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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Vokal_takbulat_tengah_madya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vokal_takbulat_tengah_madya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Vokal takbulat tengah madya</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vokal_takbulat_tengah_madya-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Vokal takbulat tengah madya</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vokal_takbulat_tengah_madya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Karakteristik_Vokal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karakteristik_Vokal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Karakteristik Vokal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karakteristik_Vokal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penggunaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penggunaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Penggunaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penggunaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vokal_bulat_tengah_madya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vokal_bulat_tengah_madya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Vokal bulat tengah madya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vokal_bulat_tengah_madya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Referensi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Daftar_pustaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daftar_pustaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Daftar pustaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daftar_pustaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vokal tengah madya</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 23 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7" title="صائت مركزي متوسط – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صائت مركزي متوسط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83_%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%E2%80%99%D1%91%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Галосны сярэдняга раду сярэдняга пад’ёму – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Галосны сярэдняга раду сярэдняга пад’ёму" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mid central vowel" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_media_central" title="Vocal media central – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vocal media central" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyelle_moyenne_centrale" title="Voyelle moyenne centrale – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Voyelle moyenne centrale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocale_centrale_media" title="Vocale centrale media – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vocale centrale media" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%84%A4_%EC%A4%91%EB%AA%A8%EC%9D%8C" title="중설 중모음 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중설 중모음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrale_middeklinker" title="Centrale middeklinker – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Centrale middeklinker" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidurinio_pakilimo_vidurin%C4%97s_eil%C4%97s_balsis" title="Vidurinio pakilimo vidurinės eilės balsis – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vidurinio pakilimo vidurinės eilės balsis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vid%C4%93ja_m%C4%93les_pac%C4%93luma_vid%C4%93j%C4%81s_rindas_patskanis" title="Vidēja mēles pacēluma vidējās rindas patskanis – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vidēja mēles pacēluma vidējās rindas patskanis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Средна самогласка од среден ред – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Средна самогласка од среден ред" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9B" title="အလယ်တစ်ဝက်သရ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အလယ်တစ်ဝက်သရ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrale_middenklinker" title="Centrale middenklinker – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Centrale middenklinker" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocala_mejana_centrala" title="Vocala mejana centrala – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vocala mejana centrala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogal_central_m%C3%A9dia" title="Vogal central média – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vogal central média" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal%C4%83_mijlocie_central%C4%83" title="Vocală mijlocie centrală – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vocală mijlocie centrală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mid central vowel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%9A%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Средњи самогласник средњег реда – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Средњи самогласник средњег реда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="இடை-நடு உயிர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இடை-நடு உயிர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orta_merkez_%C3%BCnl%C3%BC" title="Orta merkez ünlü – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Orta merkez ünlü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F" title="Голосний середнього ряду середнього підняття – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Голосний середнього ряду середнього підняття" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="中央元音 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中央元音" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiong_iong_bi%C3%B3-im" title="Tiong iong bió-im – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiong iong bió-im" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1154123#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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[h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_tengah_madya"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_tengah_madya&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_tengah_madya&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_tengah_madya&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Vokal_tengah_madya" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Vokal_tengah_madya" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_tengah_madya&oldid=22364029" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_tengah_madya&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Vokal_tengah_madya&id=22364029&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVokal_tengah_madya"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVokal_tengah_madya"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Vokal+tengah+madya"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Vokal_tengah_madya&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_tengah_madya&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1154123" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Pepet" title="Pepet">Pepet</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22657712">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(left, #ffffe6,#f2f2ce); background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(left, #ffffe6,#f2f2ce); background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, #ffffe6,#f2f2ce); background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, #ffffe6,#f2f2ce); background-image: linear-gradient(left, #ffffe6,#f2f2ce);;">Vokal tengah madya</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6); background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6); background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6); background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6); background-image: linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6);"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Fonetis_Internasional#Nomor_IPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfabet Fonetis Internasional">Nomor IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data">322</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6); background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6); background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6); background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6); background-image: linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6);">Pengodean karakter</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Entitas <small>(desimal)</small></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>&#601;</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unikode</a> <small>(heks)</small></th><td class="infobox-data">U+0259</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Extended_Speech_Assessment_Methods_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet">X-SAMPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>@</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Kirshenbaum" title="Kirshenbaum">Kirshenbaum</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>@</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Braille_QuestionMark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠢ (braille pattern dots-26) U+2822"><img alt="⠢ (braille pattern dots-26)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Braille_QuestionMark.svg/25px-Braille_QuestionMark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Braille_QuestionMark.svg/38px-Braille_QuestionMark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Braille_QuestionMark.svg/50px-Braille_QuestionMark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; margin:0px; border:0; collapsing margins; background: transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#FFFFE6; border:0;">Gambar </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background: transparent; border:0;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Schwa_(vector).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Schwa_%28vector%29.svg/150px-Schwa_%28vector%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Schwa_%28vector%29.svg/225px-Schwa_%28vector%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Schwa_%28vector%29.svg/300px-Schwa_%28vector%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6); background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6); background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6); background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6); background-image: linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6);">Sampel suara</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="150" style="width:150px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Mid-central_vowel.