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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bengali language movement</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Bengali_language_movement" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Bengali_language_movement" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" 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block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the movement in Bangladesh. For the movements in India, see <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_movements_in_India" title="Bengali language movements in India">Bengali language movements in India</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8" class="extiw" title="bn:বাংলা ভাষা আন্দোলন">the corresponding article</a> in Bangla. (December 2022) Click [show] for important translation instructions.</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fbn.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8&sl=bn&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the Bangla article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You must provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Bangla Wikipedia article at [[:bn:বাংলা ভাষা আন্দোলন]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|bn|বাংলা ভাষা আন্দোলন}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Bengali_language_movement" title="Talk:Bengali language movement">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The Bengali language movement<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> was a political movement in <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>) in 1952, advocating the recognition of the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a> as a co-<a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the then-<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a> to allow its use in government affairs, the continuation of its use as a medium of education, its use in media, currency and stamps, and to maintain its writing in the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali alphabet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bengali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali script">Bengali script</a>. <table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing: 2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Bengali language movement</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#eeeeee;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Bangladesh" title="Independence of Bangladesh">Independence of Bangladesh</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:1952_Bengali_Language_movement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/1952_Bengali_Language_movement.jpg/260px-1952_Bengali_Language_movement.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/1952_Bengali_Language_movement.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="317"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Procession march held on 21 February 1952 in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1948 – 1956</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location"><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Caused by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Decision of the <a href="/wiki/Central_government_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Central government of Pakistan">central government of Pakistan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_East_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of East Bengal">government of East Bengal</a> to make <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> the only state language</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Methods</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Political demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Resulted in</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Declaration of <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> as the official state language of Pakistan along with Urdu in 1956</li> <li>Losing majority of <a href="/wiki/Muslim_League_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim League (Pakistan)">Muslim League</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bengal Legislative Assembly">East Bengal Legislative Assembly</a> in 1954</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Parties</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rastrabhasa_Sangram_Parishad" title="Rastrabhasa Sangram Parishad">State Language Action Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorbodolio_Kendrio_Rashtrobhasha_Kormi_Porishod" title="Shorbodolio Kendrio Rashtrobhasha Kormi Porishod">All-Parties Central State Language Action Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaddun_Majlish" title="Tamaddun Majlish">Pakistan Tamaddun Majlish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Renaissance_Society" title="East Pakistan Renaissance Society">East Pakistan Renaissance Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_University_Central_Student%27s_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaka University Central Student's Union">Dhaka University Central Student's Union</a></li> <li>Students of <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaka University">Dhaka University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali</a> civilians</li></ul></div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Government of Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216"></a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_East_Pakistan" title="Government of East Pakistan">Government of East Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Police">Pakistan Police</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stranded_Pakistanis_in_Bangladesh" title="Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh">Bihari people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_League_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim League (Pakistan)">Muslim League</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Lead figures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244901718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-columns-text-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div{box-sizing:border-box;width:50%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-3>div{width:33.33%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-4>div{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div:not(:first-child){border-left:1px dotted #aaa;padding-left:5px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist infobox-columns infobox-columns-2 infobox-columns-text-left"> <div> Collective leadership </div> <div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Khawaja_Nazimuddin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin">Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Ghulam_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Ghulam Muhammad">Sir Ghulam Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" title="Iskander Mirza">Iskander Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Fazlur_Rahman_(politician)" title="Fazlur Rahman (politician)">Fazlur Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Nurul_Amin" title="Nurul Amin">Nurul Amin</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> When the Dominion of Pakistan was formed after the separation of the Indian subcontinent in 1947, when the British left, it was composed of various ethnic and linguistic groups, with the geographically non-contiguous <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a> province having a mainly <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnic</a> <a href="/wiki/Bengali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali people">Bengali</a> population. In 1948, the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">Government of the Dominion of Pakistan</a> ordained as part of <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> or <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a> that <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> will be the sole federal language, alternately Bengali writing in the <a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic script">Perso-Arabic script</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-ES-5">[3]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Roman_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman script">Roman script</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Bengali" title="Romanisation of Bengali">Romanisation of Bengali</a>)<a href="#cite_note-ES-5">[3]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> as the state language of the whole of Pakistan was also proposed,<a href="#cite_note-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-ES-5">[3]</a> sparking extensive protests among the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali-speaking</a> majority of <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a>. Facing rising sectarian tensions and mass discontent with the new law, the government outlawed public meetings and rallies. The students of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dhaka" title="University of Dhaka">University of Dhaka</a> and other political activists defied the law and organised a protest on 21 February 1952. The movement reached its climax when police killed student demonstrators on that day. The deaths provoked widespread civil unrest. After years of conflict, the central government relented and granted official status to the Bengali language in 1956. The Language Movement catalysed the assertion of Bengali national identity in East Bengal and later East Pakistan, and became a forerunner to Bengali nationalist movements, including the <a href="/wiki/6_Point_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="6 Point Movement">6-Point Movement</a> and subsequently the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bangla_Bhasha_Procholon_Ain,_1987" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangla Bhasha Procholon Ain, 1987">Bengali Language Implementation Act, 1987</a>. In Bangladesh, 21 February (Ekushey February) is observed as <a href="/wiki/Language_Movement_Day" title="Language Movement Day">Language Movement Day</a>, a national holiday. The <a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Minar,_Dhaka" title="Shaheed Minar, Dhaka">Shaheed Minar</a> monument was constructed near Dhaka Medical College in memory of the movement and its victims. On 17 September 1999, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> declared 21 February as <a href="/wiki/International_Mother_Language_Day" title="International Mother Language Day">International Mother Language Day</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> in tribute to the Language Movement and the ethnolinguistic rights of people around the world. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background">1 Background</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_stages_of_the_movement">2 Early stages of the movement</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Dhirendranath_Datta's_proposal">2.1 Dhirendranath Datta's proposal</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Fazlur_Rahman's_proposal">2.2 Fazlur Rahman's proposal</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Proposal_for_Romanisation_of_Bengali">2.3 Proposal for Romanisation of Bengali</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Agitations_of_1948">2.4 Agitations of 1948</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Agreement_with_Khwaja_Nazimuddin">2.5 Agreement with Khwaja Nazimuddin</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Liaquat_Ali_Khan's_visit_to_Dhaka">2.6 Liaquat Ali Khan's visit to Dhaka</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah's_visit_to_Dhaka">2.7 Muhammad Ali Jinnah's visit to Dhaka</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Proposal_for_Arabic_language">2.8 Proposal for Arabic language</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Proposal_by_Language_Committee">2.9 Proposal by Language Committee</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Events_of_1952">3 Events of 1952</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#21_February">3.1 21 February</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#22_February">3.2 22 February</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Continued_unrest">3.3 Continued unrest</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Reaction_in_West_Pakistan">3.4 Reaction in West Pakistan</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Aftermath">4 Aftermath</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#United_Front_in_1954">4.1 United Front in 1954</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Constitutional_status_as_a_state_language">4.2 Constitutional status as a state language</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Standard_Bengali_Movement">4.3 Standard Bengali Movement</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Independence_of_Bangladesh">4.4 Independence of Bangladesh</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Cultural_impact_and_celebration">5 Cultural impact and celebration</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Bangladesh">5.1 Bangladesh</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#India">5.2 India</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Worldwide:_International_Mother_Language_Day">5.3 Worldwide: International Mother Language Day</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Notes">7 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Citations">9 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Further_reading">10 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The present-day nations of Pakistan and Bangladesh were part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Indian Empire</a>. From the mid-19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> language had been promoted as the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">Indian Muslims</a> by political and religious leaders, such as <a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Salimullah" title="Khwaja Salimullah">Sir Khwaja Salimullah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Syed_Ahmed_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Syed Ahmed Khan">Sir Syed Ahmed Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nawab_Viqar-ul-Mulk" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk">Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maulvi_Abdul_Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulvi Abdul Haq">Maulvi Abdul Haq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-urducontrov-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-B2g-12">[10]</a> Urdu is a <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Central Indo-Aryan language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian branch</a>, closely related to <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> family of languages. It developed under <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic Language">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> influence on <a href="/wiki/Apabhramsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Apabhramsha">apabhramshas</a> (last linguistic stage of the medieval Indian Aryan language <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>–<a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>)<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> in South Asia during the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-National_Council_for_Promotion_of_Urdu_language_2-14">[12]</a> With its <a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic script">Perso-Arabic script</a>, the language was considered a vital element of the Islamic culture for Indian Muslims; <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Devanagari_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanagari script">Devanagari script</a> were seen as fundamentals of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-urducontrov-11">[9]</a> While, the use of Urdu grew common with Muslims in northern India, the Muslims of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> (a province in the eastern part of the British Indian sub-continent) primarily used the Bengali language. Bengali is an <a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Indo-Aryan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Eastern Indo-Aryan languages">Eastern Indo-Aryan language</a> that arose from the eastern <a href="/wiki/Middle_Indic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Indic languages">Middle Indic languages</a> around 1000 CE<a href="#cite_note-bhatta-15">[13]</a> and developed considerably with a rich literature, history and cultural identity. Unlike many other Indic Languages, Bengali got patronage from the States and Empires in the Middle Ages. During the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a>, the modern Bengali literature developed its stronghold. Bengalis irrespective of religious identity used Bengali language. Supporters of Bengali opposed Urdu even before the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a>, when delegates from Bengal rejected the idea of making Urdu the lingua franca of Muslim India in the 1937 <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a> session of the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a>. The Muslim League was a <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British Indian</a> political party that became the driving force behind the creation of Pakistan as a <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> state separate from British India.<a href="#cite_note-tariqcontrov-16">[14]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Early_stages_of_the_movement">Early stages of the movement</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early stages of the movement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Partition_of_India.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Partition_of_India.PNG/220px-Partition_of_India.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 196px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Partition_of_India.PNG/220px-Partition_of_India.PNG" data-width="220" data-height="196" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Partition_of_India.PNG/330px-Partition_of_India.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Partition_of_India.PNG/440px-Partition_of_India.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Britain's holdings on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> were granted independence in 1947 and 1948, becoming four new independent states: the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Post-independence_Burma,_1948%E2%80%931962" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-independence Burma, 1948–1962">Union of Burma</a> (now Myanmar), <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Dominion of Ceylon</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a> (including <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a>, from 1956 <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>, 1971-today <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>).</figcaption></figure> After the partition of India in 1947, Bengali-speaking people in <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a>, the non-contiguous eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a>, made up 44 million of the newly formed Dominion of Pakistan's 69 million people.<a href="#cite_note-Banglapedia-17">[15]</a> The Dominion of Pakistan's government, civil services, and military, however, were dominated by personnel from the western wing of the Dominion of Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-JSToldenburg-18">[16]</a> In November 1947, a key resolution at a national education summit in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> advocated Urdu and English as the sole state languages.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> Opposition and protests arose immediately. Students from Dhaka rallied under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Principal_Abul_Kashem" class="mw-redirect" title="Principal Abul Kashem">Abul Kashem</a>, the secretary of <a href="/wiki/Tamaddun_Majlish" title="Tamaddun Majlish">Tamaddun Majlish</a>, a Bengali Islamic cultural organisation. The meeting stipulated Bengali as an official language of the Dominion of Pakistan and as a medium of education in East Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-umarharv1-20">[18]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Public_Service_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Public Service Commission">Pakistan Public Service Commission</a> removed Bengali from the list of approved subjects, as well as from currency notes and stamps. The central education minister <a href="/wiki/Fazlur_Rahman_(politician)" title="Fazlur Rahman (politician)">Fazlur Rahman</a> made extensive preparations to make Urdu the only state language of the Dominion of Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> Public outrage spread, and many Bengali students met on the University of Dhaka campus on 8 December 1947 to formally demand that Bengali be made an official language. To promote their cause, Bengali students organised processions and rallies in Dhaka.<a href="#cite_note-Banglapedia-17">[15]</a> Leading Bengali scholars argued why Urdu should not be the only state language. The writer <a href="/wiki/Abul_Mansur_Ahmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Mansur Ahmed">Abul Mansur Ahmed</a> said if Urdu became the state language, the educated society of East Bengal would become 'illiterate' and 'ineligible' for government positions.<a href="#cite_note-umarharvmansur-22">[20]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Rastrabhasa_Sangram_Parishad" title="Rastrabhasa Sangram Parishad">Rastrabhasa Sangram Parishad</a> (National Language Action Committee), an organisation in favour of Bengali as a state language was formed towards the end of December 1947. Professor <a href="/wiki/Nurul_Huq_Bhuiyan" title="Nurul Huq Bhuiyan">Nurul Huq Bhuiyan</a> of the Tamaddun Majlish convened the committee.<a href="#cite_note-Banglapedia-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sri-23">[21]</a> Later, Parliament member <a href="/wiki/Shamsul_Huq" title="Shamsul Huq">Shamsul Huq</a> convened a new committee to push for Bengali as a state language. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dhirendranath_Datta's_proposal">Dhirendranath Datta's proposal</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dhirendranath Datta's proposal" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhirendranath_datta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/77/Dhirendranath_datta.jpg/250px-Dhirendranath_datta.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="302" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="347"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 302px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/77/Dhirendranath_datta.jpg/250px-Dhirendranath_datta.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="302" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/77/Dhirendranath_datta.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Dhirendranath was the key figure to raise the demand for <a href="/wiki/Bangali" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangali">Bangali</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Bengali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali script">traditional script</a> as a state language in Pakistan assembly.</figcaption></figure> Assembly member <a href="/wiki/Dhirendranath_Datta" title="Dhirendranath Datta">Dhirendranath Datta</a> proposed legislation in the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="Constituent Assembly of Pakistan">Constituent Assembly of Pakistan</a> to allow members to speak in Bengali and authorise its use for official purposes.<a href="#cite_note-Banglapedia-17">[15]</a> Datta's proposal was supported by legislators Prem Hari Burman, <a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a> and Sris Chandra Chattaopadhyaya of East Bengal, as well as the people from the region.<a href="#cite_note-Banglapedia-17">[15]</a> Prime minister <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a> and the Muslim League denounced the proposal as an attempt to divide the Pakistani people, thus the legislation was defeated.<a href="#cite_note-Banglapedia-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-swadhinotajuddho-24">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fazlur_Rahman's_proposal">Fazlur Rahman's proposal</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fazlur Rahman's proposal" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Since the partition of the country in 1947, the Union Minister representing East Pakistan <a href="/wiki/Fazlur_Rahman_(politician)" title="Fazlur Rahman (politician)">Fazlur Rahman</a> campaigned for the implementation of Bengali language written in Arabic script (Bengali language with the "Hurful Qur'an"). At the Nikhil Pakistan Teachers' Conference held in Karachi on 29 December 1948, Fazlur Rahman proposed to write Bengali in Arabic script for the sake of Islamization of the language. East Bengal Provincial Education Department Secretary Fazle Ahmad Karim Fazli was one of the main initiators of the effort to introduce the Arabic alphabet in Bengal. Both Karim Fazli and Fazlur Rahman established a society called 'Hurful Qur'an Samity' with a Maulana named Zulfikar Ali of Chittagong and tried to form a movement to introduce Arabic letters in Bengal through him. Abdul Hakim, the former director of the East-Bengal Education Department said; "Some funny legends are heard in Dhaka about a Bengali Wazir Sahib's own knowledge of Urdu. He wanted to fulfill his ardent desire to beautify the in order to be admired by the all-powerful Urdu Mahal of the Centre. For this purpose, a sum of Rs. 35,000 per annum for the publication of books was arranged to hand over the central sanction to the aforesaid Provincial Education Secretary.”