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class="mw-page-title-main">András Kun</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Kun" title="András Kun – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="András Kun" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Kun" title="András Kun – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="András Kun" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אנדראש קון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנדראש קון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kun_Andr%C3%A1s" title="Kun András – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kun András" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Kun" title="András Kun – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="András Kun" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1121850#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hungarian Roman Catholic priest</div> <p><b>András Kun</b>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor" title="Order of Friars Minor">O.F.M.</a> (9 November 1911 – 19 September 1945 in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>) was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> priest of the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan Order">Franciscan Order</a>. During <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Hungary" title="The Holocaust in Hungary">the Holocaust in Hungary</a>, Kun was also the commander of an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitic">Anti-Semitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">death squad</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Kun was prosecuted for <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a> by a Hungarian People's Tribunal after <a href="/wiki/Second_Hungarian_Republic" title="Second Hungarian Republic">Hungary's</a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation of Hungary">occupation by Soviet armies</a>. He was convicted and <a href="/wiki/Hanged" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanged">hanged</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A1s_Kun&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_Church_career">Early life and Church career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A1s_Kun&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and Church career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>András Kun was born 8 November 1911 in <a href="/wiki/Ny%C3%ADrb%C3%A1tor" title="Nyírbátor">Nyírbátor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>. He attended seminary in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. He then served as a priest in a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor" title="Order of Friars Minor">Franciscan</a> <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a>. In 1943, Kun was, according to journalist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rezs%C5%91_Szirmai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rezső Szirmai (page does not exist)">Rezső Szirmai</a>, expelled from the monastery and moved to <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Review_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although it is uncertain whether he ever had <a href="/wiki/Valid_but_illicit" class="mw-redirect" title="Valid but illicit">valid faculties</a>, Kun sometimes gave sermons and offered <a href="/wiki/Nuptial_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuptial Mass">Nuptial Masses</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Heart of Jesus">Sacred Heart of Jesus</a> Roman Catholic Church in Városmajor.<sup id="cite_ref-Review_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Participation_in_the_Holocaust">Participation in the Holocaust</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A1s_Kun&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Participation in the Holocaust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early 1944, Kun enrolled in Hungary's <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Pro-Nazi</a> <a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a>. During the lead-up to the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Margarethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Margarethe">German invasion of Hungary</a> on 19 March 1944, Kun participated in the Arrow Cross' seizure of power by distributing weapons on 15 October 1944.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theorangefiles.hu/the-arrow-cross-government-1944-1945/">The Arrow Cross Government (1944–1945)</a>. </p><p>Kun later recalled, "The propaganda drilled into us the belief that the Jews lurk behind the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>. Amidst the wildest battles, I stood with this conviction and, as Jews came before me, I beat them."<sup id="cite_ref-Review_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Arrow Cross and the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a> carried out deportations from April to October 1944, and death squad carried out attacks in the war zones from October 1944 to February 1945. </p><p>Meanwhile, Kun took command of an Arrow Cross department <a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">death squad</a> in the XII. district in Budapest, after Ferenc Szálasi and his government left Budapest at the end of November 1944 because the town was besieged by the Soviet Red Army. His squad massacred the remaining Jews who were not only in the official <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Ghetto" title="Budapest Ghetto">Budapest Ghetto</a> but in hospitals, homes for the elderly, houses that belonged to neutral states such as Switzerland and Sweden. He continued to dress in his <a href="/wiki/Cassock" title="Cassock">cassock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_collar" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman collar">Roman collar</a> along with a holstered pistol and an Arrow Cross <a href="/wiki/Armband" title="Armband">armband</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His orders usually went, "In the name of Christ - fire!"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Review_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a later interview with journalist Rezső Szirmai, Kun recalled, "I always wanted to reduce human misery and suffering. This is why I fought against the Jews. They are the lords of capital. The Jews were always the ones to walk on the sunny side of the street."