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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Iraqi artist</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Jamil Hamoudi</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A_1962.jpg/220px-%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A_1962.jpg/330px-%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A_1962.jpg/440px-%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="778" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1924</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">2003</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Iraqis" title="Iraqis">Iraqi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_College_of_Fine_Arts" title="Baghdad College of Fine Arts">Baghdad College of Fine Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_des_Beaux-Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts">École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Julian" title="Académie Julian">Académie Julian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_du_Louvre" title="École du Louvre">École du Louvre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Painter and sculptor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstract art</a>; <a href="/wiki/One_Dimension_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="One Dimension Group">One Dimension Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurufiyya_movement" title="Hurufiyya movement">Hurufiyya movement</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jamil Hamoudi</b> (1924–2003) was an <a href="/wiki/Iraqis" title="Iraqis">Iraqi</a> artist who became the Director of the Ministry of Culture's Fine Arts Department. He is noted for his involvement in various Iraqi and Arabic art movements including the <a href="/wiki/Hurufiyya_movement" title="Hurufiyya movement">Hurufiyya movement</a> which bridged the gap between traditional and modern Iraqi art. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamil_Hamoudi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hamoudi started out as a self-taught sculptor in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. He developed a naturalistic style.<sup id="cite_ref-Barjeel_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barjeel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1944, he was taken on to teach drawing and art history at a school in Baghdad. At the same time he attended classes at the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_College_of_Fine_Arts" title="Baghdad College of Fine Arts">Baghdad College of Fine Arts</a>. He graduated in 1945 and in 1947, took a government scholarship to go to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, to study at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_des_Beaux-Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts">École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Julian" title="Académie Julian">Académie Julian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_du_Louvre" title="École du Louvre">École du Louvre</a>. He also Hamoudi researched the Assyrian-Babylonian art and languages.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1943, he created what has been described as the first Iraqi sculpture; a figure of the 11th-century philosopher-poet, <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%CA%BFarri" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maʿarri">Al-Maʿarri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beaugé,_F_1995,_p._41_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaugé,_F_1995,_p._41-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1947, he was experimenting with abstract paintings using Arabic characters, and as such was one of the early pioneers of hurufiyya art.<sup id="cite_ref-Inati,_S.C._2003,_p.76_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inati,_S.C._2003,_p.76-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led him on a path to discover the graphic possibilities of the letter in art.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain art historians regard him as the "founding father" of the <a href="/wiki/Hurufiyya_movement" title="Hurufiyya movement">hurufiyya movement</a> (alphabetical art movement or Letrism movement).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other scholars have suggested that the movement began somewhat earlier with the work of the Iraqi-American artist, <a href="/wiki/Madiha_Omar" title="Madiha Omar">Madiha Omar</a> who exhibited huryifiyya artwork in 1949 in Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether he was the movement's founder, or simply helped to popularise the hurufiyya genre, there can be little doubt that he was a leading light in Iraq's modern art movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Inati,_S.C._2003,_p.76_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inati,_S.C._2003,_p.76-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He defined his use of Arabic script in the context of rediscovering his own heritage, amid his studies of European art. He wanted to cling onto his own values and traditions as a means of avoiding being overtaken by experiences outside his own heritage. He wrote that there was nothing more sacred that the Arabic alphabet,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> saying that his art was "a form of prayer."<sup id="cite_ref-Beaugé,_F_1995,_p._41_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaugé,_F_1995,_p._41-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hamoudi actively contributed to Iraqi arts culture through his membership of various art groups and societies in Iraq, and by organising exhibitions for up-coming artists, at a time when Iraq had no public galleries. In 1952, he organised an exhibition, entitled <i>L'Ensemble "A"</i> at the Institut Endoplastique in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971, he became a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/One_Dimension_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="One Dimension Group">One Dimension Group</a>, started by his friend and colleague, artist and intellectual, <a href="/wiki/Shakir_Hassan_Al_Said" title="Shakir Hassan Al Said">Shakir Hassan Al Said</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971 he joined the <a href="/wiki/One_Dimension_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="One Dimension Group">One Dimension Group</a> when it was founded by <a href="/wiki/Shakir_Hassan_Al_Said" title="Shakir Hassan Al Said">Shakir Hassan Al Said</a> and which sought to use art as a means of developing a sense of national identity. Jamil defined his use of Arabic script as a rediscovery of Iraqi heritage, within the confines of European abstract art.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamoudi and the art groups in which he was involved were largely responsible for bridging the gap between modernity and heritage, and establishing Iraqi modern art.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1973 he was appointed as Director of Fine Arts at the Ministry of Culture.