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id="toc-Population_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Population change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standardization_of_population_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardization_of_population_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Standardization of population numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardization_of_population_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_rates_and_ratios" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_rates_and_ratios"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Common rates and ratios</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_rates_and_ratios-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_equation_regarding_development_of_a_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_equation_regarding_development_of_a_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Basic equation regarding development of a population</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Basic_equation_regarding_development_of_a_population-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Basic equation regarding development of a population subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Basic_equation_regarding_development_of_a_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Science_of_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_of_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Science of population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_of_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Population composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographic_analysis_in_institutions_and_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographic_analysis_in_institutions_and_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Demographic analysis in institutions and organizations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographic_analysis_in_institutions_and_organizations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographic analysis in institutions and organizations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographic_analysis_in_institutions_and_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Labor_market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor_market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Labor market</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labor_market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turnover_and_in_internal_labor_markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turnover_and_in_internal_labor_markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Turnover and in internal labor markets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turnover_and_in_internal_labor_markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_ecology_of_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_ecology_of_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Population ecology of organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_ecology_of_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Business_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.1</span> <span>Business organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nonprofit_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nonprofit_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.2</span> <span>Nonprofit organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nonprofit_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_surveys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_surveys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Social surveys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_surveys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Scientific journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Demography</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 107 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-107" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">107 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografie" title="Demografie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Demografie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografie" title="Demografie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Demografie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86" title="علم السكان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم السكان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demograf%C3%ADa" title="Demografía – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Demografía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demograf%C3%ADa" title="Demografía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Demografía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demoqrafiya" title="Demoqrafiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Demoqrafiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="জনসংখ্যাতত্ত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জনসংখ্যাতত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%AEn-kh%C3%A1u-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Jîn-kháu-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jîn-kháu-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Демография – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Демография" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Дэмаграфія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэмаграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Дэмаграфія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дэмаграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demograpiya" title="Demograpiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Demograpiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Демография – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Демография" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografija" title="Demografija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Demografija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobla%C3%B1souriezh" title="Poblañsouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Poblañsouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografia" title="Demografia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Demografia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografie" title="Demografie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Demografie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demograffeg" title="Demograffeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Demograffeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografi" title="Demografi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Demografi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografie" title="Demografie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Demografie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demograafia" title="Demograafia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Demograafia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Δημογραφία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δημογραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Демография – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Демография" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demograf%C3%ADa" title="Demografía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Demografía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografio" title="Demografio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Demografio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografia" title="Demografia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Demografia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="جمعیت‌شناسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جمعیت‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3lkatalsfr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Fólkatalsfrøði – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fólkatalsfrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9mographie" title="Démographie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Démographie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografy" title="Demografy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Demografy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demograf%C3%ADa" title="Demografía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Demografía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%80-%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%93" title="વસ્તી-વિષયક માહિતીઓ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વસ્તી-વિષયક માહિતીઓ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B5%AC%ED%86%B5%EA%B3%84%ED%95%99" title="인구통계학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인구통계학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ժողովրդագրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժողովրդագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="जनसांख्यिकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जनसांख्यिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografija" title="Demografija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Demografija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografi" title="Demografi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Demografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographia" title="Demographia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Demographia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BD%C3%B0fr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Lýðfræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lýðfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografia" title="Demografia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Demografia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="דמוגרפיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דמוגרפיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9mografi" title="Démografi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Démografi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%96%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಜನಸಂಖ್ಯಾ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜನಸಂಖ್ಯಾ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="დემოგრაფია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დემოგრაფია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Демография – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Демография" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografia" title="Demografia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Demografia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografi" title="Demografi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Demografi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelhenas%C3%AE" title="Gelhenasî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gelhenasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Демография – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Демография" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographia" title="Demographia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Demographia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demogr%C4%81fija" title="Demogrāfija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Demogrāfija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografija" title="Demografija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Demografija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografia" title="Demografia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Demografia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografie" title="Demografie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Demografie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demogr%C3%A1fia" title="Demográfia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Demográfia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Демографија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Демографија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografia" title="Demografia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Demografia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A0%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ജനസംഖ്യാപഠനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജനസംഖ്യാപഠനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="जनगणनाशास्त्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जनगणनाशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografi" title="Demografi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Demografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografi" title="Demografi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Demografi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Демографиясь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Демографиясь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografie" title="Demografie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Demografie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="जनसाङ्ख्यिकी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जनसाङ्ख्यिकी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%A6" title="人口統計学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="人口統計学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografi" title="Demografi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Demografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografia" title="Demografia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Demografia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografiya" title="Demografiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Demografiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80" title="ਡੈਮੋਗਰਾਫ਼ੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡੈਮੋਗਰਾਫ਼ੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografia" title="Demografia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Demografia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AF%DA%93%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87" title="وگړشمېرنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وگړشمېرنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografia" title="Demografia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Demografia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografia" title="Demografia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Demografia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografie" title="Demografie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Demografie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runayupay" title="Runayupay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Runayupay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Демография – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Демография" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Демография – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Демография" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografia" title="Demografia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Demografia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimograf%C3%ACa" title="Dimografìa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Dimografìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography" title="Demography – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Demography" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografia" title="Demografia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Demografia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografija" title="Demografija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Demografija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="جەماوەرناسی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەماوەرناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Демографија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Демографија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografija" title="Demografija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Demografija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9mografi" title="Démografi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Démografi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4est%C3%B6tiede" title="Väestötiede – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Väestötiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografi" title="Demografi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Demografi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demograpiya" title="Demograpiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Demograpiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மக்கள் தொகையியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மக்கள் தொகையியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Демография – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Демография" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ประชากรศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประชากรศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Ҷамъиятшиносӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷамъиятшиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografi" title="Demografi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Demografi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%9Bmografi_(Nnipa_dodo%C9%94)" title="Dɛmografi (Nnipa dodoɔ) – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Dɛmografi (Nnipa dodoɔ)" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Демографія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Демографія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="آبادیات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آبادیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografia" title="Demografia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Demografia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A2n_kh%E1%BA%A9u_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Nhân khẩu học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhân khẩu học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demograafia" title="Demograafia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Demograafia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demograpiya" title="Demograpiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Demograpiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%AD%A6" title="人口学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="人口学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A2" title="דעמאגראפיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דעמאגראפיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="人口統計學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="人口統計學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografiye" title="Demografiye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Demografiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%AD%A6" title="人口学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="人口学" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographic&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographic">Demographic</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Science that deals with populations and their structures, statistically and theoretically</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the discipline. For the journal, see <a href="/wiki/Demography_(journal)" title="Demography (journal)">Demography (journal)</a>. For the album by 16 Volt, see <a href="/wiki/Demography:_The_Basement_Tapes" title="Demography: The Basement Tapes">Demography: The Basement Tapes</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_Population-Pyramid-1950-to-2100.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Demography of the World Population from 1950 to 2100. Data source: United Nations — World Population Prospects 2017" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Global_Population-Pyramid-1950-to-2100.jpg/350px-Global_Population-Pyramid-1950-to-2100.