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id="toc-Paleontology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy_and_phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy_and_phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Taxonomy and phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy_and_phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Biology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>General description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Distribution and migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Life cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eggs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eggs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Eggs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eggs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caterpillar_larva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caterpillar_larva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Caterpillar larva</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caterpillar_larva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pupa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pupa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Pupa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pupa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adult" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adult"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Adult</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adult-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pattern_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pattern_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.5</span> <span>Pattern formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pattern_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Mating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Behaviour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parasitoids,_predators,_and_pathogens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parasitoids,_predators,_and_pathogens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span>Parasitoids, predators, and pathogens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parasitoids,_predators,_and_pathogens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endangered_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endangered_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.2</span> <span>Endangered species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endangered_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.3</span> <span>Defences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declining_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declining_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Declining numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declining_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_art_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>In art and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_art_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_mythology_and_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_mythology_and_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>In mythology and folklore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_mythology_and_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collecting,_recording,_and_rearing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collecting,_recording,_and_rearing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Collecting, recording, and rearing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collecting,_recording,_and_rearing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>In technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regional_lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Regional lists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Butterfly</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 125 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-125" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">125 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoenlapper" title="Skoenlapper – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skoenlapper" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagfalter" title="Tagfalter – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tagfalter" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A2%E1%88%AB%E1%89%A2%E1%88%AE" title="ቢራቢሮ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቢራቢሮ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A9" title="فراشة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فراشة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flituru" title="Flituru – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Flituru" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="পখিলা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পখিলা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhopalocera" title="Rhopalocera – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rhopalocera" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwakwapicic" title="Kwakwapicic – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Kwakwapicic" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilpintu" title="Pilpintu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Pilpintu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%99p%C9%99n%C9%99kl%C9%99r" title="Kəpənəklər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kəpənəklər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%BE%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DA%A9" title="کپه‌نک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کپه‌نک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupu-kupu" title="Kupu-kupu – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kupu-kupu" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="প্রজাপতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রজাপতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94%CD%98-tia%CC%8Dp" title="Ô͘-tia̍p – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ô͘-tia̍p" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalibangbang" title="Kalibangbang – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kalibangbang" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Дневни пеперуди – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дневни пеперуди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%95%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="མེ་ལྕེབས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མེ་ལྕེབས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papallones" title="Papallones – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Papallones" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denn%C3%AD_mot%C3%BDli" title="Denní motýli – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Denní motýli" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulugufe" title="Gulugufe – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Gulugufe" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaveshave" title="Shaveshave – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Shaveshave" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%B6yn_byw" title="Glöyn byw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Glöyn byw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahimpi%C9%9B%C9%A3u" title="Kahimpiɛɣu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Kahimpiɛɣu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagsommerfugle" title="Dagsommerfugle – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dagsommerfugle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagfalter" title="Tagfalter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tagfalter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%CA%BCaal%C3%B3gii" title="Kʼaalógii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Kʼaalógii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4evaliblikad" title="Päevaliblikad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Päevaliblikad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Πεταλούδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πεταλούδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parp%C3%A0ja" title="Parpàja – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Parpàja" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhopalocera" title="Rhopalocera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rhopalocera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhopalocera" title="Rhopalocera – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rhopalocera" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tximeleta" title="Tximeleta – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tximeleta" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="پروانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titli" title="Titli – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Titli" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhopaloc%C3%A8res" title="Rhopalocères – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rhopalocères" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9ileac%C3%A1n" title="Féileacán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Féileacán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealan-d%C3%A8" title="Dealan-dè – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Dealan-dè" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolboreta" title="Bolboreta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bolboreta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D3%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Дийнахьара кӀормацаш – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дийнахьара кӀормацаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B2ng-ya%CC%8Dp-%C3%A9" title="Yòng-ya̍p-é – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yòng-ya̍p-é" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EB%B9%84" title="나비 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나비" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malam_bu%C9%97e_littafi" title="Malam buɗe littafi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Malam buɗe littafi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Թավշաթիթեռներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թավշաթիթեռներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="तितली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तितली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnevni_leptiri" title="Dnevni leptiri – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dnevni leptiri" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiliono" title="Papiliono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Papiliono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupu-kupu" title="Kupu-kupu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kupu-kupu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilion" title="Papilion – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Papilion" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C3%B0rildi" title="Fiðrildi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fiðrildi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farfalla" title="Farfalla – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Farfalla" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="פרפרים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרפרים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86" title="ಚಿಟ್ಟೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಿಟ್ಟೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talubang" title="Talubang – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Talubang" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8E%D9%86%DB%81%D9%95_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D9%9B%D9%BE%D9%8F%D8%B1" title="پَنہٕ پونٛپُر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پَنہٕ پونٛپُر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tykki_Duw" title="Tykki Duw – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Tykki Duw" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipepeo" title="Kipepeo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kipepeo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipele-pele" title="Kipele-pele – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kipele-pele" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiyon" title="Papiyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Papiyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilio" title="Papilio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Papilio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauri%C5%86i" title="Tauriņi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tauriņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieniniai_drugiai" title="Dieniniai drugiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dieniniai drugiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawa-kawa" title="Kawa-kawa – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Kawa-kawa" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/toldi" title="toldi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="toldi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nappali_lepk%C3%A9k" title="Nappali lepkék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nappali lepkék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="तितली – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="तितली" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%82" title="ചിത്രശലഭം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചിത്രശലഭം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82" title="फुलपाखरू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फुलपाखरू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C" title="پاپلی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پاپلی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupu-kupu" title="Kupu-kupu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kupu-kupu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B9-di%C4%95k" title="Hù-diĕk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hù-diĕk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paixarina" title="Paixarina – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Paixarina" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebe" title="Bebe – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Bebe" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagvlinders" title="Dagvlinders – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dagvlinders" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennevoegel" title="Pennevoegel – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Pennevoegel" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="पुतली – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पुतली" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE" title="लापा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लापा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A7%E3%82%A6" title="チョウ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チョウ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhopalocera" title="Rhopalocera – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rhopalocera" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF" title="ପ୍ରଜାପତି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପ୍ରଜାପତି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80" title="ਤਿਤਲੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਿਤਲੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27adipangpang" title="'adipangpang – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="'adipangpang" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%A9%DA%BE%DA%91%D9%88%DA%BA" title="پکھڑوں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پکھڑوں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8D" title="کوکۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کوکۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motyle_dzienne" title="Motyle dzienne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Motyle dzienne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borboleta" title="Borboleta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Borboleta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BAbelekler" title="Gúbelekler – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Gúbelekler" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluture" title="Fluture – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fluture" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Булавоусые чешуекрылые – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Булавоусые чешуекрылые" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F.%E1%B1%9D" title="ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟ.ᱝ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟ.ᱝ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterflee" title="Butterflee – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Butterflee" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flutura" title="Flutura – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Flutura" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraffalla" title="Fraffalla – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Fraffalla" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%94" title="සමනල්ලු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සමනල්ලු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Butterfly" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%BD" title="پوپٽ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پوپٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnevni_metulji" title="Dnevni metulji – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dnevni metulji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanbaalista" title="Balanbaalista – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Balanbaalista" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%DB%95" title="پەپوولە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەپوولە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Дневни лептир – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дневни лептир" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnevni_leptir" title="Dnevni leptir – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dnevni leptir" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukupu" title="Kukupu – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kukupu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagfj%C3%A4rilar" title="Dagfjärilar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dagfjärilar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paruparo" title="Paruparo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Paruparo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="பட்டாம்பூச்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பட்டாம்பூச்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/qpiray" title="qpiray – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="qpiray" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95" title="సీతాకోకచిలుక – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సీతాకోకచిలుక" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD_(%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87)" title="ผีเสื้อ (แมลง) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ผีเสื้อ (แมลง)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Шапарак – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шапарак" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1fi%CC%B1nfa%CC%B1n" title="A̱fi̱nfa̱n – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱fi̱nfa̱n" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhopalocera" title="Rhopalocera – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Rhopalocera" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%84%DB%8C" title="تتلی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تتلی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbaj" title="Mbaj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Mbaj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Lepidoptera" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bm_ng%C3%A0y" title="Bướm ngày – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bướm ngày" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A5wion" title="Påwion – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Påwion" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BClir%C3%BC" title="Jülirü – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Jülirü" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlienders" title="Vlienders – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Vlienders" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibangbang" title="Alibangbang – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alibangbang" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9D%B4%E8%9D%B6" title="蝴蝶 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蝴蝶" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9C" title="פלאטערל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פלאטערל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9D%B4%E8%9D%B6" title="蝴蝶 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蝴蝶" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9D%B4%E8%9D%B6" title="蝴蝶 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蝴蝶" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolibambang" title="Kolibambang – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Kolibambang" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesulai" title="Kesulai – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Kesulai" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama-rama" title="Rama-rama – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Rama-rama" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11946202#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Butterflies<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a>–<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">present</a>, <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">55–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:186.15384615385px; width:33.846153846154px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:201.38461538462px; width:18.615384615385px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:202.38461538462px; width:16.615384615385px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span> <small><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> origin suggested based on <a href="/wiki/Molecular_clock" title="Molecular clock">molecular clock</a></small></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fesoj_-_Papilio_machaon_(by).