<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> In response, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shahidullah" title="Muhammad Shahidullah">Muhammad Shahidullah</a> opposed the proposal, fearing further complications, and advocated making Bengali unchanged as the state language of East Bengal and one of the state languages of Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposal_for_Romanisation_of_Bengali">Proposal for Romanisation of Bengali</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Proposal for Romanisation of Bengali" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qudrat_Khuda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Qudrat_Khuda.jpg/220px-Qudrat_Khuda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="513"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 323px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Qudrat_Khuda.jpg/220px-Qudrat_Khuda.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="323" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Qudrat_Khuda.jpg/330px-Qudrat_Khuda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Qudrat_Khuda.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Qudrat-i-Khuda" title="Muhammad Qudrat-i-Khuda">Muhammad Qudrat-i-Khuda</a> proposed the romanisation of Bengali in the early stage of language movement.</figcaption></figure> During that time, <a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Bengali" title="Romanisation of Bengali">romanisation of Bengali</a> was also proposed along with other proposals regarding the determination of the state language of Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-ES-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-BAH-27">[25]</a> After 1947, many other East Pakistani academics, including <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Qudrat-i-Khuda" title="Muhammad Qudrat-i-Khuda">Muhammad Qudrat-i-Khuda</a> and Nazirul Islam Mohammad Sufian, supported the idea of writing Bengali in Roman script.<a href="#cite_note-BAH-27">[25]</a> In 1948, Mohammad Ferdous Khan opposed it in his pamphlet "The language problem of today".<a href="#cite_note-BAH-27">[25]</a> Abul Fazl Muhammad Akhtar-ud-Din supported the Roman alphabet in his article entitled "Bangla Bornomalar Poribortton" (বাংলা বর্ণমালার পরিবর্ত্তন, Changes in the Bengali Alphabet) published in <a href="/wiki/Daily_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Azad">Daily Azad</a> on 18 April 1949.<a href="#cite_note-BAH-27">[25]</a> The romanisation proposal continued on even after 1952. In 1957, the East Pakistan Education Commission recommended the use of the revised Roman script in adult education.<a href="#cite_note-BAH-27">[25]</a> Around 1957–1958, there was a significant demand for the use of Roman letters again. At that time <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abdul_Hye" title="Muhammad Abdul Hye">Muhammad Abdul Hai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Enamul_Haque" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Enamul Haque">Muhammad Enamul Haque</a> opposed it.<a href="#cite_note-BAH-27">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agitations_of_1948">Agitations of 1948</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Agitations of 1948" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Students of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dhaka" title="University of Dhaka">University of Dhaka</a> and other colleges of the city organised a general strike on 11 March 1948 to protest the omission of Bengali language from official use, including coins, stamps and recruitment tests for the navy. The movement restated the demand that Bengali be declared an official language of the Dominion of Pakistan. Political leaders such as Shamsul Huq, <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shawkat_Ali" title="Shawkat Ali">Shawkat Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/M_Sirajul_Islam" title="M Sirajul Islam">M Sirajul Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazi_Golam_Mahboob" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazi Golam Mahboob">Kazi Golam Mahboob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oli_Ahad" title="Oli Ahad">Oli Ahad</a>, Abdul Wahed and others were arrested during the rallies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agreement_with_Khwaja_Nazimuddin">Agreement with Khwaja Nazimuddin</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Agreement with Khwaja Nazimuddin" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the afternoon of 11 March, a meeting was held to protest police brutality and arrests. A group of students marching towards the chief minister <a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddin" title="Khawaja Nazimuddin">Khawaja Nazimuddin</a>'s house was stopped in front of the <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_High_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaka High Court">Dhaka High Court</a>. The rally changed its direction and moved in the direction of the Secretariat building. Police attacked the procession injuring several students and leaders, including <a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-helal263-28">[26]</a> Continuing strikes were observed the following four days. Under such circumstances, the chief minister Nazimuddin signed an accord with the student leaders agreeing to some terms and conditions, without complying to the demand that Bengali be made a state language.<a href="#cite_note-Banglapedia-17">[15]</a> On 6 April 1948, in East Bengal Assembly resolution was passed making Bengali an official language of the province by Nazimuddin led Muslim League government of East Bengal. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liaquat_Ali_Khan's_visit_to_Dhaka">Liaquat Ali Khan's visit to Dhaka</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Liaquat Ali Khan's visit to Dhaka" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> On November 18, 1948, the first Prime Minister of Pakistan <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a> visited East Pakistan. On November 27, he addressed a student meeting at the playground of Dhaka University. In that meeting, the demand for Bengali language in the certificate issued by the Dhaka University Central Student Union was again raised, but he refrained from making any comments. In a meeting of the National Language Working Council held under the chairmanship of Ataur Rahman Khan on November 17, <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Ahmad_(novelist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aziz Ahmad (novelist)">Aziz Ahmad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abul_Kashem" title="Abul Kashem">Abul Kashem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamruddin_Ahmed" title="Kamruddin Ahmed">Kamruddin Ahmed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Mannan_(politician,_born_1929)" title="Abdul Mannan (politician, born 1929)">Abdul Mannan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajuddin_Ahmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajuddin Ahmed">Tajuddin Ahmed</a> and others drafted a memorandum and sent it to Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan. The Prime Minister did not respond to this either.<a href="#cite_note-VAAncholicItihash-P5-P27-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Islam-30">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah's_visit_to_Dhaka">Muhammad Ali Jinnah's visit to Dhaka</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Muhammad Ali Jinnah's visit to Dhaka" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quaid-delivering-speech_copy2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Quaid-delivering-speech_copy2.jpg/220px-Quaid-delivering-speech_copy2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="290"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Quaid-delivering-speech_copy2.jpg/220px-Quaid-delivering-speech_copy2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Quaid-delivering-speech_copy2.jpg/330px-Quaid-delivering-speech_copy2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Quaid-delivering-speech_copy2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> on 21 March 1948 told at a public meeting that State language of Pakistan is going to be Urdu and no other language.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a></figcaption></figure> In the height of civic unrest, <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">Governor-General of Pakistan</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> arrived in Dhaka on 19 March 1948. On 21 March, at a civic reception at <a href="/wiki/Suhrawardy_Udyan" title="Suhrawardy Udyan">Racecourse Ground</a>, he claimed that the language issue was designed by a "<a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">fifth column</a>" to divide Pakistani Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-SA9-33">[31]</a> Jinnah further declared that "Urdu, and only Urdu" embodied the spirit of Muslim nations and would remain as the state language,<a href="#cite_note-Banglapedia-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-UStudies-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-sayeed-36">[34]</a> labelling those who disagreed with his views as "Enemies of Pakistan". Jinnah delivered a similar speech at <a href="/wiki/Curzon_Hall" title="Curzon Hall">Curzon Hall</a> of the University of Dhaka on 24 March.<a href="#cite_note-JSToldenburg-18">[16]</a> At both meetings, Jinnah was interrupted by large segments of the audience. He later called a meeting of a state language committee of action, and overruled the contract that was signed by Khawaja Nazimuddin with the student leaders.<a href="#cite_note-helal263-28">[26]</a> Before Jinnah left Dhaka on 28 March, he delivered a speech on radio reasserting his "Urdu-only" policy.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposal_for_Arabic_language">Proposal for Arabic language</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Proposal for Arabic language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammod_Sohidullah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Mohammod_Sohidullah.jpg/250px-Mohammod_Sohidullah.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="361" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="1023"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 361px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Mohammod_Sohidullah.jpg/250px-Mohammod_Sohidullah.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="361" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Mohammod_Sohidullah.jpg/375px-Mohammod_Sohidullah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Mohammod_Sohidullah.jpg/500px-Mohammod_Sohidullah.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Muhammad Shahidullah was a central figure in the proposal to make Arabic the state language.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shahidullah" title="Muhammad Shahidullah">Muhammad Shahidullah</a> believed that Bengalis could learn Urdu at the same time as learning English, he also believed that: "When Arabic becomes the state language of Pakistan, the creation of the state of Pakistan will be justified."<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> Therefore, in December 1949, he assumed the presidency of the East Pakistan Arabic Language Association, approved a draft memorandum to be submitted to the Assembly, where it was requested to government for Arabic to be made the state language of Pakistan and for the provision of 'Darse Koran' or Quran teaching in various centers and mosques of the city.<a href="#cite_note-pb-39">[37]</a> On January 18, 1950, some students of <a href="/wiki/Rajshahi_College" title="Rajshahi College">Rajshahi College</a> called a meeting to demand that Arabic be made the state language.