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Global_Population-Pyramid-1950-to-2100.jpg/525px-Global_Population-Pyramid-1950-to-2100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Global_Population-Pyramid-1950-to-2100.jpg/700px-Global_Population-Pyramid-1950-to-2100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2082" /></a><figcaption>The Demography of the World Population from 1950 to 2100. Data source: United Nations — World Population Prospects 2017</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Demography</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B4%E1%BF%86%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:δῆμος">δῆμος</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>dêmos</i></span>)</i> 'people, society' and <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:-γραφία">-γραφία</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>-graphía</i></span>)</i> 'writing, drawing, description')<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistical study</a> of human <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">populations</a>: their size, composition (e.g., ethnic group, age), and how they change through the interplay of fertility (births), mortality (deaths), and migration.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Demographic analysis</b> examines and measures the dimensions and <a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">dynamics</a> of populations; it can cover whole societies or groups defined by criteria such as <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">nationality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>. Educational institutions<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually treat demography as a field of <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, though there are a number of independent demography departments.<sup id="cite_ref-ub_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ub-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These methods have primarily been developed to study human populations, but are extended to a variety of areas where researchers want to know how populations of <a href="/wiki/Social_actions" class="mw-redirect" title="Social actions">social actors</a> can change across time through processes of birth, death, and <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migration</a>. In the context of <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> biological populations, demographic analysis uses <a href="/wiki/Public_records" title="Public records">administrative records</a> to develop an independent <a href="/wiki/Approximation" title="Approximation">estimate</a> of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Demographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographic">Demographic</a> analysis estimates are often considered a reliable standard for judging the accuracy of the <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> information gathered at any time. In the <a href="/wiki/Labor_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor force">labor force</a>, demographic analysis is used to estimate sizes and flows of populations of workers; in <a href="/wiki/Population_ecology" title="Population ecology">population ecology</a> the focus is on the birth, death, migration and immigration of individuals in a population of living organisms, alternatively, in social human sciences could involve movement of firms and <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">institutional</a> forms. Demographic analysis is used in a wide variety of contexts. For example, it is often used in business plans, to describe the population connected to the geographic location of the business.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demographic analysis is usually abbreviated as DA.<sup id="cite_ref-census.gov_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census.gov-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the 2010 U.S. Census, The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a> has expanded its DA categories.<sup id="cite_ref-census.gov_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census.gov-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also as part of the 2010 U.S. Census, DA now also includes comparative analysis between independent housing estimates, and census address lists at different key time points.<sup id="cite_ref-census.gov_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census.gov-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Patient demographics</b> form the core of the data for any medical institution, such as patient and emergency contact information and patient medical record data. They allow for the identification of a patient and their categorization into categories for the purpose of statistical analysis. Patient demographics include: <a href="/wiki/Date_of_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Date of birth">date of birth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, date of <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>, postal code, ethnicity, <a href="/wiki/Blood_type" title="Blood type">blood type</a>, emergency contact information, family doctor, insurance provider data, <a href="/wiki/Allergies" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergies">allergies</a>, major diagnoses and major medical history.<sup id="cite_ref-What_Are_Patient_Demographics?_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_Are_Patient_Demographics?-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Formal demography</b> limits its object of study to the measurement of population processes, while the broader field of <b>social demography</b> or population studies also analyses the relationships between economic, social, institutional, cultural, and biological processes influencing a population.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Demographic thoughts traced back to antiquity, and were present in many civilisations and cultures, like <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Srivastava2006_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Srivastava2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Made up of the prefix <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/demo-" class="extiw" title="wikt:demo-">demo-</a></i> and the suffix <i><a href="/wiki/-graphy" title="-graphy">-graphy</a></i>, the term <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/demography" class="extiw" title="wikt:demography">demography</a></i> refers to the overall study of population.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In ancient Greece, this can be found in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polus" title="Polus">Polus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Srivastava2006_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Srivastava2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Rome, writers and philosophers like <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epictetus" title="Epictetus">Epictetus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Cato</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a> also expressed important ideas on this ground.<sup id="cite_ref-Srivastava2006_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Srivastava2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> thinkers devoted much time in refuting the Classical ideas on demography. Important contributors to the field were <a href="/wiki/William_of_Conches" title="William of Conches">William of Conches</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Biller2000_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biller2000-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_of_Lucca" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomew of Lucca">Bartholomew of Lucca</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Biller2000_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biller2000-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_of_Auvergne,_Bishop_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris">William of Auvergne</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Biller2000_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biller2000-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_of_Pagula" title="William of Pagula">William of Pagula</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Biller2000_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biller2000-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> sociologists like <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the earliest demographic studies in the modern period was <i>Natural and Political Observations Made upon the Bills of Mortality</i> (1662) by <a href="/wiki/John_Graunt" title="John Graunt">John Graunt</a>, which contains a primitive form of <a href="/wiki/Actuarial_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Actuarial table">life table</a>. Among the study's findings were that one-third of the children in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> died before their sixteenth birthday. Mathematicians, such as <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a>, developed the life table as the basis for life insurance mathematics. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Richard Price</a> was credited with the first textbook on life contingencies published in 1771,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed later by <a href="/wiki/Augustus_De_Morgan" title="Augustus De Morgan">Augustus De Morgan</a>, <i>On the Application of Probabilities to Life Contingencies</i> (1838).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1755, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> published his essay <i><a href="/wiki/Observations_Concerning_the_Increase_of_Mankind,_Peopling_of_Countries,_etc." title="Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.">Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.