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Mid-central_vowel.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/Mid-central_vowel.ogg/Mid-central_vowel.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>noicon</figcaption></figure> <div style="text-align:center"><small><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mid-central_vowel.ogg" title="Berkas:Mid-central vowel.ogg">sumber</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Memainkan_berkas_media" title="Wikipedia:Memainkan berkas media">bantuan</a></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16253256">.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-captioned{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background:#f8f9fa;padding:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-caption{padding:0.2em;text-align:center;background:#f2f2ce}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-table{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable th{font-size:85%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable th:not(.IPA-pulmonic-mannerarrow)[scope="col"]{text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;max-width:4em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable th:not(.IPA-pulmonic-placearrow)[scope="row"]{text-align:left;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable td{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable:not(.IPA-common-audiotable) td:not([colspan]){text-align:center;max-width:1.2em;min-width:1.2em;padding:0.1em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-audiotable td{padding:0}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-noleftborder{border-left:none}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-norightborder{border-right:none}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-notopborder{border-top:none}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-nobottomborder{border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-shaded{background-color:#ddd}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-notes{text-align:left;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-notes>div{float:right}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-notes>div ul{white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-notes>div ul li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .wraplinks .selflink{white-space:normal}</style> <table role="presentation" class="IPA-common-captioned floatright" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="IPA-common-caption" style=""><div style="opacity:30%;height:20px;position:absolute;width:16em;text-align:left"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈvɔ.kal/</span></div><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vokal" title="Vokal">Vokal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r19116995">.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-noaudio{background:#f8f9fa url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/320px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png")bottom 10%right 10%no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-audio{background:#f8f9fa url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/600px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png")bottom 10%right 10%no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-main{table-layout:fixed;border-collapse:collapse;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-nocaption{border:1px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-main th{vertical-align:middle;background:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-main th[scope="col"]{text-align:center;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-main th[scope="row"]{text-align:right;padding-left:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-main td{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-noaudio td{width:106.67px;min-width:106.67px;height:32px}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-audio td{width:200px;min-width:200px;height:60px}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-minorcaption{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-container{display:flex;justify-content:center;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-container-dot{text-align:center;width:1em;background:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-container-left{max-width:1em;min-width:1em;direction:rtl;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-container-left>span{padding-left:0.2em;background:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-container-right{max-width:1em;min-width:1em;direction:ltr;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-container-right>span{padding-right:0.2em;background:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-container-single{padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;background:#f8f9fa}</style> <table class="nowrap IPA-vowels-main IPA-vowels-noaudio" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_depan" title="Vokal depan">Depan</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_madya" title="Vokal madya">Madya</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_belakang" title="Vokal belakang">Belakang</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_tertutup" title="Vokal tertutup"> Tertutup</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(-26px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(-26px, 8px); transform: translate(-26px, 8px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_takbulat_tertutup_depan" title="Vokal takbulat tertutup depan">i</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(-26px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(-26px, 8px); transform: translate(-26px, 8px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(-26px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(-26px, 8px); transform: translate(-26px, 8px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_bulat_tertutup_depan" title="Vokal bulat tertutup depan">y</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(-6px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(-6px, 8px); transform: translate(-6px, 8px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_takbulat_tertutup_madya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vokal takbulat tertutup madya (halaman belum tersedia)">ɨ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(-6px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(-6px, 8px); transform: translate(-6px, 8px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(-6px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(-6px, 8px); transform: translate(-6px, 8px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_bulat_tertutup_madya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vokal bulat tertutup madya (halaman belum tersedia)">ʉ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 8px); transform: translate(13px, 8px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_takbulat_tertutup_belakang" title="Vokal takbulat tertutup belakang">ɯ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 8px); transform: translate(13px, 8px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 8px); transform: translate(13px, 8px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_bulat_tertutup_belakang" title="Vokal bulat tertutup belakang">u</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_hampir_tertutup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vokal hampir tertutup (halaman belum tersedia)">Hmpr. tutup</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(30px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(30px, 6px); transform: translate(30px, 6px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_takbulat_hampir_tertutup_hampir_depan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vokal takbulat hampir tertutup hampir depan (halaman belum tersedia)">ɪ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(30px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(30px, 6px); transform: translate(30px, 6px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(30px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(30px, 6px); transform: translate(30px, 6px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_bulat_hampir_tertutup_hampir_depan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vokal bulat hampir tertutup hampir depan (halaman belum tersedia)">ʏ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(2px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(2px, 6px); transform: translate(2px, 6px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_Near-close_central_unrounded_vowel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vokal Near-close central unrounded vowel (halaman belum tersedia)">ɪ̈</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(2px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(2px, 6px); transform: translate(2px, 6px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(2px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(2px, 6px); transform: translate(2px, 6px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_Near-close_central_rounded_vowel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vokal Near-close central rounded vowel (halaman belum tersedia)">ʊ̈</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(-22px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(-22px, 6px); transform: translate(-22px, 6px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relative_articulation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relative articulation (halaman belum tersedia)">ɯ̽</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(-22px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(-22px, 6px); transform: translate(-22px, 6px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(-22px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(-22px, 6px); transform: translate(-22px, 6px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_bulat_hampir_tertutup_hampir_belakang" title="Vokal bulat hampir tertutup hampir belakang">ʊ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_setengah_tertutup" title="Vokal setengah tertutup">1/2 tutup</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(14px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(14px, 