CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="ms" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Bandar raya global - Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )mswikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy" ,"wgMonthNames":["","Januari","Februari","Mac","April","Mei","Jun","Julai","Ogos","September","Oktober","November","Disember"],"wgRequestId":"3b1288f5-4a8e-4d2c-b28a-49786d3924c6","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Bandar_raya_global","wgTitle":"Bandar raya global","wgCurRevisionId":6241333,"wgRevisionId":6241333,"wgArticleId":188695,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pautan wayback templat webarchive","Laman menggunakan pautan ajaib ISBN"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"ms","wgPageContentLanguage":"ms","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Bandar_raya_global","wgRelevantArticleId":188695,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true, "wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"ms","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"ms"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q208511","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.charinsert-styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.teahouse","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.watchlist-notice","ext.gadget.DRN-wizard","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.extra-toolbar-buttons","ext.gadget.MenuKedaiKopi","ext.gadget.mySandbox","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.featured-articles-links","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ms&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=ms&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ms&modules=ext.gadget.charinsert-styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ms&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Bandar raya global - Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//ms.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_raya_global"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Sunting" href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (ms)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//ms.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_raya_global"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ms"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Suapan Atom Wikipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Perubahan_terkini&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Bandar_raya_global rootpage-Bandar_raya_global skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Pergi ke kandungan</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu utama" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu utama</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu utama</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pandu arah </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Laman-Utama" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama"><span>Laman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-Tinjau" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tinjau"><span>Tinjau</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hal_semasa" title="Cari maklumat latar belakang mengenai peristiwa semasa"><span>Hal semasa</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Rawak" title="Muat laman rawak [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Rencana rawak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Perhubungan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Tentang-Wikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Gerbang-komuniti" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gerbang_Komuniti"><span>Gerbang komuniti</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_terkini" title="Senarai perubahan terkini dalam wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Menderma" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Menderma</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Tempat mencari jawapan"><span>Bantuan</span></a></li><li id="n-Kedai-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kedai_Kopi"><span>Kedai Kopi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ms.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Cari" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Cari</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cari Wikipedia" aria-label="Cari Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Khas:Cari"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Alat peribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Tukar penampilan saiz, lebar dan warna fon laman" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Penampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Penampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms" class=""><span>Derma</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Bandar+raya+global" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib" class=""><span>Buka akaun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Bandar+raya+global" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log masuk</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Lebih pilihan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alat peribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alat peribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Derma</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Bandar+raya+global" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buka akaun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Bandar+raya+global" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Kriteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kriteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Kriteria</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kriteria-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Kriteria</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kriteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ciri-ciri_ekonomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ciri-ciri_ekonomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ciri-ciri ekonomi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ciri-ciri_ekonomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ciri-ciri_politik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ciri-ciri_politik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ciri-ciri politik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ciri-ciri_politik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ciri-ciri_kebudayaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ciri-ciri_kebudayaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ciri-ciri kebudayaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ciri-ciri_kebudayaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ciri-ciri_prasarana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ciri-ciri_prasarana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Ciri-ciri prasarana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ciri-ciri_prasarana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kajian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kajian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kajian</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kajian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Kajian</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kajian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kajian_GaWC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kajian_GaWC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Kajian GaWC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kajian_GaWC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indeks_Bandaraya_Global" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indeks_Bandaraya_Global"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Indeks Bandaraya Global</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indeks_Bandaraya_Global-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_Power_City_Index" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_Power_City_Index"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Global Power City