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Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. 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{{family name hatnote|[[Yuan (surname)|Yuan]]|lang=Chinese}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Yuan Shikai | native_name = {{normal|袁世凱}} | honorific_prefix = [[General]] | native_name_lang = zh-Hant | image = YuanShikaiPresidente1915.jpg | caption = Yuan in 1915 | office = [[Empire of China (1915–1916)|Emperor of China]] | term_label = Reign | term_start = 12 December 1915 | term_end = 22 March 1916 | predecessor = Himself, as President | successor = Himself, as President | primeminister = [[Lu Zhengxiang]] | office1 = [[President of the Republic of China]] | term_start1 = 10 March 1912 | term_end1 = 12 December 1915 | premier1 = {{ubl|[[Tang Shaoyi]]|[[Lu Zhengxiang]]|[[Zhao Bingjun]]|[[Duan Qirui]] (acting)|[[Xiong Xiling]]|[[Sun Baoqi]] (acting)|[[Xu Shichang]]}} | vicepresident1 = [[Li Yuanhong]] | predecessor1 = [[Sun Yat-sen]] | successor1 = Himself as Emperor of China | term_start2 = 22 March 1916 | term_end2 = 6 June 1916 | premier2 = {{ubl|[[Xu Shichang]]|[[Duan Qirui]]}} | vicepresident2 = [[Li Yuanhong]] | predecessor2 = Himself as Emperor of China | successor2 = [[Li Yuanhong]] {{Collapsed infobox section begin |cont = yes |Imperial offices | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | order3 = 2nd | office3 = Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet | monarch3 = [[Xuantong Emperor]] | term_start3 = 2 November 1911 | term_end3 = 10 March 1912 | predecessor3 = [[Yikuang, Prince Qing]] | successor3 = ''[[Qing dynasty]] ended''<br /> [[Zhang Xun]] ([[Manchu Restoration|1917]]) | office4 = [[Grand Council (Qing dynasty)|Grand Councillor]] | monarch4 = {{ubl|[[Guangxu Emperor]]|[[Xuantong Emperor]]}} | term_start4 = 4 September 1907 | term_end4 = 2 January 1909 | predecessor4 = | successor4 = | office5 = [[Zongli Yamen|Secretary of Foreign Affairs]] | monarch5 = {{ubl|[[Guangxu Emperor]]|[[Xuantong Emperor]]}} | term_start5 = 4 September 1907 | term_end5 = 2 January 1909 | predecessor5 = [[Lu Haihuan]] | successor5 = [[Liang Dunyan]] {{Collapsed infobox section end}} }} {{Collapsed infobox section begin |cont = yes |Provincial offices | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office6 = [[Viceroy of Zhili|Viceroy of Zhili and Minister of Beiyang]] | monarch6 = [[Guangxu Emperor]] | term_start6 = 7 November 1901 | term_end6 = 4 September 1907 | predecessor6 = [[Li Hongzhang]] | successor6 = [[Yang Shixiang]] | office7 = [[Provincial governor of the Ming and Qing Dynasties|Provincial Governor]] of [[Shandong]] | monarch7 = [[Guangxu Emperor]] | term_start7 = 6 December 1899 | term_end7 = 7 November 1901 | predecessor7 = [[Yuxian (Qing dynasty)|Yuxian]] | successor7 = [[Zhang Renjun]] {{Collapsed infobox section end}} }} | birth_date = {{Birth date|1859|9|16|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Xiangcheng City|Xiangcheng]], [[Henan]], [[Qing dynasty|Qing Empire]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1916|6|6|1859|9|16|df=y}} | death_place = [[Beijing]], [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] | signature = Yuan Shikai Sign.svg | party = {{ubl|[[Beiyang clique]]|[[Republican Party (China)|Republican Party]]}} | occupation = General, politician | spouse = {{ubl|Yu Yishang|Lady Shen, concubine|Lady Lee, concubine|Lady Kim, concubine|Lady O, concubine|Lady Yang, concubine|Lady Ye, concubine|Lady Zhang, concubine|Lady Guo, concubine|Lady Liu, concubine}} | children = {{ubl|[[Yuan Keding]]|[[Yuan Kewen]]|15 other sons|15 daughters}} | allegiance = {{ubl|{{Flag|Qing Dynasty}} (1881–1912)|{{Flagicon|Republic of China (1912–1949)|1912}} [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] (1912–1915, 1916)|{{Flagicon image|YuanFlag1.svg}} [[Empire of China (1915–1916)|Empire of China]] (1915–1916)}} | branch = [[File:Beiyang star.svg|22px]] [[Beiyang Army]] | rank = ''[[Da yuan shuai|Generalissimo]]'' | battles = {{ubl|[[Imo Incident]]|[[Gapsin Coup]]|[[First Sino-Japanese War]]|[[Boxer Rebellion]]|[[Xinhai Revolution]]|[[Second Revolution (Republic of China)|Second Revolution]]| [[Bai Lang Rebellion]]|[[National Protection War]]}} | serviceyears = 1881–1916 | awards = {{ubl|[[Order of the Paulownia Flowers]]|[[Order of the Red Eagle]]}} }} {{Infobox Chinese | order = ts | t = 袁世凱 | s = 袁世凯 | p = Yuán Shìkǎi | w = {{tone superscript|Yüan2 Shih4-k}}{{wg-apos}}{{tone superscript|ai3}} | mi = {{IPAc-cmn|yuan|2|-|shi|4|.|k|ai|3}} | gr = Yuan Shyhkae | j = jyun4 sai3 hoi2 | y = Yùhn Sai-hói | ci = {{IPAc-yue|j|yun|4|-|s|ai|3|-|h|oi|2}} | tl = Uân Sì-khái | altname = Courtesy name | t2 = 慰亭 | s2 = 慰亭 | p2 = Wèitíng | w2 = {{tone superscript|Wei4-t}}{{wg-apos}}{{tone superscript|ing2}} | gr2 = Weytyng | j2 = wai3 ting4 | y2 = Wai-tìhng | tp = Yuán Shìh-kǎi | mi2 = {{IPAc-cmn|wei|4|.|t|ing|2}} | tp2 = Wèi-tíng | ci2 = {{IPAc-yue|w|ai|3|-|t|ing|4}} | bpmf2 = ㄨㄟˋ ㄊㄧㄥˊ | bpmf = ㄩㄢˊ ㄕˋ ㄎㄞˇ }} {{Conservatism in China|Politicians}} '''Yuan Shikai''' ({{zh|t=袁世凱|s=袁世凯|p=Yuán Shìkǎi|first=t|w=Yüan2 Shih4-k'ai3}}; 16 September 1859{{snd}}6 June 1916) was a Chinese general and statesman who served as [[Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet]], the second [[President of the Republic of China|provisional president]] of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], head of the [[Beiyang government]] from 1912 to 1916 and [[Emperor of China]] from 1915 to 1916. A major political figure during the late [[Qing dynasty]], he spearheaded a number of major modernisation programs and reforms and played a decisive role in securing the abdication of the [[Xuantong Emperor]] in 1912, which marked the collapse of the Qing monarchy and the end of imperial rule in China. Born to an affluent family in [[Henan]], Yuan began his career in the [[Huai Army]]. He was sent to [[Joseon]] to head a Qing garrison in [[Seoul]] and was appointed imperial resident and supreme adviser to the Korean government after thwarting the [[Gapsin Coup]] in 1885. He was recalled to China shortly before the outbreak of the [[First Sino-Japanese War]], and received command of the first [[New Army]], which paved the way for his rise to power. In 1898, Yuan formed an alliance with [[Empress Dowager Cixi]] and helped bring an end to the [[Guangxu Emperor]]'s [[Hundred Days' Reform]]. Promoted to [[Viceroy of Zhili]] in 1902, Yuan quickly expanded the [[Beiyang Army]] into the best trained and most effective military force in China. He played an active role in the [[Late Qing reforms]], which included the abolition of the [[imperial examination]]. Yuan fell from power upon the death of [[Empress Dowager Cixi|Cixi]] in 1908 and was forced into exile, but he retained the loyalty of the [[Beiyang Army]] and as such remained an influential figure. On the outbreak of the [[Wuchang Uprising]] in 1911, Yuan was recalled to court, appointed [[Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet]] and tasked with suppressing the rebels. After brief fighting, he entered into negotiations with [[Sun Yat-sen]]'s revolutionaries and arranged for the abdication of the child emperor [[Puyi]], leading to the fall of the Qing dynasty. In return, Yuan was elected president of the new republican