CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Ernest Hemingway - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"77f3a4f6-9467-4b39-8280-d7b2aba97f36","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Ernest_Hemingway","wgTitle":"Ernest Hemingway","wgCurRevisionId":1259535745,"wgRevisionId":1259535745,"wgArticleId":9428,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Featured articles","Use mdy dates from July 2024","Articles with hAudio microformats","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with Project Gutenberg links","Articles with Internet Archive links","Articles with LibriVox links","Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024", "Articles containing French-language text","Articles containing German-language text","Articles containing Dutch-language text","Ernest Hemingway","1899 births","1961 deaths","1961 suicides","20th-century American dramatists and playwrights","20th-century American essayists","20th-century American journalists","20th-century American male writers","20th-century American memoirists","20th-century American novelists","20th-century American poets","20th-century American screenwriters","20th-century American short story writers","20th-century letter writers","20th-century American travel writers","American anti-fascists","American expatriates in Canada","American expatriates in Cuba","American expatriates in France","American expatriates in Italy","American expatriates in Spain","American expatriates in the British Empire","American expatriates in the United Kingdom","American fishers","American hunters","American letter writers","American literary theorists", "American male dramatists and playwrights","American male essayists","American male journalists","American male non-fiction writers","American male novelists","American male poets","American male screenwriters","American male short story writers","American military personnel of World War I","American Nobel laureates","American people of the Spanish Civil War","American travel writers","American war correspondents of World War II","American war novelists","American anthologists","Bancarella Prize winners","Catholics from Idaho","Converts to Roman Catholicism","French Resistance members","Hemingway family","History of Key West, Florida","Journalists from Illinois","Lost Generation writers","Maritime writers","Modernist writers","Nobel laureates in Literature","Novelists from Illinois","People from Ketchum, Idaho","American psychological fiction writers","Pulitzer Prize for Fiction winners","Recipients of the Silver Medal of Military Valor","Suicides by firearm in Idaho", "Survivors of aviation accidents or incidents","Toronto Star people","Writers about activism and social change","Writers from Chicago","Writers from Oak Park, Illinois","Writers of historical fiction set in the modern age","People of the Burning of Smyrna"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Ernest_Hemingway","wgRelevantArticleId":9428,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false, "wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q23434","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles": "ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/ErnestHemingway.jpg/1200px-ErnestHemingway.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1498"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/ErnestHemingway.jpg/800px-ErnestHemingway.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="999"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/ErnestHemingway.jpg/640px-ErnestHemingway.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="799"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Ernest Hemingway - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Ernest_Hemingway rootpage-Ernest_Hemingway skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ernest+Hemingway" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ernest+Hemingway" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ernest+Hemingway" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ernest+Hemingway" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Early life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Paris </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Key_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Key West </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Spanish Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuba_and_the_Nobel_Prize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuba_and_the_Nobel_Prize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Cuba and the Nobel Prize </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuba_and_the_Nobel_Prize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Idaho_and_suicide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Idaho_and_suicide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Idaho and suicide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Idaho_and_suicide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Writing style </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Themes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Influence and legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Selected works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Digital_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Digital collections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Physical collections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.3 Journalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biographical_and_other_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographical_and_other_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.4 Biographical and other information </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographical_and_other_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ernest Hemingway</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 149 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-149" aria-hidden="true" > 149 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A7%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%90%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B5_%E1%88%84%E1%88%9A%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%94%E1%8B%AD" title="ኧርነስት ሄሚንጔይ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኧርነስት ሄሚንጔይ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%8A" title="إرنست همينغوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إرنست همينغوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%87" title="আৰ্নেষ্ট হেমিংৱে – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আৰ্নেষ্ট হেমিংৱে" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Heminquey" title="Ernest Heminquey – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ernest Heminquey" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="ارنست همینقوئی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ارنست همینقوئی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87" title="আর্নেস্ট হেমিংওয়ে – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আর্নেস্ট হেমিংওয়ে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Эрнест Хемингуэй – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эрнест Хемингуэй" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Эрнэст Хемінгуэй – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эрнэст Хемінгуэй" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%93%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%9E%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Эрнэст Гэмінгўэй – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эрнэст Гэмінгўэй" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="अर्नस्ट हेमिंग्वे – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अर्नस्ट हेमिंग्वे" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AA%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Ърнест Хемингуей – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ърнест Хемингуей" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Эрнест Хемингуэй – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эрнест Хемингуэй" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%93%DE%B0_%DE%80%DE%AC%DE%89%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%88%DE%AD" title="އާނިސްޓް ހެމިންވޭ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އާނިސްޓް ހެމިންވޭ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%84_%CE%A7%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B5%CF%8A" title="Έρνεστ Χέμινγουεϊ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έρνεστ Χέμινγουεϊ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%B9,_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Хемингуэй, Эрнест – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Хемингуэй, Эрнест" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8C" title="ارنست همینگوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارنست همینگوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B4%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%ED%97%A4%EB%B0%8D%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4" title="어니스트 헤밍웨이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="어니스트 헤밍웨이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF_%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%B5" title="Էռնեստ Հեմինգուեյ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էռնեստ Հեմինգուեյ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="अर्नेस्ट हेमिंग्वे – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अर्नेस्ट हेमिंग्वे" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%B9,_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Хемингуэй, Эрнест – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хемингуэй, Эрнест" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99" title="ארנסט המינגוויי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארנסט המינגוויי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%87" title="ಅರ್ನೆಸ್ಟ್ ಹೆಮಿಂಗ್ವೇ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅರ್ನೆಸ್ಟ್ ಹೆಮಿಂಗ್ವೇ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%98" title="ერნესტ ჰემინგუეი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ერნესტ ჰემინგუეი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Эрнест Хемингуэй – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эрнест Хемингуэй" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Эрнест Хемингуэй – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эрнест Хемингуэй" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%B9,_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Хемингуэй, Эрнест Миллер – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Хемингуэй, Эрнест Миллер" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernestus_Hemingway" title="Ernestus Hemingway – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ernestus Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernests_Hemingvejs" title="Ernests Hemingvejs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ernests Hemingvejs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="अर्नेस्ट हेमिङ्वे – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अर्नेस्ट हेमिङ्वे" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%98" title="Ернест Хемингвеј – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ернест Хемингвеј" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8F%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87" title="ഏണസ്റ്റ് ഹെമിങ്‌വേ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഏണസ്റ്റ് ഹെമിങ്‌വേ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="अर्नेस्ट हेमिंग्वे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अर्नेस्ट हेमिंग्वे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%98" title="ერნესტ ჰემინგუეი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ერნესტ ჰემინგუეი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%89" title="ارنست هيمنجواى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ارنست هيمنجواى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8C" title="ارنست همینگوی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ارنست همینگوی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Эрнест Хемингуэй – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эрнест Хемингуэй" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B2%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="အားနက် ဟဲမင်းဝေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အားနက် ဟဲမင်းဝေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="अर्नेस्ट हेमिङ्वे – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अर्नेस्ट हेमिङ्वे" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="अर्नेस्ट हेमिङ्वे – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अर्नेस्ट हेमिङ्वे" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%98%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4" title="アーネスト・ヘミングウェイ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アーネスト・ヘミングウェイ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87" title="ਅਰਨੈਸਟ ਹੈਮਿੰਗਵੇ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਰਨੈਸਟ ਹੈਮਿੰਗਵੇ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9_%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%92" title="ارنسٹ ہیمنگوے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ارنسٹ ہیمنگوے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%90%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%90%D9%84%D8%B1_%D9%87%DB%90%D9%85%DB%90%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%90" title="ارنېست مېلر هېمېنگوې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ارنېست مېلر هېمېنگوې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Heminguey" title="Ernest Heminguey – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ernest Heminguey" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Ернест Гемингвей – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ернест Гемингвей" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%B9,_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Хемингуэй, Эрнест – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хемингуэй, Эрнест" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%DA%BE%DB%8E%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C" title="ئێرنست ھێمینگوەی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێرنست ھێمینگوەی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%98" title="Ернест Хемингвеј – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ернест Хемингвеј" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87" title="ஏர்னெஸ்ட் ஹெமிங்வே – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஏர்னெஸ்ட் ஹெமிங்வே" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Эрнест Хемингуэй – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эрнест Хемингуэй" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87" title="ఎర్నెస్ట్ హెమింగ్‌వే – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎర్నెస్ట్ హెమింగ్‌వే" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="เออร์เนสต์ เฮมิงเวย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เออร์เนสต์ เฮมิงเวย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D2%B2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Эрнест Ҳемингуэй – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Эрнест Ҳемингуэй" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemigue%C3%BD" title="Ernest Hemigueý – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ernest Hemigueý" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D2%91%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Ернест Гемінґвей – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ернест Гемінґвей" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9_%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%92" title="ارنسٹ ہیمنگوے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ارنسٹ ہیمنگوے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%90%D8%B3%D8%AA_%DA%BE%DB%90%D9%85%D9%89%DA%AD%DB%8B%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="ئېرنېست ھېمىڭۋاي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئېرنېست ھېمىڭۋاي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%98%8E%E5%A8%81" title="海明威 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="海明威" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E6%98%8E%E5%A8%81" title="歐内斯特·海明威 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="歐内斯特·海明威" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ernest Hemingway" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E6%98%8E%E5%A8%81" title="欧内斯特·海明威 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="欧内斯特·海明威" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%80%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%A1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2" title="ⵉⵔⵏⵉⵙⵜ ⵀⵉⵎⵉⵏⴳⵡⴰⵢ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⵔⵏⵉⵙⵜ ⵀⵉⵎⵉⵏⴳⵡⴰⵢ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23434#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Ernest_Hemingway" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Hemingway&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Hemingway&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Hemingway&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Hemingway&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Ernest_Hemingway" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Ernest_Hemingway" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Hemingway&oldid=1259535745" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Hemingway&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Ernest_Hemingway&id=1259535745&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FErnest_Hemingway">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FErnest_Hemingway">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ernest_Hemingway&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Hemingway&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ernest_Hemingway" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Ernest_Miller_Hemingway" hreflang="en">Wikisource</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23434" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American author and journalist (1899–1961)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hemingway" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hemingway_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hemingway (disambiguation)">Hemingway (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Ernest Hemingway</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:ErnestHemingway.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hemingway in 1939"><img alt="Dark-haired man in light colored short-sleeved shirt working on a typewriter at a table on which sits an open book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/ErnestHemingway.jpg/220px-ErnestHemingway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/ErnestHemingway.jpg/330px-ErnestHemingway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/ErnestHemingway.jpg/440px-ErnestHemingway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1873" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Hemingway in 1939</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">(1899-07-21)July 21, 1899 <a href="/wiki/Oak_Park,_Illinois" title="Oak Park, Illinois">Oak Park, Illinois</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">July 2, 1961(1961-07-02) (aged 61) <a href="/wiki/Ketchum,_Idaho" title="Ketchum, Idaho">Ketchum, Idaho</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable awards</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for Fiction">Pulitzer Prize for Fiction</a> (1953)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> (1954)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadley_Richardson" title="Hadley Richardson">Hadley Richardson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Pfeiffer" title="Pauline Pfeiffer">Pauline Pfeiffer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Gellhorn" title="Martha Gellhorn">Martha Gellhorn</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Welsh_Hemingway" title="Mary Welsh Hemingway">Mary Welsh</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Hemingway" title="Jack Hemingway">Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hemingway" title="Patrick Hemingway">Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Hemingway" title="Gloria Hemingway">Gloria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernest_Hemingway_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ernest_Hemingway_Signature.svg/150px-Ernest_Hemingway_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ernest_Hemingway_Signature.svg/225px-Ernest_Hemingway_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ernest_Hemingway_Signature.svg/300px-Ernest_Hemingway_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="61" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Ernest Miller Hemingway (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈhɛmɪŋweɪ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">HEM-ing-way</a>; July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, <a href="/wiki/Short-story_writer" class="mw-redirect" title="Short-story writer">short-story writer</a> and journalist. Known for an economical, understated style that influenced later 20th-century writers, he has been romanticized for his adventurous lifestyle and outspoken, blunt public image. Some of his seven novels, six short-story collections and two non-fiction works have become classics of <a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">American literature</a>, and he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/1954_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1954 Nobel Prize in Literature">1954 Nobel Prize in Literature</a>. Hemingway was raised in <a href="/wiki/Oak_Park,_Illinois" title="Oak Park, Illinois">Oak Park, Illinois</a>, a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>. After high school, he spent six months as a reporter for <a href="/wiki/The_Kansas_City_Star" title="The Kansas City Star">The Kansas City Star</a> before enlisting in the <a href="/wiki/American_Red_Cross" title="American Red Cross">Red Cross</a>. He served as an ambulance driver on the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Front_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Front (World War I)">Italian Front</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and was seriously wounded by shrapnel in 1918. In 1921, Hemingway moved to Paris, where he worked as a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_correspondent" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign correspondent">foreign correspondent</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a> and was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist">modernist</a> writers and artists of the "<a href="/wiki/Lost_Generation" title="Lost Generation">Lost Generation</a>" expatriate community. His debut novel, <a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises" title="The Sun Also Rises">The Sun Also Rises</a>, was published in 1926. In 1928, Hemingway returned to the U.S., where he settled in <a href="/wiki/Key_West" title="Key West">Key West, Florida</a>. His experiences during the war supplied material for his 1929 novel <a href="/wiki/A_Farewell_to_Arms" title="A Farewell to Arms">A Farewell to Arms</a>. In 1937, Hemingway went to Spain to cover the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, which formed the basis for his 1940 novel <a href="/wiki/For_Whom_the_Bell_Tolls" title="For Whom the Bell Tolls">For Whom the Bell Tolls</a>, written in <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana, Cuba</a>. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Hemingway was present with Allied troops as a journalist at the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">liberation of Paris</a>. In 1952, his novel <a href="/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea" title="The Old Man and the Sea">The Old Man and the Sea</a> was published to considerable acclaim, and won the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for Fiction">Pulitzer Prize for Fiction</a>. On a 1954 trip to Africa, Hemingway was seriously injured in two successive plane crashes, leaving him in pain and ill health for much of the rest of his life. He died by suicide at his <a href="/wiki/Ernest_and_Mary_Hemingway_House" title="Ernest and Mary Hemingway House">house in Ketchum, Idaho</a>, in 1961. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899, in <a href="/wiki/Oak_Park,_Illinois" title="Oak Park, Illinois">Oak Park, Illinois</a>, an affluent suburb just west of Chicago,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> to Clarence Edmonds Hemingway, a physician, and <a href="/wiki/Grace_Hall_Hemingway" title="Grace Hall Hemingway">Grace Hall Hemingway</a>, a musician. His parents were well-educated and well-respected in Oak Park,<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_pp_17-18-2">[2]</a> a conservative community about which resident <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a> said, "So many churches for so many good people to go to."<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> When Clarence and Grace Hemingway married in 1896, they <a href="/wiki/Birthplace_of_Ernest_Hemingway" title="Birthplace of Ernest Hemingway">lived with Grace's father</a>, Ernest Miller Hall,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> after whom they named their first son, the second of their six children.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_pp_17-18-2">[2]</a> His sister Marcelline preceded him in 1898, and his younger siblings included Ursula in 1902, Madelaine in 1904, Carol in 1911, and <a href="/wiki/Leicester_Hemingway" title="Leicester Hemingway">Leicester</a> in 1915.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_pp_17-18-2">[2]</a> Grace followed the Victorian convention of not differentiating children's clothing by gender. With only a year separating the two, Ernest and Marcelline resembled one another strongly. Grace wanted them to appear as twins, so in Ernest's first three years she kept his hair long and dressed both children in similarly frilly feminine clothing.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ErnestHemingwayBabyPicture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph of Hemingway as an infant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/ErnestHemingwayBabyPicture.jpg/170px-ErnestHemingwayBabyPicture.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/ErnestHemingwayBabyPicture.jpg/255px-ErnestHemingwayBabyPicture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/ErnestHemingwayBabyPicture.jpg/340px-ErnestHemingwayBabyPicture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1770" data-file-height="2485" /></a><figcaption>Hemingway was the second child and first son born to Clarence and Grace.</figcaption></figure> Grace Hemingway was a well-known local musician,<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_2000_19-6">[6]</a> and taught her reluctant son to play the cello. Later he said music lessons contributed to his writing style, as evidenced in the "<a href="/wiki/Contrapuntal" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrapuntal">contrapuntal</a> structure" of <a href="/wiki/For_Whom_the_Bell_Tolls" title="For Whom the Bell Tolls">For Whom the Bell Tolls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> As an adult Hemingway professed to hate his mother, although they shared similar enthusiastic energies.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_2000_19-6">[6]</a> His father taught him <a href="/wiki/Woodcraft" title="Woodcraft">woodcraft</a> during the family's summer sojourns at <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway_Cottage" title="Ernest Hemingway Cottage">Windemere</a> on <a href="/wiki/Walloon_Lake" title="Walloon Lake">Walloon Lake</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Petoskey,_Michigan" title="Petoskey, Michigan">Petoskey, Michigan</a>, where Ernest learned to hunt, fish and camp in the woods and lakes of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Michigan" title="Northern Michigan">Northern Michigan</a>. These early experiences instilled in him a life-long passion for outdoor adventure and living in remote or isolated areas.<a href="#cite_note-Beegel2000,_p._63-70-8">[8]</a> Hemingway went to <a href="/wiki/Oak_Park_and_River_Forest_High_School" title="Oak Park and River Forest High School">Oak Park and River Forest High School</a> in Oak Park between 1913 and 1917, where he competed in boxing, track and field, water polo, and football. He performed in the school orchestra for two years with his sister Marcelline, and received good grades in English classes.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_2000_19-6">[6]</a> During his last two years at high school he edited the school's newspaper and yearbook (the Trapeze and Tabula); he imitated the language of popular sportswriters and contributed under the pen name Ring Lardner Jr.—a nod to <a href="/wiki/Ring_Lardner" title="Ring Lardner">Ring Lardner</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a> whose byline was "Line O'Type".<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p19ff-9">[9]</a> After leaving high school, he went to work for <a href="/wiki/The_Kansas_City_Star" title="The Kansas City Star">The Kansas City Star</a> as a cub reporter.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p19ff-9">[9]</a> Although he stayed there only for six months, the Star's <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">style guide</a>, which stated "Use short sentences. Use short first paragraphs. Use vigorous English. Be positive, not negative", became a foundation for his prose.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_I">World War I</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernest_Hemingway_in_Milan_1918_retouched_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph of a young man dressed in a military uniform" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Ernest_Hemingway_in_Milan_1918_retouched_3.jpg/190px-Ernest_Hemingway_in_Milan_1918_retouched_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Ernest_Hemingway_in_Milan_1918_retouched_3.jpg/285px-Ernest_Hemingway_in_Milan_1918_retouched_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Ernest_Hemingway_in_Milan_1918_retouched_3.jpg/380px-Ernest_Hemingway_in_Milan_1918_retouched_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="1281" /></a><figcaption>Hemingway in uniform in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> in 1918, where he drove ambulances for two months until he was wounded</figcaption></figure> Hemingway wanted to go to war and tried to enlist in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> but was not accepted because he had poor eyesight.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Instead he volunteered to a <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> recruitment effort in December 1917 and signed on to be an ambulance driver with the <a href="/wiki/American_Red_Cross_Motor_Corps" title="American Red Cross Motor Corps">American Red Cross Motor Corps</a> in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In May 1918, he sailed from New York, and arrived in Paris as the city was under bombardment from German artillery.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p27ff-13">[13]</a> That June he arrived at the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Front_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Front (World War I)">Italian Front</a>. On his first day in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, he was sent to the scene of a <a href="/wiki/Munitions_factory" title="Munitions factory">munitions factory</a> explosion to join rescuers retrieving the shredded remains of female workers. He described the incident in his 1932 non-fiction book <a href="/wiki/Death_in_the_Afternoon" title="Death in the Afternoon">Death in the Afternoon</a>: "I remember that after we searched quite thoroughly for the complete dead we collected fragments."<a href="#cite_note-Mellow57ff-14">[14]</a> A few days later, he was stationed at <a href="/wiki/Fossalta_di_Piave" title="Fossalta di Piave">Fossalta di Piave</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mellow57ff-14">[14]</a> On July 8, right after bringing chocolate and cigarettes from the canteen to the men at the front line, the group came under mortar fire. Hemingway was seriously wounded.<a href="#cite_note-Mellow57ff-14">[14]</a> Despite his wounds, he assisted Italian soldiers to safety, for which he was decorated with the Italian War Merit Cross, the <a href="/wiki/War_Merit_Cross_(Italy)" title="War Merit Cross (Italy)">Croce al Merito di Guerra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[note 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> He was only 18 at the time. Hemingway later said of the incident: "When you go to war as a boy you have a great illusion of immortality. Other people get killed; not you ... Then when you are badly wounded the first time you lose that illusion and you know it can happen to you."<a href="#cite_note-Putnam-17">[16]</a> He sustained severe shrapnel wounds to both legs, underwent an immediate operation at a distribution center, and spent five days at a field hospital before he was transferred for recuperation to the Red Cross hospital in Milan.<a href="#cite_note-Desnoyers_p3-18">[17]</a> He spent six months at the hospital, where he met <a href="/wiki/Eric_Dorman-Smith" title="Eric Dorman-Smith">"Chink" Dorman-Smith</a>. The two formed a strong friendship that lasted for decades.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernest_Hemingway_recuperates_from_wounds_in_Milan,_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="young man on crutches" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ernest_Hemingway_recuperates_from_wounds_in_Milan%2C_1918.jpg/200px-Ernest_Hemingway_recuperates_from_wounds_in_Milan%2C_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ernest_Hemingway_recuperates_from_wounds_in_Milan%2C_1918.jpg/300px-Ernest_Hemingway_recuperates_from_wounds_in_Milan%2C_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ernest_Hemingway_recuperates_from_wounds_in_Milan%2C_1918.jpg/400px-Ernest_Hemingway_recuperates_from_wounds_in_Milan%2C_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="976" /></a><figcaption>In Milan in 1918</figcaption></figure> While recuperating, Hemingway fell in love with <a href="/wiki/Agnes_von_Kurowsky" title="Agnes von Kurowsky">Agnes von Kurowsky</a>, a Red Cross nurse seven years his senior. When Hemingway returned to the United States in January 1919, he believed Agnes would join him within months, and the two would marry. Instead, he received a letter from her in March with news that she was engaged to an Italian officer. Biographer <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Meyers" title="Jeffrey Meyers">Jeffrey Meyers</a> writes Agnes's rejection devastated and scarred the young man; in future relationships Hemingway followed a pattern of abandoning a wife before she abandoned him.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p37ff-20">[19]</a> His return home in 1919 was a difficult time of readjustment. Before the age of 20, he had gained from the war a maturity that was at odds with living at home without a job and with the need for recuperation.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers45ff-21">[20]</a> As biographer <a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Reynolds" title="Michael S. Reynolds">Michael S. Reynolds</a> explains, "Hemingway could not really tell his parents what he thought when he saw his bloody knee." He was not able to tell them how scared he had been "in another country with surgeons who could not tell him in English if his leg was coming off or not."<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> That September, he went on a fishing and camping trip with high school friends to the back-country of <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Upper Peninsula of Michigan">Upper Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Putnam-17">[16]</a> The trip became the inspiration for his short story "<a href="/wiki/Big_Two-Hearted_River" title="Big Two-Hearted River">Big Two-Hearted River</a>", in which the <a href="/wiki/Autobiographical_novel" title="Autobiographical novel">semi-autobiographical</a> character <a href="/wiki/Nick_Adams_(character)" title="Nick Adams (character)">Nick Adams</a> takes to the country to find solitude after coming home from war.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> A family friend offered Hemingway a job in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, and with nothing else to do, he accepted. Late that year, he began as a freelancer and staff writer for the <a href="/wiki/Star_Weekly" title="Star Weekly">Toronto Star Weekly</a>. He returned to Michigan the next June<a href="#cite_note-Meyers45ff-21">[20]</a> and then moved to Chicago in September 1920 to live with friends, while still filing stories for the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_pp56-59-24">[23]</a> In Chicago, he worked as an associate editor of the monthly journal Cooperative Commonwealth, where he met novelist <a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Anderson" title="Sherwood Anderson">Sherwood Anderson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_pp56-59-24">[23]</a> He met <a href="/wiki/Hadley_Richardson" title="Hadley Richardson">Hadley Richardson</a> through his roommate's sister. Later, he claimed, "I knew she was the girl I was going to marry."<a href="#cite_note-Kert_pp83-90-25">[24]</a> Red-haired, with a "nurturing instinct", Hadley was eight years older than Hemingway.<a href="#cite_note-Kert_pp83-90-25">[24]</a> Despite the age difference, she seemed less mature than usual for a woman her age, probably because of her overprotective mother.