Index</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_Power_City_Index-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penarafan_bandaraya_mengikut_kategori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penarafan_bandaraya_mengikut_kategori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Penarafan bandaraya mengikut kategori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penarafan_bandaraya_mengikut_kategori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lihat juga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bandar raya global</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 57 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_global" title="Banda global – Aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Banda global" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltstadt" title="Weltstadt – Jerman Switzerland" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Weltstadt" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Switzerland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المدن العالمية – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المدن العالمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vela_mondi%C3%A2la" title="Vela mondiâla – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Vela mondiâla" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciud%C3%A1_global" title="Ciudá global – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ciudá global" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_global" title="Kota global – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kota global" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0" title="বৈশ্বিক শহর – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৈশ্বিক শহর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="बैस्विक शहर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बैस्विक शहर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Глобален град – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Глобален град" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciutat_mundial" title="Ciutat mundial – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ciutat mundial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glob%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_m%C4%9Bsto" title="Globální město – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Globální město" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdensby" title="Verdensby – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Verdensby" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltstadt" title="Weltstadt – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weltstadt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maailmalinn" title="Maailmalinn – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maailmalinn" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Παγκόσμια πόλη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παγκόσμια πόλη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Global city" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_global" title="Ciudad global – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciudad global" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondurbo" title="Mondurbo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mondurbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiri_global" title="Hiri global – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hiri global" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="شهر جهانی – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شهر جهانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ville_mondiale" title="Ville mondiale – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ville mondiale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidade_global" title="Cidade global – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cidade global" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhi%C3%B2n-khi%C3%BB_S%C3%A0ng-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Chhiòn-khiû Sàng-sṳ – Cina Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhiòn-khiû Sàng-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Cina Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84%EB%8F%84%EC%8B%9C" title="세계도시 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세계도시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84" title="Գլոբալ քաղաք – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գլոբալ քաղաք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svjetski_grad" title="Svjetski grad – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Svjetski grad" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citate_global" title="Citate global – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Citate global" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citt%C3%A0_globale" title="Città globale – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Città globale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D" title="עיר עולם – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיר עולם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98" title="გლობალური ქალაქი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გლობალური ქალაქი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivdad_globala" title="Sivdad globala – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Sivdad globala" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vil%C3%A1gv%C3%A1ros" title="Világváros – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Világváros" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ആഗോള നഗരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആഗോള നഗരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuravura_siti" title="Vuravura siti – Fiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Vuravura siti" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wereldstad" title="Wereldstad – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wereldstad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82" title="世界都市 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="世界都市" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdensby" title="Verdensby – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Verdensby" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1" title="عالمی شہر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عالمی شہر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolia_globalna" title="Metropolia globalna – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Metropolia globalna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidade_global" title="Cidade global – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cidade global" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ora%C8%99_global" title="Oraș global – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oraș global" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Глобальный город – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Глобальный город" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_ceety" title="Global ceety – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Global ceety" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Global city" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetov%C3%A9_mesto" title="Svetové mesto – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Svetové mesto" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Глобални град – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Глобални град" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maailmankaupunki" title="Maailmankaupunki – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maailmankaupunki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4rldsstad" title="Världsstad – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Världsstad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungsod_pandaigdig" title="Lungsod pandaigdig – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lungsod pandaigdig" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80" title="ఆల్ఫా వరల్డ్ సిటీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆల్ఫా వరల్డ్ సిటీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A0nh_ph%E1%BB%91_to%C3%A0n_c%E1%BA%A7u" title="Thành phố toàn cầu – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thành phố toàn cầu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCresel_%C5%9Fehir" title="Küresel şehir – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Küresel şehir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Світове місто – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Світове місто" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1" title="عالمی شہر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عالمی شہر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="全球城市 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="全球城市" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%A4%A7%E9%83%BD%E6%9C%83" title="國際大都會 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="國際大都會" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="全球城市 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="全球城市" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q208511#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bandar_raya_global" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Bandar_raya_global" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bandar_raya_global"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bandar_raya_global"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Bandar_raya_global" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Bandar_raya_global" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&oldid=6241333" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Bandar_raya_global&id=6241333&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBandar_raya_global"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBandar_raya_global"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Bandar+raya+global"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Bandar_raya_global&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_City" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q208511" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><p><b>Bandar raya global</b> (juga dikenali sebagai <b>bandar raya dunia</b> atau <b>bandar raya alfa</b>) ialah bandar raya yang ditentukan melalui titik pertemuan penting dalam <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_dunia" title="Ekonomi dunia">sistem ekonomi global</a>. Konsep yang berasal dari bidang <a href="/wiki/Geografi" title="Geografi">geografi</a> dan kajian <a href="/wiki/Bandar" title="Bandar">bandar</a> ini berteraskan gagasan bahawa <a href="/wiki/Globalisasi" title="Globalisasi">globalisasi</a> difahami sebagai dicipta, dimudahkan dan dilaksanakan terutamanya di tempat-tempat yang strategik mengikut hierarki kepentingan dan pengendalian sistem kewangan dan perdagangan sedunia. </p><p>Paling kompleks di kalangan entiti-entiti sedemikiannya ialah "bandar raya global" (<i>global city</i>), yang mana perhubungan bandar raya ini membawa kesan sosio-ekonomi yang langsung dan ketara terhadap hal-ehwal sedunia.<sup id="cite_ref-Sass1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sass1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Istilah <i>global city</i> dipercayai dicipta oleh ahli <a href="/wiki/Sosiologi" title="Sosiologi">sosiologi</a> <a href="/wiki/Saskia_Sassen" title="Saskia Sassen">Saskia Sassen</a> sebagai memaksudkan <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> dalam hasil kerja <i>The Global City</i> (1991),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> biarpun istilah <i>world city</i> (bandaraya dunia) yang memaksudkan kota-kota yang jauh menguasai lebih banyak perniagaan global berbanding tempat dipakai seawal-awal penggunaan sulungnya oleh <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Geddes" title="Patrick Geddes">Patrick Geddes</a> pada tahun 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-Doel_and_Hubbard_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doel_and_Hubbard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sesebuah bandaraya boleh hilang kelayakannya sebagai bandar raya global, misalnya yang semakin kurang bersifat kosmopolitan, dan semakin pudar namanya di peringkat dunia seperti <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad,_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaliningrad, Rusia">Kaliningrad, Rusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki, Greece</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Iskandariah" title="Iskandariah">Iskandariah, Mesir</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kriteria">Kriteria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Kriteria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kriteria"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taraf bandar raya global atau bandar raya dunia memang dipandang tinggi nilainya. Oleh sebab itu ramai pihak yang cuba menggolongkan dan menarafkan bandar raya yang mana boleh dikira sebagai 'bandar raya dunia' atau sebaliknya.<sup id="cite_ref-Doel_and_Hubbard_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doel_and_Hubbard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walaupun terdapat kata sepakat mengenai bandar-bandar terkemuka dunia,<sup id="cite_ref-GaWC_5_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GaWC_5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kriteria di mana klasifikasi dibuat boleh mempengaruhi bandar-bandar lain yang disertakan.<sup id="cite_ref-Doel_and_Hubbard_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doel_and_Hubbard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaedah pengenalpastiannya adalah sama ada berasaskan "pengukur nilai" (contohnya "jika sektor pengeluaran dan perkhidmatan ialah sektor terbesarnya, maka bandar raya X ialah bandaraya dunia")<sup id="cite_ref-Doel_and_Hubbard_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doel_and_Hubbard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ataupun "penentuan perbandingan" ("juka sektor pengeluaran dan perkhidmatan bandar raya X lebih besar berbanding sektor pengeluaran dan perkhidmatan N bandaraya lain, maka bandaraya X ialah bandaraya dunia").<sup id="cite_ref-Doel_and_Hubbard_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doel_and_Hubbard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ciri-ciri_ekonomi">Ciri-ciri ekonomi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Ciri-ciri ekonomi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Ciri-ciri ekonomi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Photos_NewYork1_032.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Photos_NewYork1_032.jpg/220px-Photos_NewYork1_032.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Photos_NewYork1_032.jpg/330px-Photos_NewYork1_032.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Photos_NewYork1_032.jpg/440px-Photos_NewYork1_032.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bursa_Saham_New_York" title="Bursa Saham New York">Bursa Saham New York</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibu_pejabat" title="Ibu pejabat">Ibu pejabat</a> <a href="/wiki/Perbadanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Perbadanan">korporat</a> untuk <a href="/wiki/Perbadanan_multinasional" title="Perbadanan multinasional">perbadanan multinasional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institusi_kewangan" title="Institusi kewangan">institusi kewangan</a> antarabangsa, firma guaman, <a href="/wiki/Konglomerat_(syarikat)" title="Konglomerat (syarikat)">konglomerat</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Bursa_saham" title="Bursa saham">bursa saham</a> yang mempengaruhi <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi" title="Ekonomi">ekonomi</a> dunia.</li> <li>Keupayaan/keluaran kewangan yang besar nilainya: <a href="/wiki/KDNK" class="mw-redirect" title="KDNK">KDNK</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bandaraya/setempat<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Indeks <a href="/wiki/Pasaran_saham" title="Pasaran saham">pasaran saham</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>/permodalan pasaran</li> <li>Peruntukan khidmat kewangan;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seperti <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perakaunan" title="Perakaunan">perakaunan</a></li> <li>Kos sara hidup<sup id="cite_ref-living_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-living-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kekayaan peribadi dan bilangan jutawan<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ciri-ciri_politik">Ciri-ciri politik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Ciri-ciri politik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Ciri-ciri politik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Westminster_palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Westminster_palace.jpg/220px-Westminster_palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Westminster_palace.jpg/330px-Westminster_palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Westminster_palace.jpg/440px-Westminster_palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Istana_Westminster" title="Istana Westminster">Istana Westminster</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Pengaruh dan penglibatan giat dalam peristiwa antarabangsa dan hal-ehwal dunia; cth. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussel" title="Brussel">Brussel</a> merupakan pusat kerajaan negara atau kesatuan berpengaruh.</li> <li>Ibu pejabat <a href="/wiki/Pertubuhan_antarabangsa" title="Pertubuhan antarabangsa">pertubuhan antarabangsa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bank_Dunia" title="Bank Dunia">Bank Dunia</a>), <a href="/wiki/NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO">NATO</a>)</li> <li>Bilangan penduduk yang amat besar dalam kawasan perbandaran (pusat <a href="/wiki/Kawasan_metropolitan" title="Kawasan metropolitan">kawasan metropolitan</a>, berjuta-juta orang) atau kelompokan bandar</li> <li>Kepelbagaian kawasan demografi<sup id="cite_ref-chap5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chap5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> berasaskan pelbagai penunjuk:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bilangan penduduk, penempatan,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mobiliti,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/wiki/Pembandaran" title="Pembandaran">pembandaran</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Taraf mutu hidup<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atau pembangunan bandar raya<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Komuniti ekspatriat</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ciri-ciri_kebudayaan">Ciri-ciri kebudayaan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Ciri-ciri kebudayaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Ciri-ciri kebudayaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Facade_of_the_Pavillon_Sully_in_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Facade_of_the_Pavillon_Sully_in_2007.jpg/220px-Facade_of_the_Pavillon_Sully_in_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Facade_of_the_Pavillon_Sully_in_2007.jpg/330px-Facade_of_the_Pavillon_Sully_in_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Facade_of_the_Pavillon_Sully_in_2007.jpg/440px-Facade_of_the_Pavillon_Sully_in_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Pengetahuan nama pertama di peringkat antarabangsa; yang mana sesebuah bandaraya dikenali tanpa perlu menyatakan pembahagian politiknya. Cth: <a href="/wiki/Bandaraya_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandaraya New York">Bandar raya New York</a> dipanggil "New York" sahaja, walaupun terletak di <a href="/wiki/Negeri_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Negeri New York">negeri New York</a>.</li> <li>Institusi kebudayaan terkemuka, seperti muzium, galeri, opera, orkestras, pusat perfileman dan pusat teater terkemuka. Persada kebudayaan yang aktif, termasuk pesta filem (seperti <a href="/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Toronto International Film Festival">Toronto International Film Festival</a>), tayangan perdana, industri muzik, kelab malam, syarikat opera, galeri seni, perarakan tahunan dsb.</li> <li>Pangkalan perbadanan media berpengaruh yang mencapai seluruh dunia, seperti <a href="/wiki/BBC" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC">BBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, atau <i><a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a></i>.</li> <li>Komuniti <a href="/wiki/Sukan" title="Sukan">kesukanan</a> besar, termasuk kemudahan sukan utama, pasukan tuan rumah sukan liga utama, dan keupayaan dan pengalaman sebagai tuan rumah temasya sukan antarabangsa seperti <a href="/wiki/Sukan_Olimpik" title="Sukan Olimpik">Sukan Olimpik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piala_Dunia_FIFA" title="Piala Dunia FIFA">Piala Dunia FIFA</a>, atau acara <a href="/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis">tenis</a> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tenis)" title="Grand Slam (tenis)">Grand Slam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Institusi pendidikan; contohnya, universiti,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kehadiran pelajar antarabangsa,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kemudahan penyelidikan</li> <li>Tapak penziarahan keagamaan</li> <li>Penempatan <a href="/wiki/Tapak_Warisan_Dunia" title="Tapak Warisan Dunia">Tapak Warisan Dunia</a> yang berkepentingan sejarah dan kebudayaan<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ketampungan pelancongan</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ciri-ciri_prasarana">Ciri-ciri prasarana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Ciri-ciri prasarana" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Ciri-ciri prasarana"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:500_series_Shinkansen_train_at_Tokyo_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/500_series_Shinkansen_train_at_Tokyo_Station.jpg/220px-500_series_Shinkansen_train_at_Tokyo_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/500_series_Shinkansen_train_at_Tokyo_Station.jpg/330px-500_series_Shinkansen_train_at_Tokyo_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/500_series_Shinkansen_train_at_Tokyo_Station.jpg/440px-500_series_Shinkansen_train_at_Tokyo_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a> di <a href="/wiki/Stesen_Tokyo" title="Stesen Tokyo">stesen Tokyo</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Sistem pengangkutan canggih yang merangkumi rangkaian <a href="/wiki/Lebuh_raya" title="Lebuh raya">lebuh raya</a> atau alihan massa besar yang menyediakan pelbagai kaedah pengangkutan (<a href="/wiki/Alihan_laju" class="mw-redirect" title="Alihan laju">alihan laju</a>, <a href="/wiki/LRT" class="mw-redirect" title="LRT">LRT</a>, rel serantau, <a href="/wiki/Feri" title="Feri">feri</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Bas" title="Bas">bas</a>).</li> <li>Sistem alihan massa yang meluas dan popular<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, penggunaan perkhidmatan tren,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> penggunaan kenderaan jalan raya,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pelabuhan utama<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapangan_terbang" title="Lapangan terbang">Lapangan terbang</a> antarabangsa utama yang berfungsi sebagai hab yang mantap untuk syarikat penerbangan terkemuka, cth. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. Lapangan terbang yang menampung bilangan penumpang yang amat ramai, apatah lagi penumpang antarabangsa,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atau muatan yang besar-besar</li> <li>Prasarana perhubungan canggih yang digunakan oleh perbadanan multinasional utama, seperti <a href="/wiki/Gentian_optik" title="Gentian optik">gentian optik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telefon_bimbit" title="Telefon bimbit">telefon bimbit</a>, dan lain-lain talian perhubungan berkelajuan tinggi.</li> <li>Kemudahan kesihatan; e.g. hospital, makmal perubatan</li> <li>Latar langit dan pencakar langit terkemuka<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kajian">Kajian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Kajian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kajian"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kajian_GaWC">Kajian GaWC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Kajian GaWC" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kajian GaWC"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Alfaworldcities.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Alfaworldcities.png/250px-Alfaworldcities.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Alfaworldcities.png/375px-Alfaworldcities.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Alfaworldcities.png/500px-Alfaworldcities.