<sup id="cite_ref-Review_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1945 Kun ordered the arrest of Jewish author Ernő Ligeti and his family. Kun and his death squad brutally tortured Ligeti's son and his wife. The Ligetis were then taken to <a href="/wiki/House_of_Terror" title="House of Terror">Arrow Cross headquarters</a> at <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A1ssy_%C3%BAt" title="Andrássy út">Andrássy út</a> 60, interrogated, stripped naked and tied together. Then, around midnight, they faced a <a href="/wiki/Firing_squad" class="mw-redirect" title="Firing squad">firing squad</a>. Ernő Ligeti and his wife were killed on the spot, but their son Károly survived four bullets, recovered from his wounds, and later emigrated from Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-Review_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 January 1945, Kun's squad broke into the Jewish hospital in Maros street (Hospital of the Buda <a href="/wiki/Chevra_Kadisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevra Kadisha">Chevra Kadisha</a>), where 149 Jewish patients and doctors were summarily shot. On another occasion, the St. John's Hospital was invaded by Kun's unit and between 80 and 100 people were murdered. His squad also invaded sheltered housing and abducted some 500 Jews and their protectors. All were lined up and shot into the <a href="/wiki/Danube_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube River">Danube River</a>. On another occasion, men under Kun's command broke into a sanatorium, where 100 Jewish patients were shot to death. </p><p>Kun did not flee the city before the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Siege of Budapest</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but remained behind while continuing operations. As the enclosed area narrowed in January, the bridges of Budapest were blown up by Germans forces. At the end of December 1944, the Southern Connecting Railway Bridge; on January 15 the Miklós Horthy Bridge; on the 16th the Ferenc József Bridge; and the last 2 were blown up on January 18.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kun helped local squads to move and escape to Buda and he put his headquarter back to the XII. district. His squad routinely subjected Gentiles who were hiding Jews to torture and execution. </p><p>At the end, even the official Arrow Cross government authorities (Nemzeti Számonkérő szék<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) were fed up with his atrocities (he started attacking premises under the protection of the neutral countries, especially Switzerland and Sweden). So on about 18 January 1945 a police patrol was ordered to capture him at his headquarters in 5th Németvölgyi út.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kun captured them, beat all of them, and then sent them back. 10 more policemen were sent, but Kun also captured them, beat their commanders, and locked them in the basement. Eventually, 60 police officers surrounded his headquarters and then issued an ultimatum: if Kun and some of his companions were not produced within 10 minutes, a machine gun attack would be launched to occupy the building. The insiders handed over the men, ending Kun's three-month terror.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the charges he faced were beating Lieutenant Colonel Rezső Mindák, as well as severely abusing a section of police officers. He was sentenced to death on the count of 27 murders. He was saved from execution by Ferenc Szálasi, who changed the sentence to 15 years in prison by his radio telegram. </p><p>He was presumably released from prison by Soviet troops who did not know who the prisoners were so they let out everyone. He vanished over the following months. He probably pretended to be a Romanian citizen (he also spoke Romanian) and left for Arad with the Romanian troops involved in the siege of Budapest. From here he intended to escape to Italy, but on the Hungarian side of the border he was captured on August 3, 1945, around Dombegyháza by the border guard.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was transported to Budapest on August 30 for trial. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capture_and_execution">Capture and execution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A1s_Kun&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Capture and execution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soon after his release, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a> completed their capture of Budapest. Kun was arrested and tried for 500 murders by a Hungarian People's Tribunal.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the day of his execution, he gave an interview to journalist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reszs%C5%91_Szirmai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reszső Szirmai (page does not exist)">Reszső Szirmai</a>. In the interview, Kun admitted to beating Jews, but denied killing anyone and claimed to have been falsely convicted. Kun told Szirmai that he considered himself to be even more of a victim than any of the Jews murdered in the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-Review_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Szirmai commented that the manner in which Kun had treated his victims displayed signs of <a href="/wiki/Sadomasochism" title="Sadomasochism">sadism</a>, Kun replied, "This perversion exists, in a dormant state, in every soul." When asked if it existed in his soul as well, Kun responded: "If it did, then it was dormant. I was not conscious of it."<sup id="cite_ref-Review_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kun was <a href="/wiki/Execution_by_hanging" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution by hanging">executed by hanging</a> in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> on September 19, 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-Review_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A1s_Kun&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rezső Szirmai went on to interview 20 other Arrow Cross <a href="/wiki/War_criminal" class="mw-redirect" title="War criminal">war criminals</a> and published a book-length collection of his interviews, <i>Fasiszta lelkek</i> ("Fascist Souls"), in 1946. Some of his other interview subjects included <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Ferenc Szálasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andor_Jaross" title="Andor Jaross">Andor Jaross</a>, and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Imr%C3%A9dy" title="Béla Imrédy">Béla Imrédy</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Communism_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Communism in Hungary">fall of Communism in Hungary</a>, a second edition was published in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kun's cassock is currently on display at the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Terror" title="House of Terror">House of Terror</a> in Budapest.