<sup id="cite_ref-kember_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kember-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamil_Hamoudi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hamoudi's early works reveal the influence of <a href="/wiki/Cubist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubist">Cubism</a> movement and later he identified himself with the <a href="/wiki/Surrealist" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrealist">surrealist</a> movement. In time, however, he distanced himself from Surrealists, claiming:<sup id="cite_ref-kember_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kember-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> "A dark, saturnine atmosphere emanated from [their canvases] the effect of which was to arouse a feeling of despair in human beings." </p></blockquote> <p>Ultimately, he developed his own style; one that referenced his Iraqi heritage, but also used modern techniques. His paintings are brightly colored and make use of geometric shapes like circles, triangles and arches, often in repeating patterns, a reference to <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For sculpture he frequently used plaster, stone, wood, metal, copper, glass, marble, Plexiglas and ceramics.d </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publications">Publications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamil_Hamoudi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Peintures, Sculptures, Dessins de Jamil HAMOUDI un artiste de Bagdad</i>, Paris, Librairie Voyelle, 1950</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Select_list_of_paintings_and_drawings">Select list of paintings and drawings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamil_Hamoudi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Select list of paintings and drawings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Sheytan,</i> (The Devil), 1942, gouache on paper, 50 X 35 cm</li> <li><i>Composition Absraite,</i> 1950, India ink and watercolor, 32 X 24 cm)</li> <li><i>Huryfieh ,</i> 1982, ink on paper, 70 X 100 cm</li> <li><i>Surat Abasa,</i> 1982, pen on paper, 69 X 69 cm</li> <li><i>Ezkor Rabbak Eza Nasayt,</i> (If Ever Forgetful Mention Allah), 1985 oil on canvas, 87 X 129 cm (now in the collection of the Barjeel Foundation)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>A Trip to Baghdad,</i> 1996, oil on canvas, 69.5 X 69.5 cm</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamil_Hamoudi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iraqi_artists" title="List of Iraqi artists">List of Iraqi artists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamil_Hamoudi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artiraq.org/maia/items/browse?collection=110">Jamil Hamoudia at Art Iraq</a> - digital resource maintained by Iraqi artists which includes reproductions of works lost or damaged during the 2003 invasion, and not accessible via any other reliable public source</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamil_Hamoudi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Barjeel-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barjeel_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/artist/iraq/jamil-hamoudi/">"Jamil Hamoudi"</a>. <i>Barjeel Art Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Barjeel+Art+Foundation&rft.atitle=Jamil+Hamoudi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barjeelartfoundation.org%2Fartist%2Firaq%2Fjamil-hamoudi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamil+Hamoudi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Naef, S., <i>A la Recherche d'une Modernité Arabe: L'évolution des arts Plastiques en Egypte, au Liban et en Irak</i>, Slatkine, 1996, p. 394</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beaugé,_F_1995,_p._41-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beaugé,_F_1995,_p._41_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beaugé,_F_1995,_p._41_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaugé, F. and Clément, J-F., <i>L'image dans le Monde Arabe,</i>CNRS Éditions, 1995, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inati,_S.C._2003,_p.76-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Inati,_S.C._2003,_p.76_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inati,_S.C._2003,_p.76_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Inati, S.C., <i>Iraq: Its History, People, and Politics,</i> Humanity Books, 2003, p.76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaugé, F. and Clément, J-F., <i>L'image dans le Monde Arabe,</i>CNRS Éditions, 1995, p. 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bocco, R., Bozarslan, H. and Sluglett, P., <i>Writing The Modern History Of Iraq: Historiographical And Political Challenges,</i> World Scientific, 2012, p. 478</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Treichl, C., <i>Art and Language: Explorations in (Post) Modern Thought and Visual Culture,</i> Kassel University Press, 2017 pp 115-119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amirsadeghi, H., Mikdadi, S. and Shabout, N.M., <i>New Vision: Arab Contemporary Art in the 21st Century,</i> Thames & Hudson, 2009, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, D., Lemoine, S. and Mosquera, G., <i>Carmen Herrera: Lines of Sight,</i> Yale University Press, 2016, p. 201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Treichl, C., <i>Art and Language: Explorations in (Post) Modern Thought and Visual Culture,</i> Kassel University Press, 2017, p. 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amirsadeghi, H., Mikdadi, S., Shabout, N.N., <i>New Vision: Arab Contemporary Art in the 21st Century,</i> Thames & Hudson, 2009, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dabrowska, K. and Hann, G., <i>Iraq: The Ancient Sites and Iraqi Kurdistan,</i> Bradt Travel Guides, 2015, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kember-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kember_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kember_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKember2013" class="citation book cs1">Kember, Pamela (2013). <i>Benezit Dictionary of Asian Artists</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benezit+Dictionary+of+Asian+Artists&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Kember&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamil+Hamoudi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Massignon, L., <i>Opera minora: Islam, Culture et Société Islamiques,</i> Dar-el-Maaref Liban, 1963,p. 231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barjeel Foundation, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/collection/if-ever-forgetful-mention-allah/">Online:</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28354520#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28354520#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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