government in 1912 after Sun resigned in his favour. Yuan's desire for dictatorial power brought him into conflict with the [[National Assembly (Beiyang government)|National Assembly]] and the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT), provoking a [[Second Revolution (Republic of China)|second revolution]] which was decisively crushed. He then outlawed the KMT and dissolved the National Assembly. In December 1915, in an attempt to further secure his rule, Yuan [[Empire of China (1915–1916)|restored the monarchy]] and proclaimed himself as the '''Hongxian Emperor''' ({{zhi|c=洪憲}}). The move was met with widespread opposition from the general populace, many of his closest supporters in the Beiyang Army, as well as foreign governments. Several military governors and provinces [[National Protection War|rose in open rebellion]]. In March 1916, Yuan formally abdicated and restored the Republic, having been emperor for only 83 days. He died of [[uraemia]] in June at the age of 56, leaving behind a significantly weakened Beiyang government and a fragmented political landscape, which soon plunged China into a [[Warlord Era|period of warlordism]]. == Early life == On 16 September 1859, Yuan Shikai was born in the village of Zhangying ({{lang|zh-hant|張營村}}) to the [[Yuan (surname)|Yuan Clan]] which later moved 16 kilometres southeast of [[Xiangcheng City|Xiangcheng]] to a hilly area that was easier to defend against bandits. There, the Yuan family had built the fortified village of Yuanzhaicun ({{zhi|c=袁寨村}}).<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.scribd.com/document/321659858/Yuan-Shikai |title = Yuan Shikai {{!}} Qing Dynasty {{!}} International Politics |via=Scribd|language=en |access-date=23 May 2018 }}</ref> Yuan's family was affluent enough to provide Yuan with a traditional Confucian education.<ref>Bonavia 34</ref> As a young man he enjoyed riding, hunting with dogs, boxing, and entertainment with friends. Though hoping to pursue a career in the civil service, he failed the imperial examinations twice, leading him to decide on an entry into politics through the [[Huai Army]], where many of his relatives served. His career began with the purchase of a minor official title in 1880, which was a common method of official promotion in the late Qing.<ref name="Spence, Jonathan D. 1999 p. 274">[[Jonathan Spence|Spence, Jonathan D.]] (1999) ''[[The Search for Modern China]]'', [[W.W. Norton and Company]]. p.&nbsp;274. {{ISBN|0-393-97351-4}}.</ref> Using his father's connections, Yuan travelled to [[Tengzhou]], Shandong, and sought a post in the Qing Brigade. Yuan's first marriage was in 1876 to a woman of the Yu family who bore him a first son, [[Yuan Keding|Keding]], in 1878. Yuan Shikai married nine more [[concubines]] throughout the course of his life.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://history.news.163.com/08/0606/09/4DODJOQB00011KUQ.html | script-title = zh:袁世凯：一妻九妾 | website = 163.com | date = 6 June 2008 | access-date = 2 May 2011 | language = zh | archive-date = 21 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181021014541/http://history.news.163.com/08/0606/09/4DODJOQB00011KUQ.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> == Years in Joseon Korea == In the early 1870s, [[Korea]] under the [[Joseon dynasty]] was in the midst of a struggle between isolationists under [[Gojong of Korea|King Gojong]]'s father [[Heungseon Daewongun]], and progressives, led by [[Empress Myeongseong]], who wanted to open trade. After the [[Meiji Restoration]], Japan had adopted an aggressive foreign policy, contesting Chinese domination of the peninsula. Under the [[Treaty of Ganghwa]], which the Koreans signed with reluctance in 1876, Japan was allowed to send diplomatic missions to [[Seoul|Hanseong]], and opened trading posts in [[Incheon]] and [[Wonsan]]. Amidst an internal power struggle which resulted in the queen's exile, the [[Viceroy of Zhili]], [[Li Hongzhang]], sent the 3,000 strong Qing Brigade into Korea. The Korean king proposed training 500 troops in the art of modern warfare, and Yuan Shikai was appointed to lead this task in Korea. Li Hongzhang also recommended Yuan's promotion, with Yuan given the rank of ''sub-prefect''. Following the suppression of [[Gapsin Coup]]. In 1885, Yuan was appointed Imperial Resident of Seoul.<ref name=Busky>Busky, Donald F. (2002) ''Communism in History and Theory'', Praeger/Greenwood. {{ISBN|0-275-97733-1}}.</ref> On the surface the position equalled that of ambassador but in practice, as head official from the [[suzerain]], Yuan had become the supreme adviser on all Korean government policies. Perceiving China's increasing influence on the Korean government, Japan sought more influence through co-suzerainty with China. A series of documents were released to Yuan Shikai, claiming the Korean government had changed its stance towards Chinese protection and would rather turn to the [[Russian Empire]] for protection. Yuan was outraged yet skeptical and asked Li Hongzhang for advice. In a treaty signed between Japan and Qing, the two parties agreed that either would send troops into Korea only after notifying the other. Although the Korean government was stable, it was still a protectorate of Qing. Koreans emerged advocating modernization. Another more radicalised group, the [[Donghak Rebellion|Donghak Society]], promoting an early nationalist doctrine based partly upon [[Confucian]] principles, rose in rebellion against the government. Yuan and Li Hongzhang sent troops into Korea to protect Seoul and Qing's interests, and Japan did the same under the pretext of protecting Japanese trading posts. Tensions boiled over between Japan and China when Japan refused to withdraw its forces and placed a blockade at the [[38th parallel north]]. Li Hongzhang wanted at all costs to avoid a war with Japan and attempted this by asking for international pressure for a Japanese withdrawal. Japan refused, and war broke out. Yuan, having been put in an ineffective position, was recalled to [[Tianjin]] in July 1894, before the official outbreak of the [[First Sino-Japanese War]]. Yuan Shikai had three Korean concubines, one of whom was Korean Princess Li's relative, concubine Kim. 15 of Yuan's children came from these three Korean women.<ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gzVCDwAAQBAJ&q=yuan+korean+concubines&pg=PA52 |page=52 |title = The Revival of China, Volume 1 |last = Mao |first = Min |year=2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XGrNgHpMWkMC&q=yuan+korean+concubines&pg=PA97 |page=97 |title=Thorny Road to Dignity: Surviving Mao: A Chinese Psychiatrist Embraces a Miracle in America |author=Zhong Liu |publisher=iUniverse |year=2004 |isbn=0595319777 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WU43AQAAIAAJ&q=yuan+korean+concubines |page=92 |title=Beijing Odyssey: Based on the Life and Times of Liang Shiyi, a Mandarin in China's Transition from Monarchy to Republic |author=Steven T. Au |edition=illustrated |publisher=Mayhaven Publishing |year=1999 |isbn = 1878044680 }}</ref> ==Late Qing dynasty== {{more citations needed|section|date=December 2019}} [[File:Yuan Shikai as governor of shandong.jpg|left|thumb|Yuan Shikai as Governor of Shandong]] [[File:Chinese generals 1910.jpg|left|thumb|Yuan Shikai and Te Lan in 1910]] Yuan's rise to fame began with his nominal participation in the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] as commander of the Chinese garrison forces in Korea. Unlike other officers, however, he avoided the humiliation of Chinese defeat by having been recalled to [[Beijing]] several days before the outbreak of conflict. As an ally of [[Li Hongzhang]], Yuan was appointed the commander of the first [[New Army]] in 1895. Yuan's training program modernized the army, creating enormous pride, and earning him the loyalty of capable senior officers. Shortly before the [[Treaty of Shimonoseki]] ended the [[First Sino-Japanese War|Sino-Japanese war]] in 1895, [[United States of America Secretary of State]] [[John W. Foster]] attempted to convince Yuan to lead a military coup against the Qing dynasty.