<a href="#cite_note-pb-39">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_Pakistan" title="State Bank of Pakistan">3 State Bank</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Zahid_Husain_(banker)" title="Zahid Husain (banker)">Zahid Hussain</a> proposed to make Arabic the state language and this proposal was then supported by Syed Akbar Shah, member of <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_Sindh" title="Provincial Assembly of Sindh">Sindh Legislative Council</a> and Vice-Chancellor of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sindh" title="University of Sindh">Sindh Arabic University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pb-39">[37]</a> On 1 February 1951 at the session of the World Muslim Conference in Karachi, the leader of the Ismaili community <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_III" title="Aga Khan III">Aga Khan</a> said, if Arabic is made the state language of Pakistan, common communication will be established between the Muslims of the Arab world, North Africa and Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-pb-39">[37]</a> On February 10, 1951, the Secretary of the Pakistan Buddhist League, Rabindranath Burmi, issued a statement opposing these proposals in favour of Urdu instead of Arabic as state language.<a href="#cite_note-pb-39">[37]</a> These proposals to make Arabic the state language did not gain much support in any part of Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-pb-39">[37]</a> However, according to Badruddin Umar, as this demand was related to the question of development of Islamic culture, it indirectly supported the demand of the introduction of Arabic script in Bengali language to some extent in some groups.<a href="#cite_note-pb-39">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposal_by_Language_Committee">Proposal by Language Committee</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Proposal by Language Committee" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MohammadAkramKhan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/MohammadAkramKhan.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="229" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="229"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 229px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/MohammadAkramKhan.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="229" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>East Bengal Language Committee headed by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Akram_Khan" title="Muhammad Akram Khan">Muhammad Akram Khan</a> recommended writing Bengali through Arabic characters.</figcaption></figure> Shortly thereafter, the East Bengal Language Committee, presided by <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Akram_Khan" title="Mohammad Akram Khan">Maulana Akram Khan</a>, was formed by the East Bengal government to prepare a report on the language problem.<a href="#cite_note-ciil-ebooks.net-40">[38]</a> At 1949, Language Committee of the East-Bengal Government conducted a survey among teachers, intellectuals, high civil servants, members of the Legislative Council, according to which, out of 301 respondents, 96 favoured the introduction of the Arabic script, 18 the Roman script and 187 gave opinion in favour of the retention of the Bengali script. Besides, many people did not give any answer.<a href="#cite_note-BAH-27">[25]</a> The committee produced its report by 6 December 1950; but it was not published before 1958. Here an effective measure was proposed by the government to solve the language problem, where they recommended writing Bengali through Arabic characters.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Events_of_1952">Events of 1952</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Events of 1952" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4th_Feb_1952_NobabPureRoad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/4th_Feb_1952_NobabPureRoad.jpg/220px-4th_Feb_1952_NobabPureRoad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="358"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 136px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/4th_Feb_1952_NobabPureRoad.jpg/220px-4th_Feb_1952_NobabPureRoad.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/4th_Feb_1952_NobabPureRoad.jpg/330px-4th_Feb_1952_NobabPureRoad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/4th_Feb_1952_NobabPureRoad.jpg/440px-4th_Feb_1952_NobabPureRoad.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Procession march held on 4 February 1952 at Nawabpur Road, Dhaka.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1952_Bengali_Language_movement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/1952_Bengali_Language_movement.jpg/220px-1952_Bengali_Language_movement.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="317"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 183px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/1952_Bengali_Language_movement.jpg/220px-1952_Bengali_Language_movement.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="183" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/1952_Bengali_Language_movement.jpg/330px-1952_Bengali_Language_movement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/1952_Bengali_Language_movement.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Procession march held on 21 February 1952 in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a></figcaption></figure> The Urdu-Bengali controversy was reignited when Liaqat Ali Khan's successor, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddin" title="Khawaja Nazimuddin">Khawaja Nazimuddin</a>, staunchly defended the "Urdu-only" policy in a speech on 27 January 1952.<a href="#cite_note-helal263-28">[26]</a> On 31 January, the <a href="/wiki/Shorbodolio_Kendrio_Rashtrobhasha_Kormi_Porishod" title="Shorbodolio Kendrio Rashtrobhasha Kormi Porishod">Shorbodolio Kendrio Rashtrobhasha Kormi Porishod</a> (All-Party Central Language Action Committee) was formed in a meeting at the Bar Library Hall of the University of Dhaka, chaired by <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Bhashani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulana Bhashani">Maulana Bhashani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Banglapedia-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> The central government's proposal of writing the Bengali language in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> by Pakistan's Bengali education minister <a href="/wiki/Fazlur_Rahman_(politician)" title="Fazlur Rahman (politician)">Fazlur Rahman</a> was vehemently opposed at the meeting. The action committee called for an all out protest on 21 February, including strikes and rallies.<a href="#cite_note-helal263-28">[26]</a> In an attempt to prevent the demonstration, the government imposed <a href="/wiki/Section_144" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 144">Section 144</a> in Dhaka, thereby banning any gathering.<a href="#cite_note-Banglapedia-17">[15]</a> According to the earlier decision, students of Dhaka University and other educational institutions gathered at Dhaka University premises on February 4. The rally protested the proposal to write Bengali in Arabic script and demanded Bengali as the state language. The students took out a huge demonstration after their assembly.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> On February 11, 1952, a long circular (No. 10) titled 'Rashtra Bhashar Andolan' was promoted to the Secretariat of the Bengali Provincial Organizing Committee before the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Pakistan" title="Communist Party of Pakistan">Communist Party of Pakistan</a>'. In this circular, the Communist Party's statement, line, and organizational duties regarding the language movement are clearly indicated.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> In accordance with the principles and lines of the State Language Movement laid down in Party Circular No. 10 of the East Bengal Organizing Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Pakistan" title="Communist Party of Pakistan">Communist Party of Pakistan</a> dated February 11, they circulated a cyclostyled manifesto on February 20, which read, "Respond to the call of the All-Union State Language Working Committee. Do strike, hartal, meeting and march across the province on 21st February to demand Bengali as one of the national languages with equal status for all languages.” This brief manifesto calls for, “English shall no longer be the official language; Want equality of all languages of Pakistan; <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pathan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathan">Pathans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Balochs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> speakers etc. have to be given the right to get education in their own mother tongue and conduct government affairs; We want to make Bengali language one of the national languages. Instead of English, Urdu, Bengali - the movement to give equal status to all languages in the state. English made English as the state language in order to continue the imperialist and feudal system of exploitation while keeping the various linguistic communities of Pak-India backward. The League government also adopted English as the state language for the same purpose; has kept and wants to make the only child the state language. Making one language the state language will leave the various linguistic communities of Pakistan backward and will hinder the overall development of Pakistan. Therefore, all the Bengali, Punjabi, Pathan, Siddhi, Belche, Urdu speaking nations of Pakistan should come together in the movement to give equal status to the different languages of Pakistan and make them the state language."<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21_February">21 February</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 21 February" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> At nine o'clock in the morning, students began gathering on the University of Dhaka premises in defiance of Section 144. The university vice-chancellor and other officials were present as armed police surrounded the campus. By a quarter past eleven, students gathered at the university gate and attempted to break the police line. Police fired <a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">tear gas</a> shells towards the gate to warn the students.<a href="#cite_note-Banglapedia-17">[15]</a> A section of students ran into the Dhaka Medical College while others rallied towards the university premises cordoned by the police. The vice-chancellor asked police to stop firing and ordered the students to leave the area. However, the police arrested several students for violating section 144 as they attempted to leave. Enraged by the arrests, the students met around the <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bengal Legislative Assembly">East Bengal Legislative Assembly</a> and blocked the legislators' way, asking them to present their insistence at the assembly. When a group of students sought to storm into the building, police opened fire and killed a number of students, including <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam_(language_martyr)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdus Salam (language martyr)">Abdus Salam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafiq_Uddin_Ahmed" title="Rafiq Uddin Ahmed">Rafiq Uddin Ahmed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sofiur_Rahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Sofiur Rahman">Shafiur Rahman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abul_Barkat" title="Abul Barkat">Abul Barkat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Jabbar_(activist)" title="Abdul Jabbar (activist)">Abdul Jabbar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Banglapedia-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> The Government reported that 29 people died in that day.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> As the news of the killings spread, disorder erupted across the city. Shops, offices and public transport were shut down and a general strike began.<a href="#cite_note-UStudies-35">[33]</a> At the assembly, six legislators including <a href="/wiki/Manoranjan_Dhar" title="Manoranjan Dhar">Manoranjan Dhar</a>, Boshontokumar Das, Shamsuddin Ahmed and <a href="/wiki/Dhirendranath_Datta" title="Dhirendranath Datta">Dhirendranath Datta</a> requested that chief minister <a href="/wiki/Nurul_Amin" title="Nurul Amin">Nurul Amin</a> visit wounded students in hospital and that the assembly be adjourned as a sign of mourning.