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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Ensaluti</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Pliaj agordoj" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personaj iloj" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personaj iloj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menuo de uzanto" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eo.wikipedia.org&uselang=eo"><span>Donaci</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciala%C4%B5o:Krei_konton&returnto=Kerno+%28operaciumo%29" title="Ni rekomendas ke vi kreu uzantokonton kaj ensalutu, kvankam tio ne estas deviga"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Krei konton</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciala%C4%B5o:Ensaluti&returnto=Kerno+%28operaciumo%29" title="Ni rekomendas ke vi ensalutu, kvankam tio ne estas devige. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Ensaluti</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Paĝoj por elsalutitaj redaktistoj <a href="/wiki/Helpo:Enkonduko" aria-label="Lernu pli pri redaktado"><span>Lernu pli</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Miaj_kontribuoj" title="Listo de redaktoj faritaj el ĉi tiu IPa adreso [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribuoj</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Mia_diskutpa%C4%9Do" title="Diskuto pri redaktoj sub tiu ĉi IP adreso [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskuto</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Retejo"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Enhavo" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Enhavo</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">movigi al flanka panelo</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">kaŝi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Komenco</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Monolita_kerno" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monolita_kerno"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Monolita kerno</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monolita_kerno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mikrokerno" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mikrokerno"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mikrokerno</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mikrokerno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kombino" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kombino"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kombino</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kombino-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Enhavo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ŝaltu la enhavtabelon" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ŝaltu la enhavtabelon</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kerno (operaciumo)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Iru al artikolo en alia lingvo. Havebla en 78 lingvo" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 lingvoj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedryfstelselkern" title="Bedryfstelselkern — afrikansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bedryfstelselkern" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel" title="Kernel — svisgermana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kernel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="svisgermana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A9_(%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%84)" title="نواة (نظم تشغيل) — araba" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نواة (نظم تشغيل)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="কাৰ্ণেল — asama" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কাৰ্ণেল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleu_(inform%C3%A1tica)" title="Nucleu (informática) — asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nucleu (informática)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCv%C9%99_(komp%C3%BCter)" title="Nüvə (kompüter) — azerbajĝana" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nüvə (kompüter)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajĝana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%A9(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C)" title="چکیردک(ایشلتیم سیستمی) — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چکیردک(ایشلتیم سیستمی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Ядро аперацыйнай сістэмы — belorusa" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ядро аперацыйнай сістэмы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belorusa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Ядро (операционна система) — bulgara" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ядро (операционна система)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_(%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8)" title="কার্নেল (কম্পিউটার বিজ্ঞান) — bengala" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কার্নেল (কম্পিউটার বিজ্ঞান)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel" title="Kernel — bosna" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kernel" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosna" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucli_del_sistema_operatiu" title="Nucli del sistema operatiu — kataluna" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nucli del sistema operatiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataluna" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1dro_opera%C4%8Dn%C3%ADho_syst%C3%A9mu" title="Jádro operačního systému — ĉeĥa" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jádro operačního systému" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ĉeĥa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerne_(styresystem)" title="Kerne (styresystem) — dana" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kerne (styresystem)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(Betriebssystem)" title="Kernel (Betriebssystem) — germana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kernel (Betriebssystem)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dend%C4%B1k_(komputer)" title="Dendık (komputer) — Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Dendık (komputer)" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82_(%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%82)" title="Πυρήνας (υπολογιστές) — greka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πυρήνας (υπολογιστές)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system) — angla" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Kernel (operating system)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAcleo_(inform%C3%A1tica)" title="Núcleo (informática) — hispana" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Núcleo (informática)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuum_(informaatika)" title="Tuum (informaatika) — estona" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tuum (informaatika)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleo_(informatika)" title="Nukleo (informatika) — eŭska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nukleo (informatika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="eŭska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87_(%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84)" title="هسته (سیستم‌عامل) — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هسته (سیستم‌عامل)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4ytt%C3%B6j%C3%A4rjestelm%C3%A4n_ydin" title="Käyttöjärjestelmän ydin — finna" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Käyttöjärjestelmän ydin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finna" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noyau_de_syst%C3%A8me_d%27exploitation" title="Noyau de système d'exploitation — franca" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Noyau de système d'exploitation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel" title="Kernel — galega" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kernel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galega" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%94_(%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%94)" title="ליבה (מערכות הפעלה) — hebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליבה (מערכות הפעלה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0)" title="कर्नल (कम्प्यूटर) — hinda" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कर्नल (कम्प्यूटर)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hinda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezgra_(ra%C4%8Dunarstvo)" title="Jezgra (računarstvo) — kroata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jezgra (računarstvo)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendszermag" title="Rendszermag — hungara" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rendszermag" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleo_(informatica)" title="Nucleo (informatica) — Interlingvao" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nucleo (informatica)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingvao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(ilmu_komputer)" title="Kernel (ilmu komputer) — indonezia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kernel (ilmu komputer)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel" title="Kernel — iloka" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kernel" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%BDrikerfiskjarni" title="Stýrikerfiskjarni — islanda" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stýrikerfiskjarni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel" title="Kernel — itala" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kernel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB" title="カーネル — japana" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カーネル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ოპერაციული სისტემის ბირთვი — kartvela" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოპერაციული სისტემის ბირთვი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="kartvela" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BB%A4%EB%84%90_(%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85)" title="커널 (컴퓨팅) — korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="커널 (컴퓨팅)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel" title="Kernel — kurda" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kernel" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_(informatica)" title="Nucleus (informatica) — latino" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nucleus (informatica)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel" title="Kernel — Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Kernel" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%87" title="ແກນກາງ — laŭa" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ແກນກາງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laŭa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branduolys_(OS)" title="Branduolys (OS) — litova" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Branduolys (OS)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodols_(oper%C4%93t%C4%81jsist%C4%93ma)" title="Kodols (operētājsistēma) — latva" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kodols (operētājsistēma)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel" title="Kernel — malagasa" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kernel" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagasa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_(%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Јадро (информатика) — makedona" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јадро (информатика)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BD_(%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D)" title="കെർണൽ (കമ്പ്യൂട്ടിങ്) — malajalama" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കെർണൽ (കമ്പ്യൂട്ടിങ്)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%A9%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Цөмийн горим — mongola" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цөмийн горим" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="केर्नेल — marata" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="केर्नेल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti_(sains_komputer)" title="Inti (sains komputer) — malaja" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Inti (sains komputer)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA_(%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC)" title="ကာနဲလ် (ကွန်ပျူတာ) — birma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကာနဲလ် (ကွန်ပျူတာ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel" title="Kernel — nederlanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kernel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operativsystemkjerne" title="Operativsystemkjerne — novnorvega" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Operativsystemkjerne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="novnorvega" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjerne_(operativsystem)" title="Kjerne (operativsystem) — dannorvega" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kjerne (operativsystem)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="dannorvega" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B2_(%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%AE)" title="ਕਰਨਲ (ਆਪਰੇਟਿੰਗ ਸਿਸਟਮ) — panĝaba" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਰਨਲ (ਆਪਰੇਟਿੰਗ ਸਿਸਟਮ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panĝaba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%85dro_systemu_operacyjnego" title="Jądro systemu operacyjnego — pola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jądro systemu operacyjnego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="pola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAcleo_(sistema_operacional)" title="Núcleo (sistema operacional) — portugala" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Núcleo (sistema operacional)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chira_(llamk%27achiy_llikacha)" title="Chira (llamk'achiy llikacha) — keĉua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chira (llamk'achiy llikacha)" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="keĉua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleu_(sistem_de_operare)" title="Nucleu (sistem de operare) — rumana" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nucleu (sistem de