<ref name="Crean">{{Cite book |last=Crean |first=Jeffrey |title=The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History |date=2024 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |isbn=978-1-350-23394-2 |edition= |series=New Approaches to International History series |location=London, UK |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=44}} By 1901, five of China's seven divisional commanders and most other senior military officers in China were his protégés.<ref>Spence, 1999 p. 274</ref> The Qing court relied heavily on his army due to the proximity of its garrison to the capital and their effectiveness. Of the new armies that formed part of the [[Self-Strengthening Movement]], Yuan's was the best trained and most effective. His success opened the way for his rise to the top in both military and political sectors.<ref>Hong Zhang, "Yuan Shikai and the Significance of his Troop Training at Xiaozhan, Tianjin, 1895–1899." ''Chinese Historical Review'' 26.1 (2019): 37–54.</ref> The Qing Court at the time was divided between progressives under the leadership of the [[Guangxu Emperor]], and conservatives under [[Empress Dowager Cixi]], who had temporarily retreated to the [[Summer Palace]] as a place of "retirement". After the Guangxu Emperor's [[Hundred Days' Reform]] in 1898, however, Cixi decided that the reforms were too drastic, and plotted to restore her own regency through a coup d'état. Plans of the coup spread early, and the Emperor was very aware of the plot. He asked reform advocates [[Kang Youwei]], [[Tan Sitong]] and others to develop a plan to save him. Yuan's involvement in the coup remains a matter of debate among historians. Tan Sitong reportedly spoke with Yuan several days before the coup, asking Yuan to assist the Emperor against Cixi. Yuan refused a direct answer, but insisted he was loyal to the Emperor. Meanwhile, the Manchu General [[Ronglu]] was planning manoeuvres for his army to stage the coup. According to sources, including the diary of [[Liang Qichao]] and contemporary Chinese news sources, Yuan Shikai arrived in [[Tianjin]] on 20 September 1898 by train. It is certain that by the evening, Yuan talked to Ronglu, but what was revealed to him remains ambiguous. Most historians suggest that Yuan told Ronglu all details of the Reformers' plans and asked him to take immediate action. The plot having been exposed, Ronglu's troops entered the [[Forbidden City]] at dawn on 21 September, forcing the Emperor into seclusion in a lake palace. Making a political alliance with the Empress Dowager, and becoming a lasting enemy of the Guangxu Emperor, Yuan left the capital in 1899 for his new appointment as Governor of [[Shandong]]. During his three-year tenure the [[Boxer Rebellion]] (1899–1901) erupted; Yuan ensured the suppression of Boxers in the province, though his troops took no active part outside Shandong itself. Yuan took the side of the pro-foreign faction in the Imperial Court, along with [[Yikuang|Prince Qing]], [[Li Hongzhang]], and [[Ronglu]]. He refused to side with the Boxers and attack the [[Eight-Nation Alliance]] forces, joining with other Chinese governors who commanded substantial modernized armies like [[Zhang Zhidong]] not participating in the Boxer Rebellion. He and Zhang ignored Cixi's declaration of war against the foreign powers and continued to suppress the Boxers. This clique was known as [[The Mutual Protection of Southeast China]].<ref name="Luo2015">{{cite book |first=Zhitian |last = Luo |title = Inheritance within Rupture: Culture and Scholarship in Early Twentieth Century China |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=avlyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 |date= 2015|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-28766-2|pages=19–}}</ref> In addition to not fighting the Eight-Nation Alliance and suppressing the Boxers in Shandong, Yuan and his army (the Right Division) also helped the Eight-Nation Alliance suppress the Boxers after the Alliance [[Battle of Peking (1900)|captured Peking]] in August 1900. Yuan Shikai's forces massacred tens of thousands of people in their anti-Boxer campaign in Zhili.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/warriorsofrising00edge/page/94 Edgerton, ''Warriors of the Rising Sun: A History of the Japanese Military'', p. 94]</ref> Yuan operated out of [[Baoding]] during the campaign, which ended in 1902.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=_W-mAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA76 Chʼên, Jerome ''Yuan Shih-kʻai'', pp.&nbsp;76–77.]</ref> He also founded a provincial junior college (Shandong College, the forerunner of [[Shandong University]]) in [[Jinan]], which adopted western ideas of education. In June 1902 he was promoted to [[Viceroy of Zhili]], the lucrative commissioner for North China Trade, and Minister of [[Beiyang]] ({{lang|zh|北洋通商大臣}}), comprising the modern regions of [[Liaoning]], Hebei, and [[Shandong]].<ref>Bonavia 35</ref> Having gained the regard of foreigners after helping crush the Boxer Rebellion, he successfully obtained numerous loans to expand his [[Beiyang Army]] into the most powerful force in China. He created a 2,000-strong police force to keep order in Tianjin, the first of its kind in Chinese history, as a result of the [[Boxer Protocol]] forbidding any troops to be staged close to Tianjin. Yuan was also involved in the transfer of railway control from [[Sheng Xuanhuai]], leading railways and their construction to become a large source of his revenue. Yuan played an active role in late-Qing political reforms, including the creation of the Ministry of Education ({{lang|zh-hant|學部}}) and Ministry of Police ({{lang|zh|巡警部}}). He further advocated ethnic equality between Manchus and [[Han Chinese]]. [[File:Yuan Shikai in uniform.jpg|thumb|Yuan Shikai in Qing dynasty uniform, 1912]] In 1905, acting on Yuan's advice, Dowager-Empress Cixi issued a decree ending the traditional Confucian examination system that was formalized in 1906. She ordered the Ministry of Education to implement a system of primary and secondary schools and universities with state-mandated curriculum, modelled after the educational system of [[Meiji period|Meiji-era]] Japan. On 27 August 1908, the Qing court promulgated "Principles for a Constitution", which Yuan helped to draft. This document called for a [[constitutional government]] with a strong monarchy (modelled after Meiji Japan and Bismarck's Germany), with a constitution to be issued by 1916 and an elected parliament by 1917.