<a href="#cite_note-bashir377393-48">[46]</a> This motion was supported by some treasury bench members including <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Abdur_Rashid_Tarkabagish" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulana Abdur Rashid Tarkabagish">Maulana Abdur Rashid Tarkabagish</a>, Shorfuddin Ahmed, Shamsuddin Ahmed Khondokar and Mosihuddin Ahmed.<a href="#cite_note-bashir377393-48">[46]</a> However, Nurul Amin refused the requests.<a href="#cite_note-Banglapedia-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-bashir377393-48">[46]</a> On the same day, the East Bengal Organizing Committee of the <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Communist_Party_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="East Pakistan Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist)">East Pakistan Communist Party</a> circulated a cyclostyled manifesto entitled "To build a united East Bengal Tumdal United Movement against the barbaric killings of the tyrant Nurul Amin Sarkar", calling on all institutions and the multi-lingual public of Pakistan, regardless of party affiliation. Support is invited for the following demands: <ul><li>Leaving chair by Nazim Nurul Amin Sarkar</li> <li>Want to make Bengali one of the national languages immediately</li> <li>We want the punishment of the killer, we want a private commission of inquiry, we want full compensation for the dead and injured.</li> <li>Seek immediate release of all political prisoners,</li> <li>Demand withdrawal of Security Act, Section 144 and all repressive laws.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="22_February">22 February</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 22 February" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Disorder spread across the province as large processions ignored <a href="/wiki/Section_144" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 144">section 144</a> and condemned the actions of the police.<a href="#cite_note-helal263-28">[26]</a> More than 30,000 people congregated at Curzon Hall in Dhaka. During the continued protests, police actions led to the death of four more people. This prompted officers and clerks from different organisations, including colleges, banks and the radio station, to boycott offices and join the procession.<a href="#cite_note-UStudies-35">[33]</a> Protesters burned the offices of two leading pro-government news agencies, the Jubilee Press and the Morning News.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> Police fired on a major janaza, or mourning rally, as it was passing through <a href="/wiki/Nawabpur_Road" title="Nawabpur Road">Nawabpur Road</a>. The shooting killed several people including activist <a href="/wiki/Sofiur_Rahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Sofiur Rahman">Sofiur Rahman</a> and a nine-year-old boy named Ohiullah.<a href="#cite_note-Banglapedia-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continued_unrest">Continued unrest</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Continued unrest" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:22_Feb_1952_DURoad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/22_Feb_1952_DURoad.jpg/220px-22_Feb_1952_DURoad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="405"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 213px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/22_Feb_1952_DURoad.jpg/220px-22_Feb_1952_DURoad.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="213" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/22_Feb_1952_DURoad.jpg/330px-22_Feb_1952_DURoad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/22_Feb_1952_DURoad.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>22 February rally after <a href="/wiki/Islamic_funeral" title="Islamic funeral">janaja</a> at Dhaka Medical College on the University Dhaka road, Dhaka.</figcaption></figure> Through the night of 23 February, students of Dhaka Medical College worked on the construction of a Shaheed Smritistombho, or Monument of Martyrs. Completed at dawn on 24 February, the monument had a handwritten note attached to it with the words "Shaheed Smritistombho".<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> Inaugurated by the father of the slain activist Sofiur Rahman, the monument was destroyed on 26 February by police.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> On 25 February, industrial workers in the town of <a href="/wiki/Narayanganj" title="Narayanganj">Narayanganj</a> observed a general strike.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> A protest followed on 29 February whose participants faced severe police beating.<a href="#cite_note-umarnarayan-55">[53]</a> The government censored news reports and withheld exact casualty figures during the protests. Most pro-government media held <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Communist_Party_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="East Pakistan Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist)">communists</a> responsible for encouraging the disorder and student unrest.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> The families of Abul Barkat and Rafiq Uddin Ahmed tried to charge the police with murder, but the charges were dismissed by the police. On 8 April government report on the incidents failed to show any particular justification for police firings on the students.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reaction_in_West_Pakistan">Reaction in West Pakistan</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Reaction in West Pakistan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Although the Language Movement is considered to have laid the foundations for <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a> in many of the Bengalis of East Bengal and later East Pakistan, it also heightened the cultural animosity between the authorities of the two wings of Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-B2g-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-BH-59">[57]</a> In the western wing of the Dominion of Pakistan, the movement was seen as a sectional uprising against Pakistani national interests.<a href="#cite_note-AS-60">[58]</a> The rejection of the "Urdu-only" policy was seen as a contravention of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Perso-Arabic culture</a> of Muslims and the founding ideology of Pakistan, the <a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">two-nation theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-B2g-12">[10]</a> Some of the most powerful politicians from the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan#Territory" title="Dominion of Pakistan">western wing</a> of Pakistan considered Urdu a product of Indian Islamic culture, but saw Bengali as a part of "Hinduized" Bengali culture.<a href="#cite_note-JSToldenburg-18">[16]</a> Most stood by the "Urdu only" policy because they believed that only a single language, one that was not indigenous to Pakistan, should serve as the national language. This kind of thinking also provoked considerable opposition in the western wing, wherein there existed several linguistic groups.<a href="#cite_note-JSToldenburg-18">[16]</a> As late as in 1967, military dictator Ayub Khan said, "East Bengal is ... still under considerable Hindu culture and influence."<a href="#cite_note-JSToldenburg-18">[16]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Aftermath" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rally_on_21Feb1954_Abdul_Hamid_and_Bangabandhu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Rally_on_21Feb1954_Abdul_Hamid_and_Bangabandhu.jpg/220px-Rally_on_21Feb1954_Abdul_Hamid_and_Bangabandhu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Rally_on_21Feb1954_Abdul_Hamid_and_Bangabandhu.jpg/220px-Rally_on_21Feb1954_Abdul_Hamid_and_Bangabandhu.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Rally_on_21Feb1954_Abdul_Hamid_and_Bangabandhu.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (centre) and <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Khan_Bhashani" title="Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani">Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani</a> (left) marching barefoot to pay tribute at <a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Minar,_Dhaka" title="Shaheed Minar, Dhaka">Shaheed Minar</a> (Martyrs' monument) in Dhaka on 21 February 1954.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:21feb1956_Shaheed_Minar_Dhaka.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/21feb1956_Shaheed_Minar_Dhaka.png/220px-21feb1956_Shaheed_Minar_Dhaka.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1676" data-file-height="1648"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 216px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/21feb1956_Shaheed_Minar_Dhaka.png/220px-21feb1956_Shaheed_Minar_Dhaka.png" data-width="220" data-height="216" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/21feb1956_Shaheed_Minar_Dhaka.png/330px-21feb1956_Shaheed_Minar_Dhaka.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/21feb1956_Shaheed_Minar_Dhaka.png/440px-21feb1956_Shaheed_Minar_Dhaka.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Maulana Bhashani after the foundation stone laying program for Shaheed Minar by Abul Barkat's family members on 21 February 1956.</figcaption></figure> The Shorbodolio Kendrio Rashtrobhasha Kormi Porishod, with support from the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Awami_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Awami League">Awami Muslim League</a>, decided to commemorate 21 February as Shohid Dibosh. On the first anniversary of the protests, people across East Bengal wore black badges in solidarity with the victims. Most offices, banks and educational institutions were closed to observe the occasion. Student groups made agreements with college and police officials to preserve law and order. More than 100,000 people assembled at a public meeting held in Dhaka, where community leaders called for the immediate release of Maulana Bhashani and other political prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-Banglapedia-17">[15]</a> However, Pakistani politicians such as <a href="/wiki/Fazlur_Rahman_(politician)" title="Fazlur Rahman (politician)">Fazlur Rahman</a> aggravated sectional tensions by declaring that anyone who wanted Bengali to become an official language would be considered an "enemy of the state". Bengali students and civilians disobeyed the restrictions to celebrate the anniversary of the protests. Demonstrations broke out on the night of 21 February 1954 with various halls of the University of Dhaka raising black flags in mourning.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Front_in_1954">United Front in 1954</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: United Front in 1954" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Political tensions came to a held as elections to the provincial assembly of East Bengal were held in 1954. The ruling Muslim League denounced the opposition <a href="/wiki/United_Front_(East_Pakistan)" title="United Front (East Pakistan)">United Front</a> coalition, which—led by <a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a> and the Awami League—wanted greater provincial autonomy. Several United Front leaders and activists were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-Helal601603-62">[60]</a> A meeting of parliament's Muslim League members, chaired by prime minister <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Bogra" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ali Bogra">Muhammad Ali Bogra</a>, resolved to give official recognition to Bengali. This decision was followed by a major wave of unrest as other ethnic groups sought recognition of other regional languages. Proponents of Urdu such as <a href="/wiki/Maulvi_Abdul_Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulvi Abdul Haq">Maulvi Abdul Haq</a> condemned any proposal to grant official status to Bengali. He led a rally of 100,000 people to protest against the Muslim League's decision.<a href="#cite_note-Pakspace-63">[61]</a> Consequently, the implementation failed and the United Front won a vast majority of seats in the legislative assembly, while the representation of the Muslim League was reduced to a historic low.<a href="#cite_note-UStudies-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pakspace-63">[61]</a> The United Front ministry ordered the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Bangla_Academy" title="Bangla Academy">Bangla Academy</a> to promote, develop, and preserve Bengali language, literature, and heritage.<a href="#cite_note-Banglapedia2-64">[62]</a> However, the United Front rule was temporary, as <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor General of Pakistan">Governor General</a> <a href="/wiki/Malik_Ghulam_Muhammad" title="Malik Ghulam Muhammad">Ghulam Muhammad</a> cancelled the government and started Governor's rule on 30 May 1954.