<a href="#cite_note-Oliver_p139-26">[25]</a> Bernice Kert, author of The Hemingway Women, claims Hadley was "evocative" of Agnes, but Agnes lacked Hadley's childishness. After exchanging letters for a few months, Hemingway and Hadley decided to marry and travel to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Kert_pp83-90-25">[24]</a> They wanted to visit Rome, but Sherwood Anderson convinced them to go to Paris instead, writing letters of introduction for the young couple.<a href="#cite_note-Baker_1972_pp7-27">[26]</a> They were married on September 3, 1921; two months later, Hemingway signed on as a foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star and the couple left for Paris. Of Hemingway's marriage to Hadley, Meyers claims: "With Hadley, Hemingway achieved everything he had hoped for with Agnes: the love of a beautiful woman, a comfortable income, a life in Europe."<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_pp60–62-28">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paris">Paris</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernest_Hemingway_1923_passport_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Passport photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ernest_Hemingway_1923_passport_photo.jpg/190px-Ernest_Hemingway_1923_passport_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ernest_Hemingway_1923_passport_photo.jpg/285px-Ernest_Hemingway_1923_passport_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ernest_Hemingway_1923_passport_photo.jpg/380px-Ernest_Hemingway_1923_passport_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Hemingway's 1923 passport photo; at this time, he lived in Paris with his wife Hadley and worked as a foreign correspondent for the <a href="/wiki/Star_Weekly" title="Star Weekly">Toronto Star Weekly</a>.</figcaption></figure> Anderson suggested Paris because it was inexpensive and it was where "the most interesting people in the world" resided. There Hemingway would meet writers such as <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Gertrude Stein</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a> who "could help a young writer up the rungs of a career".<a href="#cite_note-Baker_1972_pp7-27">[26]</a> Hemingway was a "tall, handsome, muscular, broad-shouldered, brown-eyed, rosy-cheeked, square-jawed, soft-voiced young man."<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_pp70–74-29">[28]</a> He lived with Hadley in a small walk-up at 74 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rue_du_Cardinal_Lemoine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rue du Cardinal Lemoine (page does not exist)">rue du Cardinal Lemoine</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_du_Cardinal-Lemoine" class="extiw" title="fr:Rue du Cardinal-Lemoine">fr</a>] in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Quarter" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Quarter">Latin Quarter</a>, and rented a room nearby for work.<a href="#cite_note-Baker_1972_pp7-27">[26]</a> Stein, who was the bastion of <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a> in Paris,<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> became Hemingway's mentor and godmother to his son Jack;<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> she introduced him to the expatriate artists and writers of the <a href="/wiki/Montparnasse_Quarter" class="mw-redirect" title="Montparnasse Quarter">Montparnasse Quarter</a>, whom she referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Lost_Generation" title="Lost Generation">Lost Generation</a>"—a term Hemingway popularized with the publication of <a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises" title="The Sun Also Rises">The Sun Also Rises</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mellow_p308-32">[31]</a> A regular at Stein's <a href="/wiki/Salon_(gathering)" title="Salon (gathering)">salon</a>, Hemingway met influential painters such as <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Joan Miró</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Gris" title="Juan Gris">Juan Gris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_2000_28-33">[32]</a> He eventually withdrew from Stein's influence, and their relationship deteriorated into a literary quarrel that spanned decades.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_pp77–81-34">[33]</a> Pound was older than Hemingway by 14 years when they met by chance in 1922 at <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Beach" title="Sylvia Beach">Sylvia Beach</a>'s bookstore <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_and_Company_(1919%E2%80%931941)" title="Shakespeare and Company (1919–1941)">Shakespeare and Company</a>. They visited Italy in 1923 and lived on the same street in 1924.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_pp70–74-29">[28]</a> The two forged a strong friendship; in Hemingway Pound recognized and fostered a young talent.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_2000_28-33">[32]</a> Pound—who had just finished editing <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a>—introduced Hemingway to the Irish writer James Joyce,<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_pp70–74-29">[28]</a> with whom Hemingway frequently embarked on "alcoholic sprees".<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p82-35">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernest_Hadley_and_Bumby_Hemingway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a man, wearing a striped sweater and trousers and a hat, with a woman, wearing a skirt and a cardigan, holding the hand of a boy wearing shorts, on a walking path" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ernest_Hadley_and_Bumby_Hemingway.jpg/190px-Ernest_Hadley_and_Bumby_Hemingway.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ernest_Hadley_and_Bumby_Hemingway.jpg/285px-Ernest_Hadley_and_Bumby_Hemingway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ernest_Hadley_and_Bumby_Hemingway.jpg/380px-Ernest_Hadley_and_Bumby_Hemingway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="1120" /></a><figcaption>Ernest, Hadley, and Bumby Hemingway in <a href="/wiki/Schruns" title="Schruns">Schruns</a>, Austria, in 1926, months before they separated</figcaption></figure> During his first 20 months in Paris, Hemingway filed 88 stories for the Toronto Star newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> He covered the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)">Greco-Turkish War</a>, where he witnessed the <a href="/wiki/Great_fire_of_Smyrna" class="mw-redirect" title="Great fire of Smyrna">burning of Smyrna</a>, and wrote travel pieces such as "Tuna Fishing in Spain" and "Trout Fishing All Across Europe: Spain Has the Best, Then Germany".<a href="#cite_note-Desnoyers_p5-37">[36]</a> Almost all his fiction and short stories were lost, when in December 1922 as she was traveling to join him in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Hadley lost a suitcase filled with his manuscripts at the train station <a href="/wiki/Paris-Gare_de_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris-Gare de Lyon">Gare de Lyon</a>. He was devastated and furious.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_pp69–70-38">[37]</a> Nine months later the couple returned to Toronto, where their son <a href="/wiki/Jack_Hemingway" title="Jack Hemingway">John Hadley Nicanor</a> was born on October 10, 1923. During their absence, Hemingway's first book, <a href="/wiki/Three_Stories_and_Ten_Poems" title="Three Stories and Ten Poems">Three Stories and Ten Poems</a>, was published in Paris. All that remained after the loss of the suitcase were two of the stories the volume contained; he wrote the third story early in 1923 while in Italy. A few months later, <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(short_story_collection)" title="In Our Time (short story collection)">in our time</a> (without capitals) was produced in Paris. The small volume included 18 <a href="/wiki/Vignette_(literature)" title="Vignette (literature)">vignettes</a>, a dozen of which he wrote the previous summer during his first visit to Spain, where he discovered the thrill of the <a href="/wiki/Bullfighting" title="Bullfighting">corrida</a>. He considered Toronto boring, missed Paris, and wanted to return to the life of a writer, rather than live the life of a journalist.<a href="#cite_note-Baker_1972_15–18-39">[38]</a> Hemingway, Hadley, and their son (nicknamed Bumby) returned to Paris in January 1924 and moved into an apartment on the rue Notre-Dame des Champs.<a href="#cite_note-Baker_1972_15–18-39">[38]</a> Hemingway helped <a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford" title="Ford Madox Ford">Ford Madox Ford</a> edit <a href="/wiki/The_Transatlantic_Review" title="The Transatlantic Review">The Transatlantic Review</a>, which published works by Pound, <a href="/wiki/John_Dos_Passos" title="John Dos Passos">John Dos Passos</a>, Baroness <a href="/wiki/Elsa_von_Freytag-Loringhoven" title="Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven">Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven</a>, and Stein, as well as some of Hemingway's own early stories such as "<a href="/wiki/Indian_Camp" title="Indian Camp">Indian Camp</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p126-40">[39]</a> When Hemingway's first collection of stories, <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(short_story_collection)" title="In Our Time (short story collection)">In Our Time</a>, was published in 1925, the dust jacket bore comments from Ford.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p127-42">[41]</a> "Indian Camp" received considerable praise; Ford saw it as an important early story by a young writer,<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> and critics in the United States praised Hemingway for reinvigorating the short-story genre with his crisp style and use of declarative sentences.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> Six months earlier, Hemingway had met <a href="/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald" title="F. Scott Fitzgerald">F. Scott Fitzgerald</a>, and the pair formed a friendship of "admiration and hostility".<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_pp159–160-45">[44]</a> Fitzgerald had published <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby" title="The Great Gatsby">The Great Gatsby</a> the same year: Hemingway read it, liked it, and decided his next work had to be a novel.<a href="#cite_note-Baker_pp_30-34-46">[45]</a> The year before, Hemingway visited the <a href="/wiki/Festival_of_San_Ferm%C3%ADn" title="Festival of San Fermín">Festival of San Fermín</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a>, Spain, for the first time, where he became fascinated by <a href="/wiki/Bullfighting" title="Bullfighting">bullfighting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_pp117-119-47">[46]</a> The Hemingways returned to Pamplona again in 1924 and a third time in June 1925; that year, they brought with them a group of American and British expatriates: Hemingway's Michigan boyhood friend Bill Smith, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Ogden_Stewart" title="Donald Ogden Stewart">Donald Ogden Stewart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duff_Twysden" title="Duff Twysden">Lady Duff Twysden</a> (recently divorced), her lover Pat Guthrie, and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Loeb" title="Harold Loeb">Harold Loeb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nagel89ff-48">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HemingwayLoeb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="three men, dressed in light colored trousers and wearing hats, and two women, wearing light colored dresses, sitting at a sidewalk table" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/HemingwayLoeb.jpg/200px-HemingwayLoeb.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/HemingwayLoeb.jpg/300px-HemingwayLoeb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/HemingwayLoeb.jpg/400px-HemingwayLoeb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="885" /></a><figcaption>From left to right: Ernest Hemingway, Harold Loeb, Lady Duff Twysden, Hadley Hemingway, Donald Ogden Stewart, and Patrick Stirling Guthrie, at a café in Pamplona, Spain, July 1925.</figcaption></figure> A few days after the fiesta ended, on his birthday (July 21), he began to write the draft of what would become <a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises" title="The Sun Also Rises">The Sun Also Rises</a>, finishing eight weeks later.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p189-49">[48]</a> A few months later, in December 1925, the Hemingways left to spend the winter in <a href="/wiki/Schruns" title="Schruns">Schruns</a>, Austria, where Hemingway began extensively revising the manuscript. Pauline Pfeiffer, the daughter of a wealthy <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> family in <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, who came to Paris to work for <a href="/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)" title="Vogue (magazine)">Vogue</a> magazine, joined them in January. Against Hadley's advice, Pfeiffer urged Hemingway to sign a contract with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Scribner's</a>. He left Austria for a quick trip to New York to meet with the publishers and, on his return, began an affair with Pfeiffer during a stop in Paris, before returning to Schruns to finish the revisions in March.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> The manuscript arrived in New York in April; he corrected the final proof in Paris in August 1926, and Scribner's published the novel in October.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p189-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baker_p44-52">[51]</a> The Sun Also Rises epitomized the post-war expatriate generation,<a href="#cite_note-Mellow_p302-53">[52]</a> received good reviews and is "recognized as Hemingway's greatest work".<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p192-54">[53]</a> Hemingway himself later wrote to his editor <a href="/wiki/Max_Perkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Perkins">Max Perkins</a> that the "point of the book" was not so much about a generation being lost, but that "the earth abideth forever"; he believed the characters in The Sun Also Rises may have been "battered" but were not lost.<a href="#cite_note-Baker_p82-55">[54]</a> Hemingway's marriage to Hadley deteriorated as he was working on The Sun Also Rises.<a href="#cite_note-Baker_p44-52">[51]</a> In early 1926, Hadley became aware of his affair with Pfeiffer, who came to Pamplona with them that July.<a href="#cite_note-Baker_p43-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> On their return to Paris, Hadley asked for a separation; in November she formally requested a divorce. They split their possessions while Hadley accepted Hemingway's offer of the proceeds from The Sun Also Rises.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> They were divorced in January 1927, and Hemingway married Pfeiffer in May.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p172-59">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernest_and_Pauline_Hemingway,_Paris,_1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Ernest Hemingway with his second wife" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ernest_and_Pauline_Hemingway%2C_Paris%2C_1927.jpg/200px-Ernest_and_Pauline_Hemingway%2C_Paris%2C_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ernest_and_Pauline_Hemingway%2C_Paris%2C_1927.jpg/300px-Ernest_and_Pauline_Hemingway%2C_Paris%2C_1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ernest_and_Pauline_Hemingway%2C_Paris%2C_1927.jpg/400px-Ernest_and_Pauline_Hemingway%2C_Paris%2C_1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>Ernest and <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Pfeiffer" title="Pauline Pfeiffer">Pauline</a> Hemingway in Paris in 1927</figcaption></figure> Before his marriage to Pfeiffer, Hemingway converted to Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> They honeymooned in <a href="/wiki/Le_Grau-du-Roi" title="Le Grau-du-Roi">Le Grau-du-Roi</a>, where he contracted <a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">anthrax</a>, and he planned his next collection of short stories,<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Men_Without_Women_(short_story_collection)" title="Men Without Women (short story collection)">Men Without Women</a>, which was published in October 1927,<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p195-62">[61]</a> and included his <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a> story "<a href="/wiki/Fifty_Grand" title="Fifty Grand">Fifty Grand</a>". <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)" title="Cosmopolitan (magazine)">Cosmopolitan</a> magazine editor-in-chief <a href="/wiki/Ray_Long" title="Ray Long">Ray Long</a> praised "Fifty Grand", calling it, "one of the best short stories that ever came to my hands ... the best prize-fight story I ever read ... a remarkable piece of realism."<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> By the end of the year Pauline was pregnant and wanted to move back to America. Dos Passos recommended <a href="/wiki/Key_West,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Key West, Florida">Key West</a>, and they left Paris in March 1928. Hemingway suffered a severe head injury in their Paris bathroom when he pulled a <a href="/wiki/Skylight" title="Skylight">skylight</a> down on his head thinking he was pulling on a toilet chain. This left him with a prominent forehead scar, which he carried for the rest of his life. When Hemingway was asked about the scar, he was reluctant to answer.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> After his departure from Paris, Hemingway "never again lived in a big city".<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p204-65">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_West">Key West</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hemingwayhouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph of a house" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hemingwayhouse.jpg/200px-Hemingwayhouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hemingwayhouse.jpg/300px-Hemingwayhouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hemingwayhouse.jpg/400px-Hemingwayhouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway_House" title="Ernest Hemingway House">Hemingway House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Key_West,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Key West, Florida">Key West, Florida</a>, where he lived between 1931 and 1939 and where he wrote <a href="/wiki/To_Have_and_Have_Not" title="To Have and Have Not">To Have and Have Not</a></figcaption></figure> Hemingway and Pauline went to <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>, where their son <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hemingway" title="Patrick Hemingway">Patrick</a> was born on June 28, 1928, at <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Kansas_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Kansas Hospital">Bell Memorial Hospital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Pauline had a difficult delivery; Hemingway wrote a fictionalized version of the event in <a href="/wiki/A_Farewell_to_Arms" title="A Farewell to Arms">A Farewell to Arms</a>. After Patrick's birth, they traveled to Wyoming, Massachusetts, and New York.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p208-67">[66]</a> On December 6, Hemingway was in New York visiting Bumby, about to board a train to Florida, when he received the news that his father Clarence had killed himself.<a href="#cite_note-68">[note 2]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> Hemingway was devastated, having earlier written to his father telling him not to worry about financial difficulties; the letter arrived minutes after the suicide. He realized how Hadley must have felt after her own father's suicide in 1903, and said, "I'll probably go the same way."<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> Upon his return to Key West in December, Hemingway worked on the draft of A Farewell to Arms before leaving for France in January. He had finished it the previous August but delayed the revision. The serialization in <a href="/wiki/Scribner%27s_Magazine" title="Scribner's Magazine">Scribner's Magazine</a> was scheduled to appear in May. In April, he was still working on the ending, which he may have rewritten as many as seventeen times. The completed novel was published on September 27, 1929.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p215-71">[69]</a> Biographer <a href="/wiki/James_R._Mellow" title="James R. Mellow">James Mellow</a> believes A Farewell to Arms established Hemingway's stature as a major American writer and displayed a level of complexity not apparent in The Sun Also Rises.<a href="#cite_note-Mellow_p378-72">[70]</a> In Spain in mid-1929, Hemingway researched his next work, <a href="/wiki/Death_in_the_Afternoon" title="Death in the Afternoon">Death in the Afternoon</a>. He wanted to write a comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">treatise</a> on bullfighting, explaining the toreros and corridas complete with glossaries and appendices, because he believed bullfighting was "of great tragic interest, being literally of life and death."<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> During the early 1930s, Hemingway spent his winters in Key West and summers in Wyoming, where he found "the most beautiful country he had seen in the American West" and hunted deer, elk, and grizzly bear.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p222-74">[72]</a> He was joined there by Dos Passos. In November 1930, after taking Dos Passos to the train station in <a href="/wiki/Billings,_Montana" title="Billings, Montana">Billings, Montana</a>, Hemingway broke his arm in a car accident. He was hospitalized for seven weeks, with Pauline tending to him. The nerves in his writing hand took as long as a year to heal, during which time he suffered intense pain.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hemingway_and_Marlins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph of a man, a woman, and children" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hemingway_and_Marlins.jpg/200px-Hemingway_and_Marlins.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hemingway_and_Marlins.jpg/300px-Hemingway_and_Marlins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hemingway_and_Marlins.jpg/400px-Hemingway_and_Marlins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Ernest, Pauline, and Hemingway children pose with <a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">marlins</a> after a fishing trip in <a href="/wiki/Bimini" title="Bimini">Bimini</a> in 1935</figcaption></figure> His third child, <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Hemingway" title="Gloria Hemingway">Gloria Hemingway</a>, was born a year later on November 12, 1931, in Kansas City as "Gregory Hancock Hemingway".<a href="#cite_note-76">[note 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oliver144-77">[74]</a> Pauline's uncle bought the couple a <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway_House" title="Ernest Hemingway House">house</a> in Key West with a carriage house, the second floor of which was converted into a writing studio.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_pp222-227-78">[75]</a> He invited friends—including <a href="/wiki/Waldo_Peirce" title="Waldo Peirce">Waldo Peirce</a>, Dos Passos, and <a href="/wiki/Max_Perkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Perkins">Max Perkins</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a>—to join him on fishing trips and on an all-male expedition to the <a href="/wiki/Dry_Tortugas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry Tortugas">Dry Tortugas</a>. He continued to travel to Europe and to Cuba, and—although in 1933 he wrote of Key West, "We have a fine house here, and kids are all well"—Mellow believes he "was plainly restless".<a href="#cite_note-Mellow_p424-80">[77]</a> In 1933, Hemingway and Pauline went on safari to Kenya. The 10-week trip provided material for <a href="/wiki/Green_Hills_of_Africa" title="Green Hills of Africa">Green Hills of Africa</a>, as well as for the short stories "<a href="/wiki/The_Snows_of_Kilimanjaro_(short_story)" title="The Snows of Kilimanjaro (short story)">The Snows of Kilimanjaro</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/The_Short_Happy_Life_of_Francis_Macomber" title="The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber">The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Desnoyers_p9-81">[78]</a> The couple visited <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Machakos" title="Machakos">Machakos</a> in Kenya; then moved on to <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika Territory</a>, where they hunted in the <a href="/wiki/Serengeti" title="Serengeti">Serengeti</a>, around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Manyara" title="Lake Manyara">Lake Manyara</a>, and west and southeast of present-day <a href="/wiki/Tarangire_National_Park" title="Tarangire National Park">Tarangire National Park</a>. Their guide was the noted "white hunter" <a href="/wiki/Philip_Percival" title="Philip Percival">Philip Percival</a> who had guided <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> on his 1909 safari. During these travels, Hemingway contracted <a href="/wiki/Amoebic_dysentery" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoebic dysentery">amoebic dysentery</a> that caused a prolapsed intestine, and he was evacuated by plane to Nairobi, an experience reflected in "The Snows of Kilimanjaro". On Hemingway's return to Key West in early 1934, he began work on Green Hills of Africa, which he published in 1935 to mixed reviews.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> He purchased a boat in 1934, naming it the <a href="/wiki/Pilar_(Ernest_Hemingway%27s_boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilar (Ernest Hemingway's boat)">Pilar</a>, and began to sail the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p280-83">[80]</a> He arrived at <a href="/wiki/Bimini" title="Bimini">Bimini</a> in 1935, where he spent a considerable amount of time.<a href="#cite_note-Desnoyers_p9-81">[78]</a> During this period he worked on <a href="/wiki/To_Have_and_Have_Not" title="To Have and Have Not">To Have and Have Not</a>, published in 1937 while he was in Spain, which became the only novel he wrote during the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p292-84">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish_Civil_War">Spanish Civil War</h2></div> Hemingway had been following developments in Spain since early in his career<a href="#cite_note-Baker_1972_p224-85">[82]</a> and from 1931 it became clear that there would be another European war. Hemingway predicted war would happen in the late 1930s. Baker writes that Hemingway did not expect Spain to "become a sort of international testing-ground for Germany, Italy, and Russia before the Spanish Civil War was over".<a href="#cite_note-Baker_1972_p227-86">[83]</a> Despite Pauline's reluctance, he signed with <a href="/wiki/North_American_Newspaper_Alliance" title="North American Newspaper Alliance">North American Newspaper Alliance</a> to cover the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Mellow_p488-87">[84]</a> and sailed from New York on February 27, 1937.<a href="#cite_note-Muller_2019_p._47-88">[85]</a> Journalist and writer <a href="/wiki/Martha_Gellhorn" title="Martha Gellhorn">Martha Gellhorn</a> accompanied Hemingway. He had met her in Key West a year earlier. Like Hadley, Martha was a St. Louis native and, like Pauline, had worked for Vogue in Paris. According to Kert, Martha "never catered to him the way other women did".<a href="#cite_note-Kert_pp287-89">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-84600-0001,_Ivens_und_Hemingway_bei_Ludwig_Renn,_Chef_der_XI._Internationalen_Brigaden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph of three men" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-84600-0001%2C_Ivens_und_Hemingway_bei_Ludwig_Renn%2C_Chef_der_XI._Internationalen_Brigaden.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-84600-0001%2C_Ivens_und_Hemingway_bei_Ludwig_Renn%2C_Chef_der_XI._Internationalen_Brigaden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-84600-0001%2C_Ivens_und_Hemingway_bei_Ludwig_Renn%2C_Chef_der_XI._Internationalen_Brigaden.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-84600-0001%2C_Ivens_und_Hemingway_bei_Ludwig_Renn%2C_Chef_der_XI._Internationalen_Brigaden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-84600-0001%2C_Ivens_und_Hemingway_bei_Ludwig_Renn%2C_Chef_der_XI._Internationalen_Brigaden.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-84600-0001%2C_Ivens_und_Hemingway_bei_Ludwig_Renn%2C_Chef_der_XI._Internationalen_Brigaden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>Hemingway (center) with Dutch filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Joris_Ivens" title="Joris Ivens">Joris Ivens</a> and German writer <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Renn" title="Ludwig Renn">Ludwig Renn</a> serving as an International Brigades officer during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> in Spain in 1937</figcaption></figure> He arrived in Spain in March with Dutch filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Joris_Ivens" title="Joris Ivens">Joris Ivens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Koch_p87-90">[87]</a> Ivens, who was filming <a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Earth" title="The Spanish Earth">The Spanish Earth</a>, intended to replace John Dos Passos with Hemingway as screenwriter. Dos Passos had left the project when his friend and Spanish translator <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Robles" title="José Robles">José Robles</a> was arrested and later executed.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p311-91">[88]</a> The incident changed Dos Passos's opinion of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)">leftist republicans</a>, and caused a rift with Hemingway.<a href="#cite_note-Koch_p164-92">[89]</a> Back in the U.S. that summer, Hemingway prepared the soundtrack for the film. It was screened at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> in July.<a href="#cite_note-Baker_1972_p233-93">[90]</a> In late August he returned to France and flew from Paris to <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> and then to <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Muller_2019_109-94">[91]</a> In September he visited the front in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belchite_(1937)" title="Battle of Belchite (1937)">Belchite</a> and then on to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Teruel" title="Battle of Teruel">Teruel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Muller_2019_135ff-95">[92]</a> On his return to Madrid Hemingway wrote his only play, <a href="/wiki/The_Fifth_Column_and_the_First_Forty-Nine_Stories" title="The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories">The Fifth Column</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Madrid" title="Siege of Madrid">the city was being bombarded</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Francoist army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Koch_p134-96">[93]</a> He went back to Key West for a few months in January 1938. It was a frustrating time: he found it hard to write, fretted over poor reviews for To Have and Have Not, bickered with Pauline, followed the news from Spain avidly and planned the next trip.<a href="#cite_note-Muller_2019_155ff-97">[94]</a> He took two trips to Spain in 1938. In November he visited the location of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ebro" title="Battle of the Ebro">Battle of the Ebro</a>, the last republican stand, along with other British and American journalists.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p321-98">[95]</a> They arrived to find the last bridge destroyed and had to retreat across the turbulent <a href="/wiki/Ebro" title="Ebro">Ebro</a> in a rowboat, Hemingway at the oars, "pulling for dear life".<a href="#cite_note-Muller_2019_203-99">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thomas_p833-100">[97]</a> In early 1939, Hemingway crossed to Cuba in his boat to live in the <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Ambos_Mundos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel Ambos Mundos">Hotel Ambos Mundos</a> in Havana. This was the separation phase of a slow and painful split from Pauline, which began when Hemingway met Martha Gellhorn.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p326-101">[98]</a> Martha soon joined him in Cuba, and they rented <a href="/wiki/Finca_Vig%C3%ADa" title="Finca Vigía">Finca Vigía</a> ("Lookout Farm"), a 15-acre (61,000 m2) property 15 miles (24 km) from Havana. That summer while visiting with Pauline and the children in Wyoming, she took the children and left him. When his divorce from Pauline was finalized, he and Martha were married on November 20, 1940, in <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne,_Wyoming" title="Cheyenne, Wyoming">Cheyenne, Wyoming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> Hemingway followed the pattern established after his divorce from Hadley and moved again. He split his time between Cuba and the newly established resort <a href="/wiki/Sun_Valley,_Idaho" title="Sun Valley, Idaho">Sun Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p334-103">[100]</a> He was at work on For Whom the Bell Tolls, which he began in March 1939 and finished in July 1940.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p334-103">[100]</a> His pattern was to move around while working on a manuscript, and he wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls in Cuba, Wyoming, and Sun Valley.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p326-101">[98]</a> Published that October,<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p334-103">[100]</a> it became a book-of-the-month choice, sold half a million copies within months, was nominated for a <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>, and as Meyers describes, "triumphantly re-established Hemingway's literary reputation".<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_pp334–339-104">[101]</a> In January 1941, Martha was sent to China on assignment for <a href="/wiki/Collier%27s" title="Collier's">Collier's</a> magazine.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_pp=356–361-105">[102]</a> Hemingway went with her, sending in dispatches for the newspaper <a href="/wiki/PM_(newspaper)" title="PM (newspaper)">PM</a>. Meyers writes that Hemingway had little enthusiasm for the trip or for China;<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_pp=356–361-105">[102]</a> although his dispatches for PM provided incisive insights of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Sino-Japanese War</a> according to Reynolds, with analysis of Japanese incursions into the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> sparking an "American war in the Pacific".<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_p320-106">[103]</a> Hemingway returned to Finca Vigía in August and left for Sun Valley a month later.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_p324ff-107">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2></div> The United States <a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Japan" title="United States declaration of war on Japan">entered the war</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a> in December 1941.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_p332ff-108">[105]</a> Back in Cuba, Hemingway refitted the Pilar as a <a href="/wiki/Q-boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Q-boat">Q-boat</a> and went on patrol for German <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[note 4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Putnam-17">[16]</a> He also created a counterintelligence unit headquartered in his guesthouse to surveil <a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Mellow_p526ff-110">[106]</a> and Nazi sympathizers.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p337-111">[107]</a> Martha and his friends thought his activities "little more than a diverting racket", but the FBI began watching him and compiled a 124-page file.<a href="#cite_note-112">[note 5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p367-113">[108]</a> Martha wanted Hemingway in Europe as a journalist and failed to understand his reticence to take part in another European war. They fought frequently and bitterly, and he drank too much,<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_p364ff-114">[109]</a> until she left for Europe to report for <a href="/wiki/Collier%27s" title="Collier's">Collier's</a> in September 1943.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_p368ff-115">[110]</a> On a visit to Cuba in March 1944, Hemingway was bullying and abusive with Martha. Reynolds writes that "looking backward from 1960–61 [anyone] might say that his behavior was a manifestation of the depression that eventually destroyed him".<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_p368ff-115">[110]</a> A few weeks later, he contacted Collier's who made him their <a href="/wiki/War_correspondent" title="War correspondent">front-line correspondent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_p373ff-116">[111]</a> He was in Europe from May 1944 to March 1945.