4px); transform: translate(14px, 4px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_takbulat_setengah_tertutup_depan" title="Vokal takbulat setengah tertutup depan">e</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(14px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(14px, 4px); transform: translate(14px, 4px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(14px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(14px, 4px); transform: translate(14px, 4px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_bulat_setengah_tertutup_depan" title="Vokal bulat setengah tertutup depan">ø</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(12px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(12px, 4px); transform: translate(12px, 4px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_takbulat_setengah_tertutup_madya" title="Vokal takbulat setengah tertutup madya">ɘ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(12px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(12px, 4px); transform: translate(12px, 4px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(12px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(12px, 4px); transform: translate(12px, 4px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_bulat_setengah_tertutup_madya" title="Vokal bulat setengah tertutup madya">ɵ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 4px); transform: translate(13px, 4px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_takbulat_setengah_tertutup_belakang" title="Vokal takbulat setengah tertutup belakang">ɤ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 4px); transform: translate(13px, 4px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 4px); transform: translate(13px, 4px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_bulat_setengah_tertutup_belakang" title="Vokal bulat setengah tertutup belakang">o</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_tengah" title="Vokal tengah">Tengah</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(37px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(37px, 2px); transform: translate(37px, 2px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_takbulat_tengah_depan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vokal takbulat tengah depan (halaman belum tersedia)">e̞</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(37px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(37px, 2px); transform: translate(37px, 2px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(37px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(37px, 2px); transform: translate(37px, 2px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_bulat_tengah_depan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vokal bulat tengah depan (halaman belum tersedia)">ø̞</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(25px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(25px, 2px); transform: translate(25px, 2px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ə</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(25px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(25px, 2px); transform: translate(25px, 2px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(25px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(25px, 2px); transform: translate(25px, 2px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_Mid_central_rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Vokal Mid central rounded vowel">ɵ̞</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 2px); transform: translate(13px, 2px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_Mid_back_unrounded_vowel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vokal Mid back unrounded vowel (halaman belum tersedia)">ɤ̞</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 2px); transform: translate(13px, 2px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 2px); transform: translate(13px, 2px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_Mid_back_rounded_vowel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vokal Mid back rounded vowel (halaman belum tersedia)">o̞</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_setengah_terbuka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vokal setengah terbuka (halaman belum tersedia)">1/2 buka</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(59px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(59px, 0px); transform: translate(59px, 0px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_takbulat_setengah_terbuka_depan" title="Vokal takbulat setengah terbuka depan">ɛ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(59px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(59px, 0px); transform: translate(59px, 0px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(59px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(59px, 0px); transform: translate(59px, 0px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_bulat_setengah_terbuka_depan" title="Vokal bulat setengah terbuka depan">œ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(34px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(34px, 0px); transform: translate(34px, 0px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_takbulat_setengah_terbuka_madya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vokal takbulat setengah terbuka madya (halaman belum tersedia)">ɜ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(34px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(34px, 0px); transform: translate(34px, 0px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(34px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(34px, 0px); transform: translate(34px, 0px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_bulat_setengah_terbuka_madya" title="Vokal bulat setengah terbuka madya">ɞ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 0px); transform: translate(13px, 0px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_takbulat_setengah_terbuka_belakang" title="Vokal takbulat setengah terbuka belakang">ʌ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 0px); transform: translate(13px, 0px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 0px); transform: translate(13px, 0px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_bulat_setengah_terbuka_belakang" title="Vokal bulat setengah terbuka belakang">ɔ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_hampir_terbuka" title="Vokal hampir terbuka">Hmpr. Buka</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(80px, -2px); -webkit-transform: translate(80px, -2px); transform: translate(80px, -2px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_takbulat_hampir_terbuka_depan" title="Vokal takbulat hampir terbuka depan">æ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(80px, -2px); -webkit-transform: translate(80px, -2px); transform: translate(80px, -2px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(80px, -2px); -webkit-transform: translate(80px, -2px); transform: translate(80px, -2px);"></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(46px, -2px); -webkit-transform: translate(46px, -2px); transform: translate(46px, -2px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_takbulat_hampir_terbuka_madya" title="Vokal takbulat hampir terbuka madya">ɐ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(46px, -2px); -webkit-transform: translate(46px, -2px); transform: translate(46px, -2px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(46px, -2px); -webkit-transform: translate(46px, -2px); transform: translate(46px, -2px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_bulat_hampir_terbuka_madya" title="Vokal bulat hampir terbuka madya">ɞ̞</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_terbuka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vokal terbuka (halaman belum tersedia)"> Terbuka</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(102px, -4px); -webkit-transform: translate(102px, -4px); transform: translate(102px, -4px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_takbulat_terbuka_depan" title="Vokal takbulat terbuka depan">a</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(102px, -4px); -webkit-transform: translate(102px, -4px); transform: translate(102px, -4px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(102px, -4px); -webkit-transform: translate(102px, -4px); transform: translate(102px, -4px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_bulat_terbuka_depan" title="Vokal bulat terbuka depan">ɶ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(57px, -4px); -webkit-transform: translate(57px, -4px); transform: translate(57px, -4px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_takbulat_terbuka_madya" title="Vokal takbulat terbuka madya">ä</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(57px, -4px); -webkit-transform: translate(57px, -4px); transform: translate(57px, -4px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(57px, -4px); -webkit-transform: translate(57px, -4px); transform: translate(57px, -4px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_bulat_terbuka_madya" title="Vokal bulat terbuka madya">ɒ̈</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, -4px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, -4px); transform: translate(13px, -4px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_takbulat_terbuka_belakang" title="Vokal takbulat terbuka belakang">ɑ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, -4px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, -4px); transform: translate(13px, -4px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, -4px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, -4px); transform: translate(13px, -4px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_bulat_terbuka_belakang" title="Vokal bulat terbuka belakang">ɒ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:IPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantuan:IPA">Bantuan IPA</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Grafik_vokal_IPA_dengan_audio" title="Grafik vokal IPA dengan audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Grafik_vokal_IPA_dengan_audio" title="Grafik vokal IPA dengan audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafik_Alfabet_Fonetik_Internasional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grafik Alfabet Fonetik Internasional (halaman belum tersedia)">grafik lengkap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templat:IPA_vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Templat:IPA