<a href="#cite_note-Helal601603-62">[60]</a> The United Front again formed the ministry on 6 June 1955 after the governor's regime ended. The Awami League did not participate in this ministry though.<a href="#cite_note-bashir608613-65">[63]</a> Following the return of the United Front to power, the anniversary on 21 February 1956 was observed for the first time in a peaceful atmosphere. The Government supported a major project to construct a new Shaheed Minar. The session of the constituent assembly was stopped for five minutes to express condolence for the students slain in the police shootings. Major rallies were organised by Bengali leaders and all public offices and businesses remained closed.<a href="#cite_note-bashir608613-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_status_as_a_state_language">Constitutional status as a state language</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Constitutional status as a state language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> With the defeat of the Muslim League in the East Bengal assembly elections, the central government became flexible in recognising Bengali as the state language of Pakistan along with Urdu. At least a few thousand people protested in the National Assembly on April 22 against the decision.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> On 7 May 1954, the constituent assembly resolved, with the Muslim League's support, to grant official status to Bengali.<a href="#cite_note-Pakspace-63">[61]</a> Bengali was adopted as an official language of Pakistan along with Urdu in the article 214(1) when the first <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan_of_1956" title="Constitution of Pakistan of 1956">constitution of Pakistan</a> was enacted on 29 February 1956.<a href="#cite_note-bashir608613-65">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Bogra" title="Mohammad Ali Bogra">Mohammad Ali Bogra</a> raised the language related clauses of the constitution in Parliament. According to the clauses, Bengali language was given equal recognition as state language like Urdu. In Parliament and the Legislative Assembly, besides Urdu and English, there was an opportunity to speak in Bengali. The constitution also provided opportunities for higher education in Bengali.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> However, the military government formed by <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(Field_Marshal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)">Ayub Khan</a> made attempts to re-establish Urdu as the sole national language. On 6 January 1959, the military regime issued an official statement and reinstated the official stance of supporting the 1956 constitution's policy of two state languages.<a href="#cite_note-lambert-69">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_Bengali_Movement">Standard Bengali Movement</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Standard Bengali Movement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Bengali language movement and the banning of <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>'s works by the central government of Pakistan led to a movement by the intellectuals of Dhaka that led to an increase in the use of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengali_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="West Bengali dialect">Central Standard Bengali</a> in the city in the 1950s and 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_of_Bangladesh">Independence of Bangladesh</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Independence of Bangladesh" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shaheed_Minar_1963.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Shaheed_Minar_1963.png/220px-Shaheed_Minar_1963.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1708" data-file-height="1636"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 211px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Shaheed_Minar_1963.png/220px-Shaheed_Minar_1963.png" data-width="220" data-height="211" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Shaheed_Minar_1963.png/330px-Shaheed_Minar_1963.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Shaheed_Minar_1963.png/440px-Shaheed_Minar_1963.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The second Shaheed Minar (martyrs' monument) completed in 1963</figcaption></figure> Although the question of official languages was settled by 1956, the military regime of Ayub Khan promoted the interests of <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a> at the expense of <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>. Despite forming the majority of the national population, the East Pakistani population continued to be under-represented in the civil and military services, and received a minority of state funding and other government help. Due to regional economic, social, and political imbalances, sectional divisions grew,<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> and the Bengali ethnic nationalist Awami League invoked the <a href="/wiki/Six_point_movement" title="Six point movement">6-point movement</a> for greater provincial autonomy. One demand was that East Pakistan be called Bangladesh (Land/Country of Bengal), which subsequently led to the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-B2g-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-JSToldenburg-18">[16]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Cultural_impact_and_celebration">Cultural impact and celebration</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cultural impact and celebration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bangladesh" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Mother_Language_Day_Celebration.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/International_Mother_Language_Day_Celebration.PNG/220px-International_Mother_Language_Day_Celebration.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="401"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 141px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/International_Mother_Language_Day_Celebration.PNG/220px-International_Mother_Language_Day_Celebration.PNG" data-width="220" data-height="141" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/International_Mother_Language_Day_Celebration.PNG/330px-International_Mother_Language_Day_Celebration.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/International_Mother_Language_Day_Celebration.PNG/440px-International_Mother_Language_Day_Celebration.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Minar,_Dhaka" title="Shaheed Minar, Dhaka">Shaheed Minar</a>, or the Martyr's monument, located near <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Medical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaka Medical College">Dhaka Medical College</a> commemorates those who died during the protests on 21 February 1952</figcaption></figure> The Language Movement had a major cultural impact on Bengali society. It has inspired the development and celebration of the Bengali language, literature and culture. 21 February, celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Language_Movement_Day" title="Language Movement Day">Language Movement Day</a> or Shohid Dibosh (Martyrs' Day), is a major national holiday in Bangladesh. A month-long event called the <a href="/wiki/Ekushey_Book_Fair" title="Ekushey Book Fair">Ekushey Book Fair</a> is held every year to commemorate the movement. <a href="/wiki/Ekushey_Padak" title="Ekushey Padak">Ekushey Padak</a>, one of the highest civilian awards in Bangladesh, is awarded annually in memory of the sacrifices of the movement.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> Songs such as <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Gaffar_Choudhury" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Gaffar Choudhury">Abdul Gaffar Choudhury</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ekusher_Gaan" title="Ekusher Gaan">Ekusher Gaan</a>, set to music by Shaheed <a href="/wiki/Altaf_Mahmud" title="Altaf Mahmud">Altaf Mahmud</a>, as well as plays, works of art and poetry played a considerable role in rousing the people's emotions during the movement.<a href="#cite_note-cultureimp-73">[71]</a> Since the events of February 1952, poems, songs, novels, plays, films, cartoons, and paintings were created to capture the movement from the varied point of views. Notable artistic depictions include the poems Bornomala, Amar Dukhini Bornomala and February 1969 by <a href="/wiki/Shamsur_Rahman_(poet)" title="Shamsur Rahman (poet)">Shamsur Rahman</a>, the film <a href="/wiki/Jibon_Theke_Neya" title="Jibon Theke Neya">Jibon Theke Neya</a> by <a href="/wiki/Zahir_Raihan" title="Zahir Raihan">Zahir Raihan</a>, the stage play Kobor by <a href="/wiki/Munier_Chowdhury" class="mw-redirect" title="Munier Chowdhury">Munier Chowdhury</a> and the novels Ekushey February by Raihan and Artonaad by <a href="/wiki/Shawkat_Osman" title="Shawkat Osman">Shawkat Osman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> Two years after the first monument was destroyed by the police, a new <a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Minar,_Dhaka" title="Shaheed Minar, Dhaka">Shaheed Minar</a> (Monument of Martyrs) was constructed in 1954 to commemorate the protesters who died. Work on a larger monument designed by the architect <a href="/wiki/Hamidur_Rahman_(artist)" title="Hamidur Rahman (artist)">Hamidur Rahman</a> began in 1957 with the support of the United Front ministry, and was approved by a planning committee chaired by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dhaka" title="University of Dhaka">University of Dhaka</a> Vice-Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Husain" title="Mahmud Husain">Mahmud Husain</a> and College of Fine Arts principal <a href="/wiki/Zainul_Abedin" title="Zainul Abedin">Zainul Abedin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> Hamidur Rahman's model consisted of a large complex in the yard of the Dhaka Medical College Hostel. The design included a half-circular column symbolising a mother with her martyred sons standing at the dais in the centre of the monument. Although the imposition of martial law in 1958 interrupted the work, the monument was completed and inaugurated on 21 February 1963 by <a href="/wiki/Abul_Barkat" title="Abul Barkat">Abul Barkat</a>'s mother, Hasina Begum. Pakistani forces demolished the monument during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, but the Bangladeshi government reconstructed it in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ekushey_Television" title="Ekushey Television">Ekushey Television</a>, one of the oldest privately owned television channels in Bangladesh, was named after the date of the event.<a href="#cite_note-moreover-77">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: India" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Apart from Bangladesh, there was also a movement in the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> to give equal status to the Bengali language. On May 19, 1961, at <a href="/wiki/Silchar_railway_station" title="Silchar railway station">Silchar railway station</a>, 11 Bengalis were martyred by police firing while demanding the recognition of Bengali as a state language. Later, Bengali was granted the status of a semi-official language in three districts of Assam where the Bengali-speaking population is predominant.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> The states of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a> in India celebrate 21 February as Language Movement Day.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Worldwide:_International_Mother_Language_Day">Worldwide: International Mother Language Day</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Worldwide: International Mother Language Day" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Bangladesh officially sent a proposal to UNESCO to declare 21 February as <a href="/wiki/International_Mother_Language_Day" title="International Mother Language Day">International Mother Language Day</a>. The proposal was supported unanimously at the 30th General Conference of UNESCO held on 17 November 1999.