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Fesoj_-_Papilio_machaon_%28by%29.jpg/220px-Fesoj_-_Papilio_machaon_%28by%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Fesoj_-_Papilio_machaon_%28by%29.jpg/330px-Fesoj_-_Papilio_machaon_%28by%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Fesoj_-_Papilio_machaon_%28by%29.jpg/440px-Fesoj_-_Papilio_machaon_%28by%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="931" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Papilio_machaon" title="Papilio machaon">Papilio machaon</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Papilionoidea" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insecta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Obtectomera" title="Obtectomera">Obtectomera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superfamily: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Papilionoidea</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Latreille" class="mw-redirect" title="Latreille">Latreille</a>, 1802</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Families </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hedylidae" title="Hedylidae">Hedylidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesperiidae">Hesperiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaenidae" title="Lycaenidae">Lycaenidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphalidae" title="Nymphalidae">Nymphalidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papilionidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Papilionidae">Papilionidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieridae" title="Pieridae">Pieridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riodinidae" title="Riodinidae">Riodinidae</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>Rhopalocera </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Butterflies</b> are <a href="/wiki/Winged_insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Winged insects">winged insects</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Lepidopteran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepidopteran">lepidopteran</a> <a href="/wiki/Superfamily_(taxonomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfamily (taxonomy)">superfamily</a> <b>Papilionoidea</b>, characterized by large, often brightly coloured wings that often fold together when at rest, and a conspicuous, fluttering flight. The oldest butterfly fossils have been dated to the <a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a>, about 56 million years ago, though molecular evidence suggests that they likely originated in the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Butterflies have a four-stage <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life cycle</a>, and like other <a href="/wiki/Holometabola" title="Holometabola">holometabolous</a> insects they undergo <a href="/wiki/Holometabolism" title="Holometabolism">complete metamorphosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winged adults lay eggs on the food plant on which their <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar" title="Caterpillar">caterpillars</a>, will feed. The caterpillars grow, sometimes very rapidly, and when fully developed, <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">pupate</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Chrysalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysalis">chrysalis</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">metamorphosis</a> is complete, the pupal skin splits, the adult insect climbs out, expands its wings to dry, and flies off. </p><p>Some butterflies, especially in the tropics, have several generations in a year, while others have a single generation, and a few in cold locations may take several years to pass through their entire life cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Butterflies are often <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">polymorphic</a>, and many species make use of <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">mimicry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">aposematism</a> to evade their predators.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some, like the <a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly" title="Monarch butterfly">monarch</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_cardui" title="Vanessa cardui">painted lady</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insect_migration" title="Insect migration">migrate</a> over long distances. Many butterflies are attacked by <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasites</a> or <a href="/wiki/Parasitoid" title="Parasitoid">parasitoids</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Parasitoid_wasp" title="Parasitoid wasp">wasps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fly" title="Fly">flies</a>, and other invertebrates, or are <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">preyed upon</a> by other organisms. Some species are pests because in their larval stages they can damage domestic crops or trees; other species are agents of <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a> of some plants. Larvae of a few butterflies (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Miletinae" title="Miletinae">harvesters</a>) eat harmful insects, and a few are predators of <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a>, while others live as <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutualists</a> in association with ants. Culturally, butterflies are a popular motif in the visual and literary arts. The <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> says "butterflies are certainly one of the most appealing creatures in nature".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_brimstone_butterfly_(Gonepteryx_rhamni)_male_in_flight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Common_brimstone_butterfly_%28Gonepteryx_rhamni%29_male_in_flight.jpg/220px-Common_brimstone_butterfly_%28Gonepteryx_rhamni%29_male_in_flight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Common_brimstone_butterfly_%28Gonepteryx_rhamni%29_male_in_flight.jpg/330px-Common_brimstone_butterfly_%28Gonepteryx_rhamni%29_male_in_flight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Common_brimstone_butterfly_%28Gonepteryx_rhamni%29_male_in_flight.jpg/440px-Common_brimstone_butterfly_%28Gonepteryx_rhamni%29_male_in_flight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2603" data-file-height="1735" /></a><figcaption>Possibly the original butter-fly.<sup id="cite_ref-BugsBritannica_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BugsBritannica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A male brimstone (<i><a href="/wiki/Gonepteryx_rhamni" title="Gonepteryx rhamni">Gonepteryx rhamni</a></i>) in flight.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> derives the word straightforwardly from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i>butorflēoge</i>, butter-fly; similar names in <a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> show that the name is ancient, but modern Dutch and German use different words (<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">vlinder</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schmetterling</i></span>) and the common name often varies substantially between otherwise closely related languages. A possible source of the name is the bright yellow male of the brimstone (<i><a href="/wiki/Gonepteryx_rhamni" title="Gonepteryx rhamni">Gonepteryx rhamni</a></i>); another is that butterflies were on the wing in meadows during the spring and summer butter season while the grass was growing.<sup id="cite_ref-BugsBritannica_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BugsBritannica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleontology">Paleontology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Lepidoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Lepidoptera">Prehistoric Lepidoptera</a></div> <p>The earliest <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a> fossils date to the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a>-<a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> boundary, around 200<span class="nowrap"> </span>million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Butterflies evolved from moths, so while the butterflies are <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> (forming a single <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>), the moths are not. The oldest known butterfly is <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protocoeliades&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protocoeliades (page does not exist)">Protocoeliades kristenseni</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Palaeocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeocene">Palaeocene</a> aged <a href="/wiki/Fur_Formation" title="Fur Formation">Fur Formation</a> of Denmark, approximately 55<span class="nowrap"> </span>million years old, which belongs to the family <a href="/wiki/Hesperiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesperiidae">Hesperiidae</a> (skippers).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Molecular_clock" title="Molecular clock">Molecular clock</a> estimates suggest that butterflies originated sometime in the Late <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>, but only significantly diversified during the Cenozoic,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with one study suggesting a North American origin for the group.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest American butterfly is the <a href="/wiki/Late_Eocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Eocene">Late Eocene</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Prodryas" title="Prodryas">Prodryas persephone</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Florissant_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument">Florissant Fossil Beds</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MeyerSmith2008_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeyerSmith2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> approximately 34<span class="nowrap"> </span>million years old.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Butterfly fossils</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 236px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 234px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prodryas.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Prodryas persephone, a Late Eocene butterfly from the Florissant Fossil Beds, 1887 engraving"><img alt="Prodryas persephone, a Late Eocene butterfly from the Florissant Fossil Beds, 1887 engraving" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Prodryas.png/351px-Prodryas.png" decoding="async" width="234" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Prodryas.png/526px-Prodryas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Prodryas.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="451" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Prodryas" title="Prodryas">Prodryas persephone</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Late_Eocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Eocene">Late Eocene</a> butterfly from the <a href="/wiki/Florissant_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument">Florissant Fossil Beds</a>, 1887 engraving</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 228px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PZSL1889Plate31_Fossil_Papilionid_Butterfly_Lithopsyche_antiqua_from_Early_Oligocene_Bembridge_Marls.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lithopsyche antiqua, an Early Oligocene butterfly from the Bembridge Marls, Isle of Wight, 1889 engraving"><img alt="Lithopsyche antiqua, an Early Oligocene butterfly from the Bembridge Marls, Isle of Wight, 1889 engraving" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/PZSL1889Plate31_Fossil_Papilionid_Butterfly_Lithopsyche_antiqua_from_Early_Oligocene_Bembridge_Marls.png/342px-PZSL1889Plate31_Fossil_Papilionid_Butterfly_Lithopsyche_antiqua_from_Early_Oligocene_Bembridge_Marls.png" decoding="async" width="228" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/PZSL1889Plate31_Fossil_Papilionid_Butterfly_Lithopsyche_antiqua_from_Early_Oligocene_Bembridge_Marls.png/512px-PZSL1889Plate31_Fossil_Papilionid_Butterfly_Lithopsyche_antiqua_from_Early_Oligocene_Bembridge_Marls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/PZSL1889Plate31_Fossil_Papilionid_Butterfly_Lithopsyche_antiqua_from_Early_Oligocene_Bembridge_Marls.png/683px-PZSL1889Plate31_Fossil_Papilionid_Butterfly_Lithopsyche_antiqua_from_Early_Oligocene_Bembridge_Marls.png 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="808" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Lithopsyche_antiqua" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithopsyche antiqua">Lithopsyche antiqua</a></i>, an <a href="/wiki/Early_Oligocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Oligocene">Early Oligocene</a> butterfly from the Bembridge Marls, <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>, 1889 engraving</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy_and_phylogeny">Taxonomy and phylogeny</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_Lepidoptera" title="Taxonomy of the Lepidoptera">Taxonomy of the Lepidoptera</a></div> <p>Butterflies are divided into seven families that contain a total of about 20,000 species. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Butterfly families </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Family</th> <th>Common name</th> <th>Characteristics</th> <th>Image </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hedylidae" title="Hedylidae">Hedylidae</a></td> <td>American moth-butterflies</td> <td>Small, brown, like <a href="/wiki/Geometridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Geometridae">geometrid moths</a>; <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a> not clubbed; long slim abdomen</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Macrosoma_sp_(Hedylidae)_(15273846876).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Macrosoma_sp_%28Hedylidae%29_%2815273846876%29.jpg/100px-Macrosoma_sp_%28Hedylidae%29_%2815273846876%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Macrosoma_sp_%28Hedylidae%29_%2815273846876%29.jpg/150px-Macrosoma_sp_%28Hedylidae%29_%2815273846876%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Macrosoma_sp_%28Hedylidae%29_%2815273846876%29.jpg/200px-Macrosoma_sp_%28Hedylidae%29_%2815273846876%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hesperiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesperiidae">Hesperiidae</a></td> <td>Skippers</td> <td>Small, darting flight; clubs on antennae hooked backwards</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hesperia_comma-01_(xndr).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Hesperia_comma-01_%28xndr%29.jpg/100px-Hesperia_comma-01_%28xndr%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Hesperia_comma-01_%28xndr%29.jpg/150px-Hesperia_comma-01_%28xndr%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Hesperia_comma-01_%28xndr%29.jpg/200px-Hesperia_comma-01_%28xndr%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="1008" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lycaenidae" title="Lycaenidae">Lycaenidae</a></td> <td>Blues, coppers, hairstreaks</td> <td>Small, brightly coloured; often have false heads with eyespots and small tails resembling antennae</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maculinea_arion_Large_Blue_Upperside_SFrance_2009-07-18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Maculinea_arion_Large_Blue_Upperside_SFrance_2009-07-18.jpg/100px-Maculinea_arion_Large_Blue_Upperside_SFrance_2009-07-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Maculinea_arion_Large_Blue_Upperside_SFrance_2009-07-18.jpg/150px-Maculinea_arion_Large_Blue_Upperside_SFrance_2009-07-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Maculinea_arion_Large_Blue_Upperside_SFrance_2009-07-18.jpg/200px-Maculinea_arion_Large_Blue_Upperside_SFrance_2009-07-18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="1021" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nymphalidae" title="Nymphalidae">Nymphalidae</a></td> <td>Brush-footed or four-footed butterflies</td> <td>Usually have reduced forelegs, so appear four-legged; often brightly coloured</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AD2009Aug01_Vanessa_atalanta_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/AD2009Aug01_Vanessa_atalanta_01.jpg/100px-AD2009Aug01_Vanessa_atalanta_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/AD2009Aug01_Vanessa_atalanta_01.jpg/150px-AD2009Aug01_Vanessa_atalanta_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/AD2009Aug01_Vanessa_atalanta_01.jpg/200px-AD2009Aug01_Vanessa_atalanta_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3553" data-file-height="2380" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Papilionidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Papilionidae">Papilionidae</a></td> <td>Swallowtails</td> <td>Often have 'tails' on wings; caterpillar generates foul taste with <a href="/wiki/Osmeterium" title="Osmeterium">osmeterium</a> organ; pupa supported by silk girdle</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Papilio_troilus01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Papilio_troilus01.jpg/100px-Papilio_troilus01.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Papilio_troilus01.jpg/150px-Papilio_troilus01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Papilio_troilus01.jpg/200px-Papilio_troilus01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="274" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pieridae" title="Pieridae">Pieridae</a></td> <td>Whites and allies</td> <td>Mostly white, yellow or orange; some serious pests of <i><a href="/wiki/Brassica" title="Brassica">Brassica</a></i>; pupa supported by silk girdle</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Large_white_spread_wings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Large_white_spread_wings.jpg/100px-Large_white_spread_wings.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Large_white_spread_wings.jpg/150px-Large_white_spread_wings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Large_white_spread_wings.jpg/200px-Large_white_spread_wings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2083" data-file-height="1545" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Riodinidae" title="Riodinidae">Riodinidae</a></td> <td>Metalmarks</td> <td>Often have metallic spots on wings; often conspicuously coloured with black, orange and blue</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RhetusButterfly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/RhetusButterfly.jpg/100px-RhetusButterfly.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/RhetusButterfly.jpg/150px-RhetusButterfly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/RhetusButterfly.jpg/200px-RhetusButterfly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="844" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Traditionally, butterflies have been divided into the superfamilies <a href="/wiki/Papilionoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Papilionoidea">Papilionoidea</a> and the moth-like <a href="/wiki/Hedyloidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedyloidea">Hedyloidea</a>. Recent work has discovered that Hedylidae, the only family within Hedyloidea, is nested within the Papilionoidea, meaning that Papilionoidea would be <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonymous</a> with Rhopalocera. The relationships between the rest of the 6 families are extremely well resolved, which is summarized in the below cladogram.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output 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td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Papilionoidea</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Papilionidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Papilionidae">Papilionidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parides_aeneas_didas_MHNT_dos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Parides_aeneas_didas_MHNT_dos.jpg/60px-Parides_aeneas_didas_MHNT_dos.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Parides_aeneas_didas_MHNT_dos.jpg/90px-Parides_aeneas_didas_MHNT_dos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Parides_aeneas_didas_MHNT_dos.jpg/120px-Parides_aeneas_didas_MHNT_dos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3964" data-file-height="3101" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hedylidae" title="Hedylidae">Hedylidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Macrosoma_leucophasiata_transparent.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Macrosoma_leucophasiata_transparent.png/60px-Macrosoma_leucophasiata_transparent.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Macrosoma_leucophasiata_transparent.png/90px-Macrosoma_leucophasiata_transparent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Macrosoma_leucophasiata_transparent.png/120px-Macrosoma_leucophasiata_transparent.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="521" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hesperiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesperiidae">Hesperiidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carterocephalus_silvicola_transparent.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Carterocephalus_silvicola_transparent.png/70px-Carterocephalus_silvicola_transparent.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Carterocephalus_silvicola_transparent.png/105px-Carterocephalus_silvicola_transparent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Carterocephalus_silvicola_transparent.png/140px-Carterocephalus_silvicola_transparent.png 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="447" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pieridae" title="Pieridae">Pieridae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aid_to_the_identification_of_insects_(Plate_12)_(6025815459)_Thyca_berinda.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Aid_to_the_identification_of_insects_(Plate_12)_(6025815459)_Thyca_berinda"><img alt="Aid_to_the_identification_of_insects_(Plate_12)_(6025815459)_Thyca_berinda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Aid_to_the_identification_of_insects_%28Plate_12%29_%286025815459%29_Thyca_berinda.png/60px-Aid_to_the_identification_of_insects_%28Plate_12%29_%286025815459%29_Thyca_berinda.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Aid_to_the_identification_of_insects_%28Plate_12%29_%286025815459%29_Thyca_berinda.png/90px-Aid_to_the_identification_of_insects_%28Plate_12%29_%286025815459%29_Thyca_berinda.