a href="/wiki/Twosret" class="mw-redirect" title="Twosret">Twosret</a><sup>♀</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Elamite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamite Empire">Elamite Empire</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Shutrukid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutrukid Dynasty">Shutrukid dynasty</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Shutruk-Nakhunte" title="Shutruk-Nakhunte">Shutruk-Nakhunte</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1155–1025 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a><br /><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Intermediate Period">Third Intermediate Period</a></b><br /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a> <a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a> <a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a><br /><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Kingdom of Israel</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ish-bosheth" title="Ish-bosheth">Ish-bosheth</a><br /><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyria</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_I" title="Eriba-Adad I">Eriba-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_I" title="Ashur-uballit I">Ashur-uballit I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nirari" title="Enlil-nirari">Enlil-nirari</a> <a href="/wiki/Arik-den-ili" title="Arik-den-ili">Arik-den-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_I" title="Adad-nirari I">Adad-nirari I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_I" title="Shalmaneser I">Shalmaneser I</a> <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-apli" title="Ashur-nadin-apli">Ashur-nadin-apli</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_III" title="Ashur-nirari III">Ashur-nirari III</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-kudurri-usur" title="Enlil-kudurri-usur">Enlil-kudurri-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apal-Ekur" title="Ninurta-apal-Ekur">Ninurta-apal-Ekur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_I" title="Ashur-dan I">Ashur-dan I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur" title="Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur">Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur</a> <a href="/wiki/Mutakkil-Nusku" title="Mutakkil-Nusku">Mutakkil-Nusku</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_I" title="Ashur-resh-ishi I">Ashur-resh-ishi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_I" title="Tiglath-Pileser I">Tiglath-Pileser I</a> <a href="/wiki/Asharid-apal-Ekur" title="Asharid-apal-Ekur">Asharid-apal-Ekur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-kala" title="Ashur-bel-kala">Ashur-bel-kala</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_II" title="Eriba-Adad II">Eriba-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_IV" title="Shamshi-Adad IV">Shamshi-Adad IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_I" title="Ashurnasirpal I">Ashurnasirpal I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_II" title="Shalmaneser II">Shalmaneser II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_IV" title="Ashur-nirari IV">Ashur-nirari IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_II" title="Ashur-rabi II">Ashur-rabi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_II" title="Ashur-resh-ishi II">Ashur-resh-ishi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_II" title="Tiglath-Pileser II">Tiglath-Pileser II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_II" title="Ashur-dan II">Ashur-dan II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6"><b>Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("<a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Isin" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Dynasty of Isin">Second Dynasty of Isin</a>")</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Marduk-kabit-ahheshu" title="Marduk-kabit-ahheshu">Marduk-kabit-ahheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Itti-Marduk-balatu_(king)" title="Itti-Marduk-balatu (king)">Itti-Marduk-balatu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-nadin-shumi" title="Ninurta-nadin-shumi">Ninurta-nadin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-apli" title="Enlil-nadin-apli">Enlil-nadin-apli</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-nadin-ahhe" title="Marduk-nadin-ahhe">Marduk-nadin-ahhe</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-shapik-zeri" title="Marduk-shapik-zeri">Marduk-shapik-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-apla-iddina" title="Adad-apla-iddina">Adad-apla-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-ahhe-eriba" title="Marduk-ahhe-eriba">Marduk-ahhe-eriba</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zer-X" title="Marduk-zer-X">Marduk-zer-X</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shum-libur" title="Nabu-shum-libur">Nabu-shum-libur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Neo-Elamite period</a> (1100–540 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1025–934 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6"><b>Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Simbar-shipak" title="Simbar-shipak">Simbar-shipak</a> <a href="/wiki/Ea-mukin-zeri" title="Ea-mukin-zeri">Ea-mukin-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashshu-nadin-ahi" title="Kashshu-nadin-ahi">Kashshu-nadin-ahi</a> <a href="/wiki/Eulmash-shakin-shumi" title="Eulmash-shakin-shumi">Eulmash-shakin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_I" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur I">Ninurta-kudurri-usur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shirikti-shuqamuna" title="Shirikti-shuqamuna">Shirikti-shuqamuna</a> <a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-apla-usur" title="Mar-biti-apla-usur">Mar-biti-apla-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Nab%C3%BB-mukin-apli" title="Nabû-mukin-apli">Nabû-mukin-apli</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>911–745 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a><br /><br /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a><br /><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a> <a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Samaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Samaria">Kingdom of Samaria</a><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_II" title="Adad-nirari II">Adad-nirari II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_II" title="Tukulti-Ninurta II">Tukulti-Ninurta II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V" title="Shamshi-Adad V">Shamshi-Adad V</a> <a href="/wiki/Shammuramat" title="Shammuramat">Shammuramat</a><sup>♀</sup> (regent) <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_III" title="Adad-nirari III">Adad-nirari III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_IV" title="Shalmaneser IV">Shalmaneser IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_III" title="Ashur-dan III">Ashur-Dan III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_V" title="Ashur-nirari V">Ashur-nirari V</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/45px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/68px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/90px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="937" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b>Eight Babylonian Dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_II" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur II">Ninurta-kudurri-usur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina" title="Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina">Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamash-mudammiq" title="Shamash-mudammiq">Shamash-mudammiq</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_I" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin I">Nabu-shuma-ukin