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Bandar Raya Dunia Alfa 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>Salah satu percubaan terawal untuk menentukan, menggolongkan dan menarafkan bandaraya global dilakukan pada tahun 1998, oleh Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) yang bertapak di Jabatan Geografi Universiti Loughborough, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. Jadualnya digariskan dalam GaWC Research Bulletin 5 dan menarafkan bandaraya berdasarkan peruntukan "khidmat pengeluaran termaju" seperti perakaunan, pengiklanan, kewangan, dan perundangan.<sup id="cite_ref-GaWC_5_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GaWC_5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inventori GaWC mengenal pasti tiga taraf bandaraya global diikuti beberapa subtaraf. </p><p>Penarafan GaWC selama ini diterbitkan empat tahun sekali. Penarafan tahun 2004 mengiktiraf penunjuk baru di samping masih menekankan ekonomi bandaraya berbanding faktor politik dan kebudayaan. Penarafan 2008 pula lebih menggunakan data lanjutan yang diperoleh di <a href="/wiki/Akademi_Sains_Sosial_China" title="Akademi Sains Sosial China">Akademi Sains Sosial China</a> sambil memastikan kebolehbandingan dengan penarafan 2000 dan 2004. Kesemua bandaraya yang layak disusun mengikut kategori bandaraya global "Alfa" (with four sub-categories), "Beta" (three sub-categories), "Gama" (three sub-categories), dan bandaraya yang menikmati "Kecukupan Tinggi" atau "Kecukupan" kehadiran bandaraya global. </p><p>Senarai Bandaraya Dunia Alfa, Beta dan Gama 2008 adalah seperti berikut; rujuk sumbernya untuk senarai selengkapnya:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Bandaraya Dunia Alfa</b> <font color="green"><b>++</b></font>: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Raya_New_York" title="Bandar Raya New York">Bandar Raya New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <p><b>Bandaraya Dunia Alfa</b> <font color="green"><b>+</b></font>: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <p><b>Bandaraya Dunia Alfa</b>: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussel" title="Brussel">Brussel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <p><b>Bandaraya Dunia Alfa</b> <font color="red"><b>–</b></font>: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zurich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurich">Zurich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="Prague">Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santiago,_Chile" title="Santiago, Chile">Santiago</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <p><b>Bandaraya Dunia Beta</b> <font color="green"><b>+</b></font>: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bogota" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogota">Bogota</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaherah" title="Kaherah">Kaherah</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <p><b>Bandaraya Dunia Beta</b>: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_(bandaraya)" title="Luxembourg (bandaraya)">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <p><b>Bandaraya Dunia Beta</b> <font color="red"><b>–</b></font>: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Raya_Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Bandar Raya Ho Chi Minh">Bandar Raya Ho Chi Minh</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <p><b>Bandaraya Dunia Gama</b> <font color="green"><b>+</b></font>: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Raya_Panama" title="Bandar Raya Panama">Bandar raya Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Raya_Guatemala" title="Bandar Raya Guatemala">Bandaraya Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9,_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="San José, Costa Rica">San Jose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <p><b>Bandaraya Dunia Gama</b>: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Australia_Barat" title="Perth, Australia Barat">Perth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wellington" class="mw-disambig" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <p><b>Bandaraya Dunia Gama</b> <font color="red"><b>–</b></font>: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porto,_Portugal" title="Porto, Portugal">Porto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">San Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Louis" title="Port Louis">Port Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indeks_Bandaraya_Global">Indeks Bandaraya Global</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Indeks Bandaraya Global" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Indeks Bandaraya Global"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada Oktober 2008, jurnal <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i> dari <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Syarikat" title="Amerika Syarikat">Amerika Syarikat</a>, bersama <a href="/wiki/Kearney_(firma_penasihat)" title="Kearney (firma penasihat)">firma penasihat Kearney</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Majlis_Hal_Ehwal_Global_Chicago" title="Majlis Hal Ehwal Global Chicago">Majlis Hal Ehwal Global Chicago</a>, menerbitkan senarai bandaraya global berasaskan nasihat daripada <a href="/wiki/Saskia_Sassen" title="Saskia Sassen">Saskia Sassen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witold_Rybczynski" title="Witold Rybczynski">Witold Rybczynski</a>, dan lain-lain. <i>Foreign Policy</i> menyatakan bahawa "bandar raya-bandar raya yang terbesar dan terbanyak saling membantu menetapkan agenda global, mengharungi ancaman rentas negara dan berfungsi sebagai hab persepaduan sedunia, selaku enjin pertumbuhan negara masing-masing dan pintu masuk sumber serantau."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penarafannya berasaskan penilaian 24 metrik di lima bidang: kegiatan perniagaan, <a href="/wiki/Modal_insan" title="Modal insan">modal insan</a>, pertukaran <a href="/wiki/Maklumat" title="Maklumat">maklumat</a>, pengalaman <a href="/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya">budaya</a>, dan keterlibatan politik. Pada tahun 2010, 30 bandaraya global terunggul adalah:<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <th>Kedudukan </th> <th>Bandaraya </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Raya_New_York" title="Bandar Raya New York">Bandar raya New York</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brussel" title="Brussel">Brussel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zurich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurich">Zurich</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome">Rome</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Raya_Mexico" title="Bandar Raya Mexico">Bandaraya Mexico</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_Power_City_Index">Global Power City Index</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Global Power City Index" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Global Power City Index"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Institut Strategi Urban di The Mori Memorial Foundation di <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jepun" title="Jepun">Jepun</a> mengeluarkan kajian menyeluruh mengenai bandaraya global pada Oktober 2009, berasaskan enam kategori keseluruhannya, iaitu "Economy," "Research & Development," "Cultural Interaction," "Livability," "Ecology & Natural Environment," dan "Accessibility," diperincikan oleh 69 petunjuk individu.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ked.</th> <th>Bandaraya</th> <th>Markah</th> <th>Kategori terbaik (ked.) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Raya_New_York" title="Bandar Raya New York">Bandar raya New York</a></td> <td>330.4</td> <td>Economy (1.) Research & Development (1.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></td> <td>322.3</td> <td>Cultural Interaction (1.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></td> <td>317.8</td> <td>Livability (1.) Accessibility (1.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></td> <td>305.6</td> <td>Economy (2.) Research & Development (2.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a></td> <td>274.4</td> <td>Economy (5.) Cultural Interaction (5.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td> <td>259.3</td> <td>Livability (2.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></td> <td>255.1</td> <td>Ecology & Natural Environment (3.