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Aid_to_the_identification_of_insects_%28Plate_12%29_%286025815459%29_Thyca_berinda.png/120px-Aid_to_the_identification_of_insects_%28Plate_12%29_%286025815459%29_Thyca_berinda.png 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="964" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Nymphalidae" title="Nymphalidae">Nymphalidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Danaus_plexippus-transparent.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Danaus_plexippus-transparent"><img alt="Danaus_plexippus-transparent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Danaus_plexippus-transparent.png/60px-Danaus_plexippus-transparent.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Danaus_plexippus-transparent.png/90px-Danaus_plexippus-transparent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Danaus_plexippus-transparent.png/120px-Danaus_plexippus-transparent.png 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="1019" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Lycaenidae" title="Lycaenidae">Lycaenidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maculinea_arion_transparent.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Maculinea_arion_transparent.png/60px-Maculinea_arion_transparent.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Maculinea_arion_transparent.png/90px-Maculinea_arion_transparent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Maculinea_arion_transparent.png/120px-Maculinea_arion_transparent.png 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="532" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Riodinidae" title="Riodinidae">Riodinidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Detritivora_barnesi_transparent.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Detritivora_barnesi_transparent.png/60px-Detritivora_barnesi_transparent.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Detritivora_barnesi_transparent.png/90px-Detritivora_barnesi_transparent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Detritivora_barnesi_transparent.png/120px-Detritivora_barnesi_transparent.png 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="464" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_description">General description</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_entomology_terms" title="Glossary of entomology terms">Glossary of entomology terms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_butterflies_and_moths" title="Comparison of butterflies and moths">Comparison of butterflies and moths</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inachis_io_top_detail_MichaD_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Inachis_io_top_detail_MichaD_crop.jpg/220px-Inachis_io_top_detail_MichaD_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Inachis_io_top_detail_MichaD_crop.jpg/330px-Inachis_io_top_detail_MichaD_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Inachis_io_top_detail_MichaD_crop.jpg/440px-Inachis_io_top_detail_MichaD_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1516" data-file-height="1393" /></a><figcaption>A zoomed in view of the wing scales on a <i><a href="/wiki/Aglais_io" title="Aglais io">Aglais io</a></i>, or peacock butterfly.</figcaption></figure> <p>Butterfly adults are characterized by their four scale-covered wings, which give the Lepidoptera their name (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> λεπίς lepís, scale + πτερόν pterón, wing). These scales give butterfly wings their colour: they are pigmented with <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanins</a> that give them blacks and browns, as well as <a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric acid</a> derivatives and <a href="/wiki/Flavones" title="Flavones">flavones</a> that give them yellows, but many of the blues, greens, reds and <a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescent colours</a> are created by <a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">structural coloration</a> produced by the micro-structures of the scales and hairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Formfunction_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Formfunction-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antennae_ctb.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Antennae_ctb.png/220px-Antennae_ctb.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Antennae_ctb.png/330px-Antennae_ctb.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Antennae_ctb.png/440px-Antennae_ctb.png 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>Butterfly antennal shapes, mainly clubbed, unlike those of moths. Drawn by C. T. Bingham, 1905</figcaption></figure> <p>As in all insects, the body is divided into three sections: the head, <a href="/wiki/Thorax_(insect_anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorax (insect anatomy)">thorax</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abdomen#Arthropoda" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a>. The thorax is composed of three segments, each with a pair of legs. In most families of butterfly the antennae are clubbed, unlike those of <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moths</a> which may be threadlike or feathery. The long proboscis can be coiled when not in use for sipping nectar from flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-Gullan_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gullan-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laothoe_populi_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Laothoe_populi_5.jpg/220px-Laothoe_populi_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Laothoe_populi_5.jpg/330px-Laothoe_populi_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Laothoe_populi_5.jpg/440px-Laothoe_populi_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Unlike butterflies, most moths (like <i><a href="/wiki/Laothoe_populi" title="Laothoe populi">Laothoe populi</a></i>) fly by night and hide by day.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nearly all butterflies are <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_cycle" title="Diurnal cycle">diurnal</a>, have relatively bright colours, and hold their wings vertically above their bodies when at rest, unlike the majority of moths which fly by night, are often <a href="/wiki/Crypsis" title="Crypsis">cryptically</a> coloured (well camouflaged), and either hold their wings flat (touching the surface on which the moth is standing) or fold them closely over their bodies. Some day-flying moths, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird_hawk-moth" title="Hummingbird hawk-moth">hummingbird hawk-moth</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are exceptions to these rules.<sup id="cite_ref-Gullan_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gullan-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Butterfly <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar" title="Caterpillar">caterpillars</a>, have a hard (<a href="/wiki/Sclerotin" title="Sclerotin">sclerotised</a>) head with strong mandibles used for cutting their food, most often leaves. They have cylindrical bodies, with ten segments to the abdomen, generally with short prolegs on segments 3–6 and 10; the three pairs of true legs on the thorax have five segments each.<sup id="cite_ref-Gullan_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gullan-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many are well camouflaged; others are aposematic with bright colours and bristly projections containing toxic chemicals obtained from their food plants. The <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">pupa</a> or chrysalis, unlike that of moths, is not wrapped in a cocoon.<sup id="cite_ref-Gullan_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gullan-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Anthocharis_cardamines" title="Anthocharis cardamines">Anthocharis cardamines</a></i></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthocharis_cardamines_Weinsberg_20080424.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A mostly white butterfly with orange-tipped wings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Anthocharis_cardamines_Weinsberg_20080424.jpg/141px-Anthocharis_cardamines_Weinsberg_20080424.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Anthocharis_cardamines_Weinsberg_20080424.jpg/212px-Anthocharis_cardamines_Weinsberg_20080424.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Anthocharis_cardamines_Weinsberg_20080424.jpg/282px-Anthocharis_cardamines_Weinsberg_20080424.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Male</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthocharis_cardamines_female_(5709794696).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A mostly white butterfly with smaller black tips on its wings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Anthocharis_cardamines_female_%285709794696%29.jpg/143px-Anthocharis_cardamines_female_%285709794696%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Anthocharis_cardamines_female_%285709794696%29.jpg/215px-Anthocharis_cardamines_female_%285709794696%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Anthocharis_cardamines_female_%285709794696%29.jpg/286px-Anthocharis_cardamines_female_%285709794696%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4038" data-file-height="2673" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Female</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Many butterflies are <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexually dimorphic</a>. Most butterflies have the <a href="/wiki/ZW_sex-determination_system" title="ZW sex-determination system">ZW sex-determination system</a> where females are the heterogametic sex (ZW) and males homogametic (ZZ).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution_and_migration">Distribution and migration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: Lists of butterflies of <a href="/wiki/List_of_butterflies_of_Australia" title="List of butterflies of Australia">Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_butterflies_of_Tasmania" title="List of butterflies of Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_butterflies_of_Victoria" title="List of butterflies of Victoria">Victoria</a>), <a href="/wiki/List_of_butterflies_of_Great_Britain" title="List of butterflies of Great Britain">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_butterflies_of_India" title="List of butterflies of India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_butterflies_of_Menorca" title="List of butterflies of Menorca">Menorca</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_butterflies_of_North_America" title="List of butterflies of North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_butterflies_of_Taiwan" title="List of butterflies of Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_butterflies_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="List of butterflies of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera_migration" title="Lepidoptera migration">Lepidoptera migration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insect_migration" title="Insect migration">Insect migration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Animal_navigation" title="Animal navigation">Animal navigation</a></div> <p>Butterflies are distributed worldwide except Antarctica, totalling some 18,500 species.<sup id="cite_ref-FAQlepsoc_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAQlepsoc-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these, 775 are <a href="/wiki/Nearctic_realm" title="Nearctic realm">Nearctic</a>; 7,700 <a href="/wiki/Neotropical_realm" title="Neotropical realm">Neotropical</a>; 1,575 <a href="/wiki/Palearctic_realm" title="Palearctic realm">Palearctic</a>; 3,650 <a href="/wiki/Afrotropical_realm" title="Afrotropical realm">Afrotropical</a>; and 4,800 are distributed across the combined <a href="/wiki/Indomalayan_realm" title="Indomalayan realm">Oriental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australasian_realm" title="Australasian realm">Australian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oceanian_realm" title="Oceanian realm">Oceania</a> regions.<sup id="cite_ref-FAQlepsoc_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAQlepsoc-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly" title="Monarch butterfly">monarch butterfly</a> is native to the Americas, but in the nineteenth century or before, spread across the world, and is now found in Australia, New Zealand, other parts of Oceania, and the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>. It is not clear how it dispersed; adults may have been blown by the wind or larvae or pupae may have been accidentally transported by humans, but the presence of suitable host plants in their new environment was a necessity for their successful establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MonarchWanderungKlein.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MonarchWanderungKlein.gif/220px-MonarchWanderungKlein.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MonarchWanderungKlein.gif/330px-MonarchWanderungKlein.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MonarchWanderungKlein.gif/440px-MonarchWanderungKlein.gif 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monarch_(butterfly)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarch (butterfly)">Monarch</a> migration route</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monarc_Butterfly_Reserve4,_Michoacan,_Mexico.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Monarc_Butterfly_Reserve4%2C_Michoacan%2C_Mexico.JPG/220px-Monarc_Butterfly_Reserve4%2C_Michoacan%2C_Mexico.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Monarc_Butterfly_Reserve4%2C_Michoacan%2C_Mexico.JPG/330px-Monarc_Butterfly_Reserve4%2C_Michoacan%2C_Mexico.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Monarc_Butterfly_Reserve4%2C_Michoacan%2C_Mexico.JPG/440px-Monarc_Butterfly_Reserve4%2C_Michoacan%2C_Mexico.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Overwintering monarchs cluster on <a href="/wiki/Oyamel" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyamel">oyamel</a> trees near <a href="/wiki/Angangueo" title="Angangueo">Angangueo</a>, Mexico.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many butterflies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_cardui" title="Vanessa cardui">painted lady</a>, monarch, and several <a href="/wiki/Danainae" title="Danainae">danaine</a> migrate for long distances. These migrations take place over a number of generations and no single individual completes the whole trip. The eastern North American population of monarchs can travel thousands of miles south-west to <a href="/wiki/Monarch_Butterfly_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve">overwintering sites in Mexico</a>. There is a reverse migration in the spring.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has recently been shown that the British painted lady undertakes a 9,000-mile round trip in a series of steps by up to six successive generations, from tropical Africa to the Arctic Circle — almost double the length of the famous migrations undertaken by monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-BirdGuides_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BirdGuides-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spectacular large-scale migrations associated with the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> are seen in peninsular India.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Migrations have been studied in more recent times using wing tags and also using <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isotope_biogeochemistry" title="Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry">stable hydrogen isotopes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Butterflies navigate using a time-compensated sun compass. They can see polarized light and therefore orient even in cloudy conditions. The polarized light near the ultraviolet spectrum appears to be particularly important.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many migratory butterflies live in semi-arid areas where breeding seasons are short.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The life histories of their host plants also influence butterfly behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Butterfly_life_cycle_diagram_in_English.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Butterfly_life_cycle_diagram_in_English.svg/220px-Butterfly_life_cycle_diagram_in_English.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Butterfly_life_cycle_diagram_in_English.svg/330px-Butterfly_life_cycle_diagram_in_English.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Butterfly_life_cycle_diagram_in_English.svg/440px-Butterfly_life_cycle_diagram_in_English.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Life cycle of the monarch butterfly</figcaption></figure> <p>Butterflies in their adult stage can live from a week to nearly a year depending on the species. Many species have long larval life stages while others can remain <a href="/wiki/Diapause" title="Diapause">dormant</a> in their pupal or egg stages and thereby survive winters.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Oeneis_melissa" title="Oeneis melissa">Melissa Arctic</a> (<i>Oeneis melissa</i>) overwinters twice as a caterpillar.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Butterflies may have one or more broods per year. The number of generations per year varies from <a href="/wiki/Temperateness" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperateness">temperate</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical regions</a> with tropical regions showing a trend towards <a href="/wiki/Voltinism" title="Voltinism">multivoltinism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mating_Pair_of_Spotted_Fritillaries_on_Greater_Pignut.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mating_Pair_of_Spotted_Fritillaries_on_Greater_Pignut.JPG/220px-Mating_Pair_of_Spotted_Fritillaries_on_Greater_Pignut.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mating_Pair_of_Spotted_Fritillaries_on_Greater_Pignut.JPG/330px-Mating_Pair_of_Spotted_Fritillaries_on_Greater_Pignut.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mating_Pair_of_Spotted_Fritillaries_on_Greater_Pignut.JPG/440px-Mating_Pair_of_Spotted_Fritillaries_on_Greater_Pignut.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1661" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption>Mating pair of <a href="/wiki/Melitaea_didyma" title="Melitaea didyma">spotted fritillaries</a> on <a href="/wiki/Bunium_bulbocastanum" title="Bunium bulbocastanum">greater pignut</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thymelicus_sylvestris_m1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Thymelicus_sylvestris_m1.JPG/220px-Thymelicus_sylvestris_m1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Thymelicus_sylvestris_m1.JPG/330px-Thymelicus_sylvestris_m1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Thymelicus_sylvestris_m1.JPG/440px-Thymelicus_sylvestris_m1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2814" data-file-height="1875" /></a><figcaption>The male small skipper (<i><a href="/wiki/Thymelicus_sylvestris" class="mw-redirect" title="Thymelicus sylvestris">Thymelicus sylvestris</a></i>) has <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromone</a>-releasing "sex brands" (dark line) on the upperside of its forewings.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Courtship_display" title="Courtship display">Courtship</a> is often aerial and often involves <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromones</a>. Butterflies then land on the ground or on a perch to mate.<sup id="cite_ref-Gullan_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gullan-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Copulation takes place tail-to-tail and may last from minutes to hours. Simple photoreceptor cells located at the genitals are important for this and other adult behaviours.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The male passes a <a href="/wiki/Spermatophore" title="Spermatophore">spermatophore</a> to the female; to reduce sperm competition, he may cover her with his scent, or in some species such as the Apollos (<i><a href="/wiki/Parnassius" title="Parnassius">Parnassius</a></i>) <a href="/wiki/Mating_plug" title="Mating plug">plugs her genital opening</a> to prevent her from mating again.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vast majority of butterflies have a four-stage life cycle: <a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">egg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larva</a> (caterpillar), <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">pupa</a> (chrysalis) and <a href="/wiki/Imago" title="Imago">imago</a> (adult). In the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Colias" title="Colias">Colias</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Erebia" title="Erebia">Erebia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Euchloe" title="Euchloe">Euchloe</a></i>, and <i>Parnassius</i>, a small number of species are known that reproduce <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">semi-parthenogenetically</a>; when the female dies, a partially developed larva emerges from her abdomen.<sup id="cite_ref-Capinera640_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capinera640-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eggs">Eggs</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2012-06-27_Aporia_crataegi_eggs_Malus_domestica.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/2012-06-27_Aporia_crataegi_eggs_Malus_domestica.JPG/220px-2012-06-27_Aporia_crataegi_eggs_Malus_domestica.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/2012-06-27_Aporia_crataegi_eggs_Malus_domestica.JPG/330px-2012-06-27_Aporia_crataegi_eggs_Malus_domestica.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/2012-06-27_Aporia_crataegi_eggs_Malus_domestica.JPG/440px-2012-06-27_Aporia_crataegi_eggs_Malus_domestica.