<ref>Tanner, Harold Miles. ''China: A History''. Hackett Publishing (2009) {{ISBN|0872209156}} pp.&nbsp;408–410.</ref> {{Quote box |align = right |width = 60% |quote = In the hunting-park, three miles to the south of Peking, is quartered the Sixth Division, which supplies the Guards for the Imperial Palace, consisting of a battalion of infantry and a squadron of cavalry. With this Division Yuan Shi Kai retains twenty-six modified Krupp guns, which are the best of his artillery arm, and excel any guns possessed by the foreign legations in Peking. The Manchu Division moves with the Court and is the pride of the modern army. By his strategic disposition Yuan Shi Kai completely controls all the approaches to the capital, and holds a force which he may utilize either to protect the Court from threatened attack or to crush the Emperor should he himself desire to assume Imperial power. Contrary to treaty stipulations made at the settlement of the Boxer trouble, the Chinese have been permitted to build a great tower over the Chien Men, or central southern gate, which commands the foreign legations and governs the Forbidden City. In the threatening condition of Chinese affairs it might be assumed that this structure had been undermined by the foreign community, but this has not been done, and if trouble again arise in Peking the fate of the legations will depend upon the success of the first assault which will be necessary to take it. The foreign legations are as much in the power of Yuan Shi Kai's troops in 1907 as they were at the mercy of the Chinese rabble in 1900. The ultimate purpose of the equipped and disciplined troops is locked in the breast of the Viceroy of Chihli. Yuan Shi Kai's yamen in Tientsin is connected by telegraph and telephone with the Imperial palaces and with the various barracks of his troops. In a field a couple of hundred yards away is the long pole of a wireless telegraph station, from which he can send the message that any day may set all China ablaze. |source = ''To-morrow in the East'', Douglas Story, pp.&nbsp;224–226.<ref>{{cite book |title = To-morrow in the East |first= Douglas |last = Story |year = 1907 |publisher= G. Bell & Sons |url = https://archive.org/details/tomorrowineast02storgoog |pages = [https://archive.org/details/tomorrowineast02storgoog/page/n240 224]–226 |access-date= 1 April 2013 |ref = {{harvid|}} }}</ref> }} Yuan Shikai's Han-dominated New Army was primarily responsible for the defence of Beijing, as most of the modernized Eight Banner divisions were destroyed in the Boxer Rebellion and the new modernized Banner forces were token in nature. The Empress Dowager and the Guangxu Emperor died within a day of each other in November 1908.<ref name="Busky" /> Sources indicate that the will of the emperor ordered Yuan's execution. Nonetheless, he avoided death. In January 1909, he was relieved of all his posts by the regent, [[Zaifeng, Prince Chun|Prince Chun]]. The public reason for Yuan's resignation was that he was returning to his home in the village of Huanshang ({{lang|zh|洹上村}}), the [[prefecture-level city]] of [[Anyang]], due to a foot disease. During his three years of effective exile, Yuan kept contact with his close allies, including [[Duan Qirui]], who reported to him regularly about army proceedings. Yuan had arranged for the marriage of his niece (whom he had adopted) to Duan as a means to consolidate power. The loyalty of the Beiyang Army was still undoubtedly behind him. Having this strategic military support, Yuan held the balance of power between various revolutionaries (like [[Sun Yat-sen]]) and the Qing court. Both wanted Yuan on their side. == Wuchang Uprising and Republic == [[File:Yuan Shikai2.jpg|thumb|left|Yuan Shikai in uniform]] The [[Wuchang Uprising]] took place on 10 October 1911 in [[Hubei]] province. The southern provinces subsequently declared their independence from the Qing court, but neither the northern provinces nor the Beiyang Army had a clear stance for or against the rebellion. Both the Qing court and Yuan were fully aware that the Beiyang Army was the only Qing force powerful enough to quell the revolutionaries. The court requested Yuan's return on 27 October, but he repeatedly declined offers from the Qing court for his return, first as the [[Viceroy of Huguang]], and then as [[Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet]]. Time was on Yuan's side, and Yuan waited, using his "foot ailment" as a pretext to his continual refusal.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rhoads |first1=Edward J. M. |title=Manchus and Han: ethnic relations and political power in late Qing and early Republican China, 1861–1928 |date=2000 |publisher=University of Washington Press |location=Seattle |isbn=0-295-97938-0 |page=175 |url=https://archive.org/details/manchushanethnic0000rhoa |access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref> After further pleas by the Qing Court, Yuan agreed and eventually left his village for Beijing on 30 October, becoming prime minister on 1 November 1911. Immediately after that he asked the regent to withdraw from politics, which forced Zaifeng to resign as regent. This made way for Yuan to form a new, predominantly Han [[Yuan Shikai's Cabinet|cabinet]] of confidants, with only one Manchu as Minister of Suzerainty. To further reward Yuan's loyalty to the court, the [[Empress Dowager Longyu]] offered Yuan the noble title Marquis of the First Rank ({{lang|zh|一等侯}}), an honour previously given only to 19th-century General [[Zeng Guofan]] for his raising of the [[Xiang Army]] to suppress the [[Taiping Rebellion]]. Meanwhile, in the [[Battle of Yangxia]], Yuan's forces recaptured [[Hankou District|Hankou]] and [[Hanyang District|Hanyang]] from the revolutionaries. Yuan knew that complete suppression of the revolution would end his usefulness to the Qing regime. Instead of attacking [[Wuchang, Hubei|Wuchang]], he began to negotiate with the revolutionaries. === Abdication of child emperor === [[File:Yuan Shikai sworn in as Provisional President - 10 March 1912.jpg|thumb|Yuan Shikai sworn in as Provisional President of the Republic of China, in Beijing, 10 March 1912]] [[File:Ztysk (2).jpg|thumb|Yuan Shikai pictured with ambassadors from foreign countries on 10 October 1913]] The revolutionaries had elected [[Sun Yat-sen]] as the first Provisional [[President of the Republic of China]], but they were in a weak position militarily, so they negotiated with the Qing, using Yuan as an intermediary. Yuan arranged for the abdication of the child emperor [[Puyi]] in return for being granted the position of President of the Republic of China.<ref name=Busky /> Puyi recalled in his autobiography the meeting between Longyu and Yuan: {{blockquote|[[Empress Dowager Longyu|The Dowager Empress]] was sitting on a kang [platform] in a side room of the Mind Nature Palace, wiping her eyes with a handkerchief as a fat old man [Yuan] knelt before her on a red cushion, tears streaming down his face. I was sitting to the right of the widow and wondering why both adults were crying. There was no one in the room other than the three of us and everything was very quiet; the fat man snorted as he spoke and I couldn't understand what he was saying&nbsp;... This was the time when Yuan directly raised the question of abdication.