vowels">templat</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Vokal tengah madya</b> atau juga dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Pepet" title="Pepet">pepet</a> (atau <b>schwa</b>) adalah tipe suara vokal, digunakan dalam beberapa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa" title="Bahasa">bahasa</a> lisan. Simbol dalam <a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Fonetis_Internasional" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfabet Fonetis Internasional">Alfabet Fonetis Internasional</a> yang melambangkan suara ini adalah <span class="Unicode">⟨</span>ə<span class="Unicode">⟩</span>, yang merupakan <a href="/wiki/%C6%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Ə">huruf e yang diputar</a>. Dalam <i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association</i> <span lang="id">Buku panduan Alfabet Fonetis Internasional</span>, kebulatan dari <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span> tidak ditentukan,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Phonetic_Association1999167_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Phonetic_Association1999167-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> biasanya lebih sering ditemukan dalam bentuk <b>takbulat</b> daripada <b>bulat</b>. Ahli fonetis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Setter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jane Setter (halaman belum tersedia)">Jane Setter</a> menjelaskan bahwa varian takbulat diucapkan sebagai berikut: "<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span> adalah suara yang pada dasarnya dapat dihasilkan dengan mengendurkan artikulator di rongga mulut dan bersuara."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Untuk menghasilkan varian yang membulat, yang perlu dilakukan selain itu adalah membulatkan bibir. </p><p>Dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Afrikaans" title="Bahasa Afrikaans">Bahasa Afrikaans</a>, vokal bulat dan tak bulat dikontraskan penggunaannya untuk vokal tengah madya ini. Biasanya ditranskripsi dengan <span class="Unicode">⟨</span>œ<span class="Unicode">⟩</span>. Kontrasnya tidak terlalu stabil, dan banyak penutur menggunakan vokal yang tidak bulat dalam kedua kasus tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWissing2016section_"The_rounded_and_unrounded_mid-central_vowels"_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWissing2016section_"The_rounded_and_unrounded_mid-central_vowels"-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam bahasa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Denmark" title="Bahasa Denmark">Denmark</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasbøll2005143_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasbøll2005143-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Luksemburg" title="Bahasa Luksemburg">Luksemburg</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201370_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201370-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bahasa tersebut memiliki vokal tengah madya yang relatif bulat. Dalam bahasa lain, pembedaan diiringi oleh perubahaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketinggian_vokal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketinggian vokal (halaman belum tersedia)">ketinggian vokal</a> dan/atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebelakangan_vokal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebelakangan vokal (halaman belum tersedia)">kebelakangan vokal</a>. Contoh, dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Belanda" title="Bahasa Belanda">bahasa Belanda</a>, alofoni takbulat dari <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> adalah vokal takbulat tengah madya <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span>, tapi dalam alofoni bulat, berubah menjadi <a href="/wiki/Vokal_bulat_setengah_tertutup_depan" title="Vokal bulat setengah tertutup depan">vokal bulat setengah tertutup depan</a> <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{<a href="/wiki/Templat:IPA" title="Templat:IPA">IPA</a>}}: unrecognized language tag: ø</span>, yang mirip dengan alofoni dari <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʏ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003129_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003129-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Simbol <span class="Unicode">⟨</span>ə<span class="Unicode">⟩</span> sering digunakan di <a href="/wiki/Pepet" title="Pepet">vokal tak tertekan</a> manapun, meskipun keakuratan fonemnya tidak terlalu jelas. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vokal_takbulat_tengah_madya">Vokal takbulat tengah madya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_tengah_madya&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Vokal takbulat tengah madya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_tengah_madya&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Vokal takbulat tengah madya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Vokal takbulat tengah madya</b> sering dilambangkan dengan simbol <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span>. Jika dibutuhkan perincian, maka dapat menggunakan simbol yang merupakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_takbulat_setengah_tertutup_tengah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vokal takbulat setengah tertutup tengah (halaman belum tersedia)">vokal takbulat setengah tertutup tengah</a> dengan diakritik penurun, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɘ̞]</span>. Kemungkinan lain juga dapat menggunakan simbol dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_takbulat_setengah_terbuka_tengah_dengan_diakritik_naik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vokal takbulat setengah terbuka tengah dengan diakritik naik (halaman belum tersedia)">vokal takbulat setengah terbuka tengah dengan diakritik naik</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɜ̝]</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karakteristik_Vokal">Karakteristik Vokal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_tengah_madya&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Karakteristik Vokal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_tengah_madya&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Karakteristik Vokal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Karakteristik vokal dari vokal tengah madya adalah: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketinggian_vokal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketinggian vokal (halaman belum tersedia)">Ketinggian vokal</a> dari vokal ini tergolong sebagai vokal <a href="/wiki/Vokal_tengah" title="Vokal tengah">tengah</a>, yang berarti lidah diposisikan ditengah-tengah mulut atau diantara vokal <a href="/wiki/Vokal_tertutup" title="Vokal tertutup">tertutup</a> dan vokal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_terbuka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vokal terbuka (halaman belum tersedia)">terbuka</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebelakangan_vokal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebelakangan vokal (halaman belum tersedia)">Kebelakangan vokal</a> adalah di <a href="/wiki/Vokal_madya" title="Vokal madya">madya</a>, yang berarti lidah diposisikan di tengah-tengah <a href="/wiki/Vokal_depan" title="Vokal depan">vokal depan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Vokal_tertutup" title="Vokal tertutup">vokal tertutup</a>.</li> <li>Vokal ini dapat ditemui sebagai vokal takbulat.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penggunaan">Penggunaan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_tengah_madya&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Penggunaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_tengah_madya&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penggunaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="clear: both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Bahasa</th> <th>Kata</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Fonetis_Internasional" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfabet Fonetis Internasional">IPA</a></th> <th>Arti </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Albania" title="Bahasa Albania">Albania</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>një </td> <td>[ɲə] </td> <td>'satu' </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Afrikaans" title="Bahasa Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></td> <td>Standar<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWissing2016section_"The_rounded_and_unrounded_mid-central_vowels"_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWissing2016section_"The_rounded_and_unrounded_mid-central_vowels"-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span lang="af">l<b>i</b>g</span></td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ləχ]</span></td> <td>'cahaya' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kebanyakan pengucapan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWissing2016section_"The_rounded_and_unrounded_mid-central_vowels"_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWissing2016section_"The_rounded_and_unrounded_mid-central_vowels"-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span lang="af">l<b>u</b>g</span></td> <td>'udara' </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Katala" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Katala">Katala</a></td> <td>Timur<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasens199659–60,_104–105_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens199659–60,_104–105-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td rowspan="2"><span lang="ca"><b>a</b>mb</span></td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əm(b)]</span></td> <td rowspan="2">'dengan' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aksen barat<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasens199698_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens199698-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tionghoa" title="Bahasa Tionghoa">Tionghoa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mandarin" title="Bahasa Mandarin">Mandarin</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeZee2003110_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeZee2003110-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span lang="cmn-Hani">根</span> / <span