operare)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Ядро операционной системы — rusa" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ядро операционной системы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel" title="Kernel — sicilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Kernel" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel" title="Kernel — serbo-Kroata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kernel" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-Kroata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA_(%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%9A)" title="කර්නලය (පරිගණක) — sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කර්නලය (පරිගණක)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(computer_science)" title="Kernel (computer science) — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kernel (computer science)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadro_(informatika)" title="Jadro (informatika) — slovaka" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jadro (informatika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedro_(ra%C4%8Dunalni%C5%A1tvo)" title="Jedro (računalništvo) — slovena" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jedro (računalništvo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovena" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel" title="Kernel — serba" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kernel" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operativsystemk%C3%A4rna" title="Operativsystemkärna — sveda" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Operativsystemkärna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sveda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81_(%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81)" title="కెర్నలు (కంప్యూటరు) — telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కెర్నలు (కంప్యూటరు)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="ใจกลาง — taja" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ใจกลาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="taja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel" title="Kernel — tagaloga" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kernel" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ekirdek_(bilgisayar_bilimi)" title="Çekirdek (bilgisayar bilimi) — turka" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çekirdek (bilgisayar bilimi)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Ядро операційної системи — ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ядро операційної системи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operatsion_tizim_yadrosi" title="Operatsion tizim yadrosi — uzbeka" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Operatsion tizim yadrosi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel" title="Kernel — Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Kernel" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A2n_h%E1%BB%87_%C4%91i%E1%BB%81u_h%C3%A0nh" title="Nhân hệ điều hành — vjetnama" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhân hệ điều hành" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vjetnama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8" title="内核 — vua" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="内核" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8" title="内核 — ĉina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="内核" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ĉina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E6%A0%B8" title="內核 — kantona" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="內核" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9662#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redakti interlingvajn ligilojn" class="wbc-editpage">Redakti ligilojn</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nomspacoj"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kerno_(operaciumo)" title="Vidi la artikolon [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikolo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskuto:Kerno_(operaciumo)&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskuto pri la artikolo (paĝo ne ekzistas) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskuto</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ŝanĝi lingvan varianton" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Esperanto</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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title="Antaŭaj versioj de ĉi tiu paĝo. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vidi historion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Paĝaj iloj"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Iloj" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Iloj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Iloj</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">movigi al flanka panelo</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">kaŝi</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Pliaj opcioj" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Agoj </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kerno_(operaciumo)"><span>Legi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerno_(operaciumo)&veaction=edit" title="Redakti ĉi tiun paĝon [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redakti</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerno_(operaciumo)&action=edit" title="Redakti fontan kodon de tiu ĉi paĝo [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redakti fonton</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerno_(operaciumo)&action=history"><span>Vidi historion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ĝenerale </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Kio_ligas_%C4%89i_tien%3F/Kerno_(operaciumo)" title="Listo de ĉiuj vikiaj paĝoj kiuj ligas ĉi tien [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ligiloj ĉi tien</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Rilataj_%C5%9Dan%C4%9Doj/Kerno_(operaciumo)" rel="nofollow" title="Lastaj ŝanĝoj en paĝoj kiuj ligas al ĉi tiu paĝo [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Rilataj ŝanĝoj</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eo" title="Alŝuti dosierojn [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Alŝuti dosieron</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Specialaj_pa%C4%9Doj" title="Listo de ĉiuj specialaj paĝoj [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Specialaj paĝoj</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerno_(operaciumo)&oldid=8268209" title="Porĉiama ligilo al ĉi versio de la paĝo"><span>Konstanta ligilo</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerno_(operaciumo)&action=info" title="Pli da informo pri ĉi tiu paĝo"><span>Informoj pri la paĝo</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciala%C4%B5o:Citi&page=Kerno_%28operaciumo%29&id=8268209&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informoj pri kiel citi ĉi tiun paĝon"><span>Citi ĉi tiun artikolon</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciala%C4%B5o:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Feo.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKerno_%28operaciumo%29"><span>Akiri mallongigitan URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciala%C4%B5o:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Feo.