<ref>Behr, 1987 p. 69</ref>}} Sun agreed to Yuan's presidency after some internal bickering, but asked that the capital be situated in [[Nanjing]]. Yuan, however, wanted the geographic advantage of having the nation's capital close to his base of military power. Many theorized that [[Cao Kun]], one of his trusted subordinate Beiyang military commanders, fabricated a coup d'état in Beijing and Tianjin, apparently under Yuan's orders, to provide an excuse for Yuan not to leave his [[sphere of influence]] in Zhili (present-day [[Hebei]] province). However, the claim that the coup was organized by Yuan has been challenged by others.<ref>Joseph W.; Wei, C.X. George (2013). ''China: How the Empire Fell''. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 239–241. {{ISBN|978-0-415-83101-7}}</ref> The revolutionaries compromised again, and the capital of the new republic was established in Beijing. Yuan Shikai was elected Provisional President of the Republic of China by the Nanjing Provisional Senate on 14 February 1912, and sworn in on 10 March of that year.<ref name=Zhengyuan>Zhengyuan Fu. (1994) ''Autocratic Tradition and Chinese Politics'', [[Cambridge University]] Press. pp. 153–154. {{ISBN|0-521-44228-1}}.</ref><ref>Spence, 1999 pp. 277–278.</ref> === Democratic elections === In February 1913, democratic elections were held for the [[National Assembly of the Republic of China|National Assembly]] in which the KMT scored a significant victory. [[Song Jiaoren]] zealously supported a cabinet system and was widely regarded as a candidate for prime minister. One of Song's main political goals was to ensure that the powers and independence of China's Parliament be properly protected from the influence of the office of the president. Song's goals in curtailing the office of the president conflicted with the interests of Yuan, who, by mid-1912, clearly dominated the provisional cabinet and was showing signs of a desire to hold overwhelming executive power. During Song's travels through China in 1912, he had openly and vehemently expressed the desire to limit the powers of the president in terms that often appeared openly critical of Yuan's ambitions. When the results of the 1913 elections indicated a clear victory for the KMT, it appeared that Song would be in a position to exercise a dominant role in selecting the premier and cabinet, and the party could have proceeded to push for the election of a future president in a parliamentary setting. On 20 March 1913, Song Jiaoren was shot by a lone gunman in Shanghai, and died two days later. The trail of evidence led to the secretary of the cabinet and the provisional premier of Yuan's government. Although Yuan was considered by contemporary Chinese media sources as the man most likely behind the assassination, the main conspirators investigated by authorities either were themselves assassinated or disappeared mysteriously. For lack of evidence, Yuan was not implicated.<ref>Spence, 1999 pp. 275–277.</ref> == Becoming emperor == {{See also|Empire of China (1915–1916)}} [[File:1 dollar Yuan Shikai 1914 - 3.png|thumb|left|300px|The [[Yuan Shikai coinage|Yuan Shikai dollar]] ([[Chinese yuan|yuan]] in Chinese), issued for the first time in 1914, became a dominant coin type of the Republic of China.]] [[File:5 Yuan - Bank of China (1914) 01.jpg|thumb|left|300px| A banknote from the early Republic of China depicting the face of President Yuan Shikai.]] Tensions between the KMT and Yuan continued to intensify. After arriving in Peking, the elected Parliament attempted to gain control over Yuan, to develop a permanent constitution, and to hold a legitimate, open presidential election. Because he had authorized $100 million of "[[Reorganisation loan affair|reorganization loans]]" from a variety of foreign banks, the KMT in particular were highly critical of Yuan's handling of the national budget. Yuan's crackdown on the KMT began in 1913, with the suppression and bribery of KMT members in the two legislative chambers. Anti-Yuan revolutionaries also claimed Yuan orchestrated the collapse of the KMT internally and dismissed governors interpreted as being pro-KMT.<ref>Spence, 1999 p. 277.</ref> === Second revolution === Seeing the situation for his party worsen, Sun Yat-sen fled to Japan in August 1913, and called for a Second Revolution, this time against Yuan Shikai.<ref>Albert A. Altman, and Harold Z. Schiffrin, "Sun Yat-sen and the Japanese: 1914–16." ''Modern Asian Studies'' 6.4 (1972): 385–400.</ref> Subsequently, Yuan gradually took over the government, using the military as the base of his power. He dissolved the national and provincial assemblies, and the House of Representatives and Senate were replaced by the newly formed "Council of State", with [[Duan Qirui]], his trusted Beiyang lieutenant, as prime minister. He relied on the American-educated [[Tsai Tingkan]] for English translation and connections with western powers. Finally, Yuan had himself elected president to a five-year term, publicly labelled the KMT a seditious organization, ordered the KMT's dissolution, and evicted all its members from Parliament. The KMT's "Second Revolution" ended in failure as Yuan's troops achieved complete victory over revolutionary uprisings. Provincial governors with KMT loyalties who remained willingly submitted to Yuan. Because those commanders not loyal to Yuan were effectively removed from power, the Second Revolution cemented Yuan's power.<ref>Bonavia 36</ref><ref>Norman D. Palmer, "Makers of Modern China: II. The Strong Man: Yuan Shih-kai" ''Current History'' (Sep 1948): 15#85 pp. 149–55.</ref> In January 1914, China's Parliament was formally dissolved. To give his government a semblance of legitimacy, Yuan convened a body of 66 men from his cabinet who, on 1 May 1914, produced a "constitutional compact" that effectively replaced China's provisional constitution. The new legal status quo gave Yuan, as president, practically unlimited powers over China's military, finances, foreign policy, and the rights of China's citizens. Yuan justified these reforms by stating that representative democracy had been proven inefficient by political infighting.<ref>Spence, Jonathan D. (1999) ''The Search for Modern China'', W.W. Norton and Company. p. 279. {{ISBN|0-393-97351-4}}.</ref> After his victory, Yuan reorganized the provincial governments. Each province was supported by a military governor ({{lang|zh|都督}}) as well as a civil authority, giving each governor control of his own army. This helped lay the foundations for the [[warlord]]ism that crippled China over the next two decades. During Yuan's presidency, [[Yuan Shikai coinage|silver coinage featuring his portrait]] was introduced. This coin type was the first "dollar" coin of the central authorities of the Republic of China to be minted in large quantities. It became a staple silver coin type during the first half of the 20th century and was struck for the last time as late as the 1950s. The coins were also extensively forged.<ref>{{cite book |last=Meyerhofer |first=Adi |title=袁大头. Yuan Shi-kai Dollar: 'Fat Man Dollar' Forgeries and Remints |url=http://zenwort.lima-city.de/YuanShikai-FatManDollar.pdf |year=2013 |location=Munich |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223113/http://zenwort.lima-city.de/YuanShikai-FatManDollar.