lang="cmn-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">g<b>ē</b>n</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA audiolink nounderlines" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Zh-g%C4%93n.ogg" title="Berkas:Zh-gēn.ogg">[kən˥]</a></span> <span class="metadata audiolinkinfo"><small>(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">bantuan</a>·<a href="/wiki/Berkas:Zh-g%C4%93n.ogg" title="Berkas:Zh-gēn.ogg">info</a>)</small></span></td> <td>'akar' </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Chuvash" title="Bahasa Chuvash">Chuvash</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>ăман </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əm'an]</span> </td> <td>'cacing' </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Denmark" title="Bahasa Denmark">Denmark</a></td> <td>Standar<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllanHolmesLundskær-Nielsen20112_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllanHolmesLundskær-Nielsen20112-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200557,_143_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200557,_143-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span lang="da">hopp<b>e</b></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈhʌ̹pə]</span></td> <td>'mare' </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Belanda" title="Bahasa Belanda">Belanda</a></td> <td>Standar<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003129_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003129-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span lang="nl">renn<b>e</b>r</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈrɛnər]</span></td> <td>'pelari' </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">Inggris</a></td> <td>Kebanyakan dialek<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells2008XXV_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells2008XXV-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGimson2014138_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimson2014138-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><i>Tin<b>a</b></i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈtʰiːnə]</span></td> <td>'Tina (nama)' </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan">Afrika Selatan</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass2002116_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass2002116-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td rowspan="3"><i>b<b>ir</b>d</i></td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bɜ̝ːd]</span></td> <td rowspan="3">'burung' </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dialek_Norfolk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dialek Norfolk (halaman belum tersedia)">Norfolk</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2009168_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELodge2009168-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pengucapan yang diterima<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoach2004242_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach2004242-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Geordie</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003268_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003268-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td rowspan="4"><i>b<b>u</b>st]]</i></td> <td rowspan="4"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bəst]</span></td> <td rowspan="4">'menangkap' </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESailaja200924–25_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESailaja200924–25-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982380–381_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982380–381-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dialek_Yorkshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dialek Yorkshire (halaman belum tersedia)">Yorkshire</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoddartUptonWiddowson199974,_76_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoddartUptonWiddowson199974,_76-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Galisia" title="Bahasa Galisia">Galisia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">dialek tertentu </td> <td><span lang="gl">leit<b>e</b></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈlejtə]</span> </td> <td>'susu' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="gl">f<b>e</b>n<b>e</b>cer</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[fənəˈs̪eɾ]</span> </td> <td>'mati' </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman">Jerman</a></td> <td>Standar <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrech_et_al.200969_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrech_et_al.200969-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><i>B<b>e</b>schlag</i><b></b></td> <td><span class="IPA audiolink nounderlines" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:De-Beschlag.ogg" title="Berkas:De-Beschlag.ogg">[b̥əˈʃläːk]</a></span> <span class="metadata audiolinkinfo"><small>(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">bantuan</a>·<a href="/wiki/Berkas:De-Beschlag.ogg" title="Berkas:De-Beschlag.ogg">info</a>)</small></span></td> <td>'pas' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aksen Jerman Selatan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudenredaktionKleinerKnöbl201540_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudenredaktionKleinerKnöbl201540-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span lang="de">od<b>er</b></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈoːdə]</span></td> <td>'atau' </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesia" title="Bahasa Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </td> <td>Standar </td> <td><i>l<b>e</b>lah</i> </td> <td>[lə.lah] </td> <td>lelah </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dialek Jakarta </td> <td><i>dat<b>a</b>ng</i> </td> <td>[da.təŋ] </td> <td>datang </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vokal_bulat_tengah_madya">Vokal bulat tengah madya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_tengah_madya&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Vokal bulat tengah madya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_tengah_madya&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Vokal bulat tengah madya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(left, #ffffe6,#f2f2ce); background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(left, #ffffe6,#f2f2ce); background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, #ffffe6,#f2f2ce); background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, #ffffe6,#f2f2ce); background-image: linear-gradient(left, #ffffe6,#f2f2ce);;">vokal bulat tengah madya</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6); background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6); background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6); background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6); background-image: linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6);"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɵ̞</span></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6); background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6); background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6); background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6); background-image: linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6);"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə̹</span></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6); background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6); background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6); background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6); background-image: linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6);"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɞ̝</span></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6); background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6); background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6); background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6); background-image: linear-gradient(left, #ffffed,#ffffe6);">Sampel suara</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="150" style="width:150px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Mid_central_rounded_vowel.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/Mid_central_rounded_vowel.ogg/Mid_central_rounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Mid_central_rounded_vowel.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>noicon</figcaption></figure> <div style="text-align:center"><small><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mid_central_rounded_vowel.ogg" title="Berkas:Mid central rounded vowel.ogg">sumber</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Memainkan_berkas_media" title="Wikipedia:Memainkan berkas media">bantuan</a></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_tengah_madya&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_tengah_madya&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Phonetic_Association1999167-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Phonetic_Association1999167_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInternational_Phonetic_Association1999">International Phonetic Association (1999)</a>, hlm. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aworldofenglishes.blogspot.com/2013/06/is-real.html">"A World of Englishes: Is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span>[[Category:Halaman dengan teks IPA polos]] "real"?"</a>. 19 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+World+of+Englishes%3A+Is+%3Cspan+class%3D%22IPA+nowrap%22+lang%3D%22und-Latn-fonipa%22+title%3D%22Representation+in+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet+%28IPA%29%22%3E%2F%C9%99%2F%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AHalaman+dengan+teks+IPA+polos+%22real%22%3F&rft.date=2013-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faworldofenglishes.blogspot.com%2F2013%2F06%2Fis-real.