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></td> <td>250.5</td> <td>Accessibility (3.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" title="Zürich">Zürich</a></td> <td>242.5</td> <td>Ecology & Natural Environment (2.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></td> <td>242.5</td> <td>Economy (4.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></td> <td>242.5</td> <td>Ecology & Natural Environment (7.) Accessibility (7.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></td> <td>242.1</td> <td>Research & Development (4.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></td> <td>240.0</td> <td>Research & Development (5.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a></td> <td>237.3</td> <td>Ecology & Natural Environment (9.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a></td> <td>234.6</td> <td>Livability (5.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></td> <td>232.9</td> <td>Accessibility (5.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></td> <td>231.7</td> <td>Economy (9.) Livability (9.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brussel" title="Brussel">Brussel</a></td> <td>229.9</td> <td>Livability (8.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a></td> <td>229.7</td> <td>Ecology & Natural Environment (1.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></td> <td>226.2</td> <td>Research & Development(6.) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Diikuti oleh: </p><p>21. <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> (224.1), 22. <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> (221.1), 23. <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> (219.1), 24. <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> (218.1), 25. <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a> (215.1), 26. <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> (211.4), 27. <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> (204.1), 28. <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> (203.5), 29. <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> (199.1), 30. <a href="/wiki/Fukuoka" title="Fukuoka">Fukuoka</a> (196.5), 31. <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a> (195.9), 32. <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> (179.5), 33. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> (177.7), 34. <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> (165.5), 35. <a href="/wiki/Kaherah" title="Kaherah">Kaherah</a> (132.2) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penarafan_bandaraya_mengikut_kategori">Penarafan bandaraya mengikut kategori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bahagian: Penarafan bandaraya mengikut kategori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Penarafan bandaraya mengikut kategori"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <th><i>Ked.</i></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Senarai_bandar_raya_mengikut_populasi" title="Senarai bandar raya mengikut populasi">Bil. penduduk bandar raya sebenar</a></th> <th>Bil. penduduk kawasan metropolitan<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Peratusan kelahiran asing<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Kos sara hidup ekspatriat<sup id="cite_ref-living_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-living-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Sistem metro mengikut jumlah penumpang tahunan</th> <th>Sistem metro mengikut jumlah kepanjangan laluan</th> <th>Lapangan terbang mengikut jumlah penumpang tahunan<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Bilangan ribu-jutawan (AS$)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Senarai_bandar_raya_mengikut_KDNK" class="mw-redirect" title="Senarai bandar raya mengikut KDNK">Keluaran Metropolitan Kasar</a> mengikut jumlah pariti kuasa beli<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Raya_New_York" title="Bandar Raya New York">Bandar Raya New York</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Raya_New_York" title="Bandar Raya New York">Bandar raya New York</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Raya_New_York" title="Bandar Raya New York">Bandar raya New York</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Raya_New_York" title="Bandar Raya New York">Bandar raya New York</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Raya_New_York" title="Bandar Raya New York">Bandar Raya New York</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Raya_New_York" title="Bandar Raya New York">Bandar raya New York</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muscat,_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat, Oman">Muscat</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" title="Zürich">Zürich</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Raya_New_York" title="Bandar Raya New York">Bandar raya New York</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bandaraya_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandaraya Mexico">Bandaraya Mexico</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Makkah" title="Makkah">Makkah</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Raya_Mexico" title="Bandar Raya Mexico">Bandar raya Mexico</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Hague" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hague">The Hague</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></td> <td>n/a</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bahagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lihat juga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pusat_kewangan" title="Pusat kewangan">Pusat kewangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis" title="Megalopolis">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_raya_primat" title="Bandar raya primat">Bandar raya primat</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sass1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sass1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Saskia_Sassen" title="Saskia Sassen">Sassen, Saskia</a> - <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.india-seminar.com/2001/503/503%20saskia%20sassen.htm">The global city: strategic site/new frontier</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sassen, Saskia - <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pup.princeton.edu/titles/6943.html">The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316103717/http://pup.princeton.edu/titles/6943.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2015-03-16 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (1991) - <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0691070636" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-691-07063-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doel_and_Hubbard-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doel_and_Hubbard_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doel_and_Hubbard_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doel_and_Hubbard_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doel_and_Hubbard_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doel_and_Hubbard_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Doel,M. & Hubbard, P., (2002), "Taking World Cities Literally: Marketing the City in a Global Space of flows",City, vol. 6, no. 3, ms. 351-368. Subscription required </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GaWC_5-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GaWC_5_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GaWC_5_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb5.html">GaWC Research Bulletin 5</a>, GaWC, Loughborough University, 28 July 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unhabitat.org/programmes/guo/documents/1998.zip">Global Urban Indicators Database 2 (1998 data)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716232828/http://www.unhabitat.org/programmes/guo/documents/1998.zip">Diarkibkan</a> 2012-07-16 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </i>(data sets in .ZIP)<i>, <a href="/wiki/UN-HABITAT" class="mw-redirect" title="UN-HABITAT">UN-HABITAT</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="PDFlink"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdf.wri.org/wr98_ud2.pdf">Urban Characteristics,City Level, 