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_pp398-405-117">[112]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hemlatham-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph of two men" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Hemlatham-1.jpg/170px-Hemlatham-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Hemlatham-1.jpg/255px-Hemlatham-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Hemlatham-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>Hemingway with <a href="/wiki/Charles_T._Lanham" title="Charles T. Lanham">Col. Charles "Buck" Lanham</a> in Germany during the fighting in Hürtgenwald in 1944, after which he became ill with <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a></figcaption></figure> When he arrived in London, he met <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine correspondent <a href="/wiki/Mary_Welsh_Hemingway" title="Mary Welsh Hemingway">Mary Welsh</a>, with whom he became infatuated. Martha had been forced to cross the Atlantic in a ship filled with explosives because Hemingway refused to help her get a press pass on a plane, and she arrived in London to find him hospitalized with a concussion from a car accident. She was unsympathetic to his plight; she accused him of being a bully and told him that she was "through, absolutely finished".<a href="#cite_note-Kert_pp393-398-118">[113]</a> The last time that Hemingway saw Martha was in March 1945 as he prepared to return to Cuba;<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p416-119">[114]</a> their divorce was finalized later that year.<a href="#cite_note-Kert_pp393-398-118">[113]</a> Meanwhile, he had asked Mary Welsh to marry him on their third meeting.<a href="#cite_note-Kert_pp393-398-118">[113]</a> Hemingway sustained a severe head-wound that required 57 stitches.<a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a> Still suffering symptoms of the concussion,<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_p377ff-121">[116]</a> he accompanied troops to the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a> wearing a large head bandage. The military treated him as "precious cargo" and he was not allowed ashore.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_pp400-122">[117]</a> The <a href="/wiki/LCVP_(United_States)" title="LCVP (United States)">landing craft</a> he was on came within sight of <a href="/wiki/Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha Beach</a> before coming under enemy fire when it turned back. Hemingway later wrote in Collier's that he could see "the first, second, third, fourth and fifth waves of [landing troops] lay where they had fallen, looking like so many heavily laden bundles on the flat pebbly stretch between the sea and first cover".<a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a> Mellow explains that, on that first day, none of the correspondents were allowed to land and Hemingway was returned to the <a href="/wiki/USS_Dorothea_L._Dix_(AP-67)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Dorothea L. Dix (AP-67)">Dorothea Dix</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a> Late in July, he attached himself to "the <a href="/wiki/22nd_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="22nd Infantry Regiment (United States)">22nd Infantry Regiment</a> commanded by Col. <a href="/wiki/Charles_T._Lanham" title="Charles T. Lanham">Charles 'Buck' Lanham</a>, as it drove toward Paris", and Hemingway became de facto leader to a small band of village militia in <a href="/wiki/Rambouillet" title="Rambouillet">Rambouillet</a> outside of Paris.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_pp398-405-117">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Fussell" title="Paul Fussell">Paul Fussell</a> remarks: "Hemingway got into considerable trouble playing infantry captain to a group of Resistance people that he gathered because a correspondent is not supposed to lead troops, even if he does it well."<a href="#cite_note-Putnam-17">[16]</a> This was, in fact, in contravention of the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Convention</a>, and Hemingway was brought up on formal charges; he said that he "beat the rap" by claiming that he only offered advice.<a href="#cite_note-Lynn_1987_518–519-125">[120]</a> He was present at the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">liberation of Paris</a> on August 25; however contrary to legend, he was not the first into the city nor did he liberate the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Ritz_Paris" title="Hôtel Ritz Paris">Ritz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p408ff-126">[121]</a> While there, he visited Sylvia Beach and met Picasso with Mary Welsh, and in a spirit of happiness, forgave Gertrude Stein.<a href="#cite_note-Mellow_p535ff-127">[122]</a> Later that year, he observed heavy fighting at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%BCrtgen_Forest" title="Battle of Hürtgen Forest">Battle of Hürtgen Forest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p408ff-126">[121]</a> On December 17, 1944, he traveled to Luxembourg, in spite of illness, to report on <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_the_Bulge" class="mw-redirect" title="The Battle of the Bulge">The Battle of the Bulge</a>. As soon as he arrived, however, Lanham referred him to the doctors, who hospitalized him with pneumonia; he recovered a week later, but most of the fighting was over.<a href="#cite_note-Lynn_1987_518–519-125">[120]</a> He was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Star">Bronze Star</a> for bravery in 1947, in recognition for having been "under fire in combat areas in order to obtain an accurate picture of conditions".<a href="#cite_note-Putnam-17">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuba_and_the_Nobel_Prize">Cuba and the Nobel Prize</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernest_Hemingway_1950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph of a man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ernest_Hemingway_1950.jpg/200px-Ernest_Hemingway_1950.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ernest_Hemingway_1950.jpg/300px-Ernest_Hemingway_1950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ernest_Hemingway_1950.jpg/400px-Ernest_Hemingway_1950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="2934" /></a><figcaption>Hemingway in the cabin of his boat Pilar, off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1950</figcaption></figure> Hemingway said he "was out of business as a writer" from 1942 to 1945.<a href="#cite_note-Mellow_p552-128">[123]</a> In 1946 he married Mary, who had an <a href="/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">ectopic pregnancy</a> five months later. The Hemingway family suffered a series of accidents and health problems in the years following the war: in a 1945 car accident, he injured his knee and sustained another head wound. A few years later Mary broke first her right ankle and then her left in successive skiing accidents. A 1947 car accident left Patrick with a head wound, severely ill and delirious. The doctor in Cuba diagnosed <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>, and sent him for 18 sessions of <a href="/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy" title="Electroconvulsive therapy">electroconvulsive therapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_pp420–421-129">[124]</a> Hemingway sank into depression as his literary friends began to die: in 1939 <a href="/wiki/William_Butler_Yeats" class="mw-redirect" title="William Butler Yeats">William Butler Yeats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford" title="Ford Madox Ford">Ford Madox Ford</a>; in 1940 <a href="/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald" title="F. Scott Fitzgerald">F. Scott Fitzgerald</a>; in 1941 <a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Anderson" title="Sherwood Anderson">Sherwood Anderson</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>; in 1946 <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Gertrude Stein</a>; and the following year in 1947, Max Perkins, Hemingway's long-time Scribner's editor, and friend.<a href="#cite_note-Mellow_pp548–550-130">[125]</a> During this period, he suffered from severe headaches, high blood pressure, weight problems, and eventually diabetes—much of which was the result of previous accidents and many years of heavy drinking.<a href="#cite_note-Desnoyers_p12-131">[126]</a> Nonetheless, in January 1946, he began work on <a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Eden_(novel)" title="The Garden of Eden (novel)">The Garden of Eden</a>, finishing 800 pages by June.<a href="#cite_note-132">[note 6]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[127]</a> During the post-war years, he also began work on a trilogy tentatively titled "The Land", "The Sea" and "The Air", which he wanted to combine in one novel titled The Sea Book. Both projects stalled. Mellow writes that Hemingway's inability to write was "a symptom of his troubles" during these years.<a href="#cite_note-134">[note 7]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[128]</a> In 1948, Hemingway and Mary traveled to Europe, staying in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> for several months. While there, Hemingway fell in love with the then 19-year-old <a href="/wiki/Adriana_Ivancich" title="Adriana Ivancich">Adriana Ivancich</a>. The platonic love affair inspired the novel <a href="/wiki/Across_the_River_and_into_the_Trees" title="Across the River and into the Trees">Across the River and into the Trees</a>, written in Cuba during a time of strife with Mary, and published in 1950 to negative reviews.<a href="#cite_note-136">[129]</a> The following year, furious at the critical reception of Across the River and Into the Trees, Hemingway wrote the draft of <a href="/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea" title="The Old Man and the Sea">The Old Man and the Sea</a> in eight weeks, saying that it was "the best I can write ever for all of my life".<a href="#cite_note-Desnoyers_p12-131">[126]</a> Published in September 1952,<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_p656-137">[130]</a> The Old Man and the Sea became a book-of-the-month selection, made Hemingway an international celebrity, and won the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> in May 1953. A month later he departed Cuba for his second trip to Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Desnoyers_p13-138">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p489-139">[132]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernest_and_Mary_Hemingway_on_safari,_1953-54.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph of a man and woman on safari in Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ernest_and_Mary_Hemingway_on_safari%2C_1953-54.jpg/200px-Ernest_and_Mary_Hemingway_on_safari%2C_1953-54.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ernest_and_Mary_Hemingway_on_safari%2C_1953-54.jpg/300px-Ernest_and_Mary_Hemingway_on_safari%2C_1953-54.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ernest_and_Mary_Hemingway_on_safari%2C_1953-54.jpg/400px-Ernest_and_Mary_Hemingway_on_safari%2C_1953-54.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="752" /></a><figcaption>Hemingway and Mary in Africa before the two plane accidents</figcaption></figure> While in Africa, Hemingway was almost fatally injured in successive plane crashes, in January 1954. He had chartered a sightseeing flight over the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> as a Christmas present to Mary. On their way to photograph <a href="/wiki/Murchison_Falls" title="Murchison Falls">Murchison Falls</a> from the air, the plane struck an abandoned utility pole and was forced into a crash landing. Hemingway sustained injuries to his back and shoulder; Mary sustained broken ribs and went into shock. After a night in the brush, they chartered a boat on the river and arrived in <a href="/wiki/Butiaba" title="Butiaba">Butiaba</a>, where they were met by a pilot who had been searching for them. He assured them he could fly out, but the landing strip was too rough and the plane exploded in flames. Mary and the pilot escaped through a broken window. Hemingway had to smash his way out by battering the door open with his head.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds2012_550ff-140">[133]</a> Hemingway suffered burns and another serious head injury, that caused <a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">cerebral fluid</a> to leak from the injury.<a href="#cite_note-141">[134]</a> They eventually arrived in <a href="/wiki/Entebbe" title="Entebbe">Entebbe</a> to find reporters covering the story of Hemingway's death. He briefed the reporters and spent the next few weeks recuperating in <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[135]</a> Despite his injuries, Hemingway accompanied Patrick and his wife on a planned fishing expedition in February, but pain caused him to be irascible and difficult to get along with.<a href="#cite_note-Mellow_1992_588-143">[136]</a> When a <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">bushfire</a> broke out, he was again injured, sustaining second-degree burns on his legs, front torso, lips, left hand and right forearm.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_pp505-507-144">[137]</a> Months later in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, Mary reported to friends the full extent of Hemingway's injuries: two cracked <a href="/wiki/Intervertebral_disc" title="Intervertebral disc">discs</a>, a kidney and liver rupture, a <a href="/wiki/Dislocated_shoulder" title="Dislocated shoulder">dislocated shoulder</a> and a broken skull.<a href="#cite_note-Mellow_1992_588-143">[136]</a> The accidents may have precipitated the physical deterioration that was to follow. After the plane crashes, Hemingway, who had been "a thinly controlled alcoholic throughout much of his life, drank more heavily than usual to combat the pain of his injuries."<a href="#cite_note-145">[138]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Telegram_Nobel_Prize_for_Literature_1954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="telegram from with text" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Telegram_Nobel_Prize_for_Literature_1954.jpg/170px-Telegram_Nobel_Prize_for_Literature_1954.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Telegram_Nobel_Prize_for_Literature_1954.jpg/255px-Telegram_Nobel_Prize_for_Literature_1954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Telegram_Nobel_Prize_for_Literature_1954.jpg/340px-Telegram_Nobel_Prize_for_Literature_1954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption>Hemingway's Nobel-Prize telegram in 1954</figcaption></figure> In October 1954, Hemingway received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>. He modestly told the press that <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Carl Sandburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isak_Dinesen" class="mw-redirect" title="Isak Dinesen">Isak Dinesen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Berenson" title="Bernard Berenson">Bernard Berenson</a> deserved the prize,<a href="#cite_note-146">[139]</a> but he gladly accepted the prize money.<a href="#cite_note-Baker_p338-147">[140]</a> Mellow says Hemingway "had coveted the Nobel Prize", but when he won it, months after his plane accidents and their worldwide press coverage, "there must have been a lingering suspicion in Hemingway's mind that his obituary notices had played a part in the academy's decision."<a href="#cite_note-Mellow_pp588–589-148">[141]</a> He was still recuperating and decided against traveling to <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p509-149">[142]</a> Instead he sent a speech to be read in which he defined the writer's life: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Writing, at its best, is a lonely life. Organizations for writers palliate the writer's loneliness but I doubt if they improve his writing. He grows in public stature as he sheds his loneliness and often his work deteriorates. For he does his work alone and if he is a good enough writer he must face eternity, or the lack of it, each day.<a href="#cite_note-150">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[144]</a></blockquote> Since his return from Africa, Hemingway had been slowly writing his "African Journal".<a href="#cite_note-152">[note 8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p511-153">[145]</a> Late in the year and early into 1956 he was bedridden with a variety of illnesses.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p511-153">[145]</a> He was ordered to stop drinking so as to mitigate liver damage, advice he initially followed but eventually disregarded.<a href="#cite_note-154">[146]</a> In October 1956, he returned to Europe and visited ailing <a href="/wiki/Basque_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque people">Basque</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Pio_Baroja" class="mw-redirect" title="Pio Baroja">Pio Baroja</a>, who died a few weeks later. During the trip, Hemingway again became sick and was treated for a variety of ailments including liver disease and high blood pressure.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p512-155">[147]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:HemingwayNobelSpeechIntro.ogg" title="File:HemingwayNobelSpeechIntro.ogg">1954 Nobel Acceptance Speech</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="19" data-mwtitle="HemingwayNobelSpeechIntro.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/55/HemingwayNobelSpeechIntro.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/5/55/HemingwayNobelSpeechIntro.ogg/HemingwayNobelSpeechIntro.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHemingwayNobelSpeechIntro.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Opening statement of Nobel Prize acceptance speech, 1954 (recorded privately by Hemingway after the fact).</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> In November 1956, while staying in Paris, he was reminded of trunks he had stored in the Ritz Hotel in 1928 and never retrieved. Upon re-claiming and opening the trunks, Hemingway discovered they were filled with notebooks and writing from his Paris years. Excited about the discovery, when he returned to Cuba in early 1957, he began to shape the recovered work into his memoir <a href="/wiki/A_Moveable_Feast" title="A Moveable Feast">A Moveable Feast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p533-156">[148]</a> By 1959, he ended a period of intense activity: he finished A Moveable Feast (scheduled to be released the following year); brought <a href="/wiki/True_at_First_Light" title="True at First Light">True at First Light</a> to 200,000 words; added chapters to The Garden of Eden; and worked on <a href="/wiki/Islands_in_the_Stream_(novel)" title="Islands in the Stream (novel)">Islands in the Stream</a>. The last three were stored in a safe deposit box in Havana as he focused on the finishing touches for A Moveable Feast. Reynolds claims it was during this period that Hemingway slid into depression, from which he was unable to recover.<a href="#cite_note-157">[149]</a> Finca Vigía became crowded with guests and tourists, as Hemingway considered a permanent move to Idaho. In 1959, he bought a home overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Big_Wood_River" title="Big Wood River">Big Wood River</a>, outside Ketchum and left Cuba—although he apparently remained on easy terms with the <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a> government, telling The New York Times he was "delighted" with Castro's overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista" title="Fulgencio Batista">Batista</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meyers_pp516–519-159">[151]</a> He was in Cuba in November 1959, between returning from Pamplona and traveling west to Idaho, and the following year for his 61st birthday; however, that year, he and Mary decided to leave after hearing the news that Castro wanted to nationalize property owned by Americans and other foreign nationals.<a href="#cite_note-160">[152]</a> On July 25, 1960, the Hemingways left Cuba for the last time, leaving art and manuscripts in a bank vault in Havana. After the 1961 <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a>, Finca Vigía was <a href="/wiki/Expropriated" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriated">expropriated</a> by the Cuban government, complete with Hemingway's collection of about 5,000 books.<a href="#cite_note-Mellow_p599-161">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Idaho_and_suicide">Idaho and suicide</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hemingway_SunValley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph of two men and woman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hemingway_SunValley.jpg/220px-Hemingway_SunValley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hemingway_SunValley.jpg/330px-Hemingway_SunValley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hemingway_SunValley.jpg/440px-Hemingway_SunValley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>Hemingway bird-hunting at <a href="/wiki/Silver_Creek_(Idaho)" title="Silver Creek (Idaho)">Silver Creek</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Picabo,_Idaho" title="Picabo, Idaho">Picabo, Idaho</a>, in January 1959; with him are <a href="/wiki/Gary_Cooper" title="Gary Cooper">Gary Cooper</a> and Bobbie Powell</figcaption></figure> After leaving Cuba, in Sun Valley, Hemingway continued to rework the material that was published as A Moveable Feast through the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p533-156">[148]</a> In mid-1959, he visited Spain to research a series of bullfighting articles commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a> magazine.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p520-162">[154]</a> Life wanted only 10,000 words, but the manuscript grew out of control.<a href="#cite_note-163">[155]</a> For the first time in his life he could not organize his writing, so he asked <a href="/wiki/A._E._Hotchner" title="A. E. Hotchner">A. E. Hotchner</a> to travel to Cuba to help him. Hotchner helped trim the Life piece down to 40,000 words, and Scribner's agreed to a full-length book version (<a href="/wiki/The_Dangerous_Summer" title="The Dangerous Summer">The Dangerous Summer</a>) of almost 130,000 words.<a href="#cite_note-R544ff-164">[156]</a> Hotchner found Hemingway to be "unusually hesitant, disorganized, and confused",<a href="#cite_note-Mellow_pp598–600-165">[157]</a> and suffering badly from failing eyesight.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p542-544-166">[158]</a> He left Cuba for the last time on July 25, 1960. Mary went with him to New York where he set up a small office and attempted unsuccessfully to work. Soon after, he left New York, traveling without Mary to Spain to be photographed for the front cover of Life magazine. A few days later the news reported that he was seriously ill and on the verge of dying, which panicked Mary until she received a cable from him telling her, "Reports false. Enroute Madrid. Love Papa."<a href="#cite_note-167">[159]</a> He was, in fact, seriously ill, and believed himself to be on the verge of a breakdown.<a href="#cite_note-R544ff-164">[156]</a> Feeling lonely, he took to his bed for days, retreating into silence, despite having the first installments of The Dangerous Summer published in Life that September to good reviews.<a href="#cite_note-Mellow_pp598-601-168">[160]</a> In October, he went back to New York, where he refused to leave Mary's apartment, presuming that he was being watched. She quickly took him to Idaho, where they were met at the train station in Ketchum by local physician George Saviers.<a href="#cite_note-R544ff-164">[156]</a> He was concerned about finances, missed Cuba, his books, and his life there, and fretted that he would never return to retrieve the manuscripts that he had left in a bank vault.<a href="#cite_note-R348-169">[161]</a> He believed the manuscripts that would be published as Islands in the Stream and True at First Light were lost.<a href="#cite_note-R354-170">[162]</a> He became paranoid, believing that the FBI was actively monitoring his movements in Ketchum.<a href="#cite_note-171">[note 9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p542-544-166">[158]</a> Mary was unable to care for her husband and it was anathema for a man of Hemingway's generation to accept he suffered from mental illness. At the end of November, Saviers flew him to the <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a> in Minnesota on the pretext that he was to be treated for <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>.<a href="#cite_note-R348-169">[161]</a> He was checked in under Saviers's name to maintain anonymity.<a href="#cite_note-Mellow_pp598-601-168">[160]</a> Meyers writes that "an aura of secrecy surrounds Hemingway's treatment at the Mayo" but confirms that he was treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) as many as 15 times in December 1960.<a href="#cite_note-172">[163]</a> Reynolds gained access to Hemingway's records at the Mayo, which document 10 ECT sessions. The doctors in Rochester told Hemingway the depressive state for which he was being treated may have been caused by his long-term use of <a href="/wiki/Reserpine" title="Reserpine">Reserpine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ritalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritalin">Ritalin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[164]</a> Of the ECT therapy, Hemingway told Hotchner, "What is the sense of ruining my head and erasing my memory, which is my capital, and putting me out of business? It was a brilliant cure, but we lost the patient."<a href="#cite_note-Hotchner280-174">[165]</a> In late January 1961 he was sent home, as Meyers writes, "in ruins". Asked to provide a tribute to President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> in February he could only produce a few sentences after a week's effort. A few months later, on April 21, Mary found Hemingway with a shotgun in the kitchen. She called Saviers, who admitted Hemingway to the Sun Valley Hospital under sedation. Once the weather cleared, Saviers flew again to Rochester with his patient.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p551-175">[166]</a> Hemingway underwent three electroshock treatments during that visit.<a href="#cite_note-176">[167]</a> He was released at the end of June and was home in Ketchum on June 30. Two days later Hemingway "quite deliberately" shot himself with his favorite shotgun in the early morning hours of July 2, 1961.<a href="#cite_note-177">[168]</a> Meyers writes that he unlocked the basement storeroom where his guns were kept, went upstairs to the front entrance foyer, "pushed two shells into the twelve-gauge <a href="/wiki/Boss_%26_Co." title="Boss & Co.">Boss</a> shotgun ... put the end of the barrel into his mouth, pulled the trigger and blew out his brains."<a href="#cite_note-178">[169]</a> In 2010, however, it was argued that Hemingway never owned a Boss and that the suicide gun was actually made by W. & C. Scott & Son, his favorite one that was used at shooting competitions in Cuba, duck hunts in Italy or at a safari in East Africa.<a href="#cite_note-179">[170]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hemingway_Memorial_Sun_Valley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph of a stone memorial in the snow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hemingway_Memorial_Sun_Valley.jpg/170px-Hemingway_Memorial_Sun_Valley.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hemingway_Memorial_Sun_Valley.jpg/255px-Hemingway_Memorial_Sun_Valley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hemingway_Memorial_Sun_Valley.jpg/340px-Hemingway_Memorial_Sun_Valley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>The Hemingway Memorial in <a href="/wiki/Sun_Valley,_Idaho" title="Sun Valley, Idaho">Sun Valley, Idaho</a></figcaption></figure> When the authorities arrived, Mary was sedated and taken to the hospital. Returning to the house the next day, she cleaned the house and saw to the funeral and travel arrangements. Bernice Kert writes that it "did not seem to her a conscious lie" when she told the press that his death had been accidental.<a href="#cite_note-Kertp504-180">[171]</a> In a press interview five years later, Mary confirmed that he had shot himself.<a href="#cite_note-181">[172]</a> Family and friends flew to Ketchum for the funeral, officiated by the local Catholic priest, who believed that the death had been accidental.<a href="#cite_note-Kertp504-180">[171]</a> An altar boy fainted at the head of the casket during the funeral, and Hemingway's brother Leicester wrote: "It seemed to me Ernest would have approved of it all."<a href="#cite_note-182">[173]</a> Hemingway's behavior during his final years had been similar to that of his father before he killed himself;<a href="#cite_note-Burwell_p234-183">[174]</a> his father may have had <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_hemochromatosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary hemochromatosis">hereditary hemochromatosis</a>, whereby the excessive accumulation of iron in tissues culminates in mental and physical deterioration.<a href="#cite_note-Burwell_p14-184">[175]</a> Medical records made available in 1991 confirmed that Hemingway had been diagnosed with hemochromatosis in early 1961.<a href="#cite_note-Burwell_p189-185">[176]</a> His sister Ursula and his brother <a href="/wiki/Leicester_Hemingway" title="Leicester Hemingway">Leicester</a> also killed themselves.<a href="#cite_note-186">[177]</a> Hemingway's health was further complicated by heavy drinking throughout most of his life, which exacerbated his erratic behavior, and his head injuries increased the effects of the alcohol.<a href="#cite_note-Desnoyers_p12-131">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Farah_p43-187">[178]</a> The neuropsychiatrist Andrew Farah's 2017 book Hemingway's Brain, offers a forensic examination of Hemingway's mental illness. In her review of Farah's book, Beegel writes that Farah postulates Hemingway suffered from the combination of depression, the side-effects of nine serious concussions, then, she writes, "Add alcohol and stir".<a href="#cite_note-Beegel_p122ff-188">[179]</a> Farah writes that Hemingway's concussions resulted in <a href="/wiki/Chronic_traumatic_encephalopathy" title="Chronic traumatic encephalopathy">chronic traumatic encephalopathy</a>, which eventually led to a form of dementia,<a href="#cite_note-Farah_p39ff-189">[180]</a> most likely <a href="/wiki/Dementia_with_Lewy_bodies" title="Dementia with Lewy bodies">dementia with Lewy bodies</a>. He bases his hypothesis on Hemingway's symptoms consistent with DLB, such as the various <a href="/wiki/Comorbidities" class="mw-redirect" title="Comorbidities">comorbidities</a>, and most particularly the delusions, which surfaced as early as the late 1940s and were almost overwhelming during the final Ketchum years.<a href="#cite_note-Farah_p56-190">[181]</a> Beegel writes that Farah's study is convincing and "should put an end to future speculation".<a href="#cite_note-Beegel_p122ff-188">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_style">Writing style</h2></div> Following the tradition established by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Crane" title="Stephen Crane">Stephen Crane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dreiser" title="Theodore Dreiser">Theodore Dreiser</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a>, Hemingway was a journalist before becoming a novelist.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_p19ff-9">[9]</a> The New York Times wrote in 1926 of Hemingway's first novel, "No amount of analysis can convey the quality of The Sun Also Rises. It is a truly gripping story, told in a lean, hard, athletic narrative prose that puts more literary English to shame."<a href="#cite_note-NYT-191">[182]</a> The Sun Also Rises is written in the spare, tight prose that made Hemingway famous, and, according to James Nagel, "changed the nature of American writing".<a href="#cite_note-Nagel_1996_87-192">[183]</a> In 1954, when Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, it was for "his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style."<a href="#cite_note-193">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Louis Gates">Henry Louis Gates</a> believes Hemingway's style was fundamentally shaped "in reaction to [his] experience of world war". After World War I, he and other modernists "lost faith in the central institutions of Western civilization" by reacting against the elaborate style of 19th-century writers and by creating a style "in which meaning is established through dialogue, through action, and silences—a fiction in which nothing crucial—or at least very little—is stated explicitly."<a href="#cite_note-Putnam-17">[16]</a> Hemingway's fiction often used grammatical and stylistic structures from languages other than English.<a href="#cite_note-Josephs_1996,_221-235-194">[185]</a> Critics Allen Josephs, Mimi Gladstein, and Jeffrey Herlihy-Mera have studied how Spanish influenced Hemingway's prose,<a href="#cite_note-Ernest_Hemingway_in_Spain:_He_was_a_Sort_of_Joke,_in_Fact-195">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-Josephs_1996,_221-235-194">[185]</a> which sometimes appears directly in the other language (in italics, as occurs in <a href="/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea" title="The Old Man and the Sea">The Old Man and the Sea</a>) or in English as literal translations. He also often used bilingual puns and crosslingual wordplay as stylistic devices.<a href="#cite_note-Bilingual_Wordplay:_Variations_on_a_Theme_by_Hemingway_and_Steinbeck-196">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cuba_in_Hemingway-197">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Santiago’s_Expatriation_from_Spain-198">[189]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:22em; ; font-size: 85%; padding:1.5em"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> If a writer of prose knows enough of what he is writing about he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an ice-berg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A writer who omits things because he does not know them only makes hollow places in his writing. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Ernest Hemingway in <a href="/wiki/Death_in_the_Afternoon" title="Death in the Afternoon">Death in the Afternoon</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[190]</a></cite> </div> Because he began as a writer of short stories, Baker believes Hemingway learned to "get the most from the least, how to prune language, how to multiply intensities and how to tell nothing but the truth in a way that allowed for telling more than the truth."<a href="#cite_note-Baker_p117-200">[191]</a> Hemingway called his style the <a href="/wiki/Iceberg_theory" title="Iceberg theory">iceberg theory</a>: the facts float above water; the supporting structure and symbolism operate out of sight.<a href="#cite_note-Baker_p117-200">[191]</a> The concept of the iceberg theory is sometimes referred to as the "theory of omission". Hemingway believed the writer could describe one thing (such as Nick Adams fishing in "Big Two-Hearted River") though an entirely different thing occurs below the surface (Nick Adams concentrating on fishing to the extent that he does not have to think about anything else).<a href="#cite_note-201">[192]</a> Paul Smith writes that Hemingway's first stories, collected as <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(short_story_collection)" title="In Our Time (short story collection)">In Our Time</a>, showed he was still experimenting with his writing style,<a href="#cite_note-202">[193]</a> and when he wrote about Spain or other countries he incorporated foreign words into the text, which sometimes appears directly in the other language (in italics, as occurs in <a href="/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea" title="The Old Man and the Sea">The Old Man and the Sea</a>) or in English as literal translations.<a href="#cite_note-203">[194]</a> In general, he avoided complicated syntax. About 70 percent of the sentences are <a href="/wiki/Simple_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple sentence">simple sentences</a> without <a href="/wiki/Subordinate_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Subordinate clause">subordination</a>—a simple childlike grammar structure.<a href="#cite_note-204">[195]</a> Jackson Benson believes Hemingway used autobiographical details as framing devices about life in general—not only about his life. For example, Benson postulates that Hemingway used his experiences and drew them out with "what if" scenarios: "what if I were wounded in such a way that I could not sleep at night? What if I were wounded and made crazy, what would happen if I were sent back to the front?"<a href="#cite_note-205">[196]</a> Writing in "The Art of the Short Story", Hemingway explains: "A few things I have found to be true. If you leave out important things or events that you know about, the story is strengthened. If you leave or skip something because you do not know it, the story will be worthless. The test of any story is how very good the stuff that you, not your editors, omit."<a href="#cite_note-206">[197]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:22em; ; font-size: 85%; padding:1.5em"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> In the late summer that year we lived in a house in a village that looked across the river and the plain to the mountains. In the bed of the river there were pebbles and boulders, dry and white in the sun, and the water was clear and swiftly moving and blue in the channels. Troops went by the house and down the road and the dust they raised powdered the trees. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Opening passage of <a href="/wiki/A_Farewell_to_Arms" title="A Farewell to Arms">A Farewell to Arms</a> showing Hemingway's use of the word and<a href="#cite_note-207">[198]</a></cite> </div> The simplicity of the prose is deceptive. Zoe Trodd believes Hemingway crafted skeletal sentences in response to <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a>'s observation that World War I had "used up words". Hemingway offers a "multi-focal" photographic reality. His iceberg theory of omission is the foundation on which he builds. The syntax, which lacks <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical conjunction">subordinating conjunctions</a>, creates static sentences. The photographic "<a href="/wiki/Snapshot_(photography)" title="Snapshot (photography)">snapshot</a>" style creates a <a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">collage</a> of images. Many types of internal punctuation (colons, semicolons, dashes, parentheses) are omitted in favor of short declarative sentences. The sentences build on each other, as events build to create a sense of the whole. Multiple strands exist in one story; an "embedded text" bridges to a different angle. He also uses other cinematic techniques of "cutting" quickly from one scene to the next; or of "splicing" a scene into another. Intentional omissions allow the reader to fill the gap, as though responding to instructions from the author, and create three-dimensional prose.<a href="#cite_note-208">[199]</a> Conjunctions such as "and" are habitually used in place of commas; a use <a href="/wiki/Polysyndeton" title="Polysyndeton">polysyndeton</a> that conveys immediacy. Hemingway's polysyndetonic sentence—or in later works his use of subordinate clauses—uses conjunctions to juxtapose startling visions and images. Benson compares them to <a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">haikus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McCormick_p49-209">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[201]</a> Many of Hemingway's followers misinterpreted his style and frowned upon expression of emotion; <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a> satirized this style as "Do you have emotions? Strangle them."<a href="#cite_note-211">[202]</a> Hemingway's intent was not to eliminate emotion, but to portray it realistically. As he explains in Death in the Afternoon: "In writing for a newspaper you told what happened ... but the real thing, the sequence of motion and fact which made the emotion and which would be as valid in a year or in ten years or, with luck and if you stated it purely enough, always, was beyond me". He tried to achieve conveying emotion with collages of images.<a href="#cite_note-212">[203]</a> This use of an image as an <a href="/wiki/Objective_correlative" title="Objective correlative">objective correlative</a> is characteristic of Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, James Joyce, and <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[204]</a> Hemingway's letters refer to Proust's <a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Lost_Time" title="In Search of Lost Time">Remembrance of Things Past</a> several times over the years, and indicate he read the book at least twice.<a href="#cite_note-Burwell_p187-214">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2></div> Hemingway's writing includes themes of love, war, travel, expatriation, wilderness, and loss.<a href="#cite_note-215">[206]</a> Critic <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Fiedler" title="Leslie Fiedler">Leslie Fiedler</a> sees the theme he defines as "The Sacred Land"—the <a href="/wiki/American_Old_West" class="mw-redirect" title="American Old West">American West</a>—extended in Hemingway's work to include mountains in Spain, Switzerland and Africa, and to the streams of Michigan. The American West is given a symbolic nod with the naming of the "Hotel Montana" in The Sun Also Rises and For Whom the Bell Tolls.<a href="#cite_note-Fiedler-216">[207]</a> In Hemingway's Expatriate Nationalism, Jeffrey Herlihy describes "Hemingway's Transnational Archetype" as one that involves characters who are "multilingual and bicultural, and have integrated new cultural norms from the host community into their daily lives by the time plots begin."<a href="#cite_note-herlihy2011_p.49-217">[208]</a> In this way, "foreign scenarios, far from being mere exotic backdrops or cosmopolitan milieus, are motivating factors in-character action".<a href="#cite_note-herlihy2011_p.3-218">[209]</a> In Hemingway's fiction, nature is a place for rebirth and rest; it is where the hunter or fisherman might experience a moment of transcendence at the moment they kill their prey.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzfus-219">[210]</a> Nature is where men exist without women: men fish; men hunt; men find redemption in nature.<a href="#cite_note-Fiedler-216">[207]</a> Although Hemingway does write about sports, such as fishing, Carlos Baker notes the emphasis is more on the athlete than the sport.<a href="#cite_note-Baker1972_120–121-220">[211]</a> At its core, much of Hemingway's work can be viewed in the light of American <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(literature)" title="Naturalism (literature)">naturalism</a>, evident in detailed descriptions such as those in "Big Two-Hearted River".<a href="#cite_note-Beegel2000,_p._63-70-8">[8]</a> Fiedler notes evil a "Dark Woman" contrasts the good "Light Woman". The dark woman—Brett Ashley of <a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises" title="The Sun Also Rises">The Sun Also Rises</a>—is a goddess; the light woman—Margot Macomber of "<a href="/wiki/The_Short_Happy_Life_of_Francis_Macomber" title="The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber">The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber</a>"—is a murderess.<a href="#cite_note-Fiedler-216">[207]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scholes" title="Robert Scholes">Robert Scholes</a> says early Hemingway stories, such as "<a href="/wiki/A_Very_Short_Story" title="A Very Short Story">A Very Short Story</a>", present "a male character favorably and a female unfavorably".<a href="#cite_note-221">[212]</a> According to Rena Sanderson, early Hemingway critics lauded his male-centric world of masculine pursuits, and the fiction divided women into "castrators or love-slaves". Feminist critics attacked Hemingway as "public enemy number one", although more recent re-evaluations of his work "have given new visibility to Hemingway's female characters (and their strengths) and have revealed his own sensitivity to gender issues, thus casting doubts on the old assumption that his writings were one-sidedly masculine."<a href="#cite_note-222">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nina_Baym" title="Nina Baym">Nina Baym</a> believes that Brett Ashley and Margot Macomber "are the two outstanding examples of Hemingway's 'bitch women.'"<a href="#cite_note-223">[214]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:22em; ; font-size: 85%; padding:1.5em"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The world breaks everyone and afterward many are strong in the broken places. But those that will not break it kills. It kills the very good and the very gentle and the very brave impartially. If you are none of these you can be sure it will kill you too but there will be no special hurry. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Ernest Hemingway in <a href="/wiki/A_Farewell_to_Arms" title="A Farewell to Arms">A Farewell to Arms</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[215]</a></cite> </div> Death permeates much of Hemingway's work. Young believes the death in "Indian Camp" was not so much on the father who kills himself, but on Nick Adams, who witnesses these events and becomes a "badly scarred and nervous young man". Young believes the archetype in "Indian Camp" holds the "master key" to "what its author was up to for some thirty-five years of his writing career".<a href="#cite_note-225">[216]</a> Stoltzfus considers Hemingway's work to be more complex with a representation of the truth inherent in <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialism</a>: if "nothingness" is embraced, then redemption is achieved at the moment of death. Those who face death with dignity and courage live an authentic life. Francis Macomber dies happy because the last hours of his life are authentic; the <a href="/wiki/Bullfighter" title="Bullfighter">bullfighter</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bullfighting" title="Bullfighting">corrida</a> represents the pinnacle of a life lived with authenticity.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzfus-219">[210]</a> In his paper The Uses of Authenticity: Hemingway and the Literary Field, Timo Müller writes that Hemingway's fiction is successful because the characters live an "authentic life", and the "soldiers, fishers, boxers and backwoodsmen are among the archetypes of authenticity in modern literature".<a href="#cite_note-226">[217]</a> Emasculation is prevalent in Hemingway's work, notably in God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen and The Sun Also Rises. Emasculation, according to Fiedler, is a result of a generation of wounded soldiers; and of a generation in which women such as Brett gained <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">emancipation</a>. This also applies to the minor character, Frances Clyne, Cohn's girlfriend in the beginning of The Sun Also Rises. Her character supports the theme not only because the idea was presented early on in the novel but also the impact she had on Cohn in the start of the book while only appearing a small number of times.<a href="#cite_note-Fiedler-216">[207]</a> In God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen, the emasculation is literal, and related to religious guilt. Baker believes Hemingway's work emphasizes the "natural" versus the "unnatural". In "<a href="/wiki/An_Alpine_Idyll" title="An Alpine Idyll">An Alpine Idyll</a>" the "unnaturalness" of skiing in the high country late spring snow is juxtaposed against the "unnaturalness" of the peasant who allowed his wife's dead body to linger too long in the shed during the winter. The skiers and peasant retreat to the valley to the "natural" spring for redemption.<a href="#cite_note-Baker1972_120–121-220">[211]</a> In recent decades, critics have characterized Hemingway's work as <a href="/wiki/Misogynistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Misogynistic">misogynistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homophobic">homophobic</a>. Susan Beegel analyzed four decades of Hemingway criticism and found that "critics interested in multiculturalism" simply ignored Hemingway. Typical is this analysis of The Sun Also Rises: "Hemingway never lets the reader forget that Cohn is a Jew, not an unattractive character who happens to be a Jew but a character who is unattractive because he is a Jew." During the same decade, according to Beegel, criticism was published that investigated the "horror of homosexuality" and racism in Hemingway's fiction.<a href="#cite_note-Beegel_1996_282-227">[218]</a> In an overall assessment of Hemingway's work Beegel has written: "Throughout his remarkable body of fiction, he tells the truth about human fear, guilt, betrayal, violence, cruelty, drunkenness, hunger, greed, apathy, ecstasy, tenderness, love and lust."<a href="#cite_note-228">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_and_legacy">Influence and legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Hemingway_at_Floridita.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Statue_of_Hemingway_at_Floridita.jpg/200px-Statue_of_Hemingway_at_Floridita.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Statue_of_Hemingway_at_Floridita.jpg/300px-Statue_of_Hemingway_at_Floridita.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Statue_of_Hemingway_at_Floridita.jpg/400px-Statue_of_Hemingway_at_Floridita.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>A life-sized statue of Hemingway by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Villa_Sober%C3%B3n" title="José Villa Soberón">José Villa Soberón</a> at <a href="/wiki/El_Floridita" class="mw-redirect" title="El Floridita">El Floridita</a>, a bar in <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a></figcaption></figure> Hemingway's legacy to American literature is his style: writers who came after him either emulated or avoided it.<a href="#cite_note-229">[220]</a> After his reputation was established with the publication of The Sun Also Rises, he became the spokesperson for the post–World War I generation, having established a style to follow.<a href="#cite_note-Nagel_1996_87-192">[183]</a> His books were <a href="/wiki/Nazi_book_burning" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi book burning">burned</a> in Berlin in 1933, "as being a monument of modern decadence", and disavowed by his parents as "filth".<a href="#cite_note-Hallengren-230">[221]</a> Reynolds asserts the legacy is that "[Hemingway] left stories and novels so starkly moving that some have become part of our cultural heritage."<a href="#cite_note-231">[222]</a> Benson believes the details of Hemingway's life have become a "prime vehicle for exploitation", resulting in a Hemingway industry.<a href="#cite_note-232">[223]</a> The Hemingway scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anders_Hallengren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anders Hallengren (page does not exist)">Hallengren</a> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Hallengren" class="extiw" title="sv:Anders Hallengren">sv</a>] believes the "hard-boiled style" and the machismo must be separated from the author himself.<a href="#cite_note-Hallengren-230">[221]</a> Benson agrees, describing him as introverted and private as <a href="/wiki/J._D._Salinger" title="J. D. Salinger">J. D. Salinger</a>, although Hemingway masked his nature with braggadocio.<a href="#cite_note-233">[224]</a> During World War II, Salinger met and corresponded with Hemingway, whom he acknowledged as an influence. In a letter to Hemingway, Salinger claimed their talks "had given him his only hopeful minutes of the entire war" and jokingly "named himself national chairman of the Hemingway Fan Clubs".<a href="#cite_note-234">[225]</a> In 2002, a fossil <a href="/wiki/Billfish" title="Billfish">billfish</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Danata_Formation" title="Danata Formation">Danata Formation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> was named <a href="/wiki/Hemingwaya" title="Hemingwaya">Hemingwaya</a> after Hemingway, who prominently featured a <a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">marlin</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea" title="The Old Man and the Sea">The Old Man and the Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[226]</a> Mary Hemingway established the Hemingway Foundation in 1965, and in the 1970s, she donated her husband's papers to the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">John F. Kennedy Library</a>. In 1980, a group of Hemingway scholars gathered to assess the donated papers, subsequently forming the Hemingway Society, "committed to supporting and fostering Hemingway scholarship", publishing The Hemingway Review.<a href="#cite_note-236">[227]</a> His granddaughter <a href="/wiki/Margaux_Hemingway" title="Margaux Hemingway">Margaux Hemingway</a> was a supermodel and actress and co-starred with her younger sister <a href="/wiki/Mariel_Hemingway" title="Mariel Hemingway">Mariel</a> in the 1976 movie <a href="/wiki/Lipstick_(1976_film)" title="Lipstick (1976 film)">Lipstick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[229]</a> Her death was later ruled a death by suicide.<a href="#cite_note-239">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway_bibliography" title="Ernest Hemingway bibliography">Ernest Hemingway bibliography</a></div> This is a list of work that Ernest Hemingway published during his lifetime. While much of his later writing was published posthumously, they were finished without his supervision, unlike the works listed below. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Stories_and_Ten_Poems" title="Three Stories and Ten Poems">Three Stories and Ten Poems</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(short_story_collection)#in_our_time" title="In Our Time (short story collection)">in our time</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(short_story_collection)" title="In Our Time (short story collection)">In Our Time</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Torrents_of_Spring" title="The Torrents of Spring">The Torrents of Spring</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises" title="The Sun Also Rises">The Sun Also Rises</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_Without_Women_(short_story_collection)" title="Men Without Women (short story collection)">Men Without Women</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Farewell_to_Arms" title="A Farewell to Arms">A Farewell to Arms</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_the_Afternoon" title="Death in the Afternoon">Death in the Afternoon</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winner_Take_Nothing" title="Winner Take Nothing">Winner Take Nothing</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Hills_of_Africa" title="Green Hills of Africa">Green Hills of Africa</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Have_and_Have_Not" title="To Have and Have Not">To Have and Have Not</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fifth_Column_and_the_First_Forty-Nine_Stories" title="The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories">The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_Whom_the_Bell_Tolls" title="For Whom the Bell Tolls">For Whom the Bell Tolls</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Across_the_River_and_into_the_Trees" title="Across the River and into the Trees">Across the River and into the Trees</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea" title="The Old Man and the Sea">The Old Man and the Sea</a> (1952)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Ernest_Hemingway_family_tree.svg" title="File:Ernest Hemingway family tree.svg">Family tree showing Ernest Hemingway's parents, siblings, wives, children and grandchildren</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> On awarding the medal, the Italians wrote of Hemingway: "Gravely wounded by numerous pieces of shrapnel from an enemy shell, with an admirable spirit of brotherhood, before taking care of himself, he rendered generous assistance to the Italian soldiers more seriously wounded by the same explosion and did not allow himself to be carried elsewhere until after they had been evacuated." See Mellow (1992), p. 61 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Clarence Hemingway used his father's Civil War pistol to shoot himself. See Meyers (1985), 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> She would undergo <a href="/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex reassignment surgery">sex reassignment surgery</a> between 1988 and 1994. See Meyers (2020), 413 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Germany targeted ships leaving the <a href="/wiki/Lago_Oil_and_Transport_Company" title="Lago Oil and Transport Company">Lago refinery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a> to transport oil products to England; in 1942, more than 250 ships were destroyed. See Reynolds (2012), 336 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> He would remain under surveillance until his death. See Meyers (1985), 384 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> The Garden of Eden was published posthumously in 1986. See Meyers (1985), 436 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> The manuscript for The Sea Book was published posthumously as <a href="/wiki/Islands_in_the_Stream_(novel)" title="Islands in the Stream (novel)">Islands in the Stream</a> in 1970. See Mellow (1992), 552 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Published in 1999 as <a href="/wiki/True_at_First_Light" title="True at First Light">True at First Light</a>. See Oliver (1999), 333 </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> The FBI had opened a file on him during World War II, when he used the Pilar to patrol the waters off Cuba, and <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a> had an agent in Havana watch him during the 1950s, see Mellow (1992), 597–598; and appeared to be monitoring his movements at that time, as an agent documented in a letter written a few months later, in January 1961, about Hemingway's stay at the Mayo clinic. see Meyers (1985), 543–544 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Oliver (1999), 140 </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds_pp_17-18-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_pp_17-18_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_pp_17-18_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_pp_17-18_2-2">c</a> Reynolds (2000), 17–18 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Meyers (1985), 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Oliver (1999), 134 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Meyers (1985), 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds_2000_19-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_2000_19_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_2000_19_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_2000_19_6-2">c</a> Reynolds (2000), 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Meyers (1985), 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-Beegel2000,_p._63-70-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beegel2000,_p._63-70_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beegel2000,_p._63-70_8-1">b</a> Beegel (2000), 63–71 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_p19ff-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p19ff_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p19ff_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p19ff_9-2">c</a> Meyers (1985), 19–23 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140408171529/http://www.kcstar.com/hemingway/ehstarstyle.shtml">"Star style and rules for writing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Kansas_City_Star" title="The Kansas City Star">The Kansas City Star</a>. June 26, 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kcstar.com/hemingway/ehstarstyle.shtml">the original</a> on April 8, 2014. <q>Below are excerpts from The Kansas City Star stylebook that Ernest Hemingway once credited with containing 'the best rules I ever learned for the business of writing.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kansas+City+Star&rft.atitle=Star+style+and+rules+for+writing&rft.date=1999-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcstar.com%2Fhemingway%2Fehstarstyle.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Hemingway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Meyers (1985), 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Mellow (1992), 48–49 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_p27ff-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p27ff_13-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 27–31 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mellow57ff-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mellow57ff_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mellow57ff_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mellow57ff_14-2">c</a> Mellow (1992), 57–60 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Meyers (1985), 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-Putnam-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Putnam_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Putnam_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Putnam_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Putnam_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Putnam_17-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Putnam_17-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPutnam2016" class="citation web cs1">Putnam, Thomas (August 15, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/spring/hemingway.html">"Hemingway on War and Its Aftermath"</a>. archives.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018094656/http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/spring/hemingway.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved July 11, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archives.gov&rft.atitle=Hemingway+on+War+and+Its+Aftermath&rft.date=2016-08-15&rft.aulast=Putnam&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fpublications%2Fprologue%2F2006%2Fspring%2Fhemingway.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Hemingway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Desnoyers_p3-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Desnoyers_p3_18-0">^</a> Desnoyers, 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Meyers (1985), 34, 37–42 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_p37ff-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p37ff_20-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 37–42 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers45ff-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers45ff_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers45ff_21-1">b</a> Meyers (1985), 45–53 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Reynolds (1998), 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Mellow (1992), 101 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_pp56-59-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_pp56-59_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_pp56-59_24-1">b</a> Meyers (1985), 56–58 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kert_pp83-90-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kert_pp83-90_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kert_pp83-90_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kert_pp83-90_25-2">c</a> Kert (1983), 83–90 </li> <li id="cite_note-Oliver_p139-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Oliver_p139_26-0">^</a> Oliver (1999), 139 </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker_1972_pp7-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_1972_pp7_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_1972_pp7_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_1972_pp7_27-2">c</a> Baker (1972), 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_pp60–62-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_pp60–62_28-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 60–62 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_pp70–74-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_pp70–74_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_pp70–74_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_pp70–74_29-2">c</a> Meyers (1985), 70–74 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Mellow (1991), 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Meyers (1985), 77 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mellow_p308-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Mellow_p308_32-0">^</a> Mellow (1992), 308 </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds_2000_28-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_2000_28_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_2000_28_33-1">b</a> Reynolds (2000), 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_pp77–81-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_pp77–81_34-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 77–81 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_p82-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p82_35-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 82 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Reynolds (2000), 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-Desnoyers_p5-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Desnoyers_p5_37-0">^</a> Desnoyers, 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_pp69–70-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_pp69–70_38-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 69–70 </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker_1972_15–18-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_1972_15–18_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_1972_15–18_39-1">b</a> Baker (1972), 15–18 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_p126-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p126_40-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 126 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Baker (1972), 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_p127-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p127_42-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 127 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Mellow (1992), 236 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Mellow (1992), 314 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_pp159–160-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_pp159–160_45-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 159–160 </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker_pp_30-34-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Baker_pp_30-34_46-0">^</a> Baker (1972), 30–34 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_pp117-119-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_pp117-119_47-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 117–119 </li> <li id="cite_note-Nagel89ff-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Nagel89ff_48-0">^</a> Nagel (1996), 89 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_p189-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p189_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p189_49-1">b</a> Meyers (1985), 189 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Reynolds (1989), vi–vii </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Mellow (1992), 328 </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker_p44-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_p44_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_p44_52-1">b</a> Baker (1972), 44 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mellow_p302-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Mellow_p302_53-0">^</a> Mellow (1992), 302 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_p192-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p192_54-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 192 </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker_p82-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Baker_p82_55-0">^</a> Baker (1972), 82 </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker_p43-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Baker_p43_56-0">^</a> Baker (1972), 43 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Mellow (1992), 333 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Mellow (1992), 338–340 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_p172-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p172_59-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 172 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Meyers (1985), 173, 184 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Mellow (1992), 348–353 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_p195-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p195_62-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 195 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Long (1932), 2–3 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Robinson (2005) </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_p204-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p204_65-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 204 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kumc.edu/school-of-medicine/academics/departments/history-and-philosophy-of-medicine/archives/kumc-history/1920-1929.html">"1920–1929"</a>. www.kumc.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kumc.edu&rft.atitle=1920%E2%80%931929&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kumc.edu%2Fschool-of-medicine%2Facademics%2Fdepartments%2Fhistory-and-philosophy-of-medicine%2Farchives%2Fkumc-history%2F1920-1929.