<a href="#cite_note-UN1-81">[79]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bengali_language_activists" title="Category:Bengali language activists">Bengali language activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Barak_Valley)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)">Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Manbhum)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)">Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaddun_Majlish" title="Tamaddun Majlish">Tamaddun Majlish</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: বাংলা ভাষা আন্দোলন, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bengali" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Bengali">romanized</a>: Bangla bhasha andōlon<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">[ˈbaŋlaˑ ˈbʱaʃaˑ ˈand̪olɔn]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Renamed <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> in 1955. East Bengal was the administrative division of the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a> corresponding to today's Bangladesh from 1947 to 1955. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAl_Helal2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Bashir_Al_Helal" title="Bashir Al Helal">Al Helal, B</a> (2003). Bhasha Andoloner Itihas (History of the Language Movement) (in Bengali). <a href="/wiki/Agamee_Prakashani" title="Agamee Prakashani">Agamee Prakashani</a>, Dhaka. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-401-523-5" title="Special:BookSources/984-401-523-5"><bdi>984-401-523-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhasha+Andoloner+Itihas+%28History+of+the+Language+Movement%29&rft.pub=Agamee+Prakashani%2C+Dhaka&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=984-401-523-5&rft.aulast=Al+Helal&rft.aufirst=B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+language+movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUmar1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Badruddin_Umar" title="Badruddin Umar">Umar, Badruddin</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.265835">Purbo-Banglar Bhasha Andolon O Totkalin Rajniti <bdi lang="bn">পূর্ব বাংলার ভাষা আন্দোলন ও তৎকালীন রজনীতি</bdi></a> (in Bengali). Dhaka: Agamee Prakashani.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Purbo-Banglar+Bhasha+Andolon+O+Totkalin+Rajniti+%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8+%E0%A6%93+%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8+%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF&rft.place=Dhaka&rft.pub=Agamee+Prakashani&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Umar&rft.aufirst=Badruddin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.265835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+language+movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUmar2004" class="citation book cs1">Umar, Badruddin (2004). The Emergence of Bangladesh: Class Struggles in East Pakistan (1947–1958). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-579571-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-579571-7"><bdi>0-19-579571-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Bangladesh%3A+Class+Struggles+in+East+Pakistan+%281947%E2%80%931958%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-579571-7&rft.aulast=Umar&rft.aufirst=Badruddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+language+movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUddin2006" class="citation book cs1">Uddin, Sufia M. (2006). Constructing Bangladesh: Religion, Ethnicity, and Language in an Islamic Nation. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-3021-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-3021-6"><bdi>0-8078-3021-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+Bangladesh%3A+Religion%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Language+in+an+Islamic+Nation&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8078-3021-6&rft.aulast=Uddin&rft.aufirst=Sufia+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+language+movement" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNag2022" class="citation book cs1">Nag, Sajal (30 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dJGZEAAAQBAJ&q=bengali+in+arabic+script">Nation and Its Modes of Oppressions in South Asia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-81044-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-81044-8"><bdi>978-1-000-81044-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation+and+Its+Modes+of+Oppressions+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022-12-30&rft.isbn=978-1-000-81044-8&rft.aulast=Nag&rft.aufirst=Sajal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdJGZEAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbengali%2Bin%2Barabic%2Bscript&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+language+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaloney1978" class="citation book cs1">Maloney, Clarence (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M_oUAAAAIAAJ&dq=bengali+in+arabic+script&pg=PA145">Language and Civilization Change in South Asia</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brill_Archive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brill Archive (page does not exist)">Brill Archive</a>. pp. 145, 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-05741-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-05741-8"><bdi>978-90-04-05741-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+Civilization+Change+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=145%2C+146&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-90-04-05741-8&rft.aulast=Maloney&rft.aufirst=Clarence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM_oUAAAAIAAJ%26dq%3Dbengali%2Bin%2Barabic%2Bscript%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+language+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ES-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ES_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ES_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ES_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ES_5-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFহোসেনবিশ্বাসচৌধুরী1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">হোসেন, সেলিনা; বিশ্বাস, সুকুমার; চৌধুরী, শফিকুর রহমান, eds. (21 February 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.fliphtml5.com/lzrut/mjxv/#p=69">1513. একুশের স্মারকগ্রন্থ' ৮৬ - সম্পাদনায়</a> (in Bengali). <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bangla_Academy" title="Bangla Academy">Bangla Academy</a>. pp. 52–73. Retrieved 27 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1513.+%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%27+%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AC+-+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC&rft.place=Bangladesh&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.pub=Bangla+Academy&rft.date=1986-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.fliphtml5.com%2Flzrut%2Fmjxv%2F%23p%3D69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+language+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-বা-6"><a href="#cite_ref-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFপ্রিনস2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">প্রিনস, এরশাদুল আলম (20 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://banglanews24.com/opinion/news/bd/555426.details"><bdi lang="bn">বাংলা হরফের ওপর শয়তানি আছর</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Banglanews24.com" title="Banglanews24.com">banglanews24.com</a> (in Bengali). 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(1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/14.htm">"Pakistan Period (1947–71)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/">Bangladesh: A Country Study</a>. Government Printing Office, Country Studies US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-017720-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-017720-0"><bdi>0-16-017720-0</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 28 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kaler+Kantho&rft.atitle=%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%2C+%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%2C+%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF+%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF+%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE&rft.date=2017-11-15&rft.aulast=Rubel&rft.aufirst=Abul+Hasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kalerkantho.com%2Fprint-edition%2Fdhaka-360%2F2017%2F11%2F15%2F565707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+language+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUddin2006">Uddin 2006</a>, pp. 120, 126 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2012" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Sanjida (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=National_Awards">"National Awards"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Islam, Sirajul</a>; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=National+Awards&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Sanjida&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DNational_Awards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+language+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cultureimp-73"><a href="#cite_ref-cultureimp_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAminzadeDouglas_McAdamCharles_Tilly2001" class="citation book cs1">Aminzade, Ronald; Douglas McAdam; Charles Tilly (17 September 2001). "Emotions and Contentious Politics". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h8PNEOZRRt8C&q=bangladesh+language+movement">Silence and Voice in the Study of Contentious Politics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-00155-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-00155-2"><bdi>0-521-00155-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Emotions+and+Contentious+Politics&rft.btitle=Silence+and+Voice+in+the+Study+of+Contentious+Politics&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001-09-17&rft.isbn=0-521-00155-2&rft.aulast=Aminzade&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Douglas+McAdam&rft.au=Charles+Tilly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh8PNEOZRRt8C%26q%3Dbangladesh%2Blanguage%2Bmovement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+language+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIslam2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Islam, Rafiqul (2000). Amar Ekushey O Shaheed Minar (in Bengali). Dhaka: Poroma. pp. 62–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-8245-39-1" title="Special:BookSources/984-8245-39-1"><bdi>984-8245-39-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amar+Ekushey+O+Shaheed+Minar&rft.place=Dhaka&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.pub=Poroma&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=984-8245-39-1&rft.aulast=Islam&rft.aufirst=Rafiqul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+language+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain1996" class="citation book cs1">Hussain, Syed Sajjad (1996). The Wastes of Time. Institute of Islamic Culture. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41452432">41452432</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wastes+of+Time&rft.pub=Institute+of+Islamic+Culture&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41452432&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Syed+Sajjad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+language+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImam1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jahanara_Imam" title="Jahanara Imam">Imam, Jahanara</a> (1986). Ekattorer Dingulee (in Bengali). Dhaka: Shondhani Prokashani. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-480-000-5" title="Special:BookSources/984-480-000-5"><bdi>984-480-000-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ekattorer+Dingulee&rft.place=Dhaka&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Shondhani+Prokashani&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=984-480-000-5&rft.aulast=Imam&rft.aufirst=Jahanara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+language+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-moreover-77"><a href="#cite_ref-moreover_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChowdhury1999" class="citation news cs1">Chowdhury, Afsan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.himalmag.com/more-over-btv/">"Move over BTV"</a>. Himal Magazine. Retrieved 25 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Himal+Magazine&rft.atitle=Move+over+BTV&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Chowdhury&rft.aufirst=Afsan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.himalmag.com%2Fmore-over-btv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+language+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar2008" class="citation web cs1">Sarkar, Gautam (20 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118171741/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080520/jsp/jharkhand/story_9294570.jsp">"The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata) | Jharkhand | Court route for language status"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(India)" title="The Telegraph (India)">The Telegraph</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080520/jsp/jharkhand/story_9294570.jsp">the original</a> on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 18 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+Telegraph+-+Calcutta+%28Kolkata%29+%7C+Jharkhand+%7C+Court+route+for+language+status&rft.date=2008-03-20&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Gautam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1080520%2Fjsp%2Fjharkhand%2Fstory_9294570.