1993</a></span><small><a href="/wiki/Format_Dokumen_Mudah_Alih" title="Format Dokumen Mudah Alih">PDF</a> (61.6 KB)</small>, "World Resources 1998-99", <i>WRI</i>, 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bloomberg.com/markets/stocks/wei.html">World Indices</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.V. Beaverstock, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb179.html">World City Networks 'From Below'</a>, GaWC, Loughborough University, 29 September 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-living-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-living_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-living_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mercer.com/summary.htm?idContent=1095320&originUrl=/home.jhtml">Mercer's 2008 Cost of living highlights</a>, <i>Mercer</i>, 2 Jun 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/2008/04/30/billionaires-london-moscow-biz-billies-cz_cv_0430billiecities.html">The World's Billionaires</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chap5-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chap5_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="PDFlink"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2004/pdf/hdr04_chapter_5.pdf">Chapter 5: Globalization and cultural choice</a></span><small><a href="/wiki/Format_Dokumen_Mudah_Alih" title="Format Dokumen Mudah Alih">PDF</a> (352 KB)</small>, "2004 Human Development Report" (page 99), <i><a href="/wiki/UNDP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNDP">UNDP</a></i>, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="PDFlink"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdf.wri.org/wr98_ud.pdf">Chapter 9: Urban Data</a></span><small><a href="/wiki/Format_Dokumen_Mudah_Alih" title="Format Dokumen Mudah Alih">PDF</a> (196 KB)</small>, "World Resources 1998-99", <i>WRI</i>, 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/Pubs/CyberSchoolBus/special/habitat/profiles/">City Profiles</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="PDFlink"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wbcsd.org/DocRoot/uu8taBpoTDXkvBiJHuaU/english_full_report.pdf">Mobility 2001</a></span><small><a href="/wiki/Format_Dokumen_Mudah_Alih" title="Format Dokumen Mudah Alih">PDF</a> (1.59 MB)</small>, <i>WBCSD</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="PDFlink"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup2003/WUP2003Report.pdf">WORLD URBANIZATION PROSPECTS: THE 2003 REVISION</a></span><small><a href="/wiki/Format_Dokumen_Mudah_Alih" title="Format Dokumen Mudah Alih">PDF</a> (3.73 MB)</small>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pertubuhan_Bangsa-Bangsa_Bersatu" title="Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu">PBB</a></i>, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mercerhr.com/pressrelease/details.jhtml?idContent=1173105">World-wide quality of living survey</a>, <i>Mercer</i>, 10 April 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="PDFlink"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unchs.org/Istanbul+5/116.pdf">The city development index</a></span><small><a href="/wiki/Format_Dokumen_Mudah_Alih" title="Format Dokumen Mudah Alih">PDF</a></small>, "THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S CITIES REPORT 2001", <i><a href="/wiki/UN-HABITAT" class="mw-redirect" title="UN-HABITAT">UN-HABITAT</a></i>, 21 Jun 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. De Groote, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb154.html">Economic and Tourism Aspects of the Olympic Games</a>, GaWC, Universiti Loughborough, 21 September 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="PDFlink"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.thes.co.uk/downloads/rankings/world-rankings-16pages.pdf">[1]</a></span><small><a href="/wiki/Format_Dokumen_Mudah_Alih" title="Format Dokumen Mudah Alih">PDF</a></small> (memerlukan pendaftaran)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. O'Connor, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb161.html">International Students and Global Cities</a>, GaWC, Loughborough University, 17 February 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/">World Heritage List</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120711135900/http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch6en/conc6en/largestpublictransit.html">"Estimated Ridership of the World's Largest Public Transit Systems, 1998"</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch6en/conc6en/largestpublictransit.html">yang asal</a> pada 2012-07-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2010-02-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estimated+Ridership+of+the+World%E2%80%99s+Largest+Public+Transit+Systems%2C+1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.hofstra.edu%2Fgeotrans%2Feng%2Fch6en%2Fconc6en%2Flargestpublictransit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABandar+raya+global" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="PDFlink"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publicpurpose.com/ut-crintl.pdf">COMMUTER RAIL (SUBURBAN RAIL, REGIONAL RAIL) IN THE UNITED STATES: INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT</a></span><small><a href="/wiki/Format_Dokumen_Mudah_Alih" title="Format Dokumen Mudah Alih">PDF</a> (218 KB)</small>, October 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publicpurpose.com/hwy-intltr.htm">Traffic Intensity by International Urban Area: 1990</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615014057/http://geohive.com/charts/seaport.php">"Largest seaports of the world"</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geohive.com/charts/seaport.php">yang asal</a> pada 2006-06-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2010-02-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Largest+seaports+of+the+world&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geohive.com%2Fcharts%2Fseaport.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABandar+raya+global" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb157.html">Mapping the Global Network Economy on the Basis of Air Passenger Transport Flows</a>, GaWC, Universiti Loughborough, 8 Disember 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepages.ipact.nl/~egram/skylines.html">The World's Best Skylines</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html">"The World According to GaWC 2008"</a>. <i>Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC)</i>. Loughborough University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2009-05-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Globalization+and+World+Cities+Study+Group+and+Network+%28GaWC%29&rft.atitle=The+World+According+to+GaWC+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lboro.ac.uk%2Fgawc%2Fworld2008t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABandar+raya+global" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008c.html">"The World According to GaWC 2008 - Graph"</a>. <i>Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC)</i>. Loughborough University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2009-05-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Globalization+and+World+Cities+Study+Group+and+Network+%28GaWC%29&rft.atitle=The+World+According+to+GaWC+2008+-+Graph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lboro.ac.uk%2Fgawc%2Fworld2008c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABandar+raya+global" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4509">"The 2008 Global Cities Index"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i> (November/December 2008). October 21, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2008-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=The+2008+Global+Cities+Index&rft.issue=November%2FDecember+2008&rft.date=2008-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignpolicy.com%2Fstory%2Fcms.php%3Fstory_id%3D4509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABandar+raya+global" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/08/16/metropolis_now">2010 Global Cities Index</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2009_English.