I</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-apla-iddina" title="Nabu-apla-iddina">Nabu-apla-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_I" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi I">Marduk-zakir-shumi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-balassu-iqbi" title="Marduk-balassu-iqbi">Marduk-balassu-iqbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Baba-aha-iddina" title="Baba-aha-iddina">Baba-aha-iddina</a> (five kings) <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apla-X" title="Ninurta-apla-X">Ninurta-apla-X</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-bel-zeri" title="Marduk-bel-zeri">Marduk-bel-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-usur" title="Marduk-apla-usur">Marduk-apla-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Marduk" title="Eriba-Marduk">Eriba-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ishkun" title="Nabu-shuma-ishkun">Nabu-shuma-ishkun</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabonassar" title="Nabonassar">Nabonassar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-nadin-zeri" title="Nabu-nadin-zeri">Nabu-nadin-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin II">Nabu-shuma-ukin II</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-mukin-zeri" title="Nabu-mukin-zeri">Nabu-mukin-zeri</a><br /> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Elam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Elam">Humban-Tahrid dynasty</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Urtak_(king_of_Elam)" title="Urtak (king of Elam)">Urtak</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Teumman" title="Teumman">Teumman</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ummanigash_(son_of_Urtak)" title="Ummanigash (son of Urtak)">Ummanigash</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tammaritu_(son_of_Urtak)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tammaritu (son of Urtak)">Tammaritu I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Indabibi" title="Indabibi">Indabibi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Humban-haltash_III" title="Humban-haltash III">Humban-haltash III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">745–609 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taharqa"><img alt="Taharqa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/30px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/45px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/60px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Taharqa</figcaption></figure>("<a href="/wiki/Black_Pharaohs" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Pharaohs">Black Pharaohs</a>")<br /><a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a> <a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a> <a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a> <a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a> <a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="10" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></b><br /> <p><b>(<a href="/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty" title="Sargonid dynasty">Sargonid dynasty</a>)</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser</a><sup>†</sup> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser</a><sup>†</sup> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a> <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon</a><sup>†</sup> <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a><sup>†</sup> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_II" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi II">Marduk-zakir-shumi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bel-ibni" title="Bel-ibni">Bel-ibni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-shumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-nadin-shumi">Ashur-nadin-shumi</a><sup>†</sup> <a href="/wiki/Nergal-ushezib" title="Nergal-ushezib">Nergal-ushezib</a> <a href="/wiki/Mushezib-Marduk" title="Mushezib-Marduk">Mushezib-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a><sup>†</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-etil-ilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-etil-ilani">Ashur-etil-ilani</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-shumu-lishir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-shumu-lishir">Sin-shumu-lishir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_II" title="Ashur-uballit II">Ashur-uballit II</a><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Assyrian conquest of Egypt">Assyrian conquest of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Elam" title="Assyrian conquest of Elam">Assyrian conquest of Elam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>626–539 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a> <a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a> <a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a> <a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="10"><b><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> <a href="/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk">Amel-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Neriglissar" title="Neriglissar">Neriglissar</a> <a href="/wiki/Labashi-Marduk" title="Labashi-Marduk">Labashi-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="10"><b><a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Deioces" title="Deioces">Deioces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraortes" title="Phraortes">Phraortes</a> <a href="/wiki/Madyes" title="Madyes">Madyes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a> <a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">539–331 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/First_Achaemenid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt">First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="10" rowspan="3"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_In_Parse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/30px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/45px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/60px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="3130" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes IV">Artaxerxes IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>331–141 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Keraunos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy Keraunos">Ptolemy Keraunos</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice II">Berenice II Euergetis</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_III_Philopator" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsinoe III Philopator">Arsinoe III Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra II of Egypt">Cleopatra II Philometor Soter</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Physcon</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra III of Egypt">Cleopatra III</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Lathyros</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra IV of Egypt">Cleopatra IV</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander</a> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice III of Egypt">Berenice III</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Auletes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VI of Egypt">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice IV of Egypt">Berenice IV Epiphanea</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy XIV of Egypt">Ptolemy XIV</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a><sup>♀</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="11"><b>Hellenistic Period</b><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon"><img alt="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/60px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/90px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/120px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon</figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a> <br /><b><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonid dynasty</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_III_Ceraunus" title="Seleucus III Ceraunus">Seleucus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander III</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VI_Dionysus" title="Antiochus VI Dionysus">Antiochus VI Dionysus</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodotus_Tryphon" title="Diodotus Tryphon">Diodotus Tryphon</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>141–30 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Judea</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a> <a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Mattathias" title="Antigonus II Mattathias">Antigonus II Mattathias</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_Zabinas" title="Alexander II Zabinas">Alexander II Zabinas</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_V_Philometor" title="Seleucus V Philometor">Seleucus V Philometor</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VIII_Grypus" title="Antiochus VIII Grypus">Antiochus VIII Grypus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IX_Cyzicenus" title="Antiochus IX Cyzicenus">Antiochus IX Cyzicenus</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_VI_Epiphanes" title="Seleucus VI Epiphanes">Seleucus VI Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_X_Eusebes" title="Antiochus X Eusebes">Antiochus X Eusebes</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XI_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus XI Epiphanes">Antiochus XI Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Eucaerus" title="Demetrius III Eucaerus">Demetrius III Eucaerus</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_Philadelphus" title="Philip I Philadelphus">Philip I Philadelphus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XII_Dionysus" title="Antiochus XII Dionysus">Antiochus XII Dionysus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XIII_Asiaticus" title="Antiochus XIII Asiaticus">Antiochus XIII Asiaticus</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_Philoromaeus" title="Philip II Philoromaeus">Philip II Philoromaeus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDEAD;" colspan="9" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates III of Parthia">Mithridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates IV of Parthia">Mithridates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates II of Parthia">Tiridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Musa_of_Parthia" title="Musa of Parthia">Musa</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates III of Parthia">Tiridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotarzes II of Parthia">Gotarzes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Meherdates" title="Meherdates">Meherdates</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_II" title="Vardanes II">Vardanes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_II_of_Parthia" title="Vologases II of Parthia">Vologases II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">30 BCE–116 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="4">(<a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Egypt">Roman conquest of Egypt</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Province of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judea</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">116–117 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates of Parthia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>117–224 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDEAD;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_II_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces II of Parthia">Sinatruces II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_V_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates V of Parthia">Mithridates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_II" title="Osroes II">Osroes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>224–270 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="8" rowspan="6"><b><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Province of Asoristan</a><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Ardashir_I_(phase_3),_Hamadan_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint."><img alt="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/40px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/60px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/80px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I" title="Hormizd I">Hormizd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_I" title="Bahram I">Bahram I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_II" title="Bahram II">Bahram II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_III" title="Bahram III">Bahram III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narseh" title="Narseh">Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II" title="Hormizd II">Hormizd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Adur_Narseh" title="Adur Narseh">Adur Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_II" title="Ardashir II">Ardashir II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_III" title="Shapur III">Shapur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_IV" title="Bahram IV">Bahram IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_I" title="Yazdegerd I">Yazdegerd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_IV" title="Shapur IV">Shapur IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_(son_of_Bahram_IV)" title="Khosrow (son of Bahram IV)">Khosrow</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram V</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_III" title="Hormizd III">Hormizd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I">Peroz I</a> <a href="/wiki/Balash" title="Balash">Balash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamasp" title="Jamasp">Jamasp</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_IV" title="Hormizd IV">Hormizd IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Chobin" title="Bahram Chobin">Bahram VI Chobin</a> <a href="/wiki/Vistahm" title="Vistahm">Vistahm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>270–273 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#48D1CC;" colspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Vaballathus" title="Vaballathus">Vaballathus</a> <a href="/wiki/Zenobia" title="Zenobia">Zenobia</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Antiochus" title="Septimius Antiochus">Antiochus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">273–395 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Province of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">395–618 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Byzantine Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Byzantine Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>618–628 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2">(<a href="/wiki/Sasanian_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Sasanian conquest of Egypt">Sasanian conquest of Egypt</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Egypt" title="Sasanian Egypt">Province of Egypt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahralanyozan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahralanyozan">Sahralanyozan</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="11" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Province of Asoristan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_II" title="Kavad II">Kavad II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">628–641 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="8" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_III" title="Ardashir III">Ardashir III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_III" title="Khosrow III">Khosrow III</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Shapur-i_Shahrvaraz" title="Shapur-i