</a></i>, projecting <a href="/wiki/Exponential_growth" title="Exponential growth">exponential growth</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="British colonies">British colonies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-valtier_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valtier-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work influenced <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Thomas Robert Malthus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who, writing at the end of the 18th century, feared that, if unchecked, population growth would tend to outstrip growth in food production, leading to ever-increasing famine and poverty (see <a href="/wiki/Malthusian_catastrophe" class="mw-redirect" title="Malthusian catastrophe">Malthusian catastrophe</a>). Malthus is seen as the intellectual father of ideas of <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">overpopulation</a> and the limits to growth. Later, more sophisticated and realistic models were presented by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gompertz" title="Benjamin Gompertz">Benjamin Gompertz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Fran%C3%A7ois_Verhulst" title="Pierre François Verhulst">Verhulst</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1855, a <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian</a> scholar Achille Guillard defined demography as the natural and social history of human species or the mathematical knowledge of populations, of their general changes, and of their physical, civil, intellectual, and moral condition.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The period 1860–1910 can be characterized as a period of transition where in demography emerged from statistics as a separate field of interest. This period included a panoply of international 'great demographers' like <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Qu%C3%A9telet" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolphe Quételet">Adolphe Quetelet</a> (1796–1874), <a href="/wiki/William_Farr" title="William Farr">William Farr</a> (1807–1883), <a href="/wiki/Louis-Adolphe_Bertillon" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Adolphe Bertillon">Louis-Adolphe Bertillon</a> (1821–1883) and his son <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bertillon" title="Jacques Bertillon">Jacques</a> (1851–1922), Joseph Körösi (1844–1906), Anders Nicolas Kaier (1838–1919), Richard Böckh (1824–1907), <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a> (1858–1917), <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Lexis" title="Wilhelm Lexis">Wilhelm Lexis</a> (1837–1914), and <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Bodio" title="Luigi Bodio">Luigi Bodio</a> (1840–1920) contributed to the development of demography and to the toolkit of methods and techniques of demographic analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Demography is the <a href="/wiki/Statistical" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical">statistical</a> and mathematical study of the size, composition, and <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">spatial distribution</a> of human populations and how these features change over time. Data are obtained from a census of the population and from registries: records of events like <a href="/wiki/Birth_certificate" title="Birth certificate">birth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death_certificate" title="Death certificate">deaths</a>, migrations, marriages, <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorces</a>, diseases, and <a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">employment</a>. To do this, there needs to be an understanding of how they are calculated and the questions they answer which are included in these four concepts: <a href="/wiki/Population_change" title="Population change">population change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">standardization</a> of population numbers, the demographic bookkeeping equation, and population composition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are two types of <a href="/wiki/Data_collection" title="Data collection">data collection</a>—direct and indirect—with several methods of each type. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_methods">Direct methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Direct methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Direct data comes from vital statistics registries that track all births and deaths as well as certain changes in legal status such as marriage, divorce, and migration (registration of place of residence). In developed countries with good registration systems (such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and much of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>), registry statistics are the best method for estimating the number of births and deaths. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> is the other common direct method of collecting demographic data. A census is usually conducted by a national government and attempts to enumerate every person in a country. In contrast to vital statistics data, which are typically collected continuously and summarized on an annual basis, censuses typically occur only every 10 years or so, and thus are not usually the best source of data on births and deaths. Analyses are conducted after a census to estimate how much over or undercounting took place. These compare the <a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">sex ratios</a> from the census data to those estimated from natural values and mortality data. </p><p>Censuses do more than just count people. They typically collect information about families or households in addition to individual characteristics such as age, sex, marital status, literacy/education, employment status, and occupation, and geographical location. They may also collect data on migration (or place of birth or of previous residence), language, religion, nationality (or ethnicity or race), and citizenship. In countries in which the vital registration system may be incomplete, the censuses are also used as a direct source of information about fertility and mortality; for example, the censuses of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> gather information on births and deaths that occurred in the 18 months immediately preceding the census. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poblaci%C3%B3n_Mundial.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Poblaci%C3%B3n_Mundial.svg/220px-Poblaci%C3%B3n_Mundial.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Poblaci%C3%B3n_Mundial.svg/330px-Poblaci%C3%B3n_Mundial.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Poblaci%C3%B3n_Mundial.svg/440px-Poblaci%C3%B3n_Mundial.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">countries</a> by population</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_population_growth_-_time_between_each_billion-person_growth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/World_population_growth_-_time_between_each_billion-person_growth.svg/350px-World_population_growth_-_time_between_each_billion-person_growth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/World_population_growth_-_time_between_each_billion-person_growth.svg/525px-World_population_growth_-_time_between_each_billion-person_growth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/World_population_growth_-_time_between_each_billion-person_growth.svg/700px-World_population_growth_-_time_between_each_billion-person_growth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption>Rate of human population growth showing projections for later this century<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indirect_methods">Indirect methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Indirect methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indirect methods of collecting data are required in countries and periods where full data are not available, such as is the case in much of the developing world, and most of <a href="/wiki/Historical_demography" title="Historical demography">historical demography</a>. One of these techniques in contemporary demography is the sister method, where survey researchers ask women how many of their sisters have died or had children and at what age. With these surveys, researchers can then indirectly estimate birth or death rates for the entire population. Other indirect methods in contemporary demography include asking people about siblings, parents, and children. Other indirect methods are necessary in historical demography.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are a variety of demographic methods for modelling population processes. They include models of mortality (including the <a href="/wiki/Life_table" title="Life table">life table</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gompertz_curve" class="mw-redirect" title="Gompertz curve">Gompertz models</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proportional_hazards_models" class="mw-redirect" title="Proportional hazards models">hazards models</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proportional_hazards_models" class="mw-redirect" title="Proportional hazards models">Cox proportional hazards models</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decrement_table" title="Decrement table">multiple decrement life tables</a>, Brass relational logits), <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a> (Hermes model, <a href="/wiki/Ansley_J._Coale" title="Ansley J. Coale">Coale</a>-Trussell models, <a href="/wiki/Parity_progression_ratios" title="Parity progression ratios">parity progression ratios</a>), marriage (Singulate Mean at Marriage, Page model), disability (<a href="/wiki/Sullivan%27s_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Sullivan's method">Sullivan's method</a>, multistate life tables), <a href="/wiki/Population_projections" class="mw-redirect" title="Population projections">population projections</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Carter_model" title="Lee–Carter model">Lee-Carter model</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Leslie_matrix" title="Leslie matrix">Leslie Matrix</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Population_momentum" title="Population momentum">population momentum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nathan_Keyfitz" title="Nathan Keyfitz">Keyfitz</a>). </p><p>The United Kingdom has a series of four national birth cohort studies, the first three spaced apart by 12 years: the <a href="/wiki/National_Survey_of_Health_%26_Development" title="National Survey of Health & Development">1946 National Survey of Health and Development</a>, the 1958 <a href="/wiki/National_Child_Development_Study" title="National Child Development Study">National Child Development Study</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/1970_British_Cohort_Study" title="1970 British Cohort Study">1970 British Cohort Study</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Cohort_Study" title="Millennium Cohort Study">Millennium Cohort Study</a>, begun much more recently in 2000. These have followed the lives of samples of people (typically beginning with around 17,000 in each study) for many years, and are still continuing. As the samples have been drawn in a nationally representative way, inferences can be drawn from these studies about the differences between four distinct generations of British people in terms of their health, education, attitudes, childbearing and employment patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indirect standardization is used when a population is small enough that the number of events (births, deaths, etc.) are also small. In this case, methods must be used to produce a standardized <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rate</a> (SMR) or standardized incidence rate (SIR).