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Hemingway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_p208-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p208_67-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 208 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Mellow (1992), 367 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> qtd. in Meyers (1985), 210 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_p215-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p215_71-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 215 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mellow_p378-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Mellow_p378_72-0">^</a> Mellow (1992), 378 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Baker (1972), 144–145 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_p222-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p222_74-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 222 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Reynolds (2000), 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-Oliver144-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Oliver144_77-0">^</a> Oliver (1999), 144 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_pp222-227-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_pp222-227_78-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 222–227 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Mellow (1992), 376–377 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mellow_p424-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Mellow_p424_80-0">^</a> Mellow (1992), 424 </li> <li id="cite_note-Desnoyers_p9-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Desnoyers_p9_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Desnoyers_p9_81-1">b</a> Desnoyers, 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Mellow (1992), 337–340 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_p280-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p280_83-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 280 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_p292-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p292_84-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 292 </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker_1972_p224-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Baker_1972_p224_85-0">^</a> Baker (1972), 224 </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker_1972_p227-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Baker_1972_p227_86-0">^</a> Baker (1972), 227 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mellow_p488-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Mellow_p488_87-0">^</a> Mellow (1992), 488 </li> <li id="cite_note-Muller_2019_p._47-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Muller_2019_p._47_88-0">^</a> Muller (2019), 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kert_pp287-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Kert_pp287_89-0">^</a> Kert (1983), 287–295 </li> <li id="cite_note-Koch_p87-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Koch_p87_90-0">^</a> Koch (2005), 87 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_p311-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p311_91-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 311 </li> <li id="cite_note-Koch_p164-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Koch_p164_92-0">^</a> Koch (2005), 164 </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker_1972_p233-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Baker_1972_p233_93-0">^</a> Baker (1972), 233 </li> <li id="cite_note-Muller_2019_109-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Muller_2019_109_94-0">^</a> Muller (2019), 109 </li> <li id="cite_note-Muller_2019_135ff-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Muller_2019_135ff_95-0">^</a> Muller (2019), 135–138 </li> <li id="cite_note-Koch_p134-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Koch_p134_96-0">^</a> Koch (2005), 134 </li> <li id="cite_note-Muller_2019_155ff-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Muller_2019_155ff_97-0">^</a> Muller (2019), 155–161 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_p321-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p321_98-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 321 </li> <li id="cite_note-Muller_2019_203-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Muller_2019_203_99-0">^</a> Muller (2019), 203 </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas_p833-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_p833_100-0">^</a> Thomas (2001), 833 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_p326-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p326_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p326_101-1">b</a> Meyers (1985), 326 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Lynn (1987), 479 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_p334-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p334_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p334_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p334_103-2">c</a> Meyers (1985), 334 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_pp334–339-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_pp334–339_104-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 334–338 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_pp=356–361-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_pp=356–361_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_pp=356–361_105-1">b</a> Meyers (1985), 356–361 </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds_p320-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_p320_106-0">^</a> Reynolds (2012), 320 </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds_p324ff-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_p324ff_107-0">^</a> Reynolds (2012), 324–328 </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds_p332ff-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_p332ff_108-0">^</a> Reynolds (2012), 332–333 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mellow_p526ff-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Mellow_p526ff_110-0">^</a> Mellow (1992), 526–527 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_p337-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p337_111-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 337 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_p367-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p367_113-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 367 </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds_p364ff-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_p364ff_114-0">^</a> Reynolds (2012), 364–365 </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds_p368ff-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_p368ff_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_p368ff_115-1">b</a> Reynolds (2012), 368 </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds_p373ff-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_p373ff_116-0">^</a> Reynolds (2012), 373–374 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_pp398-405-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_pp398-405_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_pp398-405_117-1">b</a> Meyers (1985), 398–405 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kert_pp393-398-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kert_pp393-398_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kert_pp393-398_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kert_pp393-398_118-2">c</a> Kert (1983), 393–398 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_p416-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p416_119-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 416 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Farah (2017), 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds_p377ff-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_p377ff_121-0">^</a> Reynolds (2012), 377 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_pp400-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_pp400_122-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 400 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Reynolds (1999), 96–98 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Mellow (1992), 533 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lynn_1987_518–519-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lynn_1987_518–519_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lynn_1987_518–519_125-1">b</a> Lynn (1987), 518–519 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_p408ff-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p408ff_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p408ff_126-1">b</a> Meyers (1985) 408–411 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mellow_p535ff-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Mellow_p535ff_127-0">^</a> Mellow (1992), 535–540 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mellow_p552-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Mellow_p552_128-0">^</a> qtd. in Mellow (1992), 552 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_pp420–421-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_pp420–421_129-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 420–421 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mellow_pp548–550-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Mellow_pp548–550_130-0">^</a> Mellow (1992) 548–550 </li> <li id="cite_note-Desnoyers_p12-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Desnoyers_p12_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Desnoyers_p12_131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Desnoyers_p12_131-2">c</a> Desnoyers, 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Meyers (1985), 436 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Mellow (1992), 552 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Meyers (1985), 440–452 </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds_p656-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_p656_137-0">^</a> Reynolds (2012), 656 </li> <li id="cite_note-Desnoyers_p13-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Desnoyers_p13_138-0">^</a> Desnoyers, 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_p489-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p489_139-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 489 </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds2012_550ff-140"><a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds2012_550ff_140-0">^</a> Reynolds (2012), 550 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Mellow (1992), 586 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Mellow (1992), 587 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mellow_1992_588-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mellow_1992_588_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mellow_1992_588_143-1">b</a> Mellow (1992), 588 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_pp505-507-144"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_pp505-507_144-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 505–507 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Beegel (1996), 273 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Lynn (1987), 574 </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker_p338-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Baker_p338_147-0">^</a> Baker (1972), 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mellow_pp588–589-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Mellow_pp588–589_148-0">^</a> Mellow (1992), 588–589 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_p509-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p509_149-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 509 </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1954/hemingway-speech.html">"Ernest Hemingway The Nobel Prize in Literature 1954 Banquet Speech"</a>. The Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180802223736/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1954/hemingway-speech.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2018. Retrieved December 10, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ernest+Hemingway+The+Nobel+Prize+in+Literature+1954+Banquet+Speech&rft.pub=The+Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fliterature%2Flaureates%2F1954%2Fhemingway-speech.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Hemingway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1954/hemingway/speech/">"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1954"</a>. NobelPrize.org. Retrieved January 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Literature+1954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fliterature%2F1954%2Fhemingway%2Fspeech%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Hemingway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_p511-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p511_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p511_153-1">b</a> Meyers (1985), 511 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Reynolds (2000), 291–293 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_p512-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p512_155-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 512 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_p533-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p533_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p533_156-1">b</a> Meyers (1985), 533 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Reynolds (1999), 321 </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Mellow (1992), 494–495 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_pp516–519-159"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_pp516–519_159-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 516–519 </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Reynolds (2000), 332, 344 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mellow_p599-161"><a href="#cite_ref-Mellow_p599_161-0">^</a> Mellow (1992), 599 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_p520-162"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p520_162-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 520 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Baker (1969), 553 </li> <li id="cite_note-R544ff-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R544ff_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-R544ff_164-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-R544ff_164-2">c</a> Reynolds (1999), 544–547 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mellow_pp598–600-165"><a href="#cite_ref-Mellow_pp598–600_165-0">^</a> qtd. in Mellow (1992), 598–600 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_p542-544-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p542-544_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p542-544_166-1">b</a> Meyers (1985), 542–544 </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> qtd. in Reynolds (1999), 546 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mellow_pp598-601-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mellow_pp598-601_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mellow_pp598-601_168-1">b</a> Mellow (1992), 598–601 </li> <li id="cite_note-R348-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R348_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-R348_169-1">b</a> Reynolds (1999), 348 </li> <li id="cite_note-R354-170"><a href="#cite_ref-R354_170-0">^</a> Reynolds (1999), 354 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Meyers (1985), 547–550 </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Reynolds (2000), 350 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hotchner280-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Hotchner280_174-0">^</a> Hotchner (1983), 280 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_p551-175"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_p551_175-0">^</a> Meyers (1985), 551 </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Reynolds (2000), 355 </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Reynolds (2000), 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Meyers (1985), 560 </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gardenandgun.com/articles/hemingways-suicide-gun/">"Hemingway's Suicide Gun"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Garden_%26_Gun" title="Garden & Gun">Garden & Gun</a>. October 20, 2010. Retrieved July 21, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Garden+%26+Gun&rft.atitle=Hemingway%27s+Suicide+Gun&rft.date=2010-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgardenandgun.com%2Farticles%2Fhemingways-suicide-gun%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Hemingway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kertp504-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kertp504_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kertp504_180-1">b</a> Kert (1983), 504 </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilroy1966" class="citation news cs1">Gilroy, Harry (August 23, 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1966/08/23/archives/widow-believes-hemingway-committed-suicide-she-tells-of-his.html">"Widow Believes Hemingway Committed Suicide; She Tells of His Depression and His 'Breakdown' Assails Hotchner Book"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226161943/https://www.nytimes.com/1966/08/23/archives/widow-believes-hemingway-committed-suicide-she-tells-of-his.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Widow+Believes+Hemingway+Committed+Suicide%3B+She+Tells+of+His+Depression+and+His+%27Breakdown%27+Assails+Hotchner+Book&rft.date=1966-08-23&rft.aulast=Gilroy&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1966%2F08%2F23%2Farchives%2Fwidow-believes-hemingway-committed-suicide-she-tells-of-his.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Hemingway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Hemingway (1996), 14–18 </li> <li id="cite_note-Burwell_p234-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Burwell_p234_183-0">^</a> Burwell (1996), 234 </li> <li id="cite_note-Burwell_p14-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Burwell_p14_184-0">^</a> Burwell (1996), 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-Burwell_p189-185"><a href="#cite_ref-Burwell_p189_185-0">^</a> Burwell (1996), 189 </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Oliver (1999), 139–149 </li> <li id="cite_note-Farah_p43-187"><a href="#cite_ref-Farah_p43_187-0">^</a> Farah, (2017), 43 </li> <li id="cite_note-Beegel_p122ff-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beegel_p122ff_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beegel_p122ff_188-1">b</a> Beegel, (2017), 122–124 </li> <li id="cite_note-Farah_p39ff-189"><a href="#cite_ref-Farah_p39ff_189-0">^</a> Farah, (2017), 39–40 </li> <li id="cite_note-Farah_p56-190"><a href="#cite_ref-Farah_p56_190-0">^</a> Farah, (2017), 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-191"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126070149/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/07/04/specials/hemingway-rises.html">"Marital Tragedy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. October 31, 1926. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/07/04/specials/hemingway-rises.html">the original</a> on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Marital+Tragedy&rft.date=1926-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F99%2F07%2F04%2Fspecials%2Fhemingway-rises.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Hemingway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nagel_1996_87-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nagel_1996_87_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagel_1996_87_192-1">b</a> Nagel (1996), 87 </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1954/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1954"</a>. The Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226101906/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1954/summary/">Archived</a> from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved March 7, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Literature+1954&rft.pub=The+Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fliterature%2Flaureates%2F1954%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Hemingway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Josephs_1996,_221-235-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Josephs_1996,_221-235_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Josephs_1996,_221-235_194-1">b</a> Josephs (1996), 221–235 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ernest_Hemingway_in_Spain:_He_was_a_Sort_of_Joke,_in_Fact-195"><a href="#cite_ref-Ernest_Hemingway_in_Spain:_He_was_a_Sort_of_Joke,_in_Fact_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerlihy-Mera,_Jeffrey2012" class="citation journal cs1">Herlihy-Mera, Jeffrey (2012). "Ernest Hemingway in Spain: He was a sort of Joke, in Fact". The Hemingway Review. 31: 84–100 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.academia.edu/1258702/Ernest_Hemingway_in_Spain_He_was_a_Sort_of_Joke_in_Fact">https://www.academia.edu/1258702/Ernest_Hemingway_in_Spain_He_was_a_Sort_of_Joke_in_Fact</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhem.2012.0004">10.1353/hem.2012.0004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hemingway+Review&rft.atitle=Ernest+Hemingway+in+Spain%3A+He+was+a+sort+of+Joke%2C+in+Fact&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=84-100+https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1258702%2FErnest_Hemingway_in_Spain_He_was_a_Sort_of_Joke_in_Fact&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhem.2012.0004&rft.au=Herlihy-Mera%2C+Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Hemingway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bilingual_Wordplay:_Variations_on_a_Theme_by_Hemingway_and_Steinbeck-196"><a href="#cite_ref-Bilingual_Wordplay:_Variations_on_a_Theme_by_Hemingway_and_Steinbeck_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGladstein,_Mimi2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gladstein, Mimi (2006). "Bilingual Wordplay: Variations on a Theme by Hemingway and Steinbeck". The Hemingway Review. 26: 81–95 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/205022/summary">https://muse.jhu.edu/article/205022/summary</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhem.2006.0047">10.1353/hem.2006.0047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hemingway+Review&rft.atitle=Bilingual+Wordplay%3A+Variations+on+a+Theme+by+Hemingway+and+Steinbeck&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=81-95+https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F205022%2Fsummary&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhem.2006.0047&rft.au=Gladstein%2C+Mimi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Hemingway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cuba_in_Hemingway-197"><a href="#cite_ref-Cuba_in_Hemingway_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerlihy-Mera,_Jeffrey2017" class="citation journal cs1">Herlihy-Mera, Jeffrey (2017). "Cuba in Hemingway". The Hemingway Review. 36 (2): 8–41 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.academia.edu/33255402/Cuba_in_Hemingway">https://www.academia.edu/33255402/Cuba_in_Hemingway</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhem.2017.0001">10.1353/hem.2017.0001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hemingway+Review&rft.atitle=Cuba+in+Hemingway&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=8-41+https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F33255402%2FCuba_in_Hemingway&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhem.2017.0001&rft.au=Herlihy-Mera%2C+Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Hemingway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Santiago’s_Expatriation_from_Spain-198"><a href="#cite_ref-Santiago’s_Expatriation_from_Spain_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerlihy,_Jeffrey2009" class="citation journal cs1">Herlihy, Jeffrey (2009). "Santiago's Expatriation from Spain". The Hemingway Review. 28: 25–44 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.academia.edu/1548905/Santiagos_Expatriation_from_Spain_and_Cultural_Otherness_in_Hemingways_the_Old_Man_and_the_Sea">https://www.academia.edu/1548905/Santiagos_Expatriation_from_Spain_and_Cultural_Otherness_in_Hemingways_the_Old_Man_and_the_Sea</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhem.0.0030">10.1353/hem.0.0030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hemingway+Review&rft.atitle=Santiago%27s+Expatriation+from+Spain&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=25-44+https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1548905%2FSantiagos_Expatriation_from_Spain_and_Cultural_Otherness_in_Hemingways_the_Old_Man_and_the_Sea&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhem.0.0030&rft.au=Herlihy%2C+Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Hemingway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> qtd. in Oliver (1999), 322 </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker_p117-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_p117_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_p117_200-1">b</a> Baker (1972), 117 </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Oliver (1999), 321–322 </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Smith (1996), 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Gladstein (2006), 82–84 </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> Wells (1975), 130–133 </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Benson (1989), 351 </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Hemingway (1975), 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> qtd. in Mellow (1992), 379 </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Trodd (2007), 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-McCormick_p49-209"><a href="#cite_ref-McCormick_p49_209-0">^</a> McCormick, 49 </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> Benson (1989), 309 </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> qtd. in Hoberek (2005), 309 </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Hemingway, (1932), 11–12 </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> McCormick, 47 </li> <li id="cite_note-Burwell_p187-214"><a href="#cite_ref-Burwell_p187_214-0">^</a> Burwell (1996), 187 </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> Svoboda (2000), 155 </li> <li id="cite_note-Fiedler-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fiedler_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fiedler_216-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fiedler_216-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fiedler_216-3">d</a> Fiedler (1975), 345–365 </li> <li id="cite_note-herlihy2011_p.49-217"><a href="#cite_ref-herlihy2011_p.49_217-0">^</a> Herlihy (2011), 49 </li> <li id="cite_note-herlihy2011_p.3-218"><a href="#cite_ref-herlihy2011_p.3_218-0">^</a> Herlihy (2011), 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-Stoltzfus-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzfus_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzfus_219-1">b</a> Stoltzfus (2005), 215–218 </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker1972_120–121-220">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baker1972_120–121_220-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker1972_120–121_220-1">b</a> Baker (1972), 120–121 </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Scholes (1990), 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Sanderson (1996), 171 </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> Baym (1990), 112 </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Hemingway, Ernest. (1929) A Farewell to Arms. New York: Scribner's </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> Young (1964), 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> Müller (2010), 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-Beegel_1996_282-227"><a href="#cite_ref-Beegel_1996_282_227-0">^</a> Beegel (1996), 282 </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kansascity.com/entertainment/arts-culture/article294978/Susan-Beegel-What-I-like-about-Hemingway.html">"Susan Beegel: What I like about Hemingway"</a>. kansascity.com. Retrieved July 11, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kansascity.com&rft.atitle=Susan+Beegel%3A+What+I+like+about+Hemingway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kansascity.com%2Fentertainment%2Farts-culture%2Farticle294978%2FSusan-Beegel-What-I-like-about-Hemingway.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Hemingway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> Oliver (1999), 140–141 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hallengren-230">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hallengren_230-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hallengren_230-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallengren" class="citation web cs1">Hallengren, Anders. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1954/hemingway/article/">"A Case of Identity: Ernest Hemingway"</a>. NobelPrize.org. Retrieved January 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=A+Case+of+Identity%3A+Ernest+Hemingway&rft.aulast=Hallengren&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fliterature%2F1954%2Fhemingway%2Farticle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Hemingway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> Reynolds (2000), 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> Benson (1989), 347 </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> Benson (1989), 349 </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> Baker (1969), 420 </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2013" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Richard (April 15, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JC-Ygl35oHoC">Swordfish: A Biography of the Ocean Gladiator</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-92292-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-92292-8"><bdi>978-0-226-92292-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swordfish%3A+A+Biography+of+the+Ocean+Gladiator&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2013-04-15&rft.isbn=978-0-226-92292-8&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJC-Ygl35oHoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Hemingway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418040602/https://www.hemingwaysociety.org/society-leadership">"Leadership"</a>. The Hemingway Society. April 18, 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hemingwaysociety.org/society-leadership">the original</a> on April 18, 2021. Retrieved May 30, 2021. <q>Carl Eby Professor of English Appalachian State University, President (2020–2022); Gail Sinclair Rollins College, Vice President and Society Treasurer (2020–2022); Verna Kale The Pennsylvania State University, Ernest Hemingway Foundation Treasurer (2018–2020);</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hemingway+Society&rft.atitle=Leadership&rft.date=2021-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hemingwaysociety.org%2Fsociety-leadership&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Hemingway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRainey1996" class="citation news cs1">Rainey, James (August 21, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-08-21-me-36349-story.html">"Margaux Hemingway's Death Ruled a Suicide"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190116123700/http://articles.latimes.com/1996-08-21/local/me-36349_1_margaux-hemingway">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2019. Retrieved April 1, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Margaux+Hemingway%27s+Death+Ruled+a+Suicide&rft.date=1996-08-21&rft.aulast=Rainey&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1996-08-21-me-36349-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Hemingway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolloway1996" class="citation news cs1">Holloway, Lynette (July 3, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/03/arts/margaux-hemingway-is-dead-model-and-actress-was-41.html">"Margaux Hemingway Is Dead; Model and Actress Was 41"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved January 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Margaux+Hemingway+Is+Dead%3B+Model+and+Actress+Was+41&rft.date=1996-07-03&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Holloway&rft.aufirst=Lynette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F07%2F03%2Farts%2Fmargaux-hemingway-is-dead-model-and-actress-was-41.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Hemingway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/21/us/coroner-says-death-of-actress-was-suicide.html">"Coroner Says Death of Actress Was Suicide"</a>. The New York Times. Associated Press. August 21, 1996. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved January 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Coroner+Says+Death+of+Actress+Was+Suicide&rft.date=1996-08-21&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F08%2F21%2Fus%2Fcoroner-says-death-of-actress-was-suicide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Hemingway" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Baker" title="Carlos Baker">Baker, Carlos</a>. (1969). Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-001690-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-001690-8">978-0-02-001690-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Baker" title="Carlos Baker">Baker, Carlos</a>. (1972). Hemingway: The Writer as Artist. Princeton, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01305-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01305-3">978-0-691-01305-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Baker" title="Carlos Baker">Baker, Carlos</a>. (1981). "Introduction" in Ernest Hemingway Selected Letters 1917–1961. New York: Scribner's. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-16765-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-16765-7">978-0-684-16765-7</a></li> <li>Banks, Russell. (2004). "PEN/Hemingway Prize Speech". The Hemingway Review. Volume 24, issue 1. 53–60</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Baym" title="Nina Baym">Baym, Nina</a>. (1990). "Actually I Felt Sorry for the Lion", in Benson, Jackson J. (ed.), New Critical Approaches to the Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway. Durham, NC: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1067-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1067-9">978-0-8223-1067-9</a></li> <li>Beegel, Susan. (1996). "Conclusion: The Critical Reputation", in Donaldson, Scott (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Ernest Hemingway. New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45574-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45574-9">978-0-521-45574-9</a></li> <li>Beegel, Susan (2000). "Eye and Heart: Hemingway's Education as a Naturalist", in Wagner-Martin, Linda (ed.), A Historical Guide to Ernest Hemingway. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512152-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512152-0">978-0-19-512152-0</a></li> <li>Beegel, Susan. (2017) "Review of Hemingway's Brain, by Andrew Farah". The Hemingway Review. Volume 37, no. 1. 122–127.</li> <li>Benson, Jackson. (1989). "Ernest Hemingway: The Life as Fiction and the Fiction as Life". American Literature. Volume 61, issue 3. 354–358</li> <li>Benson, Jackson. (1975). The Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway: Critical Essays. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0320-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0320-6">978-0-8223-0320-6</a></li> <li>Burwell, Rose Marie. (1996). Hemingway: the Postwar Years and the Posthumous Novels. New York: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48199-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48199-1">978-0-521-48199-1</a></li> <li>Desnoyers, Megan Floyd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/The-Ernest-Hemingway-Collection/Online-Resources/Storytellers-Legacy.aspx?p=1">"Ernest Hemingway: A Storyteller's Legacy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160823081905/https://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/The-Ernest-Hemingway-Collection/Online-Resources/Storytellers-Legacy.aspx">Archived</a> August 23, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library Online Resources. <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a>. Retrieved November 30, 2011.</li> <li>Farah, Andrew. (2017). Hemingway's Brain. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61117-743-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61117-743-5">978-1-61117-743-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Fiedler" title="Leslie Fiedler">Fiedler, Leslie</a>. (1975). Love and Death in the American Novel. New York: Stein and Day. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-1799-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-1799-7">978-0-8128-1799-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimi_Reisel_Gladstein" title="Mimi Reisel Gladstein">Gladstein, Mimi</a>. (2006). "Bilingual Wordplay: Variations on a Theme by Hemingway and Steinbeck" The Hemingway Review Volume 26, issue 1. 81–95.</li> <li>Griffin, Peter. (1985). Along with Youth: Hemingway, the Early Years. New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503680-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503680-0">978-0-19-503680-0</a></li> <li>Hemingway, Ernest. (1929). A Farewell to Arms. New York: Scribner. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-6452-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-6452-8">978-1-4767-6452-8</a></li> <li>Hemingway, Ernest. (1932). Death in the Afternoon. New York. Scribner. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-85922-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-85922-4">978-0-684-85922-4</a></li> <li>Hemingway, Ernest. (1975). "The Art of the Short Story", in Benson, Jackson (ed.), New Critical Approaches to the Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1067-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1067-9">978-0-8223-1067-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester_Hemingway" title="Leicester Hemingway">Hemingway, Leicester</a>. (1996). My Brother, Ernest Hemingway. New York: <a href="/wiki/World_Publishing_Company" title="World Publishing Company">World Publishing Company</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56164-098-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56164-098-0">978-1-56164-098-0</a></li> <li>Herlihy, Jeffrey. (2011). Hemingway's Expatriate Nationalism. Amsterdam: Rodopi. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-3409-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-3409-9">978-90-420-3409-9</a></li> <li>Hoberek, Andrew. (2005). Twilight of the Middle Class: Post World War II fiction and White Collar Work. New York: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12145-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12145-1">978-0-691-12145-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._E._Hotchner" title="A. E. Hotchner">Hotchner, A. E.</a> (1983). Papa Hemingway: A personal Memoir. New York: Morrow. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781504051156" title="Special:BookSources/9781504051156">9781504051156</a></li> <li>Josephs, Allen. (1996). "Hemingway's Spanish Sensibility", in Donaldson, Scott (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Ernest Hemingway. New York: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45574-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45574-9">978-0-521-45574-9</a></li> <li>Kert, Bernice. (1983). The Hemingway Women. New York: Norton. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31835-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31835-7">978-0-393-31835-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Koch_(writer)" title="Stephen Koch (writer)">Koch, Stephen</a>. (2005). The Breaking Point: Hemingway, Dos Passos, and the Murder of Jose Robles. New York: Counterpoint. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58243-280-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58243-280-9">978-1-58243-280-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Long" title="Ray Long">Long, Ray</a> – editor. (1932). "Why Editors Go Wrong: '<a href="/wiki/Fifty_Grand" title="Fifty Grand">Fifty Grand</a>' by Ernest Hemingway", 20 Best Stories in Ray Long's 20 Years as an Editor. New York: Crown Publishers. 1–3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_S._Lynn" title="Kenneth S. Lynn">Lynn, Kenneth</a>. (1987). Hemingway. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-38732-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-38732-4">978-0-674-38732-4</a></li> <li>McCormick, John (1971). American Literature 1919–1932. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-7052-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-7052-4">978-0-7100-7052-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Mellow" title="James R. Mellow">Mellow, James</a>. (1992). Hemingway: A Life Without Consequences. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-37777-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-37777-2">978-0-395-37777-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Mellow" title="James R. Mellow">Mellow, James</a>. (1991). Charmed Circle: Gertrude Stein and Company. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-47982-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-47982-7">978-0-395-47982-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Meyers" title="Jeffrey Meyers">Meyers, Jeffrey</a>. (1985). Hemingway: A Biography. New York: Macmillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-42126-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-42126-0">978-0-333-42126-0</a></li> <li>Meyers, Jeffrey. (2020). "Gregory Hemingway: Transgender Tragedy". American Imago, Volume 77, issue 2. 395–417</li> <li>Miller, Linda Patterson. (2006). "From the African Book to Under Kilimanjaro". The Hemingway Review, Volume 25, issue 2. 78–81</li> <li>Muller, Gilbert. (2019). Hemingway and the Spanish Civil War. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-28124-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-28124-3">978-3-030-28124-3</a></li> <li>Müller, Timo. (2010). "The Uses of Authenticity: Hemingway and the Literary Field, 1926–1936". Journal of Modern Literature. Volume 33, issue 1. 