Shahrvaraz">Shapur-i Shahrvaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Azarmidokht" title="Azarmidokht">Azarmidokht</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Hormizd" title="Farrukh Hormizd">Farrukh Hormizd</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_VI" title="Hormizd VI">Hormizd VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_IV" title="Khosrow IV">Khosrow IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yazdegerd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_III" title="Peroz III">Peroz III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narsieh" title="Narsieh">Narsieh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Byzantine Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Byzantine Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>639–651 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="9"><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#F5F5F5; border:0px" rowspan="1" colspan="7"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg/10px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg/15px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg/20px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Template:Neolithic_Chronology" title="Template:Neolithic Chronology"> Chronology of the Neolithic period</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#F5F5F5; border:0px" colspan="7" align="right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/12px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/18px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/24px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Rulers of the Ancient Central Asia">Rulers of Ancient Central Asia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalloSimpson1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_W._Hallo" title="William W. Hallo">Hallo, W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Kelly_Simpson" title="William Kelly Simpson">Simpson, W.</a> (1971). <i>The Ancient Near East</i>. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Harcourt%2C+Brace%2C+Jovanovich&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Hallo&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Simpson%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/rulers_of_mesopotamia">"Rulers of Mesopotamia"</a>. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rulers+of+Mesopotamia&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford%2C+CNRS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdli.ox.ac.uk%2Fwiki%2Frulers_of_mesopotamia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasPotts2020" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Ariane; <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Potts" title="Timothy Potts">Potts, Timothy</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VsHEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR14"><i>Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins</i></a>. Getty Publications. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-649-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-649-2"><bdi>978-1-60606-649-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesopotamia%3A+Civilization+Begins&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-60606-649-2&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Ariane&rft.au=Potts%2C+Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVsHEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoux1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Roux" title="Georges Roux">Roux, Georges</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=klZX8B_RzzYC&pg=PT534"><i>Ancient Iraq</i></a>. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7"><bdi>978-0-14-193825-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Iraq&rft.pages=532-534+%28Chronological+Tables%29&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-14-193825-7&rft.aulast=Roux&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DklZX8B_RzzYC%26pg%3DPT534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SKL-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_101-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Per <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merrill_Unger" title="Merrill Unger">Unger, Merrill F.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qw6vCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5"><i>Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-606-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-606-4"><bdi>978-1-62564-606-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+and+the+Aramaeans+of+Damascus%3A+A+Study+in+Archaeological+Illumination+of+Bible+History&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62564-606-4&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Merrill+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqw6vCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasmonean+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dynasties_of_Israel_and_Judah" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dynasties_of_Ancient_Israel" title="Template:Dynasties of Ancient Israel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dynasties_of_Ancient_Israel" title="Template talk:Dynasties of Ancient Israel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dynasties_of_Ancient_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dynasties of Ancient Israel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dynasties_of_Israel_and_Judah" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dynasties of <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Israel and Judah</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Israel<br />(united monarchy)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saul" title="House of Saul">House of Saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">House of David</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel<br />(northern kingdom)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Jeroboam" title="House of Jeroboam">House of Jeroboam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Baasha" title="House of Baasha">House of Baasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Zimri" title="House of Zimri">House of Zimri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omrides" title="Omrides">House of Omri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Jehu" title="House of Jehu">House of Jehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Shallum" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Shallum">House of Shallum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Gadi" title="House of Gadi">House of Gadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Pekah" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Pekah">House of Pekah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hoshea" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Hoshea">House of Hoshea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah<br />(southern kingdom)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">House of David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omrides" title="Omrides">House of Omri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hasmonean dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herodian dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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{\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-df6cj","timestamp":"20241128194502","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hasmonean dynasty","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hasmonean_dynasty","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q496922","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q496922","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-01-20T06:02:58Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T00:31:52Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4b\/Hasmonean_kingdom.jpg","headline":"dynasty of the Judean region (140\u201337 BCE)"}</script> </body> </html>