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Eggs of black-veined white (<i><a href="/wiki/Aporia_crataegi" title="Aporia crataegi">Aporia crataegi</a></i>) on <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apple</a> leaf</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Butterfly_laying_eggs_underneath_a_leaf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Butterfly_laying_eggs_underneath_a_leaf.jpg/220px-Butterfly_laying_eggs_underneath_a_leaf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Butterfly_laying_eggs_underneath_a_leaf.jpg/330px-Butterfly_laying_eggs_underneath_a_leaf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Butterfly_laying_eggs_underneath_a_leaf.jpg/440px-Butterfly_laying_eggs_underneath_a_leaf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>A butterfly from the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Euploea" title="Euploea">Euploea</a></i>, laying eggs underneath the leaf</figcaption></figure> <p>Butterfly eggs are protected by a hard-ridged outer layer of shell, called the <i>chorion</i>. This is lined with a thin coating of wax which prevents the egg from drying out before the larva has had time to fully develop. Each egg contains a number of tiny funnel-shaped openings at one end, called <i>micropyles</i>; the purpose of these holes is to allow sperm to enter and fertilize the egg. Butterfly eggs vary greatly in size and shape between species, but are usually upright and finely sculptured. Some species lay eggs singly, others in batches. Many females produce between one hundred and two hundred eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-Capinera640_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capinera640-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Butterfly eggs are fixed to a leaf with a special glue which hardens rapidly. As it hardens it contracts, deforming the shape of the egg. This glue is easily seen surrounding the base of every egg forming a meniscus. The nature of the glue has been little researched but in the case of <i><a href="/wiki/Pieris_brassicae" title="Pieris brassicae">Pieris brassicae</a></i>, it begins as a pale yellow granular secretion containing acidophilic proteins. This is viscous and darkens when exposed to air, becoming a water-insoluble, rubbery material which soon sets solid.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Butterflies in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Agathymus" title="Agathymus">Agathymus</a></i> do not fix their eggs to a leaf; instead, the newly laid eggs fall to the base of the plant.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott121_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott121-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eggs are almost invariably laid on plants. Each species of butterfly has its own host plant range and while some species of butterfly are restricted to just one species of plant, others use a range of plant species, often including members of a common family.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Great_spangled_fritillary" title="Great spangled fritillary">great spangled fritillary</a>, the eggs are deposited close to but not on the food plant. This most likely happens when the egg overwinters before hatching and where the host plant loses its leaves in winter, as do <a href="/wiki/Viola_(plant)" title="Viola (plant)">violets</a> in this example.<sup id="cite_ref-Shepard55_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shepard55-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The egg stage lasts a few weeks in most butterflies, but eggs laid close to winter, especially in temperate regions, go through a <a href="/wiki/Diapause" title="Diapause">diapause</a> (resting) stage, and the hatching may take place only in spring.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some temperate region butterflies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nymphalis_antiopa" title="Nymphalis antiopa">Camberwell beauty</a>, lay their eggs in the spring and have them hatch in the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caterpillar_larva">Caterpillar larva</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papilionidae_-_Papilio_machaon-2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Papilionidae_-_Papilio_machaon-2.JPG/220px-Papilionidae_-_Papilio_machaon-2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Papilionidae_-_Papilio_machaon-2.JPG/330px-Papilionidae_-_Papilio_machaon-2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Papilionidae_-_Papilio_machaon-2.JPG/440px-Papilionidae_-_Papilio_machaon-2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">Aposematic</a> caterpillar of <i><a href="/wiki/Papilio_machaon" title="Papilio machaon">Papilio machaon</a></i>, in threat pose</figcaption></figure> <p>Butterfly larvae, or caterpillars, consume plant leaves and spend practically all of their time searching for and eating food. Although most caterpillars are herbivorous, a few species are <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predators</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Spalgis_epius" title="Spalgis epius">Spalgis epius</a></i> eats <a href="/wiki/Scale_insect" title="Scale insect">scale insects</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while lycaenids such as <i><a href="/wiki/Liphyra_brassolis" title="Liphyra brassolis">Liphyra brassolis</a></i> are <a href="/wiki/Myrmecophily" title="Myrmecophily">myrmecophilous</a>, eating ant larvae.<sup id="cite_ref-Bingham_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bingham-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catapaecilma_major_by_Balakrishnan_Valappil_(7385361012).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Catapaecilma_major_by_Balakrishnan_Valappil_%287385361012%29.jpg/220px-Catapaecilma_major_by_Balakrishnan_Valappil_%287385361012%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Catapaecilma_major_by_Balakrishnan_Valappil_%287385361012%29.jpg/330px-Catapaecilma_major_by_Balakrishnan_Valappil_%287385361012%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Catapaecilma_major_by_Balakrishnan_Valappil_%287385361012%29.jpg/440px-Catapaecilma_major_by_Balakrishnan_Valappil_%287385361012%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">Mutualism</a>: ant tending a <a href="/wiki/Lycaenidae" title="Lycaenidae">lycaenid</a> caterpillar, <i><a href="/wiki/Catapaecilma_major" title="Catapaecilma major">Catapaecilma major</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Some larvae, especially those of the <a href="/wiki/Lycaenidae" title="Lycaenidae">Lycaenidae</a>, form <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutual associations</a> with ants. They communicate with the ants using vibrations that are transmitted through the <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(biology)" title="Substrate (biology)">substrate</a> as well as using chemical signals.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ants provide some degree of protection to these larvae and they in turn gather <a href="/wiki/Honeydew_(secretion)" title="Honeydew (secretion)">honeydew secretions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Large_blue" title="Large blue">Large blue</a> (<i>Phengaris arion</i>) caterpillars trick <i><a href="/wiki/Myrmica" title="Myrmica">Myrmica</a></i> ants into taking them back to the <a href="/wiki/Ant_colony" title="Ant colony">ant colony</a> where they feed on the ant eggs and larvae in a parasitic relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-Corruption_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corruption-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Four-horned_Sphinx_(Elm_Sphinx).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Four-horned_Sphinx_%28Elm_Sphinx%29.jpg/220px-Four-horned_Sphinx_%28Elm_Sphinx%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Four-horned_Sphinx_%28Elm_Sphinx%29.jpg/330px-Four-horned_Sphinx_%28Elm_Sphinx%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Four-horned_Sphinx_%28Elm_Sphinx%29.jpg/440px-Four-horned_Sphinx_%28Elm_Sphinx%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2144" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Cryptic</a> <a href="/wiki/Countershading" title="Countershading">countershaded</a> caterpillar of a hawkmoth, <i><a href="/wiki/Ceratomia_amyntor" title="Ceratomia amyntor">Ceratomia amyntor</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Caterpillars mature through a series of developmental stages known as <a href="/wiki/Instar" title="Instar">instars</a>. Near the end of each stage, the larva undergoes a process called <a href="/wiki/Apolysis" title="Apolysis">apolysis</a>, mediated by the release of a series of <a href="/wiki/Neurohormone" title="Neurohormone">neurohormones</a>. During this phase, the <a href="/wiki/Cuticle" title="Cuticle">cuticle</a>, a tough outer layer made of a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a> and specialized <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, is released from the softer <a href="/wiki/Squamous_epithelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous epithelium">epidermis</a> beneath, and the epidermis begins to form a new cuticle. At the end of each instar, the larva <a href="/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">moults</a>, the old cuticle splits and the new cuticle expands, rapidly hardening and developing pigment.<sup id="cite_ref-Klowden_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klowden-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caterpillars have short antennae and several <a href="/wiki/Simple_eye_in_invertebrates" title="Simple eye in invertebrates">simple eyes</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Insect_mouthparts" title="Insect mouthparts">mouthparts</a> are adapted for chewing with powerful mandibles and a pair of maxillae, each with a segmented palp. Adjoining these is the labium-hypopharynx which houses a tubular spinneret which is able to extrude silk.<sup id="cite_ref-Formfunction_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Formfunction-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caterpillars such as those in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Calpodes" title="Calpodes">Calpodes</a></i> (family Hesperiidae) have a specialized tracheal system on the 8th segment that function as a primitive lung.<sup id="cite_ref-Locke_1997_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Locke_1997-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Butterfly caterpillars have three pairs of true legs on the thoracic segments and up to six pairs of <a href="/wiki/Proleg" title="Proleg">prolegs</a> arising from the abdominal segments. These prolegs have rings of tiny hooks called crochets that are engaged hydrostatically and help the caterpillar grip the substrate.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The epidermis bears tufts of <a href="/wiki/Seta" title="Seta">setae</a>, the position and number of which help in identifying the species. There is also decoration in the form of hairs, wart-like protuberances, horn-like protuberances and spines. Internally, most of the body cavity is taken up by the gut, but there may also be large silk glands, and special glands which secrete distasteful or toxic substances. The developing wings are present in later stage instars and the <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonads</a> start development in the egg stage.<sup id="cite_ref-Formfunction_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Formfunction-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pupa">Pupa</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chrysalis5504.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Chrysalis5504.jpg/170px-Chrysalis5504.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Chrysalis5504.jpg/255px-Chrysalis5504.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Chrysalis5504.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chrysalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysalis">Chrysalis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gulf_fritillary" title="Gulf fritillary">gulf fritillary</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When the larva is fully grown, hormones such as <a href="/wiki/Prothoracicotropic_hormone" title="Prothoracicotropic hormone">prothoracicotropic hormone</a> (PTTH) are produced. At this point the larva stops feeding, and begins "wandering" in the quest for a suitable pupation site, often the underside of a leaf or other concealed location. There it spins a button of silk which it uses to fasten its body to the surface and moults for a final time. While some caterpillars spin a <a href="/wiki/Pupa#Cocoon" title="Pupa">cocoon</a> to protect the pupa, most species do not. The naked pupa, often known as a chrysalis, usually hangs head down from the cremaster, a spiny pad at the posterior end, but in some species a silken girdle may be spun to keep the pupa in a head-up position.<sup id="cite_ref-Capinera640_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capinera640-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the tissues and cells of the larva are broken down inside the pupa, as the constituent material is rebuilt into the imago. The structure of the transforming insect is visible from the exterior, with the wings folded flat on the ventral surface and the two halves of the proboscis, with the antennae and the legs between them.<sup id="cite_ref-Formfunction_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Formfunction-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pupal transformation into a butterfly through <a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">metamorphosis</a> has held great appeal to mankind. To transform from the miniature wings visible on the outside of the pupa into large structures usable for flight, the pupal wings undergo rapid mitosis and absorb a great deal of nutrients. If one wing is surgically removed early on, the other three will grow to a larger size. In the pupa, the wing forms a structure that becomes compressed from top to bottom and pleated from proximal to distal ends as it grows, so that it can rapidly be unfolded to its full adult size. Several boundaries seen in the adult colour pattern are marked by changes in the expression of particular transcription factors in the early pupa.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11676917_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11676917-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adult">Adult</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ParthenosSylviaButterfly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/ParthenosSylviaButterfly.jpg/220px-ParthenosSylviaButterfly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/ParthenosSylviaButterfly.jpg/330px-ParthenosSylviaButterfly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/ParthenosSylviaButterfly.jpg/440px-ParthenosSylviaButterfly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>An adult <i><a href="/wiki/Parthenos_sylvia" title="Parthenos sylvia">Parthenos sylvia</a></i> butterfly</figcaption></figure> <p>The reproductive stage of the insect is the winged adult or <a href="/wiki/Imago" title="Imago">imago</a>. The surface of both butterflies and moths is covered by scales, each of which is an outgrowth from a single <a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">epidermal</a> cell. The head is small and dominated by the two large <a href="/wiki/Eye#Compound_eyes" title="Eye">compound eyes</a>. These are capable of distinguishing flower shapes or motion but cannot view distant objects clearly. Colour perception is good, especially in some species in the blue/violet range. The <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a> are composed of many segments and have clubbed tips (unlike moths that have tapering or feathery antennae). The sensory receptors are concentrated in the tips and can detect odours. Taste receptors are located on the palps and on the feet. The mouthparts are adapted to sucking and the <a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">mandibles</a> are usually reduced in size or absent. The first maxillae are elongated into a tubular <a href="/wiki/Proboscis" title="Proboscis">proboscis</a> which is curled up at rest and expanded when needed to feed. The first and second maxillae bear palps which function as sensory organs. Some species have a reduced proboscis or maxillary palps and do not feed as adults.<sup id="cite_ref-Formfunction_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Formfunction-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Butterfly_resting_on_flower.webm/170px--Butterfly_resting_on_flower.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="170" height="302" data-durationhint="9" data-mwtitle="Butterfly_resting_on_flower.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Butterfly_resting_on_flower.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Butterfly_resting_on_flower.webm/Butterfly_resting_on_flower.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="270" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Butterfly_resting_on_flower.webm/Butterfly_resting_on_flower.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="406" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Butterfly_resting_on_flower.webm/Butterfly_resting_on_flower.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="608" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Butterfly_resting_on_flower.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1080" data-height="1920" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Butterfly_resting_on_flower.webm/Butterfly_resting_on_flower.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="82" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Butterfly_resting_on_flower.webm/Butterfly_resting_on_flower.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="136" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Butterfly_resting_on_flower.webm/Butterfly_resting_on_flower.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Butterfly_resting_on_flower.webm/Butterfly_resting_on_flower.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Butterfly resting on flower at Magic Wings Conservatory</figcaption></figure> <p>Many <i><a href="/wiki/Heliconius" title="Heliconius">Heliconius</a></i> butterflies also use their proboscis to feed on pollen;<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in these species only 20% of the amino acids used in reproduction come from larval feeding, which allow them to develop more quickly as caterpillars, and gives them a longer lifespan of several months as adults.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The thorax of the butterfly is devoted to locomotion. Each of the three thoracic segments has two legs (among <a href="/wiki/Nymphalidae" title="Nymphalidae">nymphalids</a>, the first pair is reduced and the insects walk on four legs). The second and third segments of the thorax bear the wings. The leading edges of the forewings have thick veins to strengthen them, and the hindwings are smaller and more rounded and have fewer stiffening veins. The forewings and hindwings are not hooked together (<a href="/wiki/Wing_coupling_(Lepidoptera_anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing coupling (Lepidoptera anatomy)">as they are in moths</a>) but are coordinated by the friction of their overlapping parts. The front two segments have a pair of <a href="/wiki/Spiracle_(arthropods)" title="Spiracle (arthropods)">spiracles</a> which are used in respiration.<sup id="cite_ref-Formfunction_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Formfunction-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The abdomen consists of ten segments and contains the gut and genital organs. The front eight segments have spiracles and the terminal segment is modified for reproduction. The male has a pair of clasping organs attached to a ring structure, and during copulation, a tubular structure is extruded and inserted into the female's vagina. A <a href="/wiki/Spermatophore" title="Spermatophore">spermatophore</a> is deposited in the female, following which the sperm make their way to a seminal receptacle where they are stored for later use. In both sexes, the genitalia are adorned with various spines, teeth, scales and bristles, which act to prevent the butterfly from mating with an insect of another species.<sup id="cite_ref-Formfunction_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Formfunction-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After it emerges from its pupal stage, a butterfly cannot fly until the wings are unfolded. A newly emerged butterfly needs to spend some time inflating its wings with <a href="/wiki/Hemolymph" title="Hemolymph">hemolymph</a> and letting them dry, during which time it is extremely vulnerable to predators.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pattern_formation">Pattern formation</h4></div> <p>The colourful patterns on many butterfly wings tell potential predators that they are toxic. Hence, the genetic basis of wing <a href="/wiki/Pattern_formation" title="Pattern formation">pattern formation</a> can illuminate both the <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> of butterflies as well as their <a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">developmental biology</a>. The colour of butterfly wings is derived from tiny structures called scales, each of which have their own <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a>. In <i><a href="/wiki/Heliconius" title="Heliconius">Heliconius</a></i> butterflies, there are three types of scales: yellow/white, black, and red/orange/brown scales. Some mechanism of wing pattern formation are now being solved using genetic techniques. For instance, a <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> called <i>cortex</i> determines the colour of scales: deleting <i>cortex</i> turned black and red scales yellow. Mutations, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Transposable_element" title="Transposable element">transposon insertions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Non-coding_DNA" title="Non-coding DNA">non-coding DNA</a> around the <i>cortex</i> gene can turn a black-winged butterfly into a butterfly with a yellow wing band.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mating">Mating</h3></div> <p>When the butterfly <i>Bicyclus anynana</i> is subjected to repeated inbreeding in the laboratory, there is a dramatic decrease in egg hatching.<sup id="cite_ref-Saccheri1996_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saccheri1996-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This severe <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_depression" title="Inbreeding depression">inbreeding depression</a> is considered to be likely due to a relatively high <a href="/wiki/Mutation_rate" title="Mutation rate">mutation rate</a> to recessive <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">alleles</a> with substantial damaging effects and infrequent episodes of <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a> in nature that might otherwise purge such mutations.