28–42</li> <li>Nagel, James. (1996). "Brett and the Other Women in The Sun Also Rises", in Donaldson, Scott (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Ernest Hemingway. New York: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45574-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45574-9">978-0-521-45574-9</a></li> <li>Oliver, Charles. (1999). Ernest Hemingway A to Z: The Essential Reference to the Life and Work. New York: Checkmark Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-3467-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-3467-3">978-0-8160-3467-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Pizer" title="Donald Pizer">Pizer, Donald</a>. (1986). "The Hemingway: Dos Passos Relationship". Journal of Modern Literature. Volume 13, issue 1. 111–128</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Reynolds" title="Michael S. Reynolds">Reynolds, Michael</a> (2000). "Ernest Hemingway, 1899–1961: A Brief Biography", in Wagner-Martin, Linda (ed.), A Historical Guide to Ernest Hemingway. New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512152-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512152-0">978-0-19-512152-0</a></li> <li>Reynolds, Michael. (1999). Hemingway: The Final Years. New York: Norton. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32047-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32047-3">978-0-393-32047-3</a></li> <li>Reynolds, Michael. (1989). Hemingway: The Paris Years. New York: Norton. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31879-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31879-1">978-0-393-31879-1</a></li> <li>Reynolds, Michael. (1998). The Young Hemingway. New York: Norton. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31776-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31776-3">978-0-393-31776-3</a></li> <li>Reynolds, Michael. (2012). Hemingway: The 1930s through the final years. New York: Norton. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-34320-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-34320-5">978-0-393-34320-5</a></li> <li>Robinson, Daniel. (2005). "My True Occupation is That of a Writer: Hemingway's Passport Correspondence". The Hemingway Review. Volume 24, issue 2. 87–93</li> <li>Sanderson, Rena. (1996). "Hemingway and Gender History", in Donaldson, Scott (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Ernest Hemingway. New York: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45574-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45574-9">978-0-521-45574-9</a></li> <li>Scholes, Robert. (1990). "New Critical Approaches to the Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway", in Benson, Jackson J., Decoding Papa: 'A Very Short Story' as Work and Text. 33–47. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1067-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1067-9">978-0-8223-1067-9</a></li> <li>Smith, Paul (1996). "1924: Hemingway's Luggage and the Miraculous Year", in Donaldson, Scott (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Ernest Hemingway. New York: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45574-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45574-9">978-0-521-45574-9</a></li> <li>Stoltzfus, Ben. (2005). "Sartre, 'Nada,' and Hemingway's African Stories". Comparative Literature Studies. Volume 42, issue 3. 205–228</li> <li>Svoboda, Frederic. (2000). "The Great Themes in Hemingway", in Wagner-Martin, Linda (ed.), A Historical Guide to Ernest Hemingway. New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512152-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512152-0">978-0-19-512152-0</a></li> <li>Thomas, Hugh. (2001). The Spanish Civil War. New York: Modern Library. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-75515-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-75515-6">978-0-375-75515-6</a></li> <li>Trodd, Zoe. (2007). "Hemingway's Camera Eye: The Problems of Language and an Interwar Politics of Form". The Hemingway Review. Volume 26, issue 2. 7–21</li> <li>Trogdon, Robert W. "Forms of Combat: Hemingway, the Critics and Green Hills of Africa". The Hemingway Review. Volume 15, issue 2. 1–14</li> <li>Wells, Elizabeth J. (1975). "A Statistical Analysis of the Prose Style of Ernest Hemingway: Big Two-Hearted River", in Benson, Jackson (ed.), The Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway: Critical Essays. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0320-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0320-6">978-0-8223-0320-6</a></li> <li>Young, Philip. (1964). Ernest Hemingway. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0191-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0191-2">978-0-8166-0191-2</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" class="extiw" title="commons:Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ernest_Hemingway" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ernest Hemingway">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" class="extiw" title="q:Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Ernest_Miller_Hemingway" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Ernest Miller Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Ernest Hemingway <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ernest+Hemingway&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ernest+Hemingway">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ernest+Hemingway&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Ernest Hemingway <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Ernest+Hemingway&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Ernest+Hemingway">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Ernest+Hemingway&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_collections">Digital collections</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/50533">Works by Ernest Hemingway</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23434#P1938" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Hemingway%2C%20Ernest">Works by Ernest Hemingway</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Hemingway%2C%20Ernest%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ernest%20Hemingway%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hemingway%2C%20Ernest%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ernest%20Hemingway%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hemingway%2C%20E%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Ernest%20Hemingway%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Hemingway%2C%20Ernest%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ernest%20Hemingway%22%29%20OR%20%28%221899-1961%22%20AND%20Hemingway%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Ernest Hemingway</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1543">Works by Ernest Hemingway</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23434#P1899" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_collections">Physical collections</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/ernest-hemingway-collection">Ernest Hemingway Collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.lib.umd.edu/repositories/2/resources/107">Ernest Hemingway collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Libraries" title="University of Maryland Libraries">University of Maryland Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/beinecke.heming" class="extiw" title="hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.heming">Ernest Hemingway Collection</a>. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadid=00056">Ernest Hemingway's Collection</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Texas_at_Austin" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Texas at Austin">The University of Texas at Austin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4079484">Finding aid to Adele C. Brockhoff letters, including Hemingway correspondence, at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nypl.org/sites/default/files/archivalcollections/pdf/mss18572_1.pdf">Hemingway legal files collection, 1899–1971</a> Manuscripts and Archives, New York Public Library.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.library.sc.edu/repositories/5/resources/869">Maurice J. Speiser papers at the University of South Carolina Department of Rare Books and Special Collections</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journalism">Journalism</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4825/the-art-of-fiction-no-21-ernest-hemingway">"The Art of Fiction No. 21"</a>. The Paris Review. Spring 1958.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicjournalism.com/ernest-hemingway-1.html">Ernest Hemingway's journalism</a> at The Archive of American Journalism</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographical_and_other_information">Biographical and other information</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/625">Ernest Hemingway</a> on Nobelprize.org <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23434#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/ernest-miller-hemingway/ernest-hemingway-part-01-of-01/view">FBI Records: The Vault, Subject: Ernest Hemingway</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ernest_Hemingway" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ernest_Hemingway" title="Template:Ernest Hemingway"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ernest_Hemingway" title="Template talk:Ernest Hemingway"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ernest_Hemingway" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ernest Hemingway"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ernest_Hemingway" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ernest Hemingway</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway_bibliography" title="Ernest Hemingway bibliography">Bibliography</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Torrents_of_Spring" title="The Torrents of Spring">The Torrents of Spring</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises" title="The Sun Also Rises">The Sun Also Rises</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Farewell_to_Arms" title="A Farewell to Arms">A Farewell to Arms</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Have_and_Have_Not" title="To Have and Have Not">To Have and Have Not</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_Whom_the_Bell_Tolls" title="For Whom the Bell Tolls">For Whom the Bell Tolls</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Across_the_River_and_into_the_Trees" title="Across the River and into the Trees">Across the River and into the Trees</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea" title="The Old Man and the Sea">The Old Man and the Sea</a> (1952)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonfiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_the_Afternoon" title="Death in the Afternoon">Death in the Afternoon</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Hills_of_Africa" title="Green Hills of Africa">Green Hills of Africa</a> (1935)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Posthumous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Moveable_Feast" title="A Moveable Feast">A Moveable Feast</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_in_the_Stream_(novel)" title="Islands in the Stream (novel)">Islands in the Stream</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dangerous_Summer" title="The Dangerous Summer">The Dangerous Summer</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Eden_(novel)" title="The Garden of Eden (novel)">The Garden of Eden</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_at_First_Light" title="True at First Light">True at First Light</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under_Kilimanjaro" title="Under Kilimanjaro">Under Kilimanjaro</a> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Up_In_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Up In Michigan">Up In Michigan</a>" (1921)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Indian_Camp" title="Indian Camp">Indian Camp</a>" (1924)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Doctor_and_the_Doctor%27s_Wife" title="The Doctor and the Doctor's Wife">The Doctor and the Doctor's Wife</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Something" title="The End of Something">The End of Something</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Three-Day_Blow" title="The Three-Day Blow">The Three-Day Blow</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Battler" title="The Battler">The Battler</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Very_Short_Story" title="A Very Short Story">A Very Short Story</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Soldier%27s_Home" title="Soldier's Home">Soldier's Home</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Revolutionist" title="The Revolutionist">The Revolutionist</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Mr._and_Mrs._Elliot" title="Mr. and Mrs. Elliot">Mr. and Mrs. Elliot</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cat_in_the_Rain" title="Cat in the Rain">Cat in the Rain</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Out_of_Season_(short_story)" title="Out of Season (short story)">Out of Season</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cross_Country_Snow" title="Cross Country Snow">Cross Country Snow</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/My_Old_Man_(short_story)" title="My Old Man (short story)">My Old Man</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Big_Two-Hearted_River" title="Big Two-Hearted River">Big Two-Hearted River</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Banal_Story" title="Banal Story">Banal Story</a>" (1926)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Today_is_Friday" title="Today is Friday">Today is Friday</a>" (1926)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Canary_for_One" title="A Canary for One">A Canary for One</a>" (1927)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Fifty_Grand" title="Fifty Grand">Fifty Grand</a>" (1927)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hills_Like_White_Elephants" title="Hills Like White Elephants">Hills Like White Elephants</a>" (1927)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Killers_(Hemingway_short_story)" title="The Killers (Hemingway short story)">The Killers</a>" (1927)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Undefeated_(short_story)" title="The Undefeated (short story)">The Undefeated</a>" (1927)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Che_Ti_Dice_La_Patria%3F" title="Che Ti Dice La Patria?">Che Ti Dice La Patria?</a>" (1927)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/In_Another_Country" title="In Another Country">In Another Country</a>" (1927)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Now_I_Lay_Me" title="Now I Lay Me">Now I Lay Me</a>" (1927)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Simple_Enquiry" title="A Simple Enquiry">A Simple Enquiry</a>" (1927)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ten_Indians" title="Ten Indians">Ten Indians</a>" (1927)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/An_Alpine_Idyll" title="An Alpine Idyll">An Alpine Idyll</a>" (1927)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Pursuit_Race" title="A Pursuit Race">A Pursuit Race</a>" (1927)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Quai_at_Smyrna" title="On the Quai at Smyrna">On the Quai at Smyrna</a>" (1930)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Fathers_and_Sons_(short_story)" title="Fathers and Sons (short story)">Fathers and Sons</a>" (1932)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Natural_History_of_the_Dead" title="A Natural History of the Dead">A Natural History of the Dead</a>" (1932)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Clean,_Well-Lighted_Place" title="A Clean, Well-Lighted Place">A Clean, Well-Lighted Place</a>" (1933)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Day%27s_Wait" title="A Day's Wait">A Day's Wait</a>" (1933)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Gambler,_the_Nun,_and_the_Radio" title="The Gambler, the Nun, and the Radio">The Gambler, the Nun, and the Radio</a>" (1933)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Way_You%27ll_Never_Be" title="A Way You'll Never Be">A Way You'll Never Be</a>" (1933)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Snows_of_Kilimanjaro_(short_story)" title="The Snows of Kilimanjaro (short story)">The Snows of Kilimanjaro</a>" (1936)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Capital_of_the_World_(short_story)" title="The Capital of the World (short story)">The Capital of the World</a>" (1936)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Short_Happy_Life_of_Francis_Macomber" title="The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber">The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber</a>" (1936)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Old_Man_at_the_Bridge" title="Old Man at the Bridge">Old Man at the Bridge</a>" (1938)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short story collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Stories_and_Ten_Poems" title="Three Stories and Ten Poems">Three Stories and Ten Poems</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(short_story_collection)" title="In Our Time (short story collection)">In Our Time</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_Without_Women_(short_story_collection)" title="Men Without Women (short story collection)">Men Without Women</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winner_Take_Nothing" title="Winner Take Nothing">Winner Take Nothing</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fifth_Column_and_the_First_Forty-Nine_Stories" title="The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories">The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Snows_of_Kilimanjaro_(short_story_collection)" title="The Snows of Kilimanjaro (short story collection)">The Snows of Kilimanjaro</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fifth_Column_and_Four_Stories_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="The Fifth Column and Four Stories of the Spanish Civil War">The Fifth Column and Four Stories of the Spanish Civil War</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nick_Adams_Stories" title="The Nick Adams Stories">The Nick Adams Stories</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Short_Stories_of_Ernest_Hemingway" title="The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway">The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway:_The_Collected_Stories" title="Ernest Hemingway: The Collected Stories">Ernest Hemingway: The Collected Stories</a> (1995)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Story fragments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/On_Writing_(Hemingway)" title="On Writing (Hemingway)">On Writing</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/88_Poems" title="88 Poems">88 Poems</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_Poems" title="Complete Poems">Complete Poems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Today_is_Friday" title="Today is Friday">Today is Friday</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fifth_Column_and_the_First_Forty-Nine_Stories" title="The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories">The Fifth Column</a> (1938)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screenplays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Earth" title="The Spanish Earth">The Spanish Earth</a> (1937 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters and journalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/By-Line:_Ernest_Hemingway" title="By-Line: Ernest Hemingway">By-Line: Ernest Hemingway</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway:_Selected_Letters,_1917%E2%80%931961" title="Ernest Hemingway: Selected Letters, 1917–1961">Ernest Hemingway: Selected Letters, 1917–1961</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dateline:_Toronto" title="Dateline: Toronto">Dateline: Toronto</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Edition_of_the_Letters_of_Ernest_Hemingway" title="The Cambridge Edition of the Letters of Ernest Hemingway">The Cambridge Edition of the Letters of Ernest Hemingway</a> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Sun Also Rises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises_(1957_film)" title="The Sun Also Rises (1957 film)">1957 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises_(1984_film)" title="The Sun Also Rises (1984 film)">1984 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises_(opera)" title="The Sun Also Rises (opera)">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Select_(The_Sun_Also_Rises)" title="The Select (The Sun Also Rises)">The Select (The Sun Also Rises)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises_(ballet)" title="The Sun Also Rises (ballet)">Ballet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"The Killers"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Killers_(1946_film)" title="The Killers (1946 film)">1946 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Killers_(1956_film)" title="The Killers (1956 film)">1956 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Killers_(1964_film)" title="The Killers (1964 film)">1964 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Killers_(Bukowski_short_story)" title="The Killers (Bukowski short story)">Bukowski short story</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">A Farewell to Arms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Farewell_to_Arms_(1932_film)" title="A Farewell to Arms (1932 film)">1932 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Farewell_to_Arms_(1957_film)" title="A Farewell to Arms (1957 film)">1957 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Farewell_to_Arms_(TV_series)" title="A Farewell to Arms (TV series)">1966 TV series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">To Have and Have Not</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/To_Have_and_Have_Not_(film)" title="To Have and Have Not (film)">1944 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Breaking_Point_(1950_film)" title="The Breaking Point (1950 film)">The Breaking Point</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gun_Runners" title="The Gun Runners">The Gun Runners</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Khorshid" title="Captain Khorshid">Captain Khorshid</a> (1987)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">For Whom the Bell Tolls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/For_Whom_the_Bell_Tolls_(film)" title="For Whom the Bell Tolls (film)">1943 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_Whom_the_Bell_Tolls_(Playhouse_90)" title="For Whom the Bell Tolls (Playhouse 90)">1959 TV play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_Whom_the_Bell_Tolls_(TV_series)" title="For Whom the Bell Tolls (TV series)">1965 TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_Whom_the_Bell_Tolls_(Metallica_song)" title="For Whom the Bell Tolls (Metallica song)">1984 song</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Old Man and the Sea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea_(1958_film)" title="The Old Man and the Sea (1958 film)">1958 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea_(1990_film)" title="The Old Man and the Sea (1990 film)">1990 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea_(1999_film)" title="The Old Man and the Sea (1999 film)">1999 animated film</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other film adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Macomber_Affair" title="The Macomber Affair">The Macomber Affair</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under_My_Skin_(1950_film)" title="Under My Skin (1950 film)">Under My Skin</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Snows_of_Kilimanjaro_(1952_film)" title="The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1952 film)">The Snows of Kilimanjaro</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemingway%27s_Adventures_of_a_Young_Man" title="Hemingway's Adventures of a Young Man">Hemingway's Adventures of a Young Man</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_in_the_Stream_(film)" title="Islands in the Stream (film)">Islands in the Stream</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier%27s_Home_(film)" title="Soldier's Home (film)">Soldier's Home</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Old_Man_(film)" title="My Old Man (film)">My Old Man</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/After_the_Storm_(2001_film)" title="After the Storm (2001 film)">After the Storm</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Eden_(2008_film)" title="The Garden of Eden (2008 film)">The Garden of Eden</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Across_the_River_and_into_the_Trees_(film)" title="Across the River and into the Trees (film)">Across the River and into the Trees</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthplace_of_Ernest_Hemingway" title="Birthplace of Ernest Hemingway">Birthplace and boyhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway_Cottage" title="Ernest Hemingway Cottage">Michigan cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfeiffer_House_and_Carriage_House" title="Pfeiffer House and Carriage House">Hemingway-Pfeiffer House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway_House" title="Ernest Hemingway House">Key West home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Ambos_Mundos_(Havana)" title="Hotel Ambos Mundos (Havana)">Hotel Ambos Mundos, Havana home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finca_Vig%C3%ADa" title="Finca Vigía">Finca Vigía, Cuba home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_and_Mary_Hemingway_House" title="Ernest and Mary Hemingway House">Idaho home</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacall_to_Arms" title="Bacall to Arms">Bacall to Arms</a> (1946 cartoon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemingway:_On_the_Edge" title="Hemingway: On the Edge">Hemingway: On the Edge</a> (1987 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Love_and_War_(1996_film)" title="In Love and War (1996 film)">In Love and War</a> (1996 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_in_Paris" title="Midnight in Paris">Midnight in Paris</a> (2011 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemingway_%26_Gellhorn" title="Hemingway & Gellhorn">Hemingway & Gellhorn</a> (2012 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_%26_Hemingway:_The_True_Gen" title="Cooper & Hemingway: The True Gen">Cooper & Hemingway: The True Gen</a> (2013 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papa:_Hemingway_in_Cuba" title="Papa: Hemingway in Cuba">Papa: Hemingway in Cuba</a> (2015 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(2016_film)" title="Genius (2016 film)">Genius</a> (2016 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemingway_(film)" title="Hemingway (film)">Hemingway</a> (2021 documentary series)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Adams_(character)" title="Nick Adams (character)">Nick Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floridita" title="Floridita">Floridita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilar_(boat)" title="Pilar (boat)">Pilar (boat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceberg_theory" title="Iceberg theory">Iceberg theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway_International_Billfishing_Tournament" title="Ernest Hemingway International Billfishing Tournament">Ernest Hemingway International Billfishing Tournament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Imitation_Hemingway_Competition" title="International Imitation Hemingway Competition">International Imitation Hemingway Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Perkins" title="Maxwell Perkins">Maxwell Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriana_Ivancich" title="Adriana Ivancich">Adriana Ivancich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemingway_Foundation/PEN_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award">Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premio_Hemingway" title="Premio Hemingway">Premio Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hello_Hemingway" title="Hello Hemingway">Hello Hemingway</a> (1990 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemingway:_A_Portrait" title="Hemingway: A Portrait">Hemingway: A Portrait</a> (1999 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Palin%27s_Hemingway_Adventure" title="Michael Palin's Hemingway Adventure">Michael Palin's Hemingway Adventure</a> (1999 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemingway_(crater)" title="Hemingway (crater)">Hemingway crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum#The_Ernest_Hemingway_Collection" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">Kennedy Library Hemingway collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemingwaya" title="Hemingwaya">Hemingwaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadley_Richardson" title="Hadley Richardson">Elizabeth Hadley Richardson</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Hemingway" title="Jack Hemingway">Jack Hemingway</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Pfeiffer" title="Pauline Pfeiffer">Pauline Pfeiffer</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hemingway" title="Patrick Hemingway">Patrick Hemingway</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Hemingway" title="Gloria Hemingway">Gloria Hemingway</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Gellhorn" title="Martha Gellhorn">Martha Gellhorn</a> (third wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Welsh_Hemingway" title="Mary Welsh Hemingway">Mary Welsh Hemingway</a> (fourth wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorian_Hemingway" title="Lorian Hemingway">Lorian Hemingway</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaux_Hemingway" title="Margaux Hemingway">Margaux Hemingway</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hemingway" title="John Hemingway">John Hemingway</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariel_Hemingway" title="Mariel Hemingway">Mariel Hemingway</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Hall_Hemingway" title="Grace Hall Hemingway">Grace Hall Hemingway</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester_Hemingway" title="Leicester Hemingway">Leicester Hemingway</a> (brother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature" title="List of Nobel laureates in Literature">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1920</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1901_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1901 Nobel Prize in Literature">1901</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sully_Prudhomme" title="Sully Prudhomme">Sully Prudhomme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1902 Nobel Prize in Literature">1902</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1903 Nobel Prize in Literature">1903</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson" title="Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson">Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1904 Nobel Prize in Literature">1904</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Mistral" title="Frédéric Mistral">Frédéric Mistral</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Echegaray" title="José Echegaray">José Echegaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1905 Nobel Prize in Literature">1905</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1906 Nobel Prize in Literature">1906</a>: <a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1907 Nobel Prize in Literature">1907</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1908 Nobel Prize in Literature">1908</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken">Rudolf Eucken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1909 Nobel Prize in Literature">1909</a>: <a href="/wiki/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f" title="Selma Lagerlöf">Selma Lagerlöf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1910 Nobel Prize in Literature">1910</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Paul Heyse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1911 Nobel Prize in Literature">1911</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maurice Maeterlinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1912 Nobel Prize in Literature">1912</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1913 Nobel Prize in Literature">1913</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1914 Nobel Prize in Literature">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1915 Nobel Prize in Literature">1915</a>: <a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1916 Nobel Prize in Literature">1916</a>: <a href="/wiki/Verner_von_Heidenstam" title="Verner von Heidenstam">Verner von Heidenstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1917 Nobel Prize in Literature">1917</a>: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Adolph_Gjellerup" title="Karl Adolph Gjellerup">Karl Gjellerup</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Pontoppidan" title="Henrik Pontoppidan">Henrik Pontoppidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1918 Nobel Prize in Literature">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1919 Nobel Prize in Literature">1919</a>: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spitteler" title="Carl Spitteler">Carl Spitteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1920 Nobel Prize in Literature">1920</a>: <a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Knut Hamsun</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1921–1940</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1921_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1921 Nobel Prize in Literature">1921</a>: <a href="/wiki/Anatole_France" title="Anatole France">Anatole France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1922 Nobel Prize in Literature">1922</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jacinto_Benavente" title="Jacinto Benavente">Jacinto Benavente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1923 Nobel Prize in Literature">1923</a>: <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1923 Nobel Prize in Literature">1924</a>: <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Reymont" title="Władysław Reymont">Władysław Reymont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1925 Nobel Prize in Literature">1925</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1926 Nobel Prize in Literature">1926</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grazia_Deledda" title="Grazia Deledda">Grazia Deledda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1927_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1927 Nobel Prize in Literature">1927</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1928 Nobel Prize in Literature">1928</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sigrid_Undset" title="Sigrid Undset">Sigrid Undset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1929 Nobel Prize in Literature">1929</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1930 Nobel Prize in Literature">1930</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1931 Nobel Prize in Literature">1931</a>: <a href="/wiki/Erik_Axel_Karlfeldt" title="Erik Axel Karlfeldt">Erik Axel Karlfeldt</a> (posthumously)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1932 Nobel Prize in Literature">1932</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1933 Nobel Prize in Literature">1933</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bunin" title="Ivan Bunin">Ivan Bunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1934 Nobel Prize in Literature">1934</a>: <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Luigi Pirandello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1935 Nobel Prize in Literature">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1936 Nobel Prize in Literature">1936</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1937 Nobel Prize in Literature">1937</a>: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Martin_du_Gard" title="Roger Martin du Gard">Roger Martin du Gard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1938 Nobel Prize in Literature">1938</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1939 Nobel Prize in Literature">1939</a>: <a href="/wiki/Frans_Eemil_Sillanp%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Frans Eemil Sillanpää">Frans Eemil Sillanpää</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1940 Nobel Prize in Literature">1940</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1941–1960</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1941_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1941 Nobel Prize in Literature">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1942 Nobel Prize in Literature">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1943 Nobel Prize in Literature">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1944 Nobel Prize in Literature">1944</a>: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_V._Jensen" title="Johannes V. Jensen">Johannes V. Jensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1945 Nobel Prize in Literature">1945</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Mistral" title="Gabriela Mistral">Gabriela Mistral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1946 Nobel Prize in Literature">1946</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1947 Nobel Prize in Literature">1947</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">André Gide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1948 Nobel Prize in Literature">1948</a>: <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1949 Nobel Prize in Literature">1949</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1950 Nobel Prize in