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Japan's 21 demands === {{Main|Twenty-One Demands}} In 1914, Japan captured the German colony at [[Qingdao]]. In January 1915, Japan sent a secret ultimatum, known as the [[Twenty-One Demands]], to Beijing.<ref name="Crean" />{{Rp|page=45}} Japan demanded an extension of [[extraterritoriality]], the sale of businesses in debt to Japan and the cession of Qingdao to Japan, and virtual control of finance and the local police. When these demands were made public, hostility within China was expressed in nationwide anti-Japanese demonstrations and an effective national boycott of Japanese goods. With support from Britain and the United States Yuan secured Japan's dropping part five of the demands, which would have given Japan a general control of Chinese affairs. However he did accept the less onerous terms and that led to a decline in the popularity of Yuan's government.<ref>Zhitian Luo, "National humiliation and national assertion-The Chinese response to the twenty-one demands" ''Modern Asian Studies'' (1993) 27#2 pp. 297–319 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/312771 online]</ref> === Revival of hereditary monarchy === {{Infobox monarchy |native_name= {{nobold|{{lang|zh|中華帝國皇帝}}}} |residence=[[Forbidden City]], [[Beijing]] |border=imperial |began=12 December 1915 |caption=The President dressed in the traditional ''chaofu'' attire, before his subsequent coronation. 1915. |image=袁世凱祭天.jpg |coatofarms=Twelve Symbols national emblem of China.svg |coatofarmscaption='''Imperial Emblem''' |coatofarmssize=120px |ended=22 March 1916 |first_monarch=Hongxian |last_monarch= |royal_title=Emperor |realm=China |style=[[Imperial Majesty (style)|His Imperial Majesty]]|Era=}} To build up his own authority, Yuan began to re-institute elements of state [[Confucianism]]. As the main proponent of reviving Qing state religious observances, Yuan effectively participated as emperor in rituals held at the Qing [[Temple of Heaven]]. In late 1915, rumours were floated of a popular consensus that the hereditary monarchy should be revived. With his power secure, many of Yuan's supporters, notably monarchist [[Yang Du]], advocated for a revival of the hereditary monarchy, asking Yuan to take on the title of Emperor. Yang reasoned that the Chinese masses had long been used to monarchic rule, the Republic had been effective only as a transitional phase to end Manchu rule, and China's political situation demanded the stability that only a dynastic monarchy could ensure. The American political scientist [[Frank Johnson Goodnow]] suggested a similar idea. Negotiators representing Japan had also offered to support Yuan's ambitions as one of the rewards for Yuan's support of the Twenty-One Demands.<ref>Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen. ''Zhou Enlai: A Political Life''. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NztlWQeXf2IC&pg=PA14 p. 14] retrieved 12 March 2011.</ref> On 20 November 1915, Yuan held a specially convened "Representative Assembly" which voted unanimously to offer Yuan the throne. On 12 December 1915, Yuan "accepted" the invitation and proclaimed himself Emperor of the Chinese Empire ({{zh|s=中华帝国大皇帝|t=中華帝國大皇帝|p=Zhōnghuá Dìguó Dà Huángdì}}) under the [[Chinese era name|era name]] of Hongxian ({{zh|s=洪宪|t=洪憲|p=Hóngxiàn}}; i.e. ''Constitutional Abundance''). The new [[Empire of China (1915–16)|Empire of China]] was to formally begin on 1 January 1916, when Yuan intended to conduct the accession rites. Soon after becoming emperor, the Yuan placed an order with the former imperial potters for a 40,000-piece porcelain set costing 1.4 million yuan, a large jade seal, and two imperial robes costing 400,000 yuan each.<ref name="Spence, Jonathan D. 1999 p. 274" /><ref name="Zhengyuan" /> === Public and international reactions to dynastic monarchy's revival === Yuan expected widespread domestic and international support for his reign. British diplomats and bankers had previously worked hard to help him succeed. They had set up a [[China Consortium|banking consortium]] that loaned Yuan's government £25 million in April 1913.<ref>Hirata Koji, "Britain's Men on the Spot in China: John Jordan, Yuan Shikai, and the Reorganization Loan, 1912–1914." ''Modern Asian Studies'' 47.3 (2013): 895–934.</ref> However, he and his supporters had badly miscalculated. Many of the emperor's closest supporters abandoned him, and the solidarity of the emperor's Beiyang clique of military protégés dissolved. There were open protests throughout China denouncing Yuan. Foreign governments, including Japan, suddenly proved indifferent or openly hostile to him, not giving him the recognition anticipated.<ref name="Spence3">Spence, Jonathan D. (1999) ''The Search for Modern China'', p. 282.</ref> Rebels bombed the presidential palace from the air in 1916.<ref name="Crean" />{{Rp|page=45}} Sun Yat-sen, who had fled to Tokyo and set up a base there, organized efforts to overthrow Yuan. The emperor's sons publicly fought over the title of "Crown Prince", and formerly loyal subordinates such as [[Duan Qirui]] and [[Xu Shichang]] left him to create their own factions. === Abandonment of monarchy and death === {{multiple image |align = right |direction = vertical |header = Funeral procession of Yuan Shikai in Beijing |header_align = left/right/center |header_background = |footer = |footer_align = left/right/center |footer_background = |width = |image1 = FuneralDeYuanShikai.jpg |width1 = 190 |alt1 = |caption1 = |image2 = CatafalcoDeYuanShikaiCaminoALaEstación.jpg |width2 = 190 |alt2 = |caption2 = |image3 = FuneralDeYuanShikai2.jpg |width3 = 190 |alt3 = |caption3 = }} Faced with widespread opposition, Yuan repeatedly delayed the accession rites in order to appease his foes, but his prestige was irreparably damaged and province after province continued to voice disapproval. On 25 December 1915, [[Yunnan]]'s military governor, [[Cai E]], rebelled, launching the [[National Protection War]]. The governor of [[Guizhou]] followed in January 1916, and [[Guangxi]] declared independence in March. Funding for Yuan's accession ceremony was cut on 1 March. Yuan formally abdicated and restored the Republic on 22 March after being emperor for only 83 days; primarily due to these mounting revolts as well as declining health from [[uraemia]]. This was not enough for his enemies, who called for his resignation as president, causing more provinces to rebel. Yuan died of uraemia at 10 a.m. on 6 June 1916, at the age of fifty-six.<ref name="Zhengyuan" /><ref name="Spence3" /> Yuan's remains were moved to [[Henan|his home province]] and placed in a large mausoleum in [[Anyang]]. In 1928, the tomb was looted by [[Feng Yuxiang]] and his soldiers during the [[Northern Expedition]]. Yuan had a wife and nine concubines, who bore him 17 sons and 15 daughters, but only three were prominent: Prince [[Yuan Keding]], Prince [[Yuan Kewen]], and Prince Yuan Keliang. == Evaluation and legacy == [[File:The villa of Yuan Shikai in Tianjin.