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population_change">Population change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Population change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Population change is analyzed by measuring the change between one population size to another. <a href="/wiki/Global_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Global population">Global population</a> continues to rise, which makes population change an essential component to demographics. This is calculated by taking one population size minus the population size in an earlier <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a>. The best way of measuring population change is using the intercensal percentage change. The intercensal percentage change is the absolute change in population between the censuses divided by the population size in the earlier census. Next, multiply this a hundredfold to receive a <a href="/wiki/Percentage" title="Percentage">percentage</a>. When this statistic is achieved, the <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a> between two or more <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nations</a> that differ in size, can be accurately measured and examined.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standardization_of_population_numbers">Standardization of population numbers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Standardization of population numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For there to be a <a href="/wiki/Statistical_significance" title="Statistical significance">significant</a> comparison, numbers must be altered for the size of the population that is under study. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility rate">fertility rate</a> is calculated as the ratio of the number of births to women of childbearing age to the total number of women in this age range. If these adjustments were not made, we would not know if a nation with a higher rate of births or deaths has a population with more women of childbearing age or more births per eligible woman.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Within the category of <a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">standardization</a>, there are two major approaches: direct standardization and indirect standardization.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_rates_and_ratios">Common rates and ratios</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Common rates and ratios"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <b>crude <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a></b>, the annual number of live births per 1,000 people.</li> <li>The <b>general <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility rate">fertility rate</a></b>, the annual number of live births per 1,000 women of childbearing age (often taken to be from 15 to 49 years old, but sometimes from 15 to 44).</li> <li>The <b>age-specific fertility</b> rates, the annual number of live births per 1,000 women in particular age groups (usually age 15–19, 20–24 etc.)</li> <li>The <b>crude <a href="/wiki/Death_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Death rate">death rate</a></b>, the annual number of deaths per 1,000 people.</li> <li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant mortality rate">infant mortality rate</a></b>, the annual number of deaths of children less than 1 year old per 1,000 live births.</li> <li>The <b>expectation of life</b> (or <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a>), the number of years that an individual at a given age could expect to live at present mortality levels.</li> <li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a></b>, the number of live births per woman completing her reproductive life, if her childbearing at each age reflected current age-specific fertility rates.</li> <li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Replacement-level_fertility" class="mw-redirect" title="Replacement-level fertility">replacement level fertility</a></b>, the average number of children women must have in order to replace the population for the next generation. For example, the replacement level fertility in the US is 2.11.<sup id="cite_ref-Ela_2008_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ela_2008-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Gross_reproduction_rate" title="Gross reproduction rate">gross reproduction rate</a></b>, the number of daughters who would be born to a woman completing her reproductive life at current age-specific fertility rates.</li> <li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Net_reproduction_rate" title="Net reproduction rate">net reproduction ratio</a></b> is the expected number of daughters, per newborn prospective mother, who may or may not survive to and through the ages of childbearing.</li> <li>A <b>stable population</b>, one that has had constant crude birth and death rates for such a long period of time that the percentage of people in every age class remains constant, or equivalently, the <a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">population pyramid</a> has an unchanging structure.<sup id="cite_ref-Ela_2008_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ela_2008-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <b>stationary population</b>, one that is both stable and unchanging in size (the difference between crude birth rate and crude death rate is zero).<sup id="cite_ref-Ela_2008_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ela_2008-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Measures of centralisation are concerned with the extent to which an area's population is concentrated in its <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban centres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>A stable population does not necessarily remain fixed in size. It can be expanding or shrinking.<sup id="cite_ref-Ela_2008_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ela_2008-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crude death rate as defined above and applied to a whole population can give a misleading impression. For example, the number of deaths per 1,000 people can be higher in developed nations than in less-developed countries, despite standards of health being better in developed countries. This is because developed countries have proportionally more older people, who are more likely to die in a given year, so that the overall mortality rate can be higher even if the mortality rate at any given age is lower. A more complete picture of mortality is given by a <a href="/wiki/Life_table" title="Life table">life table</a>, which summarizes mortality separately at each age. A life table is necessary to give a good estimate of life expectancy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_equation_regarding_development_of_a_population">Basic equation regarding development of a population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Basic equation regarding development of a population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suppose that a country (or other entity) contains <i>Population<sub>t</sub></i> persons at time <i>t</i>. What is the size of the population at time <i>t</i> + 1 ? </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{Population}}_{t+1}={\text{Population}}_{t}+{\text{Natural Increase}}_{t}+{\text{Net Migration}}_{t}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Population</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Population</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Natural Increase</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Net Migration</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{Population}}_{t+1}={\text{Population}}_{t}+{\text{Natural Increase}}_{t}+{\text{Net Migration}}_{t}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b01c2f1180edc52b56ca29352bb1e642f5e306df" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:67.381ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{Population}}_{t+1}={\text{Population}}_{t}+{\text{Natural Increase}}_{t}+{\text{Net Migration}}_{t}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Natural increase from time <i>t</i> to <i>t</i> + 1: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{Natural Increase}}_{t}={\text{Births}}_{t}-{\text{Deaths}}_{t}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Natural Increase</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Births</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Deaths</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{Natural Increase}}_{t}={\text{Births}}_{t}-{\text{Deaths}}_{t}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eeddc28ccf54a077758295340cddc49263ed0e63" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:38.442ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{Natural Increase}}_{t}={\text{Births}}_{t}-{\text{Deaths}}_{t}}"></span></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Net_migration_rate" title="Net migration rate">Net migration</a> from time <i>t</i> to <i>t</i> + 1: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{Net Migration}}_{t}={\text{Immigration}}_{t}-{\text{Emigration}}_{t}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Net Migration</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Immigration</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Emigration</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{Net Migration}}_{t}={\text{Immigration}}_{t}-{\text{Emigration}}_{t}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b39e45c5b193294f95da95e02efac3eb9267e2f7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:46.708ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{Net Migration}}_{t}={\text{Immigration}}_{t}-{\text{Emigration}}_{t}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>These basic equations can also be applied to subpopulations. For example, the population size of ethnic groups or nationalities within a given society or country is subject to the same sources of change. When dealing with ethnic groups, however, "net migration" might have to be subdivided into physical migration and ethnic reidentification (<a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a>). Individuals who change their ethnic self-labels or whose ethnic classification in government statistics changes over time may be thought of as migrating or moving from one population subcategory to another.