Literature">1950</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1951 Nobel Prize in Literature">1951</a>: <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4r_Lagerkvist" title="Pär Lagerkvist">Pär Lagerkvist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1952 Nobel Prize in Literature">1952</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mauriac" title="François Mauriac">François Mauriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1953 Nobel Prize in Literature">1953</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1954 Nobel Prize in Literature">1954</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ernest Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1955 Nobel Prize in Literature">1955</a>: <a href="/wiki/Halld%C3%B3r_Laxness" title="Halldór Laxness">Halldór Laxness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1956 Nobel Prize in Literature">1956</a>: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Juan Ramón Jiménez">Juan Ramón Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1957 Nobel Prize in Literature">1957</a>: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1958 Nobel Prize in Literature">1958</a>: <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1959 Nobel Prize in Literature">1959</a>: <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Quasimodo" title="Salvatore Quasimodo">Salvatore Quasimodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1960 Nobel Prize in Literature">1960</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saint-John_Perse" title="Saint-John Perse">Saint-John Perse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1961–1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1961_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1961 Nobel Prize in Literature">1961</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Andri%C4%87" title="Ivo Andrić">Ivo Andrić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1962 Nobel Prize in Literature">1962</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1963 Nobel Prize in Literature">1963</a>: <a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Giorgos Seferis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1964 Nobel Prize in Literature">1964</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> (declined award)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1965 Nobel Prize in Literature">1965</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Sholokhov" title="Mikhail Sholokhov">Mikhail Sholokhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1966 Nobel Prize in Literature">1966</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Yosef_Agnon" title="Shmuel Yosef Agnon">Shmuel Yosef Agnon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1967 Nobel Prize in Literature">1967</a>: <a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Asturias" title="Miguel Ángel Asturias">Miguel Ángel Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1968 Nobel Prize in Literature">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yasunari_Kawabata" title="Yasunari Kawabata">Yasunari Kawabata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1969 Nobel Prize in Literature">1969</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1970 Nobel Prize in Literature">1970</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1971 Nobel Prize in Literature">1971</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda">Pablo Neruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1972 Nobel Prize in Literature">1972</a>: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1973 Nobel Prize in Literature">1973</a>: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_White" title="Patrick White">Patrick White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1974 Nobel Prize in Literature">1974</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eyvind_Johnson" title="Eyvind Johnson">Eyvind Johnson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harry_Martinson" title="Harry Martinson">Harry Martinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1975 Nobel Prize in Literature">1975</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Montale" title="Eugenio Montale">Eugenio Montale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1976 Nobel Prize in Literature">1976</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1977 Nobel Prize in Literature">1977</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Aleixandre" title="Vicente Aleixandre">Vicente Aleixandre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1978 Nobel Prize in Literature">1978</a>: <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer" title="Isaac Bashevis Singer">Isaac Bashevis Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1979 Nobel Prize in Literature">1979</a>: <a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Odysseas Elytis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1980 Nobel Prize in Literature">1980</a>: <a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz" title="Czesław Miłosz">Czesław Miłosz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1981_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1981 Nobel Prize in Literature">1981</a>: <a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1982 Nobel Prize in Literature">1982</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1983 Nobel Prize in Literature">1983</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Golding" title="William Golding">William Golding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1984 Nobel Prize in Literature">1984</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Seifert" title="Jaroslav Seifert">Jaroslav Seifert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1985 Nobel Prize in Literature">1985</a>: <a href="/wiki/Claude_Simon" title="Claude Simon">Claude Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1986 Nobel Prize in Literature">1986</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wole_Soyinka" title="Wole Soyinka">Wole Soyinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1987 Nobel Prize in Literature">1987</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky">Joseph Brodsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1988 Nobel Prize in Literature">1988</a>: <a href="/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Naguib Mahfouz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1989 Nobel Prize in Literature">1989</a>: <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Jos%C3%A9_Cela" title="Camilo José Cela">Camilo José Cela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1990 Nobel Prize in Literature">1990</a>: <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1991 Nobel Prize in Literature">1991</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nadine_Gordimer" title="Nadine Gordimer">Nadine Gordimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1992 Nobel Prize in Literature">1992</a>: <a href="/wiki/Derek_Walcott" title="Derek Walcott">Derek Walcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1993 Nobel Prize in Literature">1993</a>: <a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1994 Nobel Prize in Literature">1994</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kenzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ce" title="Kenzaburō Ōe">Kenzaburō Ōe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1995 Nobel Prize in Literature">1995</a>: <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1996 Nobel Prize in Literature">1996</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska" title="Wisława Szymborska">Wisława Szymborska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1997 Nobel Prize in Literature">1997</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dario_Fo" title="Dario Fo">Dario Fo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1998 Nobel Prize in Literature">1998</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saramago" title="José Saramago">José Saramago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1999 Nobel Prize in Literature">1999</a>: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2000 Nobel Prize in Literature">2000</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian">Gao Xingjian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2001 Nobel Prize in Literature">2001</a>: <a href="/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul">V. S. Naipaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2002 Nobel Prize in Literature">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/Imre_Kert%C3%A9sz" title="Imre Kertész">Imre Kertész</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2003 Nobel Prize in Literature">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2004 Nobel Prize in Literature">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2005 Nobel Prize in Literature">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2006 Nobel Prize in Literature">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk" title="Orhan Pamuk">Orhan Pamuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2007 Nobel Prize in Literature">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Doris Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2008 Nobel Prize in Literature">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/J._M._G._Le_Cl%C3%A9zio" title="J. M. G. Le Clézio">J. M. G. Le Clézio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2009 Nobel Prize in Literature">2009</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2010 Nobel Prize in Literature">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2011 Nobel Prize in Literature">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Transtr%C3%B6mer" title="Tomas Tranströmer">Tomas Tranströmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2012 Nobel Prize in Literature">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mo_Yan" title="Mo Yan">Mo Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2013 Nobel Prize in Literature">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alice_Munro" title="Alice Munro">Alice Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2014 Nobel Prize in Literature">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Modiano" title="Patrick Modiano">Patrick Modiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2015 Nobel Prize in Literature">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alexievich" title="Svetlana Alexievich">Svetlana Alexievich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2016 Nobel Prize in Literature">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2017 Nobel Prize in Literature">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Ishiguro" title="Kazuo Ishiguro">Kazuo Ishiguro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2018 Nobel Prize in Literature">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Olga_Tokarczuk" title="Olga Tokarczuk">Olga Tokarczuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2019 Nobel Prize in Literature">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2020 Nobel Prize in Literature">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Louise_Gl%C3%BCck" title="Louise Glück">Louise Glück</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2021 Nobel Prize in Literature">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abdulrazak_Gurnah" title="Abdulrazak Gurnah">Abdulrazak Gurnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2022 Nobel Prize in Literature">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Annie_Ernaux" title="Annie Ernaux">Annie Ernaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2023 Nobel Prize in Literature">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jon_Fosse" title="Jon Fosse">Jon Fosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2024 Nobel Prize in Literature">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Han_Kang" title="Han Kang">Han Kang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Template:Pulitzer Prize for Fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Template talk:Pulitzer Prize for Fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pulitzer Prize for Fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for Fiction">Pulitzer Prize for Fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Previously the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel from 1917–1947</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1918–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/His_Family" title="His Family">His Family</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Poole" title="Ernest Poole">Ernest Poole</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Magnificent_Ambersons" title="The Magnificent Ambersons">The Magnificent Ambersons</a> by <a href="/wiki/Booth_Tarkington" title="Booth Tarkington">Booth Tarkington</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Innocence" title="The Age of Innocence">The Age of Innocence</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Adams_(novel)" title="Alice Adams (novel)">Alice Adams</a> by <a href="/wiki/Booth_Tarkington" title="Booth Tarkington">Booth Tarkington</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_of_Ours" title="One of Ours">One of Ours</a> by <a href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Able_McLaughlins" title="The Able McLaughlins">The Able McLaughlins</a> by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Wilson_(novelist)" title="Margaret Wilson (novelist)">Margaret Wilson</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/So_Big_(novel)" title="So Big (novel)">So Big</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edna_Ferber" title="Edna Ferber">Edna Ferber</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/60px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/90px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/120px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="1110" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/60px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/90px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/120px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1101" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowsmith_(novel)" title="Arrowsmith (novel)">Arrowsmith</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a> (1926; declined)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Autumn" title="Early Autumn">Early Autumn</a> by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bromfield" title="Louis Bromfield">Louis Bromfield</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_of_San_Luis_Rey" title="The Bridge of San Luis Rey">The Bridge of San Luis Rey</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Thornton Wilder</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_Sister_Mary" title="Scarlet Sister Mary">Scarlet Sister Mary</a> by <a href="/wiki/Julia_Peterkin" title="Julia Peterkin">Julia Peterkin</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laughing_Boy_(novel)" title="Laughing Boy (novel)">Laughing Boy</a> by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_La_Farge" title="Oliver La Farge">Oliver La Farge</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Grace" title="Years of Grace">Years of Grace</a> by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Ayer_Barnes" title="Margaret Ayer Barnes">Margaret Ayer Barnes</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Earth" title="The Good Earth">The Good Earth</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Store_(novel)" title="The Store (novel)">The Store</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sigismund_Stribling" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Sigismund Stribling">Thomas Sigismund Stribling</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_in_His_Bosom" title="Lamb in His Bosom">Lamb in His Bosom</a> by <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Pafford_Miller" title="Caroline Pafford Miller">Caroline Pafford Miller</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Now_in_November" title="Now in November">Now in November</a> by <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Johnson" title="Josephine Johnson">Josephine Winslow Johnson</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_in_the_Horn" title="Honey in the Horn">Honey in the Horn</a> by <a href="/wiki/H._L._Davis" title="H. L. Davis">Harold L. Davis</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(novel)" title="Gone with the Wind (novel)">Gone with the Wind</a> by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mitchell" title="Margaret Mitchell">Margaret Mitchell</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Late_George_Apley" title="The Late George Apley">The Late George Apley</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_P._Marquand" title="John P. Marquand">John Phillips Marquand</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Yearling" title="The Yearling">The Yearling</a> by <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Kinnan_Rawlings" title="Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings">Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Grapes_of_Wrath" title="The Grapes of Wrath">The Grapes of Wrath</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_This_Our_Life_(novel)" title="In This Our Life (novel)">In This Our Life</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Glasgow" title="Ellen Glasgow">Ellen Glasgow</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_Teeth_(novel)" title="Dragon's Teeth (novel)">Dragon's Teeth</a> by <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_in_the_Dark" title="Journey in the Dark">Journey in the Dark</a> by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Flavin" title="Martin Flavin">Martin Flavin</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Bell_for_Adano_(novel)" title="A Bell for Adano (novel)">A Bell for Adano</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Hersey" title="John Hersey">John Hersey</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_the_King%27s_Men" title="All the King's Men">All the King's Men</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Penn_Warren" title="Robert Penn Warren">Robert Penn Warren</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_the_South_Pacific" title="Tales of the South Pacific">Tales of the South Pacific</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_A._Michener" title="James A. Michener">James A. Michener</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_of_Honor" title="Guard of Honor">Guard of Honor</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Gould_Cozzens" title="James Gould Cozzens">James Gould Cozzens</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Way_West" title="The Way West">The Way West</a> by <a href="/wiki/A._B._Guthrie_Jr." title="A. B. Guthrie Jr.">A. B. Guthrie Jr.</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Town_(Richter_novel)" title="The Town (Richter novel)">The Town</a> by <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Richter" title="Conrad Richter">Conrad Richter</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Caine_Mutiny" title="The Caine Mutiny">The Caine Mutiny</a> by <a href="/wiki/Herman_Wouk" title="Herman Wouk">Herman Wouk</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea" title="The Old Man and the Sea">The Old Man and the Sea</a> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ernest Hemingway</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Fable" title="A Fable">A Fable</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andersonville_(novel)" title="Andersonville (novel)">Andersonville</a> by <a href="/wiki/MacKinlay_Kantor" title="MacKinlay Kantor">MacKinlay Kantor</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Death_in_the_Family" title="A Death in the Family">A Death in the Family</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Agee" title="James Agee">James Agee</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Jaimie_McPheeters" title="The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters">The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lewis_Taylor" title="Robert Lewis Taylor">Robert Lewis Taylor</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advise_and_Consent" title="Advise and Consent">Advise and Consent</a> by <a href="/wiki/Allen_Drury" title="Allen Drury">Allen Drury</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Kill_a_Mockingbird" title="To Kill a Mockingbird">To Kill a Mockingbird</a> by <a href="/wiki/Harper_Lee" title="Harper Lee">Harper Lee</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Edge_of_Sadness" title="The Edge of Sadness">The Edge of Sadness</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_O%27Connor" title="Edwin O'Connor">Edwin O'Connor</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reivers" title="The Reivers">The Reivers</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Keepers_of_the_House" title="The Keepers of the House">The Keepers of the House</a> by <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Grau" title="Shirley Ann Grau">Shirley Ann Grau</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Collected_Stories_of_Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter">The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter</a> by <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="Katherine Anne Porter">Katherine Anne Porter</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fixer_(novel)" title="The Fixer (novel)">The Fixer</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Malamud" title="Bernard Malamud">Bernard Malamud</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Confessions_of_Nat_Turner" title="The Confessions of Nat Turner">The Confessions of Nat Turner</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Styron" title="William Styron">William Styron</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Made_of_Dawn" title="House Made of Dawn">House Made of Dawn</a> by <a href="/wiki/N._Scott_Momaday" title="N. Scott Momaday">N. Scott Momaday</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Collected_Stories_of_Jean_Stafford" title="The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford">The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Stafford" title="Jean Stafford">Jean Stafford</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_Repose" title="Angle of Repose">Angle of Repose</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stegner" title="Wallace Stegner">Wallace Stegner</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Optimist%27s_Daughter" title="The Optimist's Daughter">The Optimist's Daughter</a> by <a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow" title="Gravity's Rainbow">No award given</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Killer_Angels" title="The Killer Angels">The Killer Angels</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shaara" title="Michael Shaara">Michael Shaara</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt%27s_Gift" title="Humboldt's Gift">Humboldt's Gift</a> by <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_River_Runs_Through_It_(novel)#Pulitzer_Prize" title="A River Runs Through It (novel)">No award given</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_Room_(short_story_collection)" title="Elbow Room (short story collection)">Elbow Room</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Alan_McPherson" title="James Alan McPherson">James Alan McPherson</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stories_of_John_Cheever" title="The Stories of John Cheever">The Stories of John Cheever</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Cheever" title="John Cheever">John Cheever</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Executioner%27s_Song" title="The Executioner's Song">The Executioner's Song</a> by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Confederacy_of_Dunces" title="A Confederacy of Dunces">A Confederacy of Dunces</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Kennedy_Toole" title="John Kennedy Toole">John Kennedy Toole</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_Is_Rich" title="Rabbit Is Rich">Rabbit Is Rich</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Color_Purple" title="The Color Purple">The Color Purple</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alice_Walker" title="Alice Walker">Alice Walker</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironweed_(novel)" title="Ironweed (novel)">Ironweed</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(author)" title="William Kennedy (author)">William Kennedy</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_(novel)" title="Foreign Affairs (novel)">Foreign Affairs</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alison_Lurie" title="Alison Lurie">Alison Lurie</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonesome_Dove" title="Lonesome Dove">Lonesome Dove</a> by <a href="/wiki/Larry_McMurtry" title="Larry McMurtry">Larry McMurtry</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Summons_to_Memphis" title="A Summons to Memphis">A Summons to Memphis</a> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Matthew_Hillsman_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Matthew Hillsman Taylor">Peter Taylor</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beloved_(novel)" title="Beloved (novel)">Beloved</a> by <a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_Lessons" title="Breathing Lessons">Breathing Lessons</a> by <a href="/wiki/Anne_Tyler" title="Anne Tyler">Anne Tyler</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mambo_Kings_Play_Songs_of_Love" title="The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love">The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love</a> by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hijuelos" title="Oscar Hijuelos">Oscar Hijuelos</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_at_Rest" title="Rabbit at Rest">Rabbit at Rest</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Thousand_Acres" title="A Thousand Acres">A Thousand Acres</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jane_Smiley" title="Jane Smiley">Jane Smiley</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Good_Scent_from_a_Strange_Mountain" title="A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain">A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Olen_Butler" title="Robert Olen Butler">Robert Olen Butler</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shipping_News" title="The Shipping News">The Shipping News</a> by <a href="/wiki/Annie_Proulx" title="Annie Proulx">E. Annie Proulx</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stone_Diaries" title="The Stone Diaries">The Stone Diaries</a> by <a href="/wiki/Carol_Shields" title="Carol Shields">Carol Shields</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Ford_novel)" title="Independence Day (Ford novel)">Independence Day</a> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ford" title="Richard Ford">Richard Ford</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Dressler:_The_Tale_of_an_American_Dreamer" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer">Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer</a> by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Millhauser" title="Steven Millhauser">Steven Millhauser</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Pastoral" title="American Pastoral">American Pastoral</a> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hours_(novel)" title="The Hours (novel)">The Hours</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cunningham" title="Michael Cunningham">Michael Cunningham</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_of_Maladies" title="Interpreter of Maladies">Interpreter of Maladies</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jhumpa_Lahiri" title="Jhumpa Lahiri">Jhumpa Lahiri</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Adventures_of_Kavalier_%26_Clay" title="The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay">The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Chabon" title="Michael Chabon">Michael Chabon</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_Falls" title="Empire Falls">Empire Falls</a> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Russo" title="Richard Russo">Richard Russo</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesex_(novel)" title="Middlesex (novel)">Middlesex</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Eugenides" title="Jeffrey Eugenides">Jeffrey Eugenides</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Known_World" title="The Known World">The Known World</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Jones" title="Edward P. Jones">Edward P. Jones</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilead_(novel)" title="Gilead (novel)">Gilead</a> by <a href="/wiki/Marilynne_Robinson" title="Marilynne Robinson">Marilynne Robinson</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_(novel)" title="March (novel)">March</a> by <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Brooks_(writer)" title="Geraldine Brooks (writer)">Geraldine Brooks</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road" title="The Road">The Road</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cormac_McCarthy" title="Cormac McCarthy">Cormac McCarthy</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Brief_Wondrous_Life_of_Oscar_Wao" title="The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao">The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao</a> by <a href="/wiki/Junot_D%C3%ADaz" title="Junot Díaz">Junot Díaz</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Kitteridge" title="Olive Kitteridge">Olive Kitteridge</a> by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Strout" title="Elizabeth Strout">Elizabeth Strout</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinkers_(novel)" title="Tinkers (novel)">Tinkers</a> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Harding_(author)" title="Paul Harding (author)">Paul Harding</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_the_Goon_Squad" title="A Visit from the Goon Squad">A Visit from the Goon Squad</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Egan" title="Jennifer Egan">Jennifer Egan</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Pulitzer_Prize" title="2012 Pulitzer Prize">No award given</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Orphan_Master%27s_Son" title="The Orphan Master's Son">The Orphan Master's Son</a> by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Johnson_(writer)" title="Adam Johnson (writer)">Adam Johnson</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Goldfinch_(novel)" title="The Goldfinch (novel)">The Goldfinch</a> by <a href="/wiki/Donna_Tartt" title="Donna Tartt">Donna Tartt</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_the_Light_We_Cannot_See" title="All the Light We Cannot See">All the Light We Cannot See</a> by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Doerr" title="Anthony Doerr">Anthony Doerr</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sympathizer" title="The Sympathizer">The Sympathizer</a> by <a href="/wiki/Viet_Thanh_Nguyen" title="Viet Thanh Nguyen">Viet Thanh Nguyen</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(novel)" title="The Underground Railroad (novel)">The Underground Railroad</a> by <a href="/wiki/Colson_Whitehead" title="Colson Whitehead">Colson Whitehead</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Less_(novel)" title="Less (novel)">Less</a> by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sean_Greer" title="Andrew Sean Greer">Andrew Sean Greer</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Overstory" title="The Overstory">The Overstory</a> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Powers" title="Richard Powers">Richard Powers</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nickel_Boys" title="The Nickel Boys">The Nickel Boys</a> by <a href="/wiki/Colson_Whitehead" title="Colson Whitehead">Colson Whitehead</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Night_Watchman_(novel)" title="The Night Watchman (novel)">The Night Watchman</a> by <a href="/wiki/Louise_Erdrich" title="Louise Erdrich">Louise Erdrich</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Netanyahus" title="The Netanyahus">The Netanyahus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Cohen_(writer)" title="Joshua Cohen (writer)">Joshua Cohen</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon_Copperhead" title="Demon Copperhead">Demon Copperhead</a> by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Kingsolver" title="Barbara Kingsolver">Barbara Kingsolver</a> / <a href="/wiki/Trust_(novel)" title="Trust (novel)">Trust</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hernan_Diaz_(writer)" title="Hernan Diaz (writer)">Hernan Diaz</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_Watch_(Phillips_novel)" title="Night Watch (Phillips novel)">Night Watch</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jayne_Anne_Phillips" title="Jayne Anne Phillips">Jayne Anne Phillips</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1954_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1954_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1954 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1954_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1954 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1954_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1954 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1954_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1954 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1954_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1954 Nobel Prize in Literature">1954</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ernest Hemingway</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a> (Switzerland)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a> (Great Britain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Walther Bothe</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Franklin Enders</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins" title="Frederick Chapman Robbins">Frederick Chapman Robbins</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Thomas Huckle Weller</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1949_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1949 Nobel Prize winners">1949</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1950_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1950 Nobel Prize winners">1950</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1951_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1951 Nobel Prize winners">1951</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1952_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1952 Nobel Prize winners">1952</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1953_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1953 Nobel Prize winners">1953</a></dd> <dd>1954 </dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1955_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1955 Nobel Prize winners">1955</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1956_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1956 Nobel Prize winners">1956</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1957_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1957 Nobel Prize winners">1957</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1958_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1958 Nobel Prize winners">1958</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1959_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1959 Nobel Prize winners">1959</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modernism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modernism" title="Template talk:Modernism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modernism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acmeist_poetry" title="Acmeist poetry">Acmeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_School" title="Ashcan School">Ashcan School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_arts#Literary_arts" title="The arts">Literary arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire" title="Guillaume Apollinaire">Apollinaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djuna_Barnes" title="Djuna Barnes">Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Bely</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Broch" title="Hermann Broch">Broch</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov" title="Mikhail Bulgakov">Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%B6blin" title="Alfred Döblin">Döblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Flaubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford" title="Ford Madox Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">Gide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Hamsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Ha%C5%A1ek" title="Jaroslav Hašek">Hašek</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Kafka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Koestler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield" title="Katherine Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Musil" title="Robert Musil">Musil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dos_Passos" title="John Dos Passos">Dos Passos</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Platonov" title="Andrei Platonov">Platonov</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="Katherine Anne Porter">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Proust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Svevo" title="Italo Svevo">Svevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Unamuno</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Woolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">Poetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova">Akhmatova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldington" title="Richard Aldington">Aldington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">Auden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_P._Cavafy" title="Constantine P. Cavafy">Cavafy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Cendrars" title="Blaise Cendrars">Cendrars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_Crane" title="Hart Crane">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.D." title="H.D.">H.D.