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKerno_%28operaciumo%29"><span>Elŝutu QR-kodon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Presi/elporti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciala%C4%B5o:Libro&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Kerno+%28operaciumo%29"><span>Krei libron</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciala%C4%B5o:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kerno_%28operaciumo%29&action=show-download-screen"><span>Elŝuti kiel PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerno_(operaciumo)&printable=yes" title="Presebla versio de tiu ĉi paĝo [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Presebla versio</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> En aliaj projektoj </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kernel" hreflang="en"><span>Vikimedia Komunejo</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9662" title="Ligilo al konektita datuma ero [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Ero en Vikidatumoj</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Paĝaj iloj"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspekto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspekto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">movigi al flanka panelo</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">kaŝi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">El Vikipedio, la libera enciklopedio</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eo" dir="ltr"><p>La <b>kerno</b> en <a href="/wiki/Komputilo" title="Komputilo">komputiloj</a>, estas speciala programo per kiu komunikas la komputilo kun la programoj uzataj fare de la homo. Do nek la uzanto nek eĉ la programo bezonas scii pri la aparataro (ekzemple, kiel funkcias la <a href="/wiki/Printilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Printilo">printilo</a>), sed nur kion ĝi volas fari kun ĝi. </p><p>Ekzistas multaj tipoj da kernoj, la ĉefaj estas: </p> <ul><li>monolita kerno</li> <li>mikrokerno</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monolita_kerno">Monolita kerno</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerno_(operaciumo)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redakti sekcion: Monolita kerno" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerno_(operaciumo)&action=edit&section=1" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: Monolita kerno"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Monolita kerno funkcias kiel unusola programo. <a href="/wiki/Linukso" class="mw-redirect" title="Linukso">Linukso</a> kaj <a href="/wiki/Linukso-libera" title="Linukso-libera">Linukso-libera</a> estas monolitaj kernoj. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mikrokerno">Mikrokerno</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerno_(operaciumo)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redakti sekcion: Mikrokerno" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerno_(operaciumo)&action=edit&section=2" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: Mikrokerno"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mikrokerno havas nur la minimuman funkcion, kaj la komunikado funkcias per 'eksteraj' programoj. Tiel la komunikado inter ili estas pli sekura, sed estas pli malrapida pro la granda kvanto da mesaĝoj inter ambaŭ. <a href="/wiki/Hurd" title="Hurd">Hurd</a> estas ekzemplo de mikrokerno. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kombino">Kombino</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerno_(operaciumo)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redakti sekcion: Kombino" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerno_(operaciumo)&action=edit&section=3" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: Kombino"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kombino de ambaŭ ĉefaj kernaj sistemoj estas la tiel nomata "<a href="/wiki/Hibrida_kerno" title="Hibrida kerno">hibrida kerno</a>". </p> <div class="noprint" id="aliaj_projektoj" style="float: right; clear: right; width: 250px; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 4px; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9;"> <ul class="noarchive"><li class="commons"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Operating_system_kernels?uselang=eo">Kategorio Kerno (operaciumo) en la <span>Vikimedia Komunejo</span></a> (Multrimedaj datumoj)</span> </li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;"></div><table class="noprint plainlinks" style="margin: 0 10%; border-collapse: collapse; background: #FBFBFB; border: 1px solid #aaa; border-left: 10px solid #228b22;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em;text-align: center;"> <div style="padding: 0.25em 0.5em;width:52px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ĝermo pri komputiko"><img alt="Ĝermo pri komputiko" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Crystal_mycomputer.png/40px-Crystal_mycomputer.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Crystal_mycomputer.png/60px-Crystal_mycomputer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Crystal_mycomputer.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0.25em 0.5em;width: 100%;"><b>Ĉi tiu artikolo ankoraŭ estas <a href="/wiki/Vikipedio:%C4%9Cermo" title="Vikipedio:Ĝermo">ĝermo</a> pri <a href="/wiki/Komputiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Komputiko">komputiko</a>.</b><hr /> <div style="font-size:90%;">Helpu al Vikipedio <i><a class="external text" href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerno_(operaciumo)&action=edit">plilongigi ĝin</a></i>. Se jam ekzistas alilingva samtema artikolo pli disvolvita, traduku kaj aldonu el ĝi (<a href="/wiki/Vikipedio:Tradukoj" title="Vikipedio:Tradukoj">menciante la fonton</a>).</div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table class="navbox" style=";margin:auto; border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:4px;"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit; border-collapse:collapse;;"><tbody><tr><th style="text-align:center;;;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;;border:none;;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Cablono:Operaciumo" title="Ŝablono:Operaciumo"><span title="Rigardu ĉi tiun ŝablonon" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Cablono-Diskuto:Operaciumo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ŝablono-Diskuto:Operaciumo (paĝo ne ekzistas)"><span style="color:#002bb8;;;border:none;;" title="Diskuto pri ĉi tiu ŝablono">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Cablono:Operaciumo&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;;border:none;;" title="Vi povas redakti ĉi tiun ŝablonon. Konservonte la paĝon bonvolu uzi la antaŭrigardan butonon.">r</span></a></div></div><span class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Operaciumo" title="Operaciumo">Operaciumo</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="text-align:center;;" colspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Kategorio:Operaciumoj" title="Kategorio:Operaciumoj">Operaciumoj</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Historio_de_operaciumoj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historio de operaciumoj (paĝo ne