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left">"</span>Global Power City Index 2009<span class="cs1-kern-right">"</span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>LSE Cities</i>. Tokyo, Japan: Institute for Urban Strategies at The Mori Memorial Foundation. October 22, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2009-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LSE+Cities&rft.atitle=%22Global+Power+City+Index+2009%22&rft.date=2009-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mori-m-foundation.or.jp%2Fenglish%2Fresearch%2Fproject%2F6%2Fpdf%2FGPCI2009_English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABandar+raya+global" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.L. Forstall, R.P. Greene, and J.B. Pick, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uic.edu/cuppa/cityfutures/papers/webpapers/cityfuturespapers/session3_4/3_4whicharethe.pdf">"Which are the largest? Why published populations for major world urban areas vary so greatly"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040804123321/http://www.uic.edu/cuppa/cityfutures/papers/webpapers/cityfuturespapers/session3_4/3_4whicharethe.pdf">Diarkibkan</a> 2004-08-04 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, City Futures Conference, (University of Illinois at Chicago, July 2004) – Table 5 (p.34)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="PDFlink"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gstudynet.com/gum/Publications/Immigration%20and%20World%20Cities.pdf">gstudy.com international statistics</a></span><small><a href="/wiki/Format_Dokumen_Mudah_Alih" title="Format Dokumen Mudah Alih">PDF</a> (522 KB)</small></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.aci.aero/aci/aci/file/Press%20Releases/2007_PRs/PR_180707_TOP10.pdf">http://www.aci.aero/aci/aci/file/Press%20Releases/2007_PRs/PR_180707_TOP10.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/2009/03/10/worlds-richest-cities-billionaires-2009-billionaires-cities_slide_2.html?thisspeed=25000">In Pictures: Top Billionaire Cities</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>, 3 Jun 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPriceWaterhouseCoopers" class="citation web cs1">PriceWaterhouseCoopers, "UK Economic Outlook, March 2007", page 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.asp?MediaDetailsID=863">"<span class="cs1-kern-left">"</span>Table 1.2 – Top 30 urban agglomeration GDP rankings in 2005 and illustrative projections to 2020 (using UN definitions and population estimates)<span class="cs1-kern-right">"</span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2007-03-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Table+1.2+%E2%80%93+Top+30+urban+agglomeration+GDP+rankings+in+2005+and+illustrative+projections+to+2020+%28using+UN+definitions+and+population+estimates%29%22&rft.aulast=PriceWaterhouseCoopers&rft.aufirst=%22UK+Economic+Outlook%2C+March+2007%22%2C+page+5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukmediacentre.pwc.com%2Fimagelibrary%2FdownloadMedia.asp%3FMediaDetailsID%3D863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABandar+raya+global" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Laman_Utama" class="extiw" title="commons:Laman Utama">Wikimedia Commons</a> mempunyai media berkaitan: <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Global_City" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Global City">Bandar raya global</a></b></i>.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.uniserve.edu.au/school/curric/geography/urban.html">Simpanan pautan-pautan ke tempat-tempat urban</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050623215446/http://science.uniserve.edu.au/school/curric/geography/urban.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2005-06-23 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hsc.csu.edu.au/geography/urban/cities/worldcities/World_Cities.html">Artikel Bandar raya dunia oleh Jennifer Curtis dari Charles Sturt University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060530035454/http://hsc.csu.edu.au/geography/urban/cities/worldcities/World_Cities.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2006-05-30 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irows.ucr.edu/conferences/globgis/papers/Smith.htm">The World-System’s City System: A Research Agenda</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060527205738/http://www.irows.ucr.edu/conferences/globgis/papers/Smith.htm">Diarkibkan</a> 2006-05-27 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Jeffrey Kentor and Michael Timberlake of the University of Utah and David Smith of University of California, Irvine</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ww2.unhabitat.org/istanbul+5/statereport.htm">Keadaan Bandar raya-bandar raya dunia, 2001</a>, UN Human Settlements Programme</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050223113811/http://www.brookings.edu/metro/pubs/20050222_worldcities.htm">U.S Cities in the 'World City Network'</a>, by Peter J. Taylor and Robert E. Lang, February 2005 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050225114645/http://www.brookings.edu/metro/pubs/20050222_worldcities.pdf">Full Report in PDF</a>)</li></ul> <p><br /> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diambil daripada "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&oldid=6241333">https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&oldid=6241333</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori-kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pautan_wayback_templat_webarchive" title="Kategori:Pautan wayback templat webarchive">Pautan wayback templat webarchive</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Laman_menggunakan_pautan_ajaib_ISBN" title="Kategori:Laman menggunakan pautan ajaib ISBN">Laman menggunakan pautan ajaib ISBN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Laman ini kali terakhir disunting pada 20:58, 2 Julai 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks disediakan di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ms">Lesen Creative Commons Pengiktirafan/Perkongsian Serupa</a>; terma tambahan mungkin digunapakai. Lihat <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terma Penggunaan</a> untuk butiran lanjut.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Dasar privasi</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal">Perihal Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Penafian_umum">Penafian</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Kod Tatakelakuan</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Pembangun</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/ms.wikipedia.org">Statistik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Kenyataan kuki</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//ms.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bandar_raya_global&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Paparan mudah alih</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-v4897","wgBackendResponseTime":128,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.249","walltime":"0.316","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1382,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":18373,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1235,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":40800,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 181.697 1 -total"," 90.75% 164.892 1 Templat:Reflist"," 45.65% 82.941 5 Templat:Cite_web"," 17.64% 32.045 6 Templat:Webarchive"," 7.41% 13.462 1 Templat:Commons"," 6.54% 11.880 1 Templat:Sister"," 4.88% 8.865 2 Templat:Cite_journal"," 4.06% 7.375 1 Templat:Side_box"," 2.56% 4.651 9 Templat:PDFlink"," 1.09% 1.972 1 Templat:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.082","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":3457897,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-xqqpl","timestamp":"20241123230753","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Bandar raya global","url":"https:\/\/ms.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bandar_raya_global","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q208511","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q208511","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Yayasan Wikimedia Bhd.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2010-02-12T11:16:46Z","dateModified":"2024-07-02T20:58:18Z"}</script> </body> </html>