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The residence of Yuan in [[Tianjin]]]] Historians in China have considered Yuan's rule mostly negatively. He introduced far-ranging modernizations in law and social areas, and trained and organized one of China's first modern armies; but the loyalty Yuan had fostered in the armed forces dissolved after his death, undermining the authority of the central government. Yuan financed his regime through large foreign loans, and is criticized for weakening Chinese morale and international prestige, and for allowing the Japanese to gain broad concessions over China.<ref>Bonavia 40</ref><ref>Shan, (2018) pp. 3–9</ref> [[Jonathan Spence]], however, notes in his influential survey that Yuan was "ambitious, both for his country and for himself", and that "even as he subverted the constitution, paradoxically he sought to build on late-Qing attempts at reforms and to develop institutions that would bring strong and stable government to China." To gain foreign confidence and end the hated system of extraterritoriality, Yuan strengthened the court system and invited foreign advisers to reform the penal system.<ref>Spence, Jonathan D. (1999). ''The Search for Modern China'', W. W. Norton and Company. pp. 269–270. {{ISBN|0-393-97351-4}}.</ref> After Yuan's death, there was an effort by [[Li Yuanhong]] to revive the Republic by recalling the legislators who had been ejected in 1913, but this effort was confused and ineffective in asserting central control. Li lacked any support from the military. There was a short-lived effort in 1917 to [[Manchu Restoration|revive the Qing dynasty]] led by the loyalist general [[Zhang Xun (Qing loyalist)|Zhang Xun]], but his forces were defeated by rival warlords later that year.<ref>Spence, pp. 287–288.</ref> After the collapse of Zhang's movement, all pretence of strength from the central government collapsed, and China descended into a period of warlordism. Over the next several decades, the offices of both the president and parliament became the tools of militarists, and the politicians in Peking became dependent on regional governors for their support and political survival. For this reason, Yuan is sometimes called "the Father of the Warlords". However, it is not accurate to attribute China's subsequent [[Warlord Era|age of warlordism]] as a personal preference, since in his career as a military reformer he had attempted to forge a modern army based on the Japanese model. Throughout his lifetime, he demonstrated an understanding of staffing, military education, and regular transfers of officer personnel, combining these skills to create China's first modern military organisation. After his return to power in 1911, however, he seemed willing to sacrifice his legacy of military reform for imperial ambitions, and instead ruled by a combination of violence and bribery that destroyed the idealism of the early Republican movement.<ref>Spence, pp. 282–283.</ref> In the CCTV Production ''[[Towards the Republic]]'', Yuan is portrayed through most of his early years as an able administrator, although a very skilled manipulator of political situations. His self-proclamation as Emperor is largely depicted as being influenced by external forces, especially that of his son, prince [[Yuan Keding]]. A ''[[bixi (tortoise)|bixi]]'' stone tortoise with a stelae in honour of Yuan Shikai, which was installed in [[Anyang]]'s Huanyuan Park soon after his death, was (partly) restored in 1993.<ref>[http://www.aynews.net.cn/jray/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=3736 洹园里的破嘴龟] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204042433/http://www.aynews.net.cn/jray/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=3736 |date=4 February 2012 }} (The tortoise with a broken mouth in Huanyuan Park) {{in lang|zh}}</ref> == Names == Chinese men before 1949 customarily used and were referred to by various names. Yuan's [[courtesy name]] was "Weiting" ([[Wade-Giles]] spelling: Wei-ting; {{zh |c = 慰亭 |p = Wèitíng |w = ''Wei<sup>4</sup>-t'ing<sup>2</sup>''}}), and he used the pseudonym "Rong'an" ([[Wade-Giles]] spelling: Jung-an; {{zh |c = 容庵 |p = Róng'ān |w = ''Jung<sup>2</sup>-an<sup>1</sup>''}}). He was sometimes referred to by the name of his birthplace, "Xiangcheng" ({{zh |t = 項城 |s = 项城 |p = Xiàngchéng |w = ''Hsiang<sup>4</sup>-ch'eng<sup>2</sup>''}}), or by a title for tutors of the crown prince, "Kung-pao" ({{zh |t = 宮保 |s = 宫保 |p = Gōngbǎo |w = ''Kung<sup>1</sup>-pao<sup>3</sup>''}}). == Awards and honours == * [[Order of the Paulownia Flowers]] ([[Empire of Japan|Japan]]) * [[Order of the Red Eagle]] ([[German Empire|Germany]]) == Family == [[File:Yuan Shikai and his kids.jpg|thumb|Yuan and his children]] ; Paternal grandfather * Yuan Shusan ({{lang|zh|袁澍三}}) ; Father * Yuan Baozhong ({{lang|zh|袁保中}}) (1823–1874), [[courtesy name]] Shouchen ({{lang|zh|受臣}}) ; Uncle * Yuan Baoqing ({{lang|zh|袁保慶}}) (1825–1873), [[courtesy name]] Duchen ({{lang|zh|篤臣}}), [[Art name|pseudonym]] Yanzhi ({{lang|zh|延之}}), Yuan Baozhong's younger brother ; Wife * Yu Yishang ({{lang|zh|于義上}}), daughter of Yu Ao ({{lang|zh|於鰲}}), a wealthy man from [[Shenqiu County]], Henan; married Yuan Shikai in 1876; mother of [[Yuan Keding]].<ref>Patrick Fuliang Shan, "Unveiling China's Relinquished Marital Mode: A Study of Yuan Shikai's Polygamous Household", ''Frontiers of History in China'', (Vol. 14, No. 2, July 2019), pp. 185–211 </ref> ; Concubines * Lady Shen ({{lang|zh|沈氏}}), previously a [[courtesan]] from [[Suzhou]] * Lady Lee ({{lang|zh|李氏}}), of [[Korean people|Korean]] origin; mother of Yuan Bozhen, Yuan Kequan, Yuan Keqi, Yuan Kejian, and Yuan Kedu * Lady Kim ({{lang|zh|金氏}}), of [[Korean people|Korean]] origin; mother of [[Yuan Kewen]], Yuan Keliang, Yuan Shuzhen, Yuan Huanzhen, and Yuan Sizhen * Lady O ({{lang|zh-hant|吳氏}}), of [[Korean people|Korean]] origin; mother of Yuan Keduan, Yuan Zhongzhen, Yuan Cizhen, and Yuan Fuzhen * Lady Yang ({{lang|zh-hant|楊氏}}), mother of Yuan Kehuan, Yuan Kezhen, Yuan Kejiu, Yuan Ke'an, Yuan Jizhen, and Yuan Lingzhen * Lady Ye ({{lang|zh|葉氏}}), previously a prostitute in [[Nanjing]]; mother of Yuan Kejie, Yuan Keyou, Yuan Fuzhen, Yuan Qizhen, and Yuan Ruizhen * Lady Zhang ({{lang|zh-hant|張氏}}), originally from [[Henan]] * Lady Guo ({{lang|zh|郭氏}}), originally a prostitute from [[Suzhou]]; mother of Yuan Kexiang, Yuan Kehe, and Yuan Huzhen * Lady Liu ({{lang|zh-hant|劉氏}}), originally a maid to Yuan Shikai's fifth concubine Lady Yang; mother of Yuan Kefan and Yuan Yizhen ; 17 sons # [[Yuan Keding]] ({{lang|zh|袁克定}}) (1878–1958), [[courtesy name]] Yuntai ({{lang|zh|雲台}}) # [[Yuan Kewen]] ({{lang|zh|袁克文}}) (1889–1931), [[courtesy name]] Baocen ({{lang|zh|豹岑}}) # Yuan Keliang ({{lang|zh|袁克良}}), married a daughter of [[Zhang Baixi]] # Yuan Keduan ({{lang|zh|袁克端}}), married He Shenji (何慎基, daughter of He Zhongjing ({{lang|zh|何仲璟)}}) # Yuan Kequan ({{lang|zh|袁克權}}) (1898–1941), [[courtesy name]] Gui'an ({{lang|zh|規庵}}), [[Art name|pseudonym]] Baina ({{lang|zh|百衲}}), married a daughter of Toteke Duanfang ({{lang|zh|托忒克·端方}}) # Yuan Kehuan ({{lang|zh|袁克桓}}), married Chen Zheng (陳徵, daughter of Chen Qitai ({{lang|zh-hant|陳啟泰}})) # Yuan Keqi ({{lang|zh-hant|袁克齊}}), married a daughter of [[Sun Baoqi]] # Yuan Kezhen ({{lang|zh|袁克軫}}), married Zhou Ruizhu (周瑞珠, daughter of [[Zhou Fu]] ({{lang|zh|周馥)}}) # Yuan Kejiu ({{lang|zh|袁克玖}}), married Li Shaofang (黎紹芳, 