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+language+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/tripura-bangladesh-celebrate-international-mother-language-day/articleshow/11981174.cms">"Tripura, Bangladesh celebrate international mother language day"</a>. The Times of India. 21 February 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Tripura%2C+Bangladesh+celebrate+international+mother+language+day&rft.date=2012-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fguwahati%2Ftripura-bangladesh-celebrate-international-mother-language-day%2Farticleshow%2F11981174.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+language+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/blogs/this-day-that-year-when-they-gave-away-their-lives-for-mother-tongue/">"This day, that year: When they gave away their lives for mother tongue"</a>. The Indian Express. 21 February 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=This+day%2C+that+year%3A+When+they+gave+away+their+lives+for+mother+tongue&rft.date=2015-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fblogs%2Fthis-day-that-year-when-they-gave-away-their-lives-for-mother-tongue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+language+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN1-81"><a href="#cite_ref-UN1_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070520205804/http://www.pmo.gov.bd/21february/imld_back.htm">"International Mother Language Day – Background and Adoption of the Resolution"</a>. Government of Bangladesh. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmo.gov.bd/21february/imld_back.htm">the original</a> on 20 May 2007. Retrieved 21 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Bangladesh&rft.atitle=International+Mother+Language+Day+%E2%80%93+Background+and+Adoption+of+the+Resolution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmo.gov.bd%2F21february%2Fimld_back.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+language+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnwar_S._Dil2000" class="citation book cs1">Anwar S. Dil (2000). Bengali language movement to Bangladesh. Ferozsons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-0-01577-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-969-0-01577-8"><bdi>978-969-0-01577-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengali+language+movement+to+Bangladesh&rft.pub=Ferozsons&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-969-0-01577-8&rft.au=Anwar+S.+Dil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+language+movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_S._Stern2000" class="citation book cs1">Robert S. Stern (2000). Democracy and Dictatorship in South Asia: Dominant Classes and Political Outcomes in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Praeger Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97041-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97041-3"><bdi>978-0-275-97041-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+Dictatorship+in+South+Asia%3A+Dominant+Classes+and+Political+Outcomes+in+India%2C+Pakistan%2C+and+Bangladesh&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97041-3&rft.au=Robert+S.+Stern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+language+movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyed_Manzoorul_Islam1994" class="citation book cs1">Syed Manzoorul Islam (1994). Essays on Ekushey: The Language Movement 1952. <a href="/wiki/Bangla_Academy" title="Bangla Academy">Bangla Academy</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-07-2968-3" title="Special:BookSources/984-07-2968-3"><bdi>984-07-2968-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Ekushey%3A+The+Language+Movement+1952&rft.pub=Bangla+Academy&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=984-07-2968-3&rft.au=Syed+Manzoorul+Islam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+language+movement" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Language movement at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Language_movement" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Language movement">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Language_movement" class="extiw" title="c:Special:Search/Language movement">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Language_movement" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Language movement">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Language_movement" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Language movement">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Language_movement" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Language movement">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Language_movement" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Language movement">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 22px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Language_movement" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Language movement">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151002011317/https://mukto-mona.com/new_site/mukto-mona/bengali_heritage/bangla_language_movement.htm">Notable Contributors to the Language Movement</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mukto-mona.com/new_site/mukto-mona/Articles/fatemolla/makers_of_history.htm">The Makers of History: International Mother Language Day</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161015213851/http://www.mukto-mona.com/new_site/mukto-mona/Articles/fatemolla/makers_of_history.htm">Archived</a> 15 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307033428/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Language_Movement">Language movement at Banglapedia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&oldid=1276940148">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&oldid=1276940148</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language_movement&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 21 February 2025, at 17:35 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حركة اللغة البنغالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حركة اللغة البنغالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8" title="বাংলা ভাষা আন্দোলন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাংলা ভাষা আন্দোলন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_Gi%C3%A2n-g%C3%BA_%C5%AAn-t%C5%8Dng" title="Bengali Giân-gú Ūn-tōng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bengali Giân-gú Ūn-tōng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Бенгалско езиково движение – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бенгалско езиково движение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emsav_ar_Bengaleg" title="Emsav ar Bengaleg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Emsav ar Bengaleg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhasha_Andolon" title="Bhasha Andolon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bhasha Andolon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalische_Sprachbewegung" title="Bengalische Sprachbewegung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bengalische Sprachbewegung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Βεγγαλικό γλωσσικό κίνημα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βεγγαλικό γλωσσικό κίνημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_por_la_Lengua_Bengal%C3%AD" title="Movimiento por la Lengua Bengalí – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Movimiento por la Lengua Bengalí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movado_por_bengala_lingvo" title="Movado por bengala lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Movado por bengala lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B4_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="جنبش زبان بنگالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنبش زبان بنگالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_pour_la_Langue" title="Mouvement pour la Langue – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mouvement pour la Langue" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%B5%EA%B3%A8%EC%96%B4_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" title="벵골어 운동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벵골어 운동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="बांग्ला भाषा आन्दोलन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बांग्ला भाषा आन्दोलन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerakan_bahasa_Bengali" title="Gerakan bahasa Bengali – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gerakan bahasa Bengali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="תנועת השפה הבנגלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תנועת השפה הבנגלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tevgera_ziman%C3%AA_bengal%C3%AE" title="Tevgera zimanê bengalî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tevgera zimanê bengalî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ബംഗാളി ഭാഷാ പ്രസ്ഥാനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബംഗാളി ഭാഷാ പ്രസ്ഥാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%89" title="حركة اللغه البانجلاديشى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حركة اللغه البانجلاديشى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerakan_Bahasa_Bengali" title="Gerakan Bahasa Bengali – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gerakan Bahasa Bengali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaalse_taalbeweging" title="Bengaalse taalbeweging – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bengaalse taalbeweging" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="बङ्गाली भाषा आन्दोलन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बङ्गाली भाषा आन्दोलन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E8%AA%9E%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E%E5%8C%96%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="ベンガル語国語化運動 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベンガル語国語化運動" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A8" title="ਬੰਗਾਲੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਅੰਦੋਲਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੰਗਾਲੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਅੰਦੋਲਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="بنگالی زبان دی تحریک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بنگالی زبان دی تحریک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Борьба за статус бенгальского языка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Борьба за статус бенгальского языка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="بنگالی زبان دی تحریک – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="بنگالی زبان دی تحریک" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language_movement" title="Bengali language movement – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bengali language movement" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வங்காள மொழி இயக்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வங்காள மொழி இயக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82" title="బెంగాలీ భాషా ఉద్యమం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బెంగాలీ భాషా ఉద్యమం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Боротьба за статус бенгальської мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Боротьба за статус бенгальської мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="بنگالی زبان کی تحریک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بنگالی زبان کی تحریک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phong_tr%C3%A0o_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_Bengal" title="Phong trào ngôn ngữ Bengal – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phong trào ngôn ngữ Bengal" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="孟加拉語言運動 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="孟加拉語言運動" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 February 2025, at 17:35 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a 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