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More generally, while the basic demographic equation holds true by definition, in practice the recording and counting of events (births, deaths, immigration, emigration) and the enumeration of the total population size are subject to error. So allowance needs to be made for error in the underlying statistics when any accounting of population size or change is made. </p><p>The figure in this section shows the latest (2004) UN (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>) <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a> projections of <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">world population</a> out to the year 2150 (red = high, orange = medium, green = low). The UN "medium" projection shows world population reaching an approximate equilibrium at 9 billion by 2075. Working independently, demographers at the <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Applied_Systems_Analysis" title="International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis">International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> expect world population to peak at 9 billion by 2070.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the 21st century, the average age of the population is likely to continue to rise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_of_population">Science of population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demography&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Science of population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Populations can change through three processes: fertility, mortality, and migration. Fertility involves the number of children that women have and is to be contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Fecundity" title="Fecundity">fecundity</a> (a woman's childbearing potential).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mortality is the study of the causes, consequences, and measurement of processes affecting death to members of the population. Demographers most commonly study mortality using the <a href="/wiki/Life_Table" class="mw-redirect" title="Life Table">life table</a>, a statistical device that provides information about the mortality conditions (most notably the life expectancy) in the population.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Migration refers to the movement of persons from a locality of origin to a destination place across some predefined, political boundary. Migration researchers do not designate movements 'migrations' unless they are somewhat permanent. Thus, demographers do not consider tourists and travellers to be migrating. While demographers who study migration typically do so through census data on place of residence, indirect sources of data including tax forms and labour force surveys are also important.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Demography is today widely taught in many universities across the world, attracting students with initial training in social sciences, statistics or health studies. Being at the crossroads of several disciplines such as <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> and <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, demography offers tools to approach a large range of population issues by combining a more technical quantitative approach that represents the core of the discipline with many other methods borrowed from social or other sciences. Demographic research is conducted in universities, in research institutes, as well as in statistical departments and in several international agencies. Population institutions are part of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_International_Cooperation_in_National_Research_in_Demography" title="Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography">CICRED</a> (International Committee for Coordination of Demographic Research) network while most individual scientists engaged in demographic research are members of the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Population" title="International Union for the Scientific Study of Population">International Union for the Scientific Study of Population</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a national association such as the <a href="/wiki/Population_Association_of_America" title="Population Association of America">Population Association of America</a> in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or affiliates of the Federation of Canadian Demographers in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population_composition">Population composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demography&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Population composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Population composition</b> is the description of population defined by characteristics such as age, <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_humans)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of humans)">race</a>, sex or <a href="/wiki/Marital_status" title="Marital status">marital status</a>. These descriptions can be necessary for understanding the <a href="/wiki/Social_dynamics" title="Social dynamics">social dynamics</a> from historical and comparative research. This data is often compared using a <a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">population pyramid</a>. </p><p>Population composition is also a very important part of historical research. Information ranging back hundreds of years is not always worthwhile, because the numbers of people for which data are available may not provide the information that is important (such as <a href="/wiki/Population_size" title="Population size">population size</a>). Lack of information on the original data-collection procedures may prevent accurate evaluation of data quality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographic_analysis_in_institutions_and_organizations">Demographic analysis in institutions and organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demography&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demographic analysis in institutions and organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labor_market">Labor market</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demography&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Labor market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The demographic analysis of <a href="/wiki/Labor_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor market">labor markets</a> can be used to show slow population growth, <a href="/wiki/Population_aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Population aging">population aging</a>, and the increased importance of immigration. The U.S. Census Bureau projects that in the next 100 years, the United States will face some dramatic demographic changes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The population is expected to grow more slowly and age more rapidly than ever before and the nation will become a nation of immigrants. This influx is projected to rise over the next century as new immigrants and their children will account for over half the U.S. population. These demographic shifts could ignite major adjustments in the economy, more specifically, in labor markets.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turnover_and_in_internal_labor_markets">Turnover and in internal labor markets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demography&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Turnover and in internal labor markets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People decide to exit organizations for many reasons, such as, better jobs, dissatisfaction, and concerns within the family. The causes of turnover can be split into two separate factors, one linked with the culture of the organization, and the other relating to all other factors. People who do not fully accept a culture might leave voluntarily. Or, some individuals might leave because they fail to fit in and fail to change within a particular organization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_ecology_of_organizations">Population ecology of organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demography&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Population ecology of organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organizational_ecology" title="Organizational ecology">organizational ecology</a></div> <p>A basic definition of population ecology is a study of the distribution and abundance of organisms. As it relates to organizations and demography, organizations go through various <a href="/wiki/Public_liability" title="Public liability">liabilities</a> to their continued survival. Hospitals, like all other large and complex organizations are impacted in the environment they work. For example, a study was done on the closure of acute care hospitals in Florida between a particular time. The study examined effect size, age, and niche density of these particular hospitals. A population theory says that organizational outcomes are mostly determined by <a href="/wiki/Environmental_factor" title="Environmental factor">environmental factors</a>. Among several factors of the theory, there are four that apply to the hospital closure example: size, age, density of niches in which organizations operate, and density of niches in which organizations are established.