<sup id="cite_ref-Saccheri1996_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saccheri1996-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <i>B. anynana</i> experiences inbreeding depression when forcibly inbred in the laboratory it recovers within a few generation when allowed to breed freely.<sup id="cite_ref-Robertson2020_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robertson2020-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During mate selection, adult females do not innately avoid or learn to avoid siblings, implying that such detection may not be critical to reproductive fitness.<sup id="cite_ref-Robertson2020_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robertson2020-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inbreeding may persist in <i>B anynana</i> because the probability of encountering close relatives is rare in nature; that is, movement ecology may mask the deleterious effect of inbreeding resulting in relaxation of selection for active inbreeding avoidance behaviors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Behaviour">Behaviour</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_painted_lady_feeding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Australian_painted_lady_feeding.jpg/220px-Australian_painted_lady_feeding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Australian_painted_lady_feeding.jpg/330px-Australian_painted_lady_feeding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Australian_painted_lady_feeding.jpg/440px-Australian_painted_lady_feeding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Australian_painted_lady" title="Australian painted lady">Australian painted lady</a> feeding on a flowering shrub</figcaption></figure> <p>Butterflies feed primarily on <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a> from flowers. Some also derive nourishment from <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tree sap, rotting fruit, dung, decaying flesh, and dissolved minerals in wet sand or dirt. Butterflies are important as pollinators for some species of plants. In general, they do not carry as much pollen load as <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a>, but they are capable of moving pollen over greater distances.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Flower_constancy" title="Flower constancy">Flower constancy</a> has been observed for at least one species of butterfly.<sup id="cite_ref-Goulson1997_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goulson1997-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adult butterflies consume only liquids, ingested through the proboscis. They sip water from damp patches for hydration and feed on nectar from flowers, from which they obtain sugars for energy, and <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> and other minerals vital for reproduction. Several species of butterflies need more sodium than that provided by nectar and are attracted by sodium in salt; they sometimes land on people, attracted by the salt in human sweat. Some butterflies also visit dung and scavenge rotting fruit or carcasses to obtain minerals and nutrients. In many species, this <a href="/wiki/Mud-puddling" title="Mud-puddling">mud-puddling</a> behaviour is restricted to the males, and studies have suggested that the nutrients collected may be provided as a <a href="/wiki/Nuptial_gift" title="Nuptial gift">nuptial gift</a>, along with the spermatophore, during mating.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hill-topping_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill-topping (biology)">hilltopping</a>, males of some species seek hilltops and ridge tops, which they patrol in search for females. Since it usually occurs in species with low population density, it is assumed these landscape points are used as meeting places to find mates.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Butterflies use their antennae to sense the air for wind and scents. The antennae come in various shapes and colours; the hesperiids have a pointed angle or hook to the antennae, while most other families show knobbed antennae. The antennae are richly covered with sensory organs known as <a href="/wiki/Sensillum" title="Sensillum">sensillae</a>. A butterfly's sense of taste is coordinated by chemoreceptors on the <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_leg#Insects" title="Arthropod leg">tarsi</a>, or feet, which work only on contact, and are used to determine whether an egg-laying insect's offspring will be able to feed on a leaf before eggs are laid on it.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many butterflies use chemical signals, <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromones</a>; some have specialized scent scales (<a href="/wiki/Androconia" class="mw-redirect" title="Androconia">androconia</a>) or other structures (<a href="/wiki/Coremata" title="Coremata">coremata</a> or "hair pencils" in the Danaidae).<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vision is well developed in butterflies and most species are sensitive to the ultraviolet spectrum. Many species show sexual dimorphism in the patterns of UV reflective patches.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colour vision may be widespread but has been demonstrated in only a few species.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some butterflies have organs of hearing and some species make <a href="/wiki/Stridulation" title="Stridulation">stridulatory</a> and clicking sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Butterfly_midflight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Butterfly_midflight.jpg/220px-Butterfly_midflight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Butterfly_midflight.jpg/330px-Butterfly_midflight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Butterfly_midflight.jpg/440px-Butterfly_midflight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><i>Heteronympha merope</i> taking off</figcaption></figure> <p>Many species of butterfly maintain territories and actively chase other species or individuals that may stray into them. Some species will bask or perch on chosen perches. The flight styles of butterflies are often characteristic and some species have courtship flight displays. Butterflies can only fly when their temperature is above 27 °C (81 °F); when it is cool, they can position themselves to expose the underside of the wings to the sunlight to heat themselves up. If their body temperature reaches 40 °C (104 °F), they can orientate themselves with the folded wings edgewise to the sun.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basking is an activity which is more common in the cooler hours of the morning. Some species have evolved dark wingbases to help in gathering more heat and this is especially evident in alpine forms.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in many other insects, the <a href="/wiki/Lift_(force)" title="Lift (force)">lift</a> generated by butterflies is more than can be accounted for by steady-state, non-transitory <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">aerodynamics</a>. Studies using <i><a href="/wiki/Vanessa_atalanta" title="Vanessa atalanta">Vanessa atalanta</a></i> in a <a href="/wiki/Wind_tunnel" title="Wind tunnel">wind tunnel</a> show that they use a wide variety of aerodynamic mechanisms to generate force. These include <a href="/wiki/Wake_capture" class="mw-redirect" title="Wake capture">wake capture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vortices" class="mw-redirect" title="Vortices">vortices</a> at the wing edge, rotational mechanisms and the <a href="/wiki/Torkel_Weis-Fogh" title="Torkel Weis-Fogh">Weis-Fogh</a> '<a href="/wiki/Clap-and-fling" class="mw-redirect" title="Clap-and-fling">clap-and-fling</a>' mechanism. Butterflies are able to change from one mode to another rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecology">Ecology</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parasitoids,_predators,_and_pathogens"><span id="Parasitoids.2C_predators.2C_and_pathogens"></span>Parasitoids, predators, and pathogens</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Braconid_parasitoid_wasp_Apanteles_sp_eggs_%26_Lime_Butterfly_(Papilio_demoleus)_cat_W_IMG_2862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Braconid_parasitoid_wasp_Apanteles_sp_eggs_%26_Lime_Butterfly_%28Papilio_demoleus%29_cat_W_IMG_2862.jpg/220px-Braconid_parasitoid_wasp_Apanteles_sp_eggs_%26_Lime_Butterfly_%28Papilio_demoleus%29_cat_W_IMG_2862.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Braconid_parasitoid_wasp_Apanteles_sp_eggs_%26_Lime_Butterfly_%28Papilio_demoleus%29_cat_W_IMG_2862.jpg/330px-Braconid_parasitoid_wasp_Apanteles_sp_eggs_%26_Lime_Butterfly_%28Papilio_demoleus%29_cat_W_IMG_2862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Braconid_parasitoid_wasp_Apanteles_sp_eggs_%26_Lime_Butterfly_%28Papilio_demoleus%29_cat_W_IMG_2862.jpg/440px-Braconid_parasitoid_wasp_Apanteles_sp_eggs_%26_Lime_Butterfly_%28Papilio_demoleus%29_cat_W_IMG_2862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Braconid" class="mw-redirect" title="Braconid">Braconid</a> <a href="/wiki/Parasitoid" title="Parasitoid">parasitoidal</a> wasp (<i><a href="/wiki/Apanteles" title="Apanteles">Apanteles</a></i> species) cocoons attached to lime butterfly (<i><a href="/wiki/Papilio_demoleus" title="Papilio demoleus">Papilio demoleus</a></i>) caterpillar</figcaption></figure> <p>Butterflies are threatened in their early stages by <a href="/wiki/Parasitoid" title="Parasitoid">parasitoids</a> and in all stages by predators, diseases and environmental factors. <a href="/wiki/Braconidae" title="Braconidae">Braconid</a> and other parasitic wasps lay their eggs in lepidopteran eggs or larvae and the wasps' parasitoid larvae devour their hosts, usually pupating inside or outside the desiccated husk. Most wasps are very specific about their host species and some have been used as biological controls of pest butterflies like the <a href="/wiki/Pieris_brassicae" title="Pieris brassicae">large white butterfly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Feltwell401_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feltwell401-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Pieris_rapae" title="Pieris rapae">small cabbage white</a> was accidentally introduced to New Zealand, it had no natural enemies. In order to control it, some pupae that had been parasitised by a chalcid wasp were imported, and natural control was thus regained.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some flies lay their eggs on the outside of caterpillars and the newly hatched fly larvae bore their way through the skin and feed in a similar way to the parasitoid wasp larvae.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Predators of butterflies include ants, spiders, wasps, and birds.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caterpillars are also affected by a range of bacterial, viral and fungal diseases, and only a small percentage of the butterfly eggs laid ever reach adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bacterium <i><a href="/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis" title="Bacillus thuringiensis">Bacillus thuringiensis</a></i> has been used in sprays to reduce damage to crops by the caterpillars of the large white butterfly, and the <a href="/wiki/Entomopathogenic_fungus" title="Entomopathogenic fungus">entomopathogenic fungus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Beauveria_bassiana" title="Beauveria bassiana">Beauveria bassiana</a></i> has proved effective for the same purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-Feltwell429_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feltwell429-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Endangered_species">Endangered species</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Queen_Alexandra%27s_birdwing" title="Queen Alexandra's birdwing">Queen Alexandra's birdwing</a>, found in <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, is the largest butterfly in the world. The species is <a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_insects#Other_Lepidoptera_species" title="List of endangered insects">endangered</a>, and is one of only three insects (the other two being butterflies as well) to be listed on <a href="/wiki/CITES#Appendix_I" title="CITES">Appendix I</a> of <a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a>, making international trade illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-CITES_appendices_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITES_appendices-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Defences">Defences</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Defense_in_insects" title="Defense in insects">Defense in insects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-predator_adaptation" title="Anti-predator adaptation">Anti-predator adaptation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">Mimicry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_polyphenism" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasonal polyphenism">Seasonal polyphenism</a></div> <p>Butterflies protect themselves from predators by a variety of means. </p><p>Chemical defences are widespread and are mostly based on chemicals of plant origin. In many cases the plants themselves evolved these toxic substances as <a href="/wiki/Plant_defense_against_herbivory" title="Plant defense against herbivory">protection</a> against herbivores. Butterflies have evolved mechanisms to sequester these plant toxins and use them instead in their own defence.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These defence mechanisms are effective only if they are well advertised; this has led to the evolution of bright colours in unpalatable butterflies (<a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">aposematism</a>). This signal is commonly <a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">mimicked</a> by other butterflies, usually only females. A <a href="/wiki/Batesian_mimicry" title="Batesian mimicry">Batesian mimic</a> imitates another species to enjoy the protection of that species' aposematism.<sup id="cite_ref-Edmunds_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edmunds-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Papilio_polytes" title="Papilio polytes">common Mormon</a> of India has female morphs which imitate the unpalatable red-bodied swallowtails, the <a href="/wiki/Pachliopta_aristolochiae" title="Pachliopta aristolochiae">common rose</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pachliopta_hector" title="Pachliopta hector">crimson rose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry" title="Müllerian mimicry">Müllerian mimicry</a> occurs when aposematic species evolve to resemble each other, presumably to reduce predator sampling rates; <i><a href="/wiki/Heliconius" title="Heliconius">Heliconius</a></i> butterflies from the Americas are a good example.<sup id="cite_ref-Edmunds_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edmunds-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a> is found in many butterflies. Some like the oakleaf butterfly and <a href="/wiki/Doleschallia_bisaltide" title="Doleschallia bisaltide">autumn leaf</a> are remarkable imitations of leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As caterpillars, many defend themselves by freezing and appearing like sticks or branches.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have <a href="/wiki/Deimatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Deimatic">deimatic</a> behaviours, such as rearing up and waving their front ends which are marked with eyespots as if they were snakes.<sup id="cite_ref-Springer_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some papilionid caterpillars such as the giant swallowtail (<i><a href="/wiki/Papilio_cresphontes" title="Papilio cresphontes">Papilio cresphontes</a></i>) resemble bird droppings so as to be passed over by predators.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some caterpillars have hairs and bristly structures that provide protection while others are gregarious and form dense aggregations.<sup id="cite_ref-Edmunds_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edmunds-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species are <a href="/wiki/Myrmecophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmecophile">myrmecophiles</a>, forming <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">mutualistic associations</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a> and gaining their protection.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Behavioural defences include perching and angling the wings to reduce shadow and avoid being conspicuous. Some female <a href="/wiki/Nymphalid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nymphalid">Nymphalid</a> butterflies guard their eggs from parasitoidal <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lycaenidae have a false head consisting of eyespots and small tails (false antennae) to deflect attack from the more vital head region. These may also cause ambush predators such as spiders to approach from the wrong end, enabling the butterflies to detect attacks promptly.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many butterflies have <a href="/wiki/Eyespot_(mimicry)" title="Eyespot (mimicry)">eyespots</a> on the wings; these too may deflect attacks, or may serve to attract mates.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11676917_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11676917-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eyespot_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eyespot-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Auditory defences can also be used, which in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Grizzled_skipper" class="mw-redirect" title="Grizzled skipper">grizzled skipper</a> refers to vibrations generated by the butterfly upon expanding its wings in an attempt to communicate with ant predators.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many tropical butterflies have <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_polyphenism" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasonal polyphenism">seasonal forms</a> for dry and wet seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are switched by the hormone <a href="/wiki/Ecdysone" title="Ecdysone">ecdysone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dry-season forms are usually more cryptic, perhaps offering better camouflage when vegetation is scarce. Dark colours in wet-season forms may help to absorb solar radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eyespot_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eyespot-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Butterflies without defences such as toxins or mimicry protect themselves through a flight that is more bumpy and unpredictable than in other species. It is assumed this behavior makes it more difficult for predators to catch them, and is caused by the <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a> created by the small whirlpools formed by the wings during flight.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heliconius_mimicry.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Heliconius warns off predators with Müllerian mimicry.[102]"><img alt="Heliconius warns off predators with Müllerian mimicry.[102]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Heliconius_mimicry.png/199px-Heliconius_mimicry.png" decoding="async" width="199" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Heliconius_mimicry.png/299px-Heliconius_mimicry.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Heliconius_mimicry.png/399px-Heliconius_mimicry.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="2107" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Heliconius" title="Heliconius">Heliconius</a></i> warns off predators with <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry" title="Müllerian mimicry">Müllerian mimicry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Papilio_cresphontes_larva_defensive.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Giant swallowtail caterpillar everting its osmeterium in defence; it is also mimetic, resembling a bird dropping."><img alt="Giant swallowtail caterpillar everting its osmeterium in defence; it is also mimetic, resembling a bird dropping." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Papilio_cresphontes_larva_defensive.JPG/200px-Papilio_cresphontes_larva_defensive.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Papilio_cresphontes_larva_defensive.JPG/300px-Papilio_cresphontes_larva_defensive.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Papilio_cresphontes_larva_defensive.JPG/400px-Papilio_cresphontes_larva_defensive.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="1522" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Giant_swallowtail" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant swallowtail">Giant swallowtail</a> caterpillar everting its <a href="/wiki/Osmeterium" title="Osmeterium">osmeterium</a> in defence; it is also <a href="/wiki/Mimesis_(biology)" title="Mimesis (biology)">mimetic</a>, resembling a bird dropping.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bird-damaged_Speckled_Wood_Pararge_aegeria.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Eyespots of speckled wood (Pararge aegeria) distract predators from attacking the head. This insect can still fly with a damaged left hindwing."><img alt="Eyespots of speckled wood (Pararge aegeria) distract predators from attacking the head. This insect can still fly with a damaged left hindwing." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bird-damaged_Speckled_Wood_Pararge_aegeria.JPG/200px-Bird-damaged_Speckled_Wood_Pararge_aegeria.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bird-damaged_Speckled_Wood_Pararge_aegeria.JPG/300px-Bird-damaged_Speckled_Wood_Pararge_aegeria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bird-damaged_Speckled_Wood_Pararge_aegeria.JPG/400px-Bird-damaged_Speckled_Wood_Pararge_aegeria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1631" data-file-height="1504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eyespots of <a href="/wiki/Speckled_wood_(butterfly)" title="Speckled wood (butterfly)">speckled wood</a> (<i>Pararge aegeria</i>) distract predators from attacking the head. This insect can still fly with a damaged left hindwing.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Declining_numbers">Declining numbers</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AC83_Actinote_zikani_(49807063187).