1906–1945, second daughter of [[Li Yuanhong]]) in 1934 # Yuan Kejian ({{lang|zh|袁克堅}}), married a daughter of Lu Jianzhang ({{lang|zh|陸建章}}) # Yuan Ke'an ({{lang|zh|袁克安}}), married Li Baohui ({{lang|zh|李寶慧}}) (daughter of Li Shiming ({{lang|zh|李士銘)}}) # Yuan Kedu ({{lang|zh|袁克度}}), married a daughter of the wealthy Luo Yunzhang ({{lang|zh-hant|羅雲章}}) # Yuan Kexiang ({{lang|zh|袁克相}}), married firstly Zhang Shoufang (張壽芳, granddaughter of Na Tong ({{lang|zh|那桐)}}), married secondly Chen Sixing (陳思行, daughter of [[Chen Bingkun]]) # Yuan Kejie ({{lang|zh|袁克捷}}), married Lady Wang ({{lang|zh|王氏}}) # Yuan Kehe ({{lang|zh|袁克和}}), married a daughter of Zhang Diaochen ({{lang|zh-hant|張調宸}}) # Yuan Kefan ({{lang|zh|袁克藩}}), died young # Yuan Keyou ({{lang|zh|袁克友}}), married a daughter of Yu Yunpeng ({{lang|zh|於雲鵬}}) ; 15 daughters {{See also|List of people with the most children}} ; Famous grandsons and great-grandsons * Yuan's grandson, [[Luke Chia-Liu Yuan]] (1912–2003) was a Chinese-American physicist and husband of famed physicist [[Chien-Shiung Wu]]. * Yuan's great-grandson, [[Li-Young Lee]] (1957–), is an Indonesian-born Chinese-American writer and poet. == See also == {{Portal|China|History|Biography}} * [[Beiyang Army]] * [[History of the Republic of China]] * [[Republic of China Armed Forces]] * [[Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)]] == References == === Citations === {{Reflist}} === Sources === {{refbegin}} * Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen. ''Zhou Enlai: A Political Life''. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NztlWQeXf2IC&pg=PA14 p. 14] retrieved 12 March 2011 * Bonavia, David. ''China's Warlords''. New York: Oxford University Press. 1995. {{ISBN|0-19-586179-5}} * {{cite book |last = Ch'en |first = Jerome |year = 1961 |title = Yuan Shih-K'ai, 1859–1916: Brutus Assumes the Purple |publisher = George Allen & Unwin; Reprinted: Stanford University Press, 1971 |location = London }} [https://archive.org/details/yuanshihkai0000unse online free to borrow] * Shan, Patrick Fuliang (2018). ''Yuan Shikai: A Reappraisal'' (U of British Columbia Press. {{ISBN|978-0774837781}}) * {{cite book |last = Spence |first = Jonathan D. |year = 1999 |title = The Search for Modern China |publisher = W.W. Norton & Company |page = 282 |location = New York }} * Zhang, Hong. "Yuan Shikai and the Significance of his Troop Training at Xiaozhan, Tianjin, 1895–1899." ''Chinese Historical Review'' 26.1 (2019): 37–54 {{refend}} == Further reading == * Clubb, O. Edmund. ''20th century China'' (1965) [https://archive.org/details/20thcenturychina00oedm online] pp.&nbsp;40–60. * Koji, Hirata. "Britain's Men on the Spot in China: John Jordan, Yuan Shikai, and the Reorganization Loan, 1912–1914." ''Modern Asian Studies'' 47.3 (2013): 895–934. * Lowe, Peter. "Great Britain, Japan and the Fall of Yuan Shih-K'ai, 1915–1916" ''Historical Journal'' 13#4 (1970), pp.&nbsp;706–20 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2637712 online] * {{cite book |last=MacKinnon |first= Stephen R. |year = 1992|title = Power and Politics in Late Imperial China: Yuan Shikai in Beijing and Tianjin, 1901–08 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn = 0520040252 }} * Palmer. Norman D. "Makers of Modern China: II. The Strong Man: Yuan Shih-kai" ''Current History'' (Sep 1948): 15#85 pp.&nbsp;149–55. in Proquest. * Putnam Weale, B. L. ''The Fight For The Republic In China'' (1917) [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4522 online] * Rankin, Mary Backus. "State and society in early republican politics, 1912–18." ''China Quarterly'' 150 (1997): 260–81. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/655337 online] * Yim, Kwanha. "Yüan Shih-k'ai and the Japanese." ''Journal of Asian Studies'' 24.1 (1964): 63–73 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2050414 online]. * {{cite book |last = Young |first = Ernest P. |year = 1977 |title = The Presidency of Yuan Shih-K'ai: Liberalism and Dictatorship in Early Republican China |publisher = University of Michigan Press |location = Ann Arbor |isbn = 0472089951 }} * Zhang, Hong. "Yuan Shikai and the Significance of his Troop Training at Xiaozhan, Tianjin, 1895–1899." ''Chinese Historical Review'' 26.1 (2019): 37–54. == External links == {{Sister project links |c = Yuan Shikai |s = 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Yuan Shih-k'ai |voy = no |wikt=no |d=Q210329|n=no|b=no|v=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060514033146/http://www.press.uillinois.edu/epub/books/chen/ch2.html Early support for Yuan among overseas Chinese] * {{Gutenberg|no=4522|name=The Fight for the Republic in China by Bertram Lenox Simpson}} This etext first published in 1917 contains a detailed account of Yuan Shikai, his rise and fall. * [https://picasaweb.google.com/GaryLeeTodd/YuanShikaiTombAnyang#5481771022947013490 Map of Yuan's mausoleum.] * {{PM20|FID=pe/040724}} {{Clear}} {{S-start}} {{S-hou|(House of Yuan)|16 September|1859|6 June|1916}} |- {{S-off}} |- {{S-bef | before = [[Yuxian (Qing dynasty)|Yuxian]] }} {{S-ttl | title = [[Provincial governor of the Ming and Qing Dynasties|Provincial Governor]] of [[Shandong]]| | years = 1900–1901 }} {{S-aft | after = [[Zhang Renjun]] }} |- {{S-bef | before = [[Li Hongzhang]] }} {{S-ttl | title = [[Viceroy of Zhili]]<br />Minister of Běiyáng | years = 1901–1907 }} {{S-aft | after = Yang Shixiang }} |- {{S-bef | before = Lu Haihuan }} {{S-ttl | title = [[Zongli Yamen|Secretary of Foreign Affairs]] | years = 1907–1908 }} {{s-aft | after = [[Liang Dunyan]] }} |- {{S-bef | before = [[Yikuang]] }} {{S-ttl | title = [[Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet]] | years = 2 November 1911 – 10 March 1912 }} {{S-aft | after = [[Tang Shaoyi]]<br />(Premier) }} |- {{S-bef | before = [[Sun Yat-sen]]<br /><span style="font-size:90%">'''([[Sun Yat-sen]])'''</span> }} {{S-ttl | title = [[Beiyang Government|President of the Republic of China]] | years = 10 March 1912 – 12 December 1915 }} {{S-non | reason = Monarchy restored | reason2 = [[Empire of China (1915–1916)|Monarchy restored]] }} |- {{S-vac|last=Himself}} {{S-ttl | title = [[Beiyang Government|President of the Republic of China]] | years = 22 March 1916 – 6 June 1916 }} {{S-aft | after = [[Li Yuanhong]] }} |- {{S-reg}} |- {{S-vac|last=[[Puyi|Xuantong]]}} {{S-ttl | title = [[Empire of China (1915–1916)|Emperor of China]] | years = 1 January&nbsp;– 22 March 1916<br /><span style="font-size:90%">[[Empire of China (1915–1916)|Empire]] declared on 12 December 1915</span> }} {{S-vac|next=[[Puyi|Xuantong]]}} {{s-end}} {{Presidents of the Republic of China}} {{Warlord era}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Yuan, Shikai}} [[Category:Yuan Shikai| ]] [[Category:1859 births]] [[Category:1916 deaths]] [[Category:Emperors of China]] [[Category:Presidents of the Republic of China]] [[Category:20th-century Chinese monarchs]] [[Category:Monarchs who abdicated]] [[Category:Grand Councillors of the Qing dynasty]] [[Category:Qing dynasty chancellors]] [[Category:Qing dynasty generals]] [[Category:Chinese people of the Boxer Rebellion]] [[Category:People of the 1911 Revolution]] [[Category:Politicians from Zhoukou]] [[Category:Republic of China warlords 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