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Business_organizations">Business organizations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demography&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Business organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Problems in which demographers may be called upon to assist business organizations are when determining the best prospective location in an area of a branch store or service outlet, predicting the demand for a new product, and to analyze certain dynamics of a company's workforce. Choosing a new location for a branch of a bank, choosing the area in which to start a new supermarket, consulting a bank <a href="/wiki/Loan_officer" title="Loan officer">loan officer</a> that a particular location would be a beneficial site to start a car wash, and determining what shopping area would be best to buy and be redeveloped in metropolis area are types of problems in which demographers can be called upon. </p><p>Standardization is a useful demographic technique used in the analysis of a business. It can be used as an interpretive and analytic tool for the comparison of different markets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nonprofit_organizations">Nonprofit organizations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demography&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Nonprofit organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These organizations have interests about the number and characteristics of their clients so they can maximize the sale of their products, their outlook on their influence, or the ends of their power, services, and beneficial works. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demography&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodemography" title="Biodemography">Biodemography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodemography_of_human_longevity" title="Biodemography of human longevity">Biodemography of human longevity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_world" title="Demographics of the world">Demographics of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_economics" title="Demographic economics">Demographic economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gompertz%E2%80%93Makeham_law_of_mortality" title="Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality">Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_demography" title="Linguistic demography">Linguistic demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_demographics_articles" title="List of demographics articles">List of demographics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_demography" title="Medieval demography">Medieval demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Study_Memorandum_200" title="National Security Study Memorandum 200">National Security Study Memorandum 200</a> of 1974</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NRS_social_grade" title="NRS social grade">NRS social grade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demography" title="Political demography">Political demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_biology" title="Population biology">Population biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_geography" title="Population geography">Population geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_reconstruction" title="Population reconstruction">Population reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Population statistics">Population statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_demography" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious demography">Religious demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replacement_migration" title="Replacement migration">Replacement migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive health">Reproductive health</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_surveys">Social surveys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demography&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Social surveys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Current_Population_Survey" title="Current Population Survey">Current Population Survey</a> (CPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_and_Health_Surveys" title="Demographic and Health Surveys">Demographic and Health Surveys</a> (DHS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Social_Survey" title="European Social Survey">European Social Survey</a> (ESS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Social_Survey" title="General Social Survey">General Social Survey</a> (GSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_General_Social_Survey" title="German General Social Survey">German General Social Survey</a> (<a href="/wiki/ALLBUS" class="mw-redirect" title="ALLBUS">ALLBUS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_Indicator_Cluster_Surveys" title="Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys">Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys</a> (MICS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Longitudinal_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="National Longitudinal Survey">National Longitudinal Survey</a> (NLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_Study_of_Income_Dynamics" title="Panel Study of Income Dynamics">Panel Study of Income Dynamics</a> (PSID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PMA2020" class="mw-redirect" title="PMA2020">Performance Monitoring and Accountability 2020</a> (PMA2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socio-Economic_Panel" title="Socio-Economic Panel">Socio-Economic Panel</a> (SOEP, German)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Values_Survey" title="World Values Survey">World Values Survey</a> (WVS)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizations">Organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demography&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Social_Change_Research_Project" title="Global Social Change Research Project">Global Social Change Research Project</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_d%C3%A9mographiques" title="Institut national d'études démographiques">Institut national d'études démographiques</a> (INED) (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Demographic_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research">Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Population_Research" title="Office of Population Research">Office of Population Research</a> (Princeton University) (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Council" title="Population Council">Population Council</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Studies_Center_at_the_University_of_Michigan" title="Population Studies Center at the University of Michigan">Population Studies Center at the University of Michigan</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Institute_of_Demography" title="Vienna Institute of Demography">Vienna Institute of Demography</a> (VID) (Austria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wittgenstein_Centre_for_Demography_and_Global_Human_Capital" title="Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital">Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital</a> (Austria)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_journals">Scientific journals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demography&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Scientific journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Journal_of_Population_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Journal of Population Studies">Brazilian Journal of Population Studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cahiers_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_de_d%C3%A9mographie" title="Cahiers québécois de démographie">Cahiers québécois de démographie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Demography_(journal)" title="Demography (journal)">Demography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Development_Review" title="Population and Development Review">Population and Development Review</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demography&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About.com+Money&rft.atitle=How+to+Use+Demographics+for+Business+Advertising&rft.au=Jean+Murray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiztaxlaw.about.com%2Fod%2Fglossaryd%2Fa%2Fdemographics.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census.gov-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census.gov_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census.gov_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census.gov_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Census_Bureau_Webdesign:_SSD,_Laura_K_Yax,_Content:_DSSD,_Phil_Gbur,_POP,_Jason_Devine" class="citation web cs1">US Census Bureau Webdesign: SSD, Laura K Yax, Content: DSSD, Phil Gbur, POP, Jason Devine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/coverage_measurement/demographic_analysis/">"Coverage Measurement"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160110142138/http://www.census.gov/coverage_measurement/demographic_analysis/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coverage+Measurement&rft.au=US+Census+Bureau+Webdesign%3A+SSD%2C+Laura+K+Yax%2C+Content%3A+DSSD%2C+Phil+Gbur%2C+POP%2C+Jason+Devine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fcoverage_measurement%2Fdemographic_analysis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemography" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-What_Are_Patient_Demographics?