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his bestselling history of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Siege of Budapest</a>, Hungarian historian <a href="/wiki/Kriszti%C3%A1n_Ungv%C3%A1ry" title="Krisztián Ungváry">Krisztián Ungváry</a> describes Kun's crimes in detail. In the process, however, he also comments that, while Kun and his unit were massacring Jews, the <a href="/wiki/Papal_Nuncio" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Nuncio">Papal Nuncio</a> to Hungary, <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Rotta" title="Angelo Rotta">Angelo Rotta</a>, was working closely with <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Wallenberg" title="Raoul Wallenberg">Raoul Wallenberg</a> and other neutral diplomats and helped to save tens of thousands of Jewish lives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A1s_Kun&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarton1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kati_Marton" title="Kati Marton">Marton, Kati</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vlAwA11bpa8C&q=andras+kun&pg=PA137"><i>Wallenberg: Missing Hero</i></a>. New York: Arcade Publishing. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55970-276-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-55970-276-1"><bdi>1-55970-276-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wallenberg%3A+Missing+Hero&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Arcade+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-55970-276-1&rft.aulast=Marton&rft.aufirst=Kati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvlAwA11bpa8C%26q%3Dandras%2Bkun%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A1s+Kun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Review-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Review_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://christopheradam.ca/2019/03/11/book-review-fascist-souls-by-rezso-szirmai/">"Book Review: Fascist Souls by Rezső Szirmai"</a>. 11 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+Review%3A+Fascist+Souls+by+Rezs%C5%91+Szirmai&rft.date=2019-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchristopheradam.ca%2F2019%2F03%2F11%2Fbook-review-fascist-souls-by-rezso-szirmai%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A1s+Kun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaldiel2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Paldiel" title="Mordecai Paldiel">Paldiel, Mordecai</a> (2006). <i>Churches and the Holocaust: Unholy Teaching, Good Samaritans, and Reconciliation</i>. New Jersey: Ktav Publishing House. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88125-908-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-88125-908-X"><bdi>0-88125-908-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churches+and+the+Holocaust%3A+Unholy+Teaching%2C+Good+Samaritans%2C+and+Reconciliation&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Ktav+Publishing+House&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-88125-908-X&rft.aulast=Paldiel&rft.aufirst=Mordecai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A1s+Kun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krisztián Ungváry, <i>The Battle for Budapest: One Hundred Days in World War II</i>, page 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tti.btk.mta.hu/media/com_edocman/document/budapest_ostroma_1945.jpg">Budapest ostroma 1945</a> tti.btk.mta.hu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibl.u-szeged.hu/bibl/mil/ww2/map/img/buda.gif">Budapest map</a> bibl.u-szeged.hu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gyoriszalon.hu/news/14918/66/Janu%C3%A1r-18.-Pest-szovjet-k%C3%A9zre-ker%C3%BCl-felrobbantj%C3%A1k-a-L%C3%A1nchidat-1945">"Január 18. – Pest szovjet kézre kerül, felrobbantják a Lánchidat (1945)"</a>. <i>Győri Szalon</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gy%C5%91ri+Szalon&rft.atitle=Janu%C3%A1r+18.+%E2%80%93+Pest+szovjet+k%C3%A9zre+ker%C3%BCl%2C+felrobbantj%C3%A1k+a+L%C3%A1nchidat+%281945%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gyoriszalon.hu%2Fnews%2F14918%2F66%2FJanu%25C3%25A1r-18.-Pest-szovjet-k%25C3%25A9zre-ker%25C3%25BCl-felrobbantj%25C3%25A1k-a-L%25C3%25A1nchidat-1945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A1s+Kun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Calling to Account Department (=National War Judge against the inner enemies such as communist, spies, defeatists[who were not willing to fight any more] and another minor criminals but even the non obeying party members as well). This Arrow Cross Party organization was founded on November 1, 1944.  It is responsible for overseeing public institutions and civil servants, commenting on bills, and prosecuting politicians. National Calling to Account Detachment (Nemzeti Számonkérő Különítmény) in order to “monitor phenomena endangering the implementation of Hungarist objectives” and “participate in the exposure of anti-state and -community crimes.” This 400-member organization operated in cooperation with the German Gestapo to neutralize enemies of the Arrow Cross government, killing and executing hundreds of people in the process With the end of the arrow rule, it ceased. Kovacs, Tamas: [History of the] Nemzeti Számonkérő Különítmény. In: Múltunk. 2006/3.   71-100. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://epa.oszk.hu/00900/00995/00007/pdf/kovacst.pdf">http://epa.oszk.hu/00900/00995/00007/pdf/kovacst.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://image3.slideserve.com/5547774/gett-k-budapesten-l.jpg">Image. Budapesten</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huszadikszazad.hu/bulvar/mit-vetett-szegeny-kun-pater">"Mit vétett "szegény" Kun Páter - 1945. Szeptember - Huszadik Század - Sajtócikkek a múlt századból"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mit+v%C3%A9tett+%22szeg%C3%A9ny%22+Kun+P%C3%A1ter+-+1945.+Szeptember+-+Huszadik+Sz%C3%A1zad+-+Sajt%C3%B3cikkek+a+m%C3%BAlt+sz%C3%A1zadb%C3%B3l&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huszadikszazad.hu%2Fbulvar%2Fmit-vetett-szegeny-kun-pater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A1s+Kun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hogyantortent.com/kun-pater/">"A rettegett Kun páter"</a>. 