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Konflik URL–wikilink (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#wikilink_in_url" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWissing2016section_"The_rounded_and_unrounded_mid-central_vowels"-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWissing2016section_"The_rounded_and_unrounded_mid-central_vowels"_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWissing2016section_"The_rounded_and_unrounded_mid-central_vowels"_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWissing2016section_"The_rounded_and_unrounded_mid-central_vowels"_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWissing2016">Wissing (2016)</a>, section "The rounded and unrounded mid-central vowels".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasbøll2005143-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasbøll2005143_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBasbøll2005">Basbøll (2005)</a>, hlm. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201370-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201370_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillesTrouvain2013">Gilles & Trouvain (2013)</a>, hlm. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003129-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003129_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003129_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollinsMees2003">Collins & Mees (2003)</a>, hlm. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens199659–60,_104–105-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasens199659–60,_104–105_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRecasens1996">Recasens (1996)</a>, hlm. 59–60, 104–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens199698-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasens199698_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRecasens1996">Recasens (1996)</a>, hlm. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeZee2003110-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeZee2003110_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeeZee2003">Lee & Zee (2003)</a>, hlm. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllanHolmesLundskær-Nielsen20112-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllanHolmesLundskær-Nielsen20112_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllanHolmesLundskær-Nielsen2011">Allan, Holmes & Lundskær-Nielsen (2011)</a>, hlm. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200557,_143-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200557,_143_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBasbøll2005">Basbøll (2005)</a>, hlm. 57, 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells2008XXV-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells2008XXV_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells2008">Wells (2008)</a>, hlm. XXV.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimson2014138-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGimson2014138_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGimson2014">Gimson (2014)</a>, hlm. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELass2002116-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass2002116_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLass2002">Lass (2002)</a>, hlm. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELodge2009168-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2009168_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLodge2009">Lodge (2009)</a>, hlm. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach2004242-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoach2004242_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoach2004">Roach (2004)</a>, hlm. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003268-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003268_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWattAllen2003">Watt & Allen (2003)</a>, hlm. 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESailaja200924–25-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESailaja200924–25_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSailaja2009">Sailaja (2009)</a>, hlm. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982380–381-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982380–381_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, hlm. 380–381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoddartUptonWiddowson199974,_76-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoddartUptonWiddowson199974,_76_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoddartUptonWiddowson1999">Stoddart, Upton & Widdowson (1999)</a>, hlm. 74, 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrech_et_al.200969-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrech_et_al.200969_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrech_et_al.2009">Krech et al. (2009)</a>, hlm. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudenredaktionKleinerKnöbl201540-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudenredaktionKleinerKnöbl201540_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDudenredaktionKleinerKnöbl2015">Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015)</a>, hlm. 40.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daftar_pustaka">Daftar pustaka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_tengah_madya&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Daftar pustaka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_tengah_madya&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Daftar pustaka"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21093234">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAllanHolmesLundskær-Nielsen2011" class="citation">Allan, Robin; Holmes, Philip; Lundskær-Nielsen, Tom (2011) [First published 2000], <i>Danish: An Essential Grammar</i> (edisi ke-2nd), Abingdon: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-203-87800-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-203-87800-2">978-0-203-87800-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Danish%3A+An+Essential+Grammar&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-203-87800-2&rft.aulast=Allan&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.au=Holmes%2C+Philip&rft.au=Lundsk%C3%A6r-Nielsen%2C+Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFAndersson2002" class="citation">Andersson, Erik (2002), "Swedish", dalam König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan, <i>The Germanic Languages</i>, Routledge language family descriptions, Routledge, hlm. 271–312, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-415-28079-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-415-28079-6">0-415-28079-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Swedish&rft.btitle=The+Germanic+Languages&rft.series=Routledge+language+family+descriptions&rft.pages=271-312&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-28079-6&rft.aulast=Andersson&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBarbosaAlbano2004" class="citation">Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>34</b> (2): 227–232, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001756">10.1017/S0025100304001756</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Brazilian+Portuguese&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=227-232&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100304001756&rft.aulast=Barbosa&rft.aufirst=Pl%C3%ADnio+A.&rft.au=Albano%2C+Eleonora+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBasbøll2005" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Basb%C3%B8ll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Basbøll (halaman belum tersedia)">Basbøll, Hans</a> (2005), <i>The Phonology of Danish</i>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-203-97876-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-203-97876-5">0-203-97876-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+of+Danish&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-203-97876-5&rft.aulast=Basb%C3%B8ll&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBishop1996" class="citation">Bishop, Nancy (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/archives/mks/pdf/25:227-253.pdf">"A preliminary description of Kensiu (Maniq) phonology"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, <i>Mon–Khmer Studies Journal</i>, <b>25</b></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mon%E2%80%93Khmer+Studies+Journal&rft.atitle=A+preliminary+description+of+Kensiu+%28Maniq%29+phonology&rft.volume=25&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Farchives%2Fmks%2Fpdf%2F25%3A227-253.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCollinsMees2003" class="citation">Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], <i>The Phonetics of English and Dutch</i> (edisi ke-5th), Leiden: Brill Publishers, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9004103406" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9004103406">9004103406</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonetics+of+English+and+Dutch&rft.place=Leiden&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9004103406&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Beverley&rft.au=Mees%2C+Inger+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCoxDriedgerTucker2013" class="citation">Cox, Cristopher; Driedger, Jacob M.; Tucker, Benjamin V. (2013), "Mennonite Plautdietsch (Canadian Old Colony)", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>43</b> (2): 221–229, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100313000121">10.1017/S0025100313000121</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Mennonite+Plautdietsch+%28Canadian+Old+Colony%29&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=221-229&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100313000121&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Cristopher&rft.au=Driedger%2C+Jacob+M.&rft.au=Tucker%2C+Benjamin+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDudenredaktionKleinerKnöbl2015" class="citation">Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T6vWCgAAQBAJ"><i>Das Aussprachewörterbuch</i></a> (dalam bahasa Jerman) (edisi ke-7th), Berlin: Dudenverlag, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3-411-04067-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3-411-04067-4">978-3-411-04067-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Aussprachew%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.place=Berlin&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Dudenverlag&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-411-04067-4&rft.au=Dudenredaktion&rft.au=Kleiner%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Kn%C3%B6bl%2C+Ralf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT6vWCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEngstrand1999" class="citation">Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", <i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet.</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, hlm. 140–142, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-521-63751-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-521-63751-1">0-521-63751-1</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Swedish&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association%3A+A+Guide+to+the+usage+of+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet.&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=140-142&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-63751-1&rft.aulast=Engstrand&rft.aufirst=Olle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFougeronSmith1993" class="citation">Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>23</b> (2): 73–76, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004874">10.1017/S0025100300004874</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=French&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=73-76&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300004874&rft.aulast=Fougeron&rft.aufirst=Cecile&rft.au=Smith%2C+Caroline+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGillesTrouvain2013" class="citation">Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orbilu.uni.lu/bitstream/10993/1143/1/Illustrations_Luxembourgish%20-%2017%20-%20revised%20version%20after%202nd%20revision%20-%20mit%20Bilder.pdf">"Luxembourgish"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>43</b> (1): 67–74, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100312000278">10.1017/S0025100312000278</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Luxembourgish&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-74&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100312000278&rft.aulast=Gilles&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Trouvain%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forbilu.uni.lu%2Fbitstream%2F10993%2F1143%2F1%2FIllustrations_Luxembourgish%2520-%252017%2520-%2520revised%2520version%2520after%25202nd%2520revision%2520-%2520mit%2520Bilder.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGimson2014" class="citation">Gimson, Alfred Charles (2014), Cruttenden, Alan, ed., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M2nMAgAAQBAJ"><i>Gimson's Pronunciation of English</i></a> (edisi ke-8th), Routledge, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781444183092" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781444183092">9781444183092</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gimson%27s+Pronunciation+of+English&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781444183092&rft.aulast=Gimson&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM2nMAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGussenhoven1992" class="citation">Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>22</b> (2): 45–47, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002510030000459X">10.1017/S002510030000459X</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Dutch&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=45-47&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002510030000459X&rft.aulast=Gussenhoven&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Phonetic_Association1999" class="citation">International Phonetic Association (1999), <i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-521-65236-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-521-65236-7">0-521-65236-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association%3A+A+guide+to+the+use+of+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-65236-7&rft.au=International+Phonetic+Association&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKhanWeise2013" class="citation">Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic.reed.edu/linguistics/khan/assets/Khan%20Weise%202013%20Upper%20Saxon%20Chemnitz%20dialect.pdf">"Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>43</b> (2): 231–241, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100313000145">10.1017/S0025100313000145</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Upper+Saxon+%28Chemnitz+dialect%29&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=231-241&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100313000145&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Sameer+ud+Dowla&rft.au=Weise%2C+Constanze&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademic.reed.edu%2Flinguistics%2Fkhan%2Fassets%2FKhan%2520Weise%25202013%2520Upper%2520Saxon%2520Chemnitz%2520dialect.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKrech_et_al.2009" class="citation">Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), <i>Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch</i>, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3-11-018202-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3-11-018202-6">978-3-11-018202-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsches+Aussprachew%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.place=Berlin%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-11-018202-6&rft.aulast=Krech&rft.aufirst=Eva+Maria&rft.au=Stock%2C+Eberhard&rft.au=Hirschfeld%2C+Ursula&rft.au=Anders%2C+Lutz-Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKristoffersen2000" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gjert_Kristoffersen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gjert Kristoffersen (halaman belum tersedia)">Kristoffersen, Gjert</a> (2000), <i>The Phonology of Norwegian</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-823765-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-19-823765-5">978-0-19-823765-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+of+Norwegian&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-823765-5&rft.aulast=Kristoffersen&rft.aufirst=Gjert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKvifteGude-Husken2005" class="citation">Kvifte, Bjørn; Gude-Husken, Verena (2005) [First published 1997], <i>Praktische Grammatik der norwegischen Sprache</i> (edisi ke-3rd), Gottfried Egert Verlag, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/3-926972-54-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/3-926972-54-8">3-926972-54-8</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Praktische+Grammatik+der+norwegischen+Sprache&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Gottfried+Egert+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3-926972-54-8&rft.aulast=Kvifte&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B8rn&rft.au=Gude-Husken%2C+Verena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLandauLončarićHorgaŠkarić1999" class="citation">Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", <i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, hlm. 66–69, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-521-65236-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-521-65236-7">0-521-65236-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Croatian&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association%3A+A+guide+to+the+use+of+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=66-69&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-65236-7&rft.aulast=Landau&rft.aufirst=Ernestina&rft.au=Lon%C4%8Dari%C4%87%2C+Mijo&rft.au=Horga%2C+Damir&rft.au=%C5%A0kari%C4%87%2C+Ivo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLass2002" class="citation">Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", dalam Mesthrie, Rajend, <i>Language in South Africa</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780521791052" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780521791052">9780521791052</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=South+African+English&rft.btitle=Language+in+South+Africa&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780521791052&rft.aulast=Lass&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLeeZee2003" class="citation">Lee, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric (2003), "Standard Chinese (Beijing)", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>33</b> (1): 109–112, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100303001208">10.1017/S0025100303001208</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Standard+Chinese+%28Beijing%29&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=109-112&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100303001208&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Wai-Sum&rft.au=Zee%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLodge2009" class="citation">Lodge, Ken (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_nVT_qNvbusC"><i>A Critical Introduction to Phonetics</i></a>, Continuum International Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8264-8873-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8264-8873-2">978-0-8264-8873-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+Introduction+to+Phonetics&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-8873-2&rft.aulast=Lodge&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_nVT_qNvbusC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Sé2000" class="citation">Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), <i>Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne</i> (dalam bahasa Irlandia), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-946452-97-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-946452-97-0">0-946452-97-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaeilge+Chorca+Dhuibhne&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Institi%C3%BAid+Teangeola%C3%ADochta+%C3%89ireann&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-946452-97-0&rft.aulast=%C3%93+S%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Diarmuid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRecasens1996" class="citation">Recasens, Daniel (1996), <i>Fonètica descriptiva del català</i> (dalam bahasa Katalan), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/84-7283-312-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/84-7283-312-7">84-7283-312-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fon%C3%A8tica+descriptiva+del+catal%C3%A0&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Institut+d%27Estudis+Catalans&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=84-7283-312-7&rft.aulast=Recasens&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRiad2014" class="citation">Riad, Tomas (2014), <i>The Phonology of Swedish</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-954357-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-19-954357-1">978-0-19-954357-1</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+of+Swedish&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954357-1&rft.aulast=Riad&rft.aufirst=Tomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRoach2004" class="citation">Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>34</b> (2): 239–245, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001768">10.1017/S0025100304001768</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=British+English%3A+Received+Pronunciation&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=239-245&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100304001768&rft.aulast=Roach&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRosenqvist2007" class="citation">Rosenqvist, Håkan (2007), <i>Uttalsboken: svenskt uttal i praktik och teori</i>, Stockholm: Natur & Kultur, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-91-27-40645-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-91-27-40645-2">978-91-27-40645-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uttalsboken%3A+svenskt+uttal+i+praktik+och+teori&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Natur+%26+Kultur&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-91-27-40645-2&rft.aulast=Rosenqvist&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A5kan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSailaja2009" class="citation">Sailaja, Pingali (2009), <i>Indian English</i>, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, hlm. 17–38, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7486-2594-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7486-2594-9">978-0-7486-2594-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+English&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=17-38&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press+Ltd&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-2594-9&rft.aulast=Sailaja&rft.aufirst=Pingali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFStoddartUptonWiddowson1999" class="citation">Stoddart, Jana; Upton, Clive; Widdowson, J.D.A. (1999), "Sheffield dialect in the 1990s: revisiting the concept of NORMs", <i>Urban Voices</i>, London: Arnold, hlm. 72–89</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sheffield+dialect+in+the+1990s%3A+revisiting+the+concept+of+NORMs&rft.btitle=Urban+Voices&rft.place=London&rft.pages=72-89&rft.pub=Arnold&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Stoddart&rft.aufirst=Jana&rft.au=Upton%2C+Clive&rft.au=Widdowson%2C+J.D.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation conference">van Heuven, Vincent J.; Genet, Roos (2002). <i>Wat is het beste IPA-symbool voor de </i>u<i> van </i>put<i>?</i>. Dag van de Fonetiek. Utrecht.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Wat+is+het+beste+IPA-symbool+voor+de+u+van+put%3F&rft.place=Utrecht&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=van+Heuven&rft.aufirst=Vincent+J.&rft.au=Genet%2C+Roos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> A summary of the presentation can be found <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/FonetischeVereniging/DvdFonetiek/DagvdFonetiek2002Abstracts.html#1545">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006195442/http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/FonetischeVereniging/DvdFonetiek/DagvdFonetiek2002Abstracts.html#1545">Diarsipkan</a> 2018-10-06 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>..</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFVanvik1979" class="citation">Vanvik, Arne (1979), <i>Norsk fonetikk</i>, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/82-990584-0-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/82-990584-0-6">82-990584-0-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norsk+fonetikk&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Universitetet+i+Oslo&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=82-990584-0-6&rft.aulast=Vanvik&rft.aufirst=Arne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFVerhoeven2005" class="citation">Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>35</b> (2): 245, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100305002173">10.1017/S0025100305002173</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Belgian+Standard+Dutch&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=245&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100305002173&rft.aulast=Verhoeven&rft.aufirst=Jo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Accents_of_English&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Accents of English (halaman belum tersedia)">Templat:Accents of English</a></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation">Wells, J.C. (2008), <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (edisi ke-3rd), Longman, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781405881180" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781405881180">9781405881180</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781405881180&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWissing2012" class="citation">Wissing, Daan (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170415220843/http://www.litnet.co.za/integrasie-van-artikulatoriese-en-akoestiese-eienskappe-van-vokale-n-beskrywingsraamwerk/">"Integrasie van artikulatoriese en akoestiese eienskappe van vokale: 'n beskrywingsraamwerk"</a>, <i>LitNet Akademies</i> (dalam bahasa Afrikaans), Stellenbosch: LitNet, <b>9</b> (2): 701–743, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1995-5928">1995-5928</a>, diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litnet.co.za/integrasie-van-artikulatoriese-en-akoestiese-eienskappe-van-vokale-n-beskrywingsraamwerk/">versi asli</a> tanggal 15 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LitNet+Akademies&rft.atitle=Integrasie+van+artikulatoriese+en+akoestiese+eienskappe+van+vokale%3A+%27n+beskrywingsraamwerk&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=701-743&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1995-5928&rft.aulast=Wissing&rft.aufirst=Daan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.litnet.co.za%2Fintegrasie-van-artikulatoriese-en-akoestiese-eienskappe-van-vokale-n-beskrywingsraamwerk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation web">Wissing, Daan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170415194042/http://www.taalportaal.org/taalportaal/topic/pid/topic-14610909940908011">"Afrikaans phonology – segment inventory"</a>. <i>Taalportaal</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taalportaal.org/taalportaal/topic/pid/topic-14610909940908011">versi asli</a> tanggal 15 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taalportaal&rft.atitle=Afrikaans+phonology+%E2%80%93+segment+inventory&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Wissing&rft.aufirst=Daan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taalportaal.org%2Ftaalportaal%2Ftopic%2Fpid%2Ftopic-14610909940908011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVokal+tengah+madya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vokal_tengah_madya&oldid=22364029">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vokal_tengah_madya&oldid=22364029</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:IPA_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:IPA template errors (halaman belum tersedia)">IPA template errors</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Vokal_tengah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Vokal tengah (halaman belum tersedia)">Vokal tengah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Vokal_madya" title="Kategori:Vokal madya">Vokal madya</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Galat_CS1:_konflik_URL%E2%80%93wikilink" title="Kategori:Galat CS1: konflik URL–wikilink">Galat CS1: konflik URL–wikilink</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_teks_IPA_polos" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan teks IPA polos">Halaman dengan teks IPA polos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_mengandung_aksara_Afrikaans" title="Kategori:Artikel mengandung aksara Afrikaans">Artikel mengandung aksara Afrikaans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_mengandung_aksara_Katalan" title="Kategori:Artikel mengandung aksara Katalan">Artikel mengandung aksara Katalan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_mengandung_aksara_non-Indonesia" title="Kategori:Artikel mengandung aksara non-Indonesia">Artikel mengandung aksara non-Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_mengandung_aksara_Denmark" title="Kategori:Artikel mengandung aksara Denmark">Artikel mengandung aksara Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_mengandung_aksara_Belanda" title="Kategori:Artikel mengandung aksara Belanda">Artikel mengandung aksara Belanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_mengandung_aksara_Galisia" title="Kategori:Artikel mengandung aksara Galisia">Artikel mengandung aksara Galisia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_mengandung_aksara_Jerman" title="Kategori:Artikel mengandung aksara Jerman">Artikel mengandung aksara Jerman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_sumber_berbahasa_Jerman_(de)" title="Kategori:CS1 sumber berbahasa Jerman (de)">CS1 sumber berbahasa Jerman (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_sumber_berbahasa_Irlandia_(ga)" title="Kategori:CS1 sumber berbahasa Irlandia (ga)">CS1 sumber berbahasa Irlandia (ga)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_sumber_berbahasa_Katalan_(ca)" title="Kategori:CS1 sumber berbahasa Katalan (ca)">CS1 sumber berbahasa Katalan (ca)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Templat_webarchive_tautan_wayback" title="Kategori:Templat webarchive tautan wayback">Templat webarchive tautan wayback</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_rujukan_yang_menggunakan_parameter_yang_tidak_didukung" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung">Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_sumber_berbahasa_Afrikaans_(af)" title="Kategori:CS1 sumber berbahasa Afrikaans (af)">CS1 sumber berbahasa Afrikaans (af)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 18 Desember 2022, pukul 20.28.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. 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