ekzistas)">Historio</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kronologio_de_operaciumoj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kronologio de operaciumoj (paĝo ne ekzistas)">Kronologio</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Listo_de_operaciumoj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Listo de operaciumoj (paĝo ne ekzistas)">Listo</a></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" style="white-space:nowrap;;;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kernoj</a></th> <td style="width:100%;padding:0;;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Monolita_kerno">Monolita kerno</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Mikrokerno">Mikrokerno</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Exokernel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exokernel (paĝo ne ekzistas)">Exokernel</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanokernel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanokernel (paĝo ne ekzistas)">Nanokernel</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Hibrida_kerno" title="Hibrida kerno">Hibrida</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kernel_space&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kernel space (paĝo ne ekzistas)">Kernel space</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microkernel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microkernel (paĝo ne ekzistas)">Server</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Loadable_kernel_module&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loadable kernel module (paĝo ne ekzistas)">Loadable kernel module</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Pelilo" title="Pelilo">Pelilo</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=User_space&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User space (paĝo ne ekzistas)">User space</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Userland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Userland (paĝo ne ekzistas)">Userland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" style="white-space:nowrap;;;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procezadministado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procezadministado (paĝo ne ekzistas)">Procezadministado</a></th> <td style="width:100%;padding:0;;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Procezo" title="Procezo">Procezo</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plurprogramado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plurprogramado (paĝo ne ekzistas)">Plurprogramado</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Process_control_block&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Process control block (paĝo ne ekzistas)">Process control block</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interrompo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interrompo (paĝo ne ekzistas)">Interrompo</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> Reĝimoj: (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Protektita_re%C4%9Dimo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protektita reĝimo (paĝo ne ekzistas)">Protektita reĝimo</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Supervida_re%C4%9Dimo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supervida reĝimo (paĝo ne ekzistas)">Supervida reĝimo</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Plurtaskado_(komputilo)" title="Plurtaskado (komputilo)">Plurtaskado</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Planado" class="mw-redirect" title="Planado">Planado</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" style="white-space:nowrap;;;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Memoradministrado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memoradministrado (paĝo ne ekzistas)">Memoradministrado</a></th> <td style="width:100%;padding:0;;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Memorprotektado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memorprotektado (paĝo ne ekzistas)">Protektado</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Memorsegmentado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memorsegmentado (paĝo ne ekzistas)">Segmentado</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paging&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paging (paĝo ne ekzistas)">Paging</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Segmentada_eraro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Segmentada eraro (paĝo ne ekzistas)">Segmentada eraro</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" style="white-space:nowrap;;;">Ekzemploj</th> <td style="width:100%;padding:0;;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS">AmigaOS</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/BeOS" title="BeOS">BeOS</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Haiku_(operaciumo)" title="Haiku (operaciumo)">Haiku (operaciumo)</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/BSD" title="BSD">BSD</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Chrome_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrome OS">Chrome OS</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">IBM OS/2</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">Mac OS X</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ReactOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ReactOS (paĝo ne ekzistas)">ReactOS</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operaciumo)" title="Solaris (operaciumo)">OpenSolaris</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Unikso" title="Unikso">Unix</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" style="white-space:nowrap;;;">Rilataj artikoloj</th> <td style="width:100%;padding:0;;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pra%C5%9Dargilo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praŝargilo (paĝo ne ekzistas)">Praŝargilo</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/PXE" title="PXE">PXE</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Aplikprograma_interfaco" title="Aplikprograma interfaco">API</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtuala_dosiersistemo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virtuala dosiersistemo (paĝo ne ekzistas)">Virtuala dosiersistemo</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Komandlinia_interfaco" title="Komandlinia interfaco">CLI</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teksta_uzantinterfaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teksta uzantinterfaco (paĝo ne ekzistas)">TUI</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Grafika_uzantinterfaco" title="Grafika uzantinterfaco">GUI</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vo%C4%89a_uzantinterfaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voĉa uzantinterfaco (paĝo ne ekzistas)">VUI</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardware_abstraction_layer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hardware abstraction layer (paĝo ne ekzistas)">HAL</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Elŝutita el "<a dir="ltr" href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerno_(operaciumo)&oldid=8268209">https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerno_(operaciumo)&oldid=8268209</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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