30 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+rettegett+Kun+p%C3%A1ter&rft.date=2017-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhogyantortent.com%2Fkun-pater%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A1s+Kun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoros2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Soros" title="Tivadar Soros">Soros, Tivadar</a> (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/masquerade00tiva"><i>Masquerade: Dancing around Death in Nazi-Occupied Hungary</i></a></span>. New York: Arcade Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/masquerade00tiva/page/254">254</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55970-581-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-55970-581-7"><bdi>1-55970-581-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masquerade%3A+Dancing+around+Death+in+Nazi-Occupied+Hungary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=Arcade+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-55970-581-7&rft.aulast=Soros&rft.aufirst=Tivadar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmasquerade00tiva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A1s+Kun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://christopheradam.ca/2019/03/11/book-review-fascist-souls-by-rezso-szirmai/">"Book Review: Fascist Souls by Rezső Szirmai"</a>. 11 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+Review%3A+Fascist+Souls+by+Rezs%C5%91+Szirmai&rft.date=2019-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchristopheradam.ca%2F2019%2F03%2F11%2Fbook-review-fascist-souls-by-rezso-szirmai%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A1s+Kun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111074809/http://www.wieninternational.at/en/content/today-we-are-ones-relating-history-dictatorships%E2%80%9D-en">"Today we are the ones relating the history of the dictatorships"</a>. Wieninternational. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wieninternational.at/en/content/today-we-are-ones-relating-history-dictatorships%E2%80%9D-en">the original</a> on 11 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Today+we+are+the+ones+relating+the+history+of+the+dictatorships&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wieninternational.at%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Ftoday-we-are-ones-relating-history-dictatorships%25E2%2580%259D-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A1s+Kun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Christian_National_Socialist_Front" title="Christian National Socialist Front">Christian National Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Defence_Association" title="Hungarian National Defence Association">Hungarian National Defence Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Socialist_Agricultural_Labourers%27_and_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party">Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Socialist_Party" title="Hungarian National Socialist Party">Hungarian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Hungary)" title="National Front (Hungary)">National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Hungarian_Workers%27_Party" title="National Socialist Hungarian Workers' Party">National Socialist Hungarian Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongyos_G%C3%A1rda" title="Rongyos Gárda">Rongyos Gárda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Hungarian_National_Socialist_Party" title="United Hungarian National Socialist Party">United Hungarian National Socialist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Emblem_of_the_Hungarian_National_Defence_Association_%28MOVE%29.svg/80px-Emblem_of_the_Hungarian_National_Defence_Association_%28MOVE%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Emblem_of_the_Hungarian_National_Defence_Association_%28MOVE%29.svg/120px-Emblem_of_the_Hungarian_National_Defence_Association_%28MOVE%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Emblem_of_the_Hungarian_National_Defence_Association_%28MOVE%29.svg/160px-Emblem_of_the_Hungarian_National_Defence_Association_%28MOVE%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="220" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1bor_Andre%C3%A1nszky_(politician)" title="Gábor Andreánszky (politician)">Gábor Andreánszky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Antal" title="István Antal">István Antal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endre_Bajcsy-Zsilinszky" title="Endre Bajcsy-Zsilinszky">Endre Bajcsy-Zsilinszky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Baky" title="László Baky">László Baky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Balogh_(politician)" title="István Balogh (politician)">István Balogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_B%C3%A1rdossy" title="László Bárdossy">László Bárdossy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Beregfy" title="Károly Beregfy">Károly Beregfy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_B%C3%B6sz%C3%B6rm%C3%A9ny" title="Zoltán Böszörmény">Zoltán Böszörmény</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Budinszky" title="László Budinszky">László Budinszky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Csat%C3%A1ry" title="László Csatáry">László Csatáry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Endre" title="László Endre">László Endre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81kos_Farkas" title="Ákos Farkas">Ákos Farkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Festetics" title="Sándor Festetics">Sándor Festetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Finta" title="Imre Finta">Imre Finta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Gera" title="József Gera">József Gera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_G%C3%B6mb%C3%B6s" title="Gyula Gömbös">Gyula Gömbös</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_H%C3%A9jjas" title="Iván Héjjas">Iván Héjjas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_Henney" title="Árpád Henney">Árpád Henney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Imr%C3%A9dy" title="Béla Imrédy">Béla Imrédy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%91z%C5%91_Ist%C3%B3czy" title="Győző Istóczy">Győző Istóczy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andor_Jaross" title="Andor Jaross">Andor Jaross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Jurcsek" title="Béla Jurcsek">Béla Jurcsek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1bor_Kem%C3%A9ny_(Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gábor Kemény (Minister of Foreign Affairs)">Gábor Kemény</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">András Kun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_M%C3%A9hel%C3%BF" title="Lajos Méhelÿ">Lajos Méhelÿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Mesk%C3%B3" title="Zoltán Meskó">Zoltán Meskó</a></li> <li><a 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