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/AC83_Actinote_zikani_%2849807063187%29.jpg/220px-AC83_Actinote_zikani_%2849807063187%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/AC83_Actinote_zikani_%2849807063187%29.jpg/330px-AC83_Actinote_zikani_%2849807063187%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/AC83_Actinote_zikani_%2849807063187%29.jpg/440px-AC83_Actinote_zikani_%2849807063187%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2459" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Actinote_zikani" title="Actinote zikani">Actinote zikani</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Critically_Endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically Endangered">critically endangered</a> species due to <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat loss</a> from human expansion</figcaption></figure> <p>Declining butterfly populations have been noticed in many areas of the world, and this phenomenon is consistent with the <a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">rapidly decreasing insect populations around the world</a>. At least in the Western United States, this collapse in the number of most species of butterflies has been determined to be driven by <a href="/wiki/Global_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Global climate change">global climate change</a>, specifically, by warmer autumns.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_art_and_literature">In art and literature</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xxvi_dinastia,_frammento_di_rilievo_parietale,_tebe,_664-525_ac_ca._04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Xxvi_dinastia%2C_frammento_di_rilievo_parietale%2C_tebe%2C_664-525_ac_ca._04.JPG/220px-Xxvi_dinastia%2C_frammento_di_rilievo_parietale%2C_tebe%2C_664-525_ac_ca._04.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Xxvi_dinastia%2C_frammento_di_rilievo_parietale%2C_tebe%2C_664-525_ac_ca._04.JPG/330px-Xxvi_dinastia%2C_frammento_di_rilievo_parietale%2C_tebe%2C_664-525_ac_ca._04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Xxvi_dinastia%2C_frammento_di_rilievo_parietale%2C_tebe%2C_664-525_ac_ca._04.JPG/440px-Xxvi_dinastia%2C_frammento_di_rilievo_parietale%2C_tebe%2C_664-525_ac_ca._04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2468" data-file-height="2320" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a> relief sculpture, <a href="/wiki/26th_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="26th dynasty">26th dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a>. c. 664–525 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Butterflies have appeared in art from 3500 years ago in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In hunting scenes, butterflies were sometimes included in a way that suggested life, freedom, and the strength to escape capture, creating a balance to scenes concerned with death and upholding <a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">ma'at</a>. They also were suggestive of regeneration or rebirth and protection. Certain butterflies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Danaini" title="Danaini">tiger butterfly</a>, may have been associated with solar deities, particularly <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a>. The tiger butterfly also would have a particular resemblance to the <a href="/wiki/Ankh" title="Ankh">ankh</a>, due to its black body and wingtips, that was likely noted by the Ancient Egyptians. Butterflies may also have been understood as one of the deceased's guides in the afterlife.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerican</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a>, the brilliantly coloured image of the butterfly was carved into many temples, buildings, jewellery, and emblazoned on <a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">incense burners</a>. The butterfly was sometimes depicted with the maw of a <a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">jaguar</a>, and some species were considered to be the reincarnations of the souls of dead warriors. The close association of butterflies with fire and warfare persisted into the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec civilisation">Aztec civilisation</a>; evidence of similar jaguar-butterfly images has been found among the <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_peoples" title="Zapotec peoples">Zapotec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya civilisation">Maya civilisations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alice_05a-1116x1492.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Alice_05a-1116x1492.jpg/170px-Alice_05a-1116x1492.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Alice_05a-1116x1492.jpg/255px-Alice_05a-1116x1492.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Alice_05a-1116x1492.jpg/340px-Alice_05a-1116x1492.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="1492" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alice_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)" title="Alice (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)">Alice</a> meets the <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)" title="Caterpillar (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)">caterpillar</a>. Illustration by Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Tenniel" title="John Tenniel">John Tenniel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice in Wonderland</a></i>, c. 1865</figcaption></figure> <p>Butterflies are widely used in objects of art and jewellery: mounted in frames, embedded in resin, displayed in bottles, laminated in paper, and used in some mixed media artworks and furnishings.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegian</a> <a href="/wiki/Naturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalist">naturalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Kjell_B._Sandved" class="mw-redirect" title="Kjell B. Sandved">Kjell Sandved</a> compiled a photographic <i><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_Alphabet" title="Butterfly Alphabet">Butterfly Alphabet</a></i> containing all 26 letters and the numerals 0 to 9 from the wings of butterflies.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The butterfly is a symbol of being <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a>, because of the transformation from caterpillar to winged adult.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Tenniel" title="John Tenniel">John Tenniel</a> drew a famous illustration of <a href="/wiki/Alice_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)" title="Alice (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)">Alice</a> meeting a <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)" title="Caterpillar (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)">caterpillar</a> for <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice in Wonderland</a></i>, c. 1865. The caterpillar is seated on a toadstool and is smoking a <a href="/wiki/Hookah" title="Hookah">hookah</a>; the image can be read as showing either the forelegs of the larva, or as suggesting a face with protruding nose and chin.<sup id="cite_ref-BugsBritannica_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BugsBritannica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Carle" title="Eric Carle">Eric Carle</a>'s children's book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Very_Hungry_Caterpillar" title="The Very Hungry Caterpillar">The Very Hungry Caterpillar</a></i> portrays the larva as an extraordinarily hungry animal, while also teaching children how to count (to five) and the days of the week.<sup id="cite_ref-BugsBritannica_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BugsBritannica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A butterfly appeared in one of <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Just_So_Stories" title="Just So Stories">Just So Stories</a></i>, "<a href="/wiki/The_Butterfly_that_Stamped" title="The Butterfly that Stamped">The Butterfly that Stamped</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most popular, and most often recorded, songs by <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>'s eighteenth-century bard, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Michael_Bellman" title="Carl Michael Bellman">Carl Michael Bellman</a>, is "<a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%A4riln_vingad_syns_p%C3%A5_Haga" title="Fjäriln vingad syns på Haga">Fjäriln vingad syns på Haga</a>" (The butterfly wingèd's seen in Haga), one of his <i><a href="/wiki/Fredman%27s_Songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Fredman's Songs">Fredman's Songs</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Madam_Butterfly" class="mw-redirect" title="Madam Butterfly">Madam Butterfly</a></i> is a 1904 <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> by <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Giacomo Puccini</a> about a romantic young Japanese bride who is deserted by her American officer husband soon after they are married. It was based on an 1898 short story by <a href="/wiki/John_Luther_Long" title="John Luther Long">John Luther Long</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_mythology_and_folklore">In mythology and folklore</h3></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Lafcadio Hearn</a>, a butterfly was seen in Japan as the personification of a person's soul; whether they be living, dying, or already dead. One Japanese superstition says that if a butterfly enters your guest room and perches behind the bamboo screen, the person whom you most love is coming to see you. Large numbers of butterflies are viewed as bad <a href="/wiki/Omen" title="Omen">omens</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Taira_no_Masakado" title="Taira no Masakado">Taira no Masakado</a> was secretly preparing his famous revolt, a vast a swarm of butterflies appeared in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>. The people were frightened, thinking the apparition to be a portent of coming evil.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diderot's <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclopédie</a></i> cites butterflies as a symbol for the soul. A Roman sculpture depicts a butterfly exiting the mouth of a dead man, representing the Roman belief that the soul leaves through the mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In line with this, the ancient Greek word for "butterfly" is ψυχή (<i>psȳchē</i>), which primarily means "soul" or "mind".<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a>, some of the <a href="/wiki/Naga_people" title="Naga people">Nagas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a> claim ancestry from a butterfly.<sup id="cite_ref-Rabuzzi_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabuzzi-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cultures, butterflies symbolise <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">rebirth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the English county of <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, people once hurried to kill the first butterfly of the year, to avoid a year of bad luck.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Philippines, a lingering black or dark butterfly or moth in the house is taken to mean an impending or recent death in the family.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several American states have chosen an <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_butterflies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. state butterflies">official state butterfly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collecting,_recording,_and_rearing"><span id="Collecting.2C_recording.2C_and_rearing"></span>Collecting, recording, and rearing<span class="anchor" id="Collecting"></span><span class="anchor" id="Rearing"></span><span class="anchor" id="As_pets"></span><span class="anchor" id="Preservation"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Insect_collecting" title="Insect collecting">Insect collecting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_butterfly_collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/A_butterfly_collection.jpg/170px-A_butterfly_collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/A_butterfly_collection.jpg/255px-A_butterfly_collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/A_butterfly_collection.jpg/340px-A_butterfly_collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1916" data-file-height="2613" /></a><figcaption>A collection of butterflies and moths in the <a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Museum" title="Manitoba Museum">Manitoba Museum</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>"Collecting" means preserving dead specimens, not keeping butterflies as pets.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ-collecting_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ-collecting-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TAMU-BugHunter_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAMU-BugHunter-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collecting butterflies was once a popular hobby; it has now largely been replaced by photography, recording, and rearing butterflies for release into the wild.<sup id="cite_ref-BugsBritannica_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BugsBritannica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (January 2020)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Butterfly#Dubious" title="Talk:Butterfly">discuss</a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The zoological illustrator <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Frohawk" title="Frederick William Frohawk">Frederick William Frohawk</a> succeeded in rearing all the butterfly species found in Britain, at a rate of four per year, to enable him to draw every stage of each species. He published the results in the folio sized handbook <i>The Natural History of British Butterflies</i> in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-BugsBritannica_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BugsBritannica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Butterflies and <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moths</a> can be reared for recreation or for release.<sup id="cite_ref-AES-raising_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AES-raising-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_technology">In technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Biomimetics" title="Biomimetics">Biomimetics</a></div> <p>Study of the <a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">structural coloration</a> of the wing scales of swallowtail butterflies has led to the development of more efficient <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diodes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is inspiring <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a> research to produce paints that do not use toxic pigments and the development of new display technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKawaharaStorerCarvalhoPlotkin2023" class="citation journal cs1">Kawahara, Akito Y.; Storer, Caroline; Carvalho, Ana Paula S.; Plotkin, David M.; Condamine, Fabien L.; Braga, Mariana P.; Ellis, Emily A.; St Laurent, Ryan A.; Li, Xuankun; Barve, Vijay; Cai, Liming; Earl, Chandra; Frandsen, Paul B.; Owens, Hannah L.; Valencia-Montoya, Wendy A. 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Academic Press. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-381351-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-381351-0"><bdi>978-0-12-381351-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425180814/https://books.google.com/books?id=2KzokTLIysQC&pg=PA159">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Springer Science & Business Media. p. 676. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6242-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6242-1"><bdi>978-1-4020-6242-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160502065723/https://books.google.com/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC&pg=PA676">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Sandiegozoo.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304014910/http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-butterfly.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+on+San+Diego+Zoo+website&rft.pub=Sandiegozoo.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegozoo.org%2Fanimalbytes%2Ft-butterfly.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButterfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirchPoppy1990" class="citation journal cs1">Birch, M. C.; Poppy, G. M. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ento.psu.edu/publications/512BirchEtAl1990.pdf">"Scents and Eversible Scent Structures of Male Moths"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Annual Review of Entomology</i>. <b>35</b>: <span class="nowrap">25–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ento.35.1.25">10.1146/annurev.ento.35.1.25</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151006020930/http://ento.psu.edu/publications/512BirchEtAl1990.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Vol. 120, no. 1643. 17 December 1988. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0262-4079">0262-4079</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160521070952/https://books.google.com/books?id=PfHEmTgmHacC&pg=PA13">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Wing+Color+in+Colias+Butterflies%3A+Heritability%2C+Sex+Linkage%2C+and+population+divergence&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E836-%3C%2Fspan%3E840&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8732686%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12038541&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1554%2F0014-3820%282002%29056%5B0836%3Ateowci%5D2.0.co%3B2&rft.aulast=Ellers&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Boggs%2C+Carol+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2FCCB%2FPubs%2FBoggs_pdfs%2F2002_Ellers_Boggs_Coliaswingcolor.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButterfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrygleyThomas2002" class="citation journal cs1">Srygley, R. 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Marshall Cavendish. p. 416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7269-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7269-8"><bdi>978-0-7614-7269-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509074556/https://books.google.com/books?id=WLIOwLemzyQC&pg=PA416">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Wildlife+Encyclopedia%3A+Brown+bear+-+Cheetah&rft.pages=416&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7269-8&rft.au=Burton%2C+Maurice&rft.au=Burton%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWLIOwLemzyQC%26pg%3DPA416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButterfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen,_Thomas_J.2005" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Thomas J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Field+Guide+to+Caterpillars&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803413-1&rft.au=Allen%2C+Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSS6s7tck0fIC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButterfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monarchlab.org/biology-and-research/biology-and-natural-history/parasites-natural-enemies">"Parasites and Natural Enemies"</a>. University of Minnesota. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151007132714/http://monarchlab.org/biology-and-research/biology-and-natural-history/parasites-natural-enemies/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parasites+and+Natural+Enemies&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonarchlab.org%2Fbiology-and-research%2Fbiology-and-natural-history%2Fparasites-natural-enemies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButterfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feltwell429-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Feltwell429_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeltwell,_J.2012" class="citation book cs1">Feltwell, J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA429"><i>Large White Butterfly: The Biology, Biochemistry and Physiology of </i>Pieris Brassicae<i> (Linnaeus)</i></a>. Springer. p. 429. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-009-8638-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-009-8638-1"><bdi>978-94-009-8638-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505022425/https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA429">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Large+White+Butterfly%3A+The+Biology%2C+Biochemistry+and+Physiology+of+Pieris+Brassicae+%28Linnaeus%29&rft.pages=429&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-94-009-8638-1&rft.au=Feltwell%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8XnrCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButterfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITES_appendices-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CITES_appendices_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php">CITES appendices I, II and III</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171205014647/http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php">Archived</a> 5 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, official website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNishida2002" class="citation journal cs1">Nishida, Ritsuo (2002). 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University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151007182812/http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Papilio_polytes/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Animal+Diversity+Web&rft.atitle=Papilio+polytes&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Halloran&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft.au=Wason%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanimaldiversity.org%2Faccounts%2FPapilio_polytes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButterfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbins1981" class="citation journal cs1">Robbins, Robert K. (1981). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inside+Science&rft.atitle=The+Mathematical+Butterfly%3A+Simulations+Provide+New+Insights+On+Flight&rft.date=2013-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidescience.org%2Fnews%2Fmathematical-butterfly-simulations-provide-new-insights-flight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButterfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2006" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer, A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Aramco+World&rft.atitle=Butterflies+of+Egypt&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Larsen%2C+Torben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiaramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F199405%2Fbutterflies.of.egypt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButterfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes" class="citation book cs1">Haynes, Dawn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.sun.ac.za/bitstream/10019.1/79920/1/haynes_symbolism_2013.pdf"><i>The Symbolism and Significance of the Butterfly in Ancient Egypt</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Symbolism+and+Significance+of+the+Butterfly+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=Dawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.sun.ac.za%2Fbitstream%2F10019.1%2F79920%2F1%2Fhaynes_symbolism_2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButterfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller,_Mary1993" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Mary (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780500279281"><i>The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya</i></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mfjoe.com/tag/furniture/">the original</a> on 6 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+Complete+with+Real+Butterflies+Embedded+in+Resin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmfjoe.com%2Ftag%2Ffurniture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButterfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinar2013" class="citation news cs1">Pinar (13 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mymodernmet.com/profiles/blogs/kjell-bloch-sandved-butterfly-alphabet">"Entire Alphabet Found on the Wing Patterns of Butterflies"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907093208/http://www.mymodernmet.com/profiles/blogs/kjell-bloch-sandved-butterfly-alphabet">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Entire+Alphabet+Found+on+the+Wing+Patterns+of+Butterflies&rft.date=2013-11-13&rft.au=Pinar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mymodernmet.com%2Fprofiles%2Fblogs%2Fkjell-bloch-sandved-butterfly-alphabet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButterfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2014/09/24/im-scared-be-woman/human-rights-abuses-against-transgender-people-malaysia">"I'm Scared to Be a Woman"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 24 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906002753/http://www.hrw.org/report/2014/09/24/im-scared-be-woman/human-rights-abuses-against-transgender-people-malaysia">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2015</span>. <q>a 22-year-old transgender woman sports a tattoo of a butterfly—a transgender symbol signifying transformation</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I%27m+Scared+to+Be+a+Woman&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2014-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freport%2F2014%2F09%2F24%2Fim-scared-be-woman%2Fhuman-rights-abuses-against-transgender-people-malaysia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButterfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/79/just-so-stories/1295/the-butterfly-that-stamped/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Butterfly that Stamped'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210808051409/https://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/79/just-so-stories/1295/the-butterfly-that-stamped/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27The+Butterfly+that+Stamped%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetc.usf.edu%2Flit2go%2F79%2Fjust-so-stories%2F1295%2Fthe-butterfly-that-stamped%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButterfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNilsson" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nilsson, Hans. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bellman.net/artiklar/sparen.html">"Bellman på Spåren"</a> (in Swedish). Bellman.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150926164611/http://www.bellman.net/artiklar/sparen.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bellman+p%C3%A5+Sp%C3%A5ren&rft.pub=Bellman.net&rft.aulast=Nilsson&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bellman.net%2Fartiklar%2Fsparen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButterfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Rij2001" class="citation book cs1">Van Rij, Jan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rV3VeiACJuYC"><i>Madame Butterfly: Japonisme, Puccini, and the Search for the Real Cho-Cho-San</i></a>. Stone Bridge Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781880656525" title="Special:BookSources/9781880656525"><bdi>9781880656525</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727161437/https://books.google.com/books?id=rV3VeiACJuYC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madame+Butterfly%3A+Japonisme%2C+Puccini%2C+and+the+Search+for+the+Real+Cho-Cho-San&rft.pub=Stone+Bridge+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781880656525&rft.aulast=Van+Rij&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrV3VeiACJuYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButterfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHearn1904" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Hearn, Lafcadio</a> (1904). <a href="/wiki/Kwaidan:_Stories_and_Studies_of_Strange_Things" title="Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things"><i>Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things</i></a>. Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-21901-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-21901-1"><bdi>978-0-486-21901-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kwaidan%3A+Stories+and+Studies+of+Strange+Things&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1904&rft.isbn=978-0-486-21901-1&rft.aulast=Hearn&rft.aufirst=Lafcadio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButterfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis2011" class="citation journal cs1">Louis, Chevalier de Jaucourt (Biography) (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=did;cc=did;rgn=main;view=text;idno=did2222.0001.694">"Butterfly"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Diderot and d'Alembert</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160811042437/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=did;cc=did;rgn=main;view=text;idno=did2222.0001.694">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Diderot+and+d%27Alembert&rft.atitle=Butterfly&rft.date=2011-01&rft.aulast=Louis&rft.aufirst=Chevalier+de+Jaucourt+%28Biography%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Ftext-idx%3Fc%3Ddid%3Bcc%3Ddid%3Brgn%3Dmain%3Bview%3Dtext%3Bidno%3Ddid2222.0001.694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButterfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hutchins, M., Arthur V. Evans, Rosser W. Garrison and Neil Schlager (Eds) (2003) Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, 2nd edition. Volume 3, Insects. Gale, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rabuzzi-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rabuzzi_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rabuzzi, M. 1997. Butterfly etymology. Cultural Entomology November 1997 Fourth issue <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insects.org/ced4/etymology.html">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19981203024144/http://www.insects.org/ced4/etymology.html">Archived</a> 3 December 1998 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://staugustine.com/living/religion/2015-04-16/church-releases-butterflies-symbol-rebirth#.Ve77UZdUWHg">"Church Releases Butterflies as Symbol of Rebirth"</a>. The St. Augustine Record. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150911155013/http://staugustine.com/living/religion/2015-04-16/church-releases-butterflies-symbol-rebirth#.Ve77UZdUWHg">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+Releases+Butterflies+as+Symbol+of+Rebirth&rft.pub=The+St.+Augustine+Record&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstaugustine.com%2Fliving%2Freligion%2F2015-04-16%2Fchurch-releases-butterflies-symbol-rebirth%23.Ve77UZdUWHg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButterfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorset Chronicle, May 1825, reprinted in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tablebook01honegoog">"The First Butterfly"</a>, in <i>The Every-day Book and Table Book; or, Everlasting Calendar of Popular Amusements, Etc.</i> Vol III, ed. William Hone, (London: 1838) p 678.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livinginthephilippines.com/culture-and-people/philippine-culture/superstitions-and-beliefs/419-superstitions-and-beliefs">"Superstitions and Beliefs Related to Death"</a>. <i>Living in the Philippines</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042349/http://www.livinginthephilippines.com/culture-and-people/philippine-culture/superstitions-and-beliefs/419-superstitions-and-beliefs">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Living+in+the+Philippines&rft.atitle=Superstitions+and+Beliefs+Related+to+Death&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livinginthephilippines.com%2Fculture-and-people%2Fphilippine-culture%2Fsuperstitions-and-beliefs%2F419-superstitions-and-beliefs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButterfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netstate.com/states/tables/state_butterflies.htm">"Official State Butterflies"</a>. NetState.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130703023414/http://www.netstate.com/states/tables/state_butterflies.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+State+Butterflies&rft.pub=NetState.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netstate.com%2Fstates%2Ftables%2Fstate_butterflies.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButterfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSJ-collecting-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WSJ-collecting_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeach2014" class="citation web cs1">Leach, William (27 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-SEB-80517">"Why Collecting Butterflies Isn't Cruel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213222034/https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-SEB-80517">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Why+Collecting+Butterflies+Isn%27t+Cruel&rft.date=2014-03-27&rft.aulast=Leach&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FBL-SEB-80517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButterfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TAMU-BugHunter-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TAMU-BugHunter_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bughunter.tamu.edu/collecting-and-preserving-butterflies/">"Collecting and Preserving Butterflies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M University</a> Bug Hunter</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125084234/https://bughunter.tamu.edu/collecting-and-preserving-butterflies/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+A%26M+University+Bug+Hunter&rft.atitle=Collecting+and+Preserving+Butterflies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbughunter.tamu.edu%2Fcollecting-and-preserving-butterflies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButterfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AES-raising-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AES-raising_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amentsoc.org/insects/caresheets/caterpillars.html">"Rearing caterpillars"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Amateur_Entomologists%27_Society" title="Amateur Entomologists' Society">Amateur Entomologists' Society</a> (AES)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210306082426/https://www.amentsoc.org/insects/caresheets/caterpillars.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amateur+Entomologists%27+Society+%28AES%29&rft.atitle=Rearing+caterpillars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amentsoc.org%2Finsects%2Fcaresheets%2Fcaterpillars.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButterfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVukusic,_PeteHooper,_Ian2005" class="citation journal cs1">Vukusic, Pete; Hooper, Ian (2005). "Directionally Controlled Fluorescence Emission in Butterflies". <i>Science</i>. <b>310</b> (5751): 1151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1116612">10.1126/science.1116612</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16293753">16293753</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43857104">43857104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Directionally+Controlled+Fluorescence+Emission+in+Butterflies&rft.volume=310&rft.issue=5751&rft.pages=1151&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43857104%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16293753&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1116612&rft.au=Vukusic%2C+Pete&rft.au=Hooper%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButterfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanderbilt" class="citation magazine cs1">Vanderbilt, Tom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/how-biomimicry-is-inspiring-human-innovation-17924040/?no-ist">"How Biomimicry is Inspiring Human Innovation"</a>. <i>Smithsonian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928194050/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/how-biomimicry-is-inspiring-human-innovation-17924040/?no-ist">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=How+Biomimicry+is+Inspiring+Human+Innovation&rft.aulast=Vanderbilt&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fscience-nature%2Fhow-biomimicry-is-inspiring-human-innovation-17924040%2F%3Fno-ist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButterfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKawaharaStorerCarvalho2023" class="citation journal cs1">Kawahara, A.Y.; Storer, C.; Carvalho, A.P.S.; et al. (15 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02041-9">"A Global Phylogeny of Butterflies Reveals Their Evolutionary History, Ancestral Hosts and Biogeographic Origins"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Ecology_and_Evolution" title="Nature Ecology and Evolution">Nat Ecol Evol</a></i>. <b>7</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">903–</span>913. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023NatEE...7..903K">2023NatEE...7..903K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-023-02041-9">10.1038/s41559-023-02041-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10250192">10250192</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37188966">37188966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nat+Ecol+Evol&rft.atitle=A+Global+Phylogeny+of+Butterflies+Reveals+Their+Evolutionary+History%2C+Ancestral+Hosts+and+Biogeographic+Origins&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E903-%3C%2Fspan%3E913&rft.date=2023-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10250192%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37188966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41559-023-02041-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023NatEE...7..903K&rft.aulast=Kawahara&rft.aufirst=A.Y.&rft.au=Storer%2C+C.&rft.au=Carvalho%2C+A.P.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%2Fs41559-023-02041-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButterfly" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Butterfly" class="extiw" title="commons:Butterfly"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Butterfly</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Butterflies" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Butterflies">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Butterflies" class="extiw" title="q:Butterflies">Butterflies</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1920 <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i> article <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Butterfly" class="extiw" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Butterfly">Butterfly</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/Papilionoidea/12027">Papilionoidea on the Tree of Life</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211041619/http://tolweb.org/Papilionoidea/12027">Archived</a> 11 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=any&subview=map&taxon_id=47157&view=species">Butterfly species and observations on iNaturalist</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamas1990" class="citation journal cs1">Lamas, Gerardo (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827214204/http://lepidopteraresearchfoundation.org/journals/29/PDF29/29-092.pdf">"An Annotated List of Lepidopterological Journals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera</i>. <b>29</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">92–</span>104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fp.266621">10.5962/p.266621</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:108756448">108756448</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lepidopteraresearchfoundation.org/journals/29/PDF29/29-092.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Research+on+the+Lepidoptera&rft.atitle=An+Annotated+List+of+Lepidopterological+Journals&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fp.266621&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A108756448%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lamas&rft.aufirst=Gerardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flepidopteraresearchfoundation.org%2Fjournals%2F29%2FPDF29%2F29-092.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButterfly" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080551/http://insectoid.info/insecta/lepidoptera/rhopalocera-sub/">Rhopalocera</a> at insectoid.info</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_lists">Regional lists</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/">North America</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abdb-africa.org/">Africa</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ghanabutterflies.uw.hu/">Ghana</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116153702/http://ghanabutterflies.uw.hu/">Archived</a> 16 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Asia: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091028083659/http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Vines/2382/sgchecklist.htm">Singapore</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature-of-oz.com/israelsspecieslist1.htm">Israel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221022024829/https://www.nature-of-oz.com/israelsspecieslist1.htm">Archived</a> 22 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yutaka.it-n.jp/">Indo-China</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/46743">Sulawesi</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/butterflies/neotropica/sulawesi/checklist.html">Southeastern Sulawesi</a>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adamerkelebek.org/">Turkey</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkes1749" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wilkes" title="Benjamin Wilkes">Wilkes, Benjamin</a> (1749). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73622"><i>The English Moths and Butterflies</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Moths+and+Butterflies&rft.date=1749&rft.aulast=Wilkes&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F73622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButterfly" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lepidoptera" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lepidoptera"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_Lepidoptera_families424" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a> families</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insecta</a></li> <li>Subclass: <a href="/wiki/Pterygota" title="Pterygota">Pterygota</a></li> <li>Infraclass: <a href="/wiki/Neoptera" title="Neoptera">Neoptera</a></li> <li>Superorder: <a href="/wiki/Holometabola" title="Holometabola">Holometabola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Zeugloptera424" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Micropterigidae" title="Micropterigidae">Zeugloptera</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Micropterigoidea36" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:25.15em"><a href="/wiki/Micropterigidae" title="Micropterigidae">Micropterigoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Micropterigidae" title="Micropterigidae">Micropterigidae <small>(mandibulate archaic moths)</small></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Aglossata424" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Agathiphaga" title="Agathiphaga">Aglossata</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Agathiphagoidea31" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:25.15em"><a href="/wiki/Agathiphaga" title="Agathiphaga">Agathiphagoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Agathiphaga" title="Agathiphaga">Agathiphagidae <small>(kauri moths)</small></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Heterobathmiina424" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Heterobathmia" title="Heterobathmia">Heterobathmiina</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Heterobathmioidea35" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:25.15em"><a href="/wiki/Heterobathmia" title="Heterobathmia">Heterobathmioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Heterobathmia" title="Heterobathmia">Heterobathmiidae</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Glossata424" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Glossata" title="Glossata">Glossata</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Eriocraniidae" title="Eriocraniidae">Dacnonypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Eriocranioidea32" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Eriocraniidae" title="Eriocraniidae">Eriocranioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eriocraniidae" title="Eriocraniidae">Eriocraniidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Acanthopteroctetidae" title="Acanthopteroctetidae">Acanthoctesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Acanthopteroctetidae" title="Acanthopteroctetidae">Acanthopteroctetoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acanthopteroctetidae" title="Acanthopteroctetidae">Acanthopteroctetidae <small>(archaic sun moths)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Lophocoronoidea" title="Lophocoronoidea">Lophocoronina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lophocoronoidea19" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Lophocoronoidea" title="Lophocoronoidea">Lophocoronoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Lophocoronoidea" title="Lophocoronoidea">Lophocoronidae</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Neopseustidae" title="Neopseustidae">Neopseustina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Neopseustidae" title="Neopseustidae">Neopseustoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aenigmatineidae" title="Aenigmatineidae">Aenigmatineidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopseustidae" title="Neopseustidae">Neopseustidae <small>(archaic bell moths)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Exoporia" title="Exoporia">Exoporia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Hepialoidea" title="Hepialoidea">Hepialoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomoses" title="Anomoses">Anomosetidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepialidae" title="Hepialidae">Hepialidae <small>(swift moths, ghost moths)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotheora" title="Neotheora">Neotheoridae <small>(Amazonian primitive ghost moths)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeosetidae" title="Palaeosetidae">Palaeosetidae <small>(miniature ghost moths)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prototheoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Prototheoridae">Prototheoridae <small>(African primitive ghost moths)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Mnesarchaea" title="Mnesarchaea">Mnesarchaeoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mnesarchaea" title="Mnesarchaea">Mnesarchaeidae <small>(New Zealand primitive moths)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;line-height:1em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Heteroneura" title="Heteroneura">H<br />e<br />t<br />e<br />r<br />o<br />n<br />e<br />u<br />r<br />a</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.1em;line-height:1em;text-align:center;font-size:80%;"><a href="/wiki/Monotrysia" title="Monotrysia">M<br />o<br />n<br />o<br />t<br />r<br />y<br />s<br />i<br />a</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Adeloidea" title="Adeloidea">Adeloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Adelidae" title="Adelidae">Adelidae <small>(fairy longhorn moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cecidosidae" title="Cecidosidae">Cecidosidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heliozelidae" title="Heliozelidae">Heliozelidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Incurvariidae" title="Incurvariidae">Incurvariidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prodoxidae" title="Prodoxidae">Prodoxidae <small>(yucca moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Andesiana" title="Andesiana">Andesianoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andesiana" title="Andesiana">Andesianidae <small>(Andean endemic moths)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Nepticuloidea" title="Nepticuloidea">Nepticuloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nepticulidae" title="Nepticulidae">Nepticulidae <small>(pigmy, or midget moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Opostegidae" title="Opostegidae">Opostegidae <small>(white eyecap moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Palaephatidae" title="Palaephatidae">Palaephatoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Palaephatidae" title="Palaephatidae">Palaephatidae <small>(Gondwanaland moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Tischerioidea" title="Tischerioidea">Tischerioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Tischerioidea" title="Tischerioidea">Tischeriidae <small>(trumpet leaf miner moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.1em;line-height:1em;text-align:center;font-size:80%;"><a href="/wiki/Ditrysia" title="Ditrysia">D<br />i<br />t<br />r<br />y<br />s<br />i<br />a</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Simaethistoidea" title="Simaethistoidea">Simaethistoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Simaethistoidea" title="Simaethistoidea">Simaethistidae</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Tineoidea" title="Tineoidea">Tineoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Acrolophidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrolophidae">Acrolophidae <small>(burrowing webworm moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arrhenophanidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrhenophanidae">Arrhenophanidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eriocottidae" title="Eriocottidae">Eriocottidae <small>(Old World spiny-winged moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bagworm_moth" title="Bagworm moth">Psychidae <small>(bagworm moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tineidae" title="Tineidae">Tineidae <small>(fungus moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Gracillarioidea" title="Gracillarioidea">Gracillarioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bucculatricidae" title="Bucculatricidae">Bucculatricidae <small>(ribbed cocoon makers)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Douglasiidae" title="Douglasiidae">Douglasiidae <small>(Douglas moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gracillariidae" title="Gracillariidae">Gracillariidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roeslerstammiidae" title="Roeslerstammiidae">Roeslerstammiidae</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Yponomeutoidea" title="Yponomeutoidea">Yponomeutoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Acrolepiidae" title="Acrolepiidae">Acrolepiidae <small>(false diamondback moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bedelliidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedelliidae">Bedelliidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glyphipterigidae" title="Glyphipterigidae">Glyphipterigidae <small>(sedge moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heliodinidae" title="Heliodinidae">Heliodinidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lyonetiidae" title="Lyonetiidae">Lyonetiidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plutellidae" title="Plutellidae">Plutellidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ermine_moth" title="Ermine moth">Yponomeutidae <small>(ermine moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ypsolophidae" title="Ypsolophidae">Ypsolophidae</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Gelechioidea" title="Gelechioidea">Gelechioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Autostichidae" title="Autostichidae">Autostichidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Batrachedridae" title="Batrachedridae">Batrachedridae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Blastobasidae" title="Blastobasidae">Blastobasidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Coleophoridae" title="Coleophoridae">Coleophoridae <small>(case-bearers, case moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cosmopterigidae" title="Cosmopterigidae">Cosmopterigidae <small>(cosmet moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elachistidae" title="Elachistidae">Elachistidae <small>(grass-miner moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gelechiidae" title="Gelechiidae">Gelechiidae <small>(twirler moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lecithoceridae" title="Lecithoceridae">Lecithoceridae <small>(long-horned moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lypusidae" title="Lypusidae">Lypusidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metachanda" title="Metachanda">Metachandidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Momphidae" title="Momphidae">Momphidae <small>(mompha moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oecophoridae" title="Oecophoridae">Oecophoridae <small>(concealer moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pterolonchidae" title="Pterolonchidae">Pterolonchidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Scythrididae" title="Scythrididae">Scythrididae <small>(flower moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xyloryctidae" title="Xyloryctidae">Xyloryctidae <small>(timber moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Galacticidae" title="Galacticidae">Galacticoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Galacticidae" title="Galacticidae">Galacticidae</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Zygaenoidea" title="Zygaenoidea">Zygaenoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Heterogynidae" title="Heterogynidae">Heterogynidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zygaenidae" title="Zygaenidae">Zygaenidae <small>(burnet, forester, or smoky moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Himantopteridae" title="Himantopteridae">Himantopteridae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lacturidae" title="Lacturidae">Lacturidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Somabrachyidae" title="Somabrachyidae">Somabrachyidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Flannel_moth" title="Flannel moth">Megalopygidae <small>(flannel moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aididae" title="Aididae">Aididae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anomoeotidae" title="Anomoeotidae">Anomoeotidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cyclotorna" title="Cyclotorna">Cyclotornidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Epipyropidae" title="Epipyropidae">Epipyropidae <small>(planthopper parasite moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dalceridae" title="Dalceridae">Dalceridae <small>(slug caterpillars)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Limacodidae" title="Limacodidae">Limacodidae <small>(slug, or cup moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Cossoidea" title="Cossoidea">Cossoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cossidae" title="Cossidae">Cossidae <small>(carpenter millers, or goat moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dudgeonea" title="Dudgeonea">Dudgeoneidae <small>(dudgeon carpenter moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Sesioidea" title="Sesioidea">Sesioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Brachodidae" title="Brachodidae">Brachodidae <small>(little bear moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Castniidae" title="Castniidae">Castniidae <small>(castniid moths: giant butterfly-moths, sun moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sesiidae" title="Sesiidae">Sesiidae <small>(clearwing moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Choreutidae" title="Choreutidae">Choreutoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Choreutidae" title="Choreutidae">Choreutidae <small>(metalmark moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Tortricidae" title="Tortricidae">Tortricoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Tortricidae" title="Tortricidae">Tortricidae <small>(tortrix moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Urodidae" title="Urodidae">Urodoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Urodidae" title="Urodidae">Urodidae <small>(false burnet moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Schreckensteiniidae" title="Schreckensteiniidae">Schreckensteinioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Schreckensteiniidae" title="Schreckensteiniidae">Schreckensteiniidae <small>(bristle-legged moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Epermeniidae" title="Epermeniidae">Epermenioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Epermeniidae" title="Epermeniidae">Epermeniidae <small>(fringe-tufted moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Alucitoidea" title="Alucitoidea">Alucitoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Many-plumed_moth" title="Many-plumed moth">Alucitidae <small>(many-plumed moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tineodidae" title="Tineodidae">Tineodidae <small>(false plume moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Pterophoridae" title="Pterophoridae">Pterophoroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Pterophoridae" title="Pterophoridae">Pterophoridae <small>(plume moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Whalleyana" title="Whalleyana">Whalleyanoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Whalleyana" title="Whalleyana">Whalleyanidae</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Immidae" title="Immidae">Immoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Immidae" title="Immidae">Immidae</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Copromorphoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Copromorphoidea">Copromorphoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Copromorphidae" title="Copromorphidae">Copromorphidae <small>(tropical fruitworm moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carposinidae" title="Carposinidae">Carposinidae <small>(fruitworm moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Thyrididae" title="Thyrididae">Thyridoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Thyrididae" title="Thyrididae">Thyrididae <small>(picture-winged leaf moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Callidulidae" title="Callidulidae">Calliduloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Callidulidae" title="Callidulidae">Callidulidae <small>(Old World butterfly-moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Papilionoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Papilionoidea">Papilionoidea</a><br /><small><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Butterflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterflies">butterflies</a>)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Swallowtail_butterfly" title="Swallowtail butterfly">Papilionidae <small>(swallowtail butterflies)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hedylidae" title="Hedylidae">Hedylidae <small>(American moth-butterflies)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Skipper_(butterfly)" title="Skipper (butterfly)">Hesperiidae <small>(skippers)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pieridae" title="Pieridae">Pieridae <small>(whites, yellows, orangetips, sulphurs)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Riodinidae" title="Riodinidae">Riodinidae <small>(metalmarks)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lycaenidae" title="Lycaenidae">Lycaenidae <small>(gossamer-winged butterflies: blues, coppers and relatives)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nymphalidae" title="Nymphalidae">Nymphalidae <small>(brush-footed, or four-footed butterflies)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Hyblaeidae" title="Hyblaeidae">Hyblaeoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hyblaeidae" title="Hyblaeidae">Hyblaeidae <small>(teak moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Pyraloidea" title="Pyraloidea">Pyraloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Pyralidae" title="Pyralidae">Pyralidae <small>(snout moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Crambidae" title="Crambidae">Crambidae <small>(grass moth)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Mimallonoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimallonoidea">Mimallonoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mimallonoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimallonoidea">Mimallonidae <small>(sack bearer moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Lasiocampoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasiocampoidea">Lasiocampoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lasiocampidae" title="Lasiocampidae">Lasiocampidae <small>(eggars, snout moths, or lappet moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Bombycoidea" title="Bombycoidea">Bombycoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Anthelidae" title="Anthelidae">Anthelidae <small>(Australian lappet moth)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Apatelodidae" title="Apatelodidae">Apatelodidae <small>(American silkworm moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bombycidae" title="Bombycidae">Bombycidae <small>(silk moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brahmaeidae" title="Brahmaeidae">Brahmaeidae <small>(Brahmin moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dryandra_moth" title="Dryandra moth">Carthaeidae <small>(Dryandra moth)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Endromidae" title="Endromidae">Endromidae <small>(Kentish glory and relatives)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eupterotidae" title="Eupterotidae">Eupterotidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phiditiidae" title="Phiditiidae">Phiditiidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saturniidae" title="Saturniidae">Saturniidae <small>(saturniids)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sphingidae" title="Sphingidae">Sphingidae <small>(hawk moths, sphinx moths and hornworms)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Noctuoidea" title="Noctuoidea">Noctuoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Erebidae" title="Erebidae">Erebidae <small>(underwing, tiger, tussock, litter, snout, owlet moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Euteliidae" title="Euteliidae">Euteliidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Noctuidae" title="Noctuidae">Noctuidae <small>(daggers, sallows, owlet moths, quakers, cutworms, darts)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nolidae" title="Nolidae">Nolidae <small>(tuft moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Notodontidae" title="Notodontidae">Notodontidae <small>(prominents, kittens)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oenosandridae" title="Oenosandridae">Oenosandridae</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Drepanoidea" title="Drepanoidea">Drepanoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Drepanidae" title="Drepanidae">Drepanidae <small>(hook-tips)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cimeliidae" title="Cimeliidae">Cimeliidae <small>(gold moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Doidae" title="Doidae">Doidae</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Geometroidea" title="Geometroidea">Geometroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Sematuridae" title="Sematuridae">Sematuridae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pseudobistonidae" title="Pseudobistonidae">Pseudobistonidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Epicopeiidae" title="Epicopeiidae">Epicopeiidae <small>(oriental swallowtail moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Uraniidae" title="Uraniidae">Uraniidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Geometer_moth" title="Geometer moth">Geometridae <small>(geometer moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Superfamily unassigned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Millieriidae" title="Millieriidae">Millieriidae</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Note: division <a href="/wiki/Monotrysia" title="Monotrysia">Monotrysia</a> is not a clade.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_Lepidoptera" title="Taxonomy of the Lepidoptera">Taxonomy of the Lepidoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Lepidoptera_by_region" title="Lists of Lepidoptera by region">Lists by region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beetle_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/17px-Beetle_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/26px-Beetle_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/34px-Beetle_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="143" data-file-height="159" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Insects" title="Portal:Insects">Insects</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cercophonius_squama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cercophonius_squama.jpg/21px-Cercophonius_squama.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cercophonius_squama.jpg/32px-Cercophonius_squama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cercophonius_squama.jpg/42px-Cercophonius_squama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="1606" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Arthropods" title="Portal:Arthropods">Arthropods</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/21px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/42px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/21px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/42px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers2533" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers2533" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Papilionoidea</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756153" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q756153">Q756153</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Papilionoidea" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Papilionoidea">Papilionoidea</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Papilionoidea">Papilionoidea</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id17297">17297</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BugGuide" title="BugGuide">BugGuide</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bugguide.net/node/view/81">81</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5G9">5G9</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/854">854</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:6944">6944</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/d15819d0-778c-445c-9971-44ce6cdd650e">d15819d0-778c-445c-9971-44ce6cdd650e</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/1875">1875</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47224">47224</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=117235">117235</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000503590">NHMSYS0000503590</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=37572">37572</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=212998">212998</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1618" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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