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Desnos" title="Robert Desnos">Desnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard" title="Paul Éluard">Éluard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Elytis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Jacob" title="Max Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" title="Federico García Lorca">Lorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Lowell" title="Amy Lowell">Lowell (Amy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowell" title="Robert Lowell">Lowell (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Mallarmé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Moore" title="Marianne Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Owen" title="Wilfred Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa" title="Fernando Pessoa">Pessoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rilke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Seferis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dylan_Thomas" title="Dylan Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tzara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Valéry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">Yeats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Lost_Time" title="In Search of Lost Time">In Search of Lost Time</a> (1913–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis" title="The Metamorphosis">The Metamorphosis</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Mountain" title="The Magic Mountain">The Magic Mountain</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Dalloway" title="Mrs Dalloway">Mrs Dalloway</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises" title="The Sun Also Rises">The Sun Also Rises</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita" title="The Master and Margarita">The Master and Margarita</a> (1928–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Fury" title="The Sound and the Fury">The Sound and the Fury</a> (1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Painting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Albers" title="Josef Albers">Albers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Arp" title="Jean Arp">Arp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthus" title="Balthus">Balthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bellows" title="George Bellows">Bellows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni" title="Umberto Boccioni">Boccioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Bonnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i" title="Constantin Brâncuși">Brâncuși</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Braque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Calder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Cassatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Cézanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Chagall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico" title="Giorgio de Chirico">Chirico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Claudel" title="Camille Claudel">Claudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Dalí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Degas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning" title="Willem de Kooning">Kooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Delaunay" title="Robert Delaunay">Delaunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Delaunay" title="Sonia Delaunay">Delaunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Demuth" title="Charles Demuth">Demuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Dix" title="Otto Dix">Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg" title="Theo van Doesburg">Doesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Duchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Dufy" title="Raoul Dufy">Dufy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ensor" title="James Ensor">Ensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Ernst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Gauguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti" title="Alberto Giacometti">Giacometti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Goncharova" title="Natalia Goncharova">Goncharova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Gris" title="Juan Gris">Gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grosz" title="George Grosz">Grosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_H%C3%B6ch" title="Hannah Höch">Höch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hopper" title="Edward Hopper">Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Kahlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Kandinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner" title="Ernst Ludwig Kirchner">Kirchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka">Kokoschka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger" title="Fernand Léger">Léger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">Magritte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich" title="Kazimir Malevich">Malevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Manet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Marc" title="Franz Marc">Marc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Matisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Metzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Miró</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Modigliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Mondrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Monet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Munch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Nolde" title="Emil Nolde">Nolde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">O'Keeffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Picabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Pissarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Redon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Renoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Rodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Rousseau" title="Henri Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Schiele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Seurat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Signac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sisley" title="Alfred Sisley">Sisley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Soutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Soutine">Soutine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Steichen" title="Edward Steichen">Steichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz" title="Alfred Stieglitz">Stieglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Toulouse-Lautrec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Van Gogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vuillard" title="Édouard Vuillard">Vuillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Wood" title="Grant Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Akerman" title="Chantal Akerman">Akerman</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aldrich" title="Robert Aldrich">Aldrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Antonioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex_Avery" title="Tex Avery">Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Bergman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bresson" title="Robert Bresson">Bresson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Buñuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Carn%C3%A9" title="Marcel Carné">Carné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassavetes" title="John Cassavetes">Cassavetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Chaplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Clair" title="René Clair">Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Cocteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dassin" title="Jules Dassin">Dassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Deren" title="Maya Deren">Deren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dovzhenko" title="Alexander Dovzhenko">Dovzhenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Theodor_Dreyer" title="Carl Theodor Dreyer">Dreyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blake_Edwards" title="Blake Edwards">Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Eisenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Epstein" title="Jean Epstein">Epstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder" title="Rainer Werner Fassbinder">Fassbinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Fellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Flaherty" title="Robert J. Flaherty">Flaherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fuller" title="Samuel Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Gance" title="Abel Gance">Gance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Godard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hubley" title="John Hubley">Hubley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Jones" title="Chuck Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Keaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Kubrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kuleshov" title="Lev Kuleshov">Kuleshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Kurosawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Losey" title="Joseph Losey">Losey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Lupino" title="Ida Lupino">Lupino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Marker" title="Chris Marker">Marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli">Minnelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Murnau" title="F. W. Murnau">Murnau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasujir%C5%8D_Ozu" title="Yasujirō Ozu">Ozu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._W._Pabst" title="G. W. Pabst">Pabst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Pudovkin" title="Vsevolod Pudovkin">Pudovkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ray" title="Nicholas Ray">Ray (Nicholas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Ray (Satyajit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Resnais" title="Alain Resnais">Resnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Renoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Richardson" title="Tony Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Rossellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Sirk" title="Douglas Sirk">Sirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m" title="Victor Sjöström">Sjöström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_von_Sternberg" title="Josef von Sternberg">Sternberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Tarkovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Tati" title="Jacques Tati">Tati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Trnka" title="Jiří Trnka">Trnka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">Truffaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Varda" title="Agnès Varda">Varda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dziga_Vertov" title="Dziga Vertov">Vertov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vigo" title="Jean Vigo">Vigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Welles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wiene" title="Robert Wiene">Wiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Wood" title="Ed Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer">Breuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bunshaft" title="Gordon Bunshaft">Bunshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Gaudí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Gropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Guimard" title="Hector Guimard">Guimard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Horta" title="Victor Horta">Horta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedensreich_Hundertwasser" title="Friedensreich Hundertwasser">Hundertwasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Kahn" title="Louis Kahn">Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Loos" title="Adolf Loos">Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Melnikov" title="Konstantin Melnikov">Melnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mendelsohn" title="Erich Mendelsohn">Mendelsohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Luigi_Nervi" title="Pier Luigi Nervi">Nervi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neutra" title="Richard Neutra">Neutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Niemeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld" title="Gerrit Rietveld">Rietveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Saarinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Sullivan" title="Louis Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tatlin" title="Vladimir Tatlin">Tatlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Mies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte" title="A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte">A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Sainte-Victoire_(C%C3%A9zanne)" title="Mont Sainte-Victoire (Cézanne)">Mont Sainte-Victoir</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Starry_Night" title="The Starry Night">The Starry Night</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon" title="Les Demoiselles d'Avignon">Les Demoiselles d'Avignon</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_(Matisse)" title="Dance (Matisse)">The Dance</a> (1909–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_Descending_a_Staircase,_No._2" title="Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2">Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Square" title="Black Square">Black Square</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari" title="The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari">The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_M%C3%A9canique" title="Ballet Mécanique">Ballet Mécanique</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battleship_Potemkin" title="Battleship Potemkin">Battleship Potemkin</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Un_Chien_Andalou" title="Un Chien Andalou">Un Chien Andalou</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Savoye" title="Villa Savoye">Villa Savoye</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallingwater" title="Fallingwater">Fallingwater</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon" title="Meshes of the Afternoon">Meshes of the Afternoon</a> (1943)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">Antheil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Berio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger" title="Nadia Boulanger">Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Boulez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Copland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Dutilleux" title="Henri Dutilleux">Dutilleux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla" title="Manuel de Falla">Falla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki">Górecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Hindemith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Honegger" title="Arthur Honegger">Honegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Ives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Janáček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">Ligeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Lutosławski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Milhaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Nono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Partch" title="Harry Partch">Partch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Russolo" title="Luigi Russolo">Russolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Satie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Stockhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Szymanowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Varèse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Villa-Lobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Weill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_theatre" title="Modernist theatre">Theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson" title="Maxwell Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Anouilh" title="Jean Anouilh">Anouilh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Artaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Ibsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" title="Alfred Jarry">Jarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser">Kaiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maeterlinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky" title="Vladimir Mayakovsky">Mayakovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Casey" title="Seán O'Casey">O'Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Osborne" title="John Osborne">Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Pirandello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Piscator" title="Erwin Piscator">Piscator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">Strindberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Toller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wedekind" title="Frank Wedekind">Wedekind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ignacy_Witkiewicz" title="Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz">Witkiewicz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Balanchine" title="George Balanchine">Balanchine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merce_Cunningham" title="Merce Cunningham">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Diaghilev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isadora_Duncan" title="Isadora Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Fokine" title="Michel Fokine">Fokine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loie_Fuller" title="Loie Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanya_Holm" title="Hanya Holm">Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Laban">Laban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onide_Massine" title="Léonide Massine">Massine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky" title="Vaslav Nijinsky">Nijinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Shawn" title="Ted Shawn">Shawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Sokolow" title="Anna Sokolow">Sokolow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_St._Denis" title="Ruth St. Denis">St. Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Tamiris" title="Helen Tamiris">Tamiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grete_Wiesenthal" title="Grete Wiesenthal">Wiesenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Wigman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(Strauss)" title="Don Juan (Strauss)">Don Juan</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubu_Roi" title="Ubu Roi">Ubu Roi</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht" title="Verklärte Nacht">Verklärte Nacht</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afternoon_of_a_Faun_(Nijinsky)" title="Afternoon of a Faun (Nijinsky)">Afternoon of a Faun</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring" title="The Rite of Spring">The Rite of Spring</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Characters_in_Search_of_an_Author" title="Six Characters in Search of an Author">Six Characters in Search of an Author</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot" title="Waiting for Godot">Waiting for Godot</a> (1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_modernism" title="American modernism">American modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armory_Show" title="Armory Show">Armory Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group" title="Bloomsbury Group">Bloomsbury Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_art" title="Degenerate art">Degenerate art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art" title="Fourth dimension in art">Fourth dimension in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_literature" title="Fourth dimension in literature">Fourth dimension in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor School of Modern Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanshinkan_Modernism" title="Hanshinkan Modernism">Hanshinkan Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_modernism" title="High modernism">High modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Hippie modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_in_music" title="Impressionism in music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_(literature)" title="Impressionism (literature)">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Style" title="International Style">International Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernity" title="Late modernity">Late modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_avant-garde_artists" title="List of avant-garde artists">List of avant-garde artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modernist_poets" title="List of modernist poets">List of modernist poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalism" title="Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-primitivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-primitivism">Neo-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamodernism" title="Metamodernism">Metamodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernism" title="Remodernism">Remodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar modernism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:absolute;">← <a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Postmodernism" title="Template:Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a> →</div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Modernism" title="Category:Modernism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23434#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23434#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23434#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121445832">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/97006051">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/27488/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrWx48WxtXQTgbkppP4v3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118549030">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78078534">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11907208v">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11907208v">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00442997">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV007315">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35186443">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990003371&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000084058&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX844022">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/56672">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068506848">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90054358">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000004955&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000030962&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000035149">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=61801">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000023292">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199612072">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/97mpqf2t3vr5r3g">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810542615505606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/197265">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262411205171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000043905">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512868806706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14122031">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00369747?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=1YTOJZEAAAAJ">Google Scholar</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500277629">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/821e1b40-aa85-456b-b953-02ea722dc29a">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/293484">Photographers' Identities</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/856687">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118549030.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118549030">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026918471">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10679516">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65m69tb">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/42729">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=29021">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/41021453">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Hemingway&oldid=1259535745">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Hemingway&oldid=1259535745</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ernest_Hemingway" title="Category:Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1899_births" title="Category:1899 births">1899 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1961_deaths" title="Category:1961 deaths">1961 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1961_suicides" title="Category:1961 suicides">1961 suicides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_dramatists_and_playwrights" title="Category:20th-century American dramatists and playwrights">20th-century American dramatists and playwrights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_essayists" title="Category:20th-century American essayists">20th-century American essayists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_journalists" title="Category:20th-century American journalists">20th-century American journalists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_male_writers" title="Category:20th-century American male writers">20th-century American male writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_memoirists" title="Category:20th-century American memoirists">20th-century American memoirists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_novelists" title="Category:20th-century American novelists">20th-century American novelists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_poets" title="Category:20th-century American poets">20th-century American poets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_screenwriters" title="Category:20th-century American screenwriters">20th-century American screenwriters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_short_story_writers" title="Category:20th-century American short story writers">20th-century American short story writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_letter_writers" title="Category:20th-century letter writers">20th-century letter writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_travel_writers" title="Category:20th-century American travel writers">20th-century American travel writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_anti-fascists" title="Category:American anti-fascists">American anti-fascists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_expatriates_in_Canada" title="Category:American expatriates in Canada">American expatriates in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_expatriates_in_Cuba" title="Category:American expatriates in Cuba">American expatriates in Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_expatriates_in_France" title="Category:American expatriates in France">American expatriates in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_expatriates_in_Italy" title="Category:American expatriates in Italy">American expatriates in Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_expatriates_in_Spain" title="Category:American expatriates in Spain">American expatriates in Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_expatriates_in_the_British_Empire" title="Category:American expatriates in the British Empire">American expatriates in the British Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_expatriates_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:American expatriates in the United Kingdom">American expatriates in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_fishers" title="Category:American fishers">American fishers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_hunters" title="Category:American hunters">American hunters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_letter_writers" title="Category:American letter writers">American letter writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_literary_theorists" title="Category:American literary theorists">American literary theorists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_male_dramatists_and_playwrights" title="Category:American male dramatists and playwrights">American male dramatists and playwrights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_male_essayists" title="Category:American male essayists">American male essayists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_male_journalists" title="Category:American male journalists">American male journalists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_male_non-fiction_writers" title="Category:American male non-fiction writers">American male non-fiction writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_male_novelists" title="Category:American male novelists">American male novelists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_male_poets" title="Category:American male poets">American male poets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_male_screenwriters" title="Category:American male screenwriters">American male screenwriters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_male_short_story_writers" title="Category:American male short story writers">American male short story writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_military_personnel_of_World_War_I" title="Category:American military personnel of World War I">American military personnel of World War I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Nobel_laureates" title="Category:American Nobel laureates">American Nobel laureates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Category:American people of the Spanish Civil War">American people of the Spanish Civil War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_travel_writers" title="Category:American travel writers">American travel writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_war_correspondents_of_World_War_II" title="Category:American war correspondents of World War II">American war correspondents of World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_war_novelists" title="Category:American war novelists">American war novelists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_anthologists" title="Category:American anthologists">American anthologists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bancarella_Prize_winners" title="Category:Bancarella Prize winners">Bancarella Prize winners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholics_from_Idaho" title="Category:Catholics from Idaho">Catholics from Idaho</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Converts_to_Roman_Catholicism" title="Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism">Converts to Roman Catholicism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_Resistance_members" title="Category:French Resistance members">French Resistance members</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hemingway_family" title="Category:Hemingway family">Hemingway family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Key_West,_Florida" title="Category:History of Key West, Florida">History of Key West, Florida</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Journalists_from_Illinois" title="Category:Journalists from Illinois">Journalists from Illinois</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lost_Generation_writers" title="Category:Lost Generation writers">Lost Generation writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Maritime_writers" title="Category:Maritime writers">Maritime writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Modernist_writers" title="Category:Modernist writers">Modernist writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobel_laureates_in_Literature" title="Category:Nobel laureates in Literature">Nobel laureates in Literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Novelists_from_Illinois" title="Category:Novelists from Illinois">Novelists from Illinois</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Ketchum,_Idaho" title="Category:People from Ketchum, Idaho">People from Ketchum, Idaho</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_psychological_fiction_writers" title="Category:American psychological fiction writers">American psychological fiction writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction_winners" title="Category:Pulitzer Prize for Fiction winners">Pulitzer Prize for Fiction winners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Silver_Medal_of_Military_Valor" title="Category:Recipients of the Silver Medal of Military Valor">Recipients of the Silver Medal of Military Valor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Suicides_by_firearm_in_Idaho" title="Category:Suicides by firearm in Idaho">Suicides by firearm in Idaho</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Survivors_of_aviation_accidents_or_incidents" title="Category:Survivors of aviation accidents or incidents">Survivors of aviation accidents or incidents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Toronto_Star_people" title="Category:Toronto Star people">Toronto Star people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writers_about_activism_and_social_change" title="Category:Writers about activism and social change">Writers about activism and social change</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Chicago" title="Category:Writers from Chicago">Writers from Chicago</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Oak_Park,_Illinois" title="Category:Writers from Oak Park, Illinois">Writers from Oak Park, Illinois</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writers_of_historical_fiction_set_in_the_modern_age" title="Category:Writers of historical fiction set in the modern age">Writers of historical fiction set in the modern age</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Burning_of_Smyrna" title="Category:People of the Burning of Smyrna">People of the Burning of Smyrna</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_July_2024" title="Category:Use mdy dates from July 2024">Use mdy dates from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Project_Gutenberg_links" title="Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links">Articles with Project Gutenberg links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links" title="Category:Articles with LibriVox links">Articles with LibriVox links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobelprize_template_using_Wikidata_property_P8024" title="Category:Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024">Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Dutch-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Dutch-language text">Articles containing Dutch-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 18:27 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Hemingway&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5676f668c8-pgdwt","wgBackendResponseTime":193,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.855","walltime":"2.235","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17967,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":375003,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14779,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":327613,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1713.303 1 -total"," 15.73% 269.496 8 Template:Navbox"," 13.98% 239.590 2 Template:Reflist"," 13.20% 226.199 1 Template:Infobox_writer"," 12.84% 220.071 1 Template:Infobox"," 11.46% 196.329 41 Template:ISBN"," 10.09% 172.790 1 Template:Modernism"," 8.19% 140.349 7 Template:Lang"," 7.32% 125.378 3 Template:Br_separated_entries"," 6.53% 111.835 4 Template:Side_box"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.782","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22909439,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-697b7966c5-dcbwr","timestamp":"20241126195639","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Ernest Hemingway","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ernest_Hemingway","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q23434","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q23434","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-12T18:40:43Z","dateModified":"2024-11-25T18:27:52Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/28\/ErnestHemingway.jpg","headline":"American author and journalist (1899\u20131961)"}</script> </body> </html>