-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-What_Are_Patient_Demographics?_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macadamian.com/learn/patient-demographics/">"What Are Patient Demographics?"</a>. 21 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128074040/https://www.macadamian.com/learn/patient-demographics/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Are+Patient+Demographics%3F&rft.date=2011-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macadamian.com%2Flearn%2Fpatient-demographics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Hinde <i>Demographic Methods</i> Ch. 1 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-71892-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-71892-7">0-340-71892-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Srivastava2006-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Srivastava2006_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Srivastava2006_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Srivastava2006_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrivastava2005" class="citation book cs1">Srivastava, Sangya (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oNcflpmW3BUC&dq=studies+in+demography&pg=PA1"><i>S.C.Srivastava,</i>Studies in Demography<i>, p.39-41</i></a>. Anmol Publications Pvt. Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126119929" title="Special:BookSources/9788126119929"><bdi>9788126119929</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S.C.Srivastava%2CStudies+in+Demography%2C+p.39-41&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications+Pvt.+Limited&rft.date=2005-12&rft.isbn=9788126119929&rft.aulast=Srivastava&rft.aufirst=Sangya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoNcflpmW3BUC%26dq%3Dstudies%2Bin%2Bdemography%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biller2000-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biller2000_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biller2000_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biller2000_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biller2000_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Biller,<i>The measure of multitude: Population in medieval thought</i><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LnqlgqeYhwYC&dq=Nicole+Oresme+on+demographics&pg=PA312">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Korotayev" title="Andrey Korotayev">Andrey Korotayev</a>, Artemy Malkov, & Daria Khaltourina (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/32757085/Introduction_to_Social_Macrodynamics._Models_of_the_World_System_Development._Moscow_KomKniga_URSS_2006"><i>Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190709103050/https://www.academia.edu/32757085/Introduction_to_Social_Macrodynamics._Models_of_the_World_System_Development._Moscow_KomKniga_URSS_2006">Archived</a> 9 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Moscow: URSS, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-484-00414-4" title="Special:BookSources/5-484-00414-4">5-484-00414-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Our Yesterdays: the History of the Actuarial Profession in North America, 1809-1979," by E.J. (Jack) Moorhead, FSA, (1/23/10 – 2/21/04), published by the Society of Actuaries as part of the profession's centennial celebration in 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The History of Insurance, Vol 3, Edited by David Jenkins and Takau Yoneyama (1 85196 527 0): 8 Volume Set: (2000) Availability: Japan: Kinokuniya).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-valtier-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-valtier_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Valtier2011" class="citation journal cs1">von Valtier, William F. (June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305211515/https://amphilsoc.org/sites/default/files/proceedings/5VonValtier1550205.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"An Extravagant Assumption": The Demographic Numbers behind Benjamin Franklin's Twenty-Five-Year Doubling Period"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" title="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</a></i>. <b>155</b> (2): 158–188. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amphilsoc.org/sites/default/files/proceedings/5VonValtier1550205.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=%22An+Extravagant+Assumption%22%3A+The+Demographic+Numbers+behind+Benjamin+Franklin%27s+Twenty-Five-Year+Doubling+Period&rft.volume=155&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=158-188&rft.date=2011-06&rft.aulast=von+Valtier&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amphilsoc.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fproceedings%2F5VonValtier1550205.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZirkle1941" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Conway_Zirkle" title="Conway Zirkle">Zirkle, Conway</a> (25 April 1941). "Natural Selection before the 'Origin of Species'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" title="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</a></i>. <b>84</b> (1). Philadelphia, PA: <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>: 71–123. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-049X">0003-049X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/984852">984852</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Natural+Selection+before+the+%27Origin+of+Species%27&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-123&rft.date=1941-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F984852%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0003-049X&rft.aulast=Zirkle&rft.aufirst=Conway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaves2004" class="citation book cs1">Caves, R. W. (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of the City</i>. Routledge. p. 169.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+City&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Caves&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Gans, Henk and Frans van Poppel (2000) Contributions from the margins. Dutch statisticians, actuaries and medical doctors and the methods of demography in the time of Wilhelm Lexis. Workshop on 'Lexis in Context: German and Eastern& Northern European Contributions to Demography 1860-1910' at the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, August 28 and 29, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMax_RoserHannah_RitchieEsteban_Ortiz-OspinaLucas_Rodés-Guirao2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Roser" title="Max Roser">Max Roser</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Ritchie" title="Hannah Ritchie">Hannah Ritchie</a>; Esteban Ortiz-Ospina; Lucas Rodés-Guirao (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-growth#how-long-did-it-take-for-the-world-population-to-increase-by-one-billion">"How long did it take for the world population to increase by one billion?"</a>. <i>Our World in Data</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161013144559/https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-growth/#how-long-did-it-take-for-the-world-population-to-increase-by-one-billion">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=How+long+did+it+take+for+the+world+population+to+increase+by+one+billion%3F&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Max+Roser&rft.au=Hannah+Ritchie&rft.au=Esteban+Ortiz-Ospina&rft.au=Lucas+Rod%C3%A9s-Guirao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fworld-population-growth%23how-long-did-it-take-for-the-world-population-to-increase-by-one-billion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPower_C_and_Elliott_J2006" class="citation journal cs1">Power C and Elliott J (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fije%2Fdyi183">"Cohort profile: 1958 British Cohort Study"</a>. <i>International Journal of Epidemiology</i>. <b>35</b> (1): 34–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fije%2Fdyi183">10.1093/ije/dyi183</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16155052">16155052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=Cohort+profile%3A+1958+British+Cohort+Study&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=34-41&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fije%2Fdyi183&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16155052&rft.au=Power+C+and+Elliott+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fije%252Fdyi183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott_J_and_Shepherd_P2006" class="citation journal cs1">Elliott J and Shepherd P (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fije%2Fdyl174">"Cohort profile: 1970 British Birth Cohort (BCS70)"</a>. <i>International Journal of Epidemiology</i>. <b>35</b> (4): 836–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fije%2Fdyl174">10.1093/ije/dyl174</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16931528">16931528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=Cohort+profile%3A+1970+British+Birth+Cohort+%28BCS70%29&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=836-43&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fije%2Fdyl174&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16931528&rft.au=Elliott+J+and+Shepherd+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fije%252Fdyl174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The last three are run by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cls.ioe.ac.uk">Centre for Longitudinal Studies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181028075855/http://www.cls.ioe.ac.uk/">Archived</a> 28 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160403114527/http://www.geo.hunter.cuny.edu/~imiyares/standard.htm">"Direct and Indirect Standardization of Mortality Rates"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo.hunter.cuny.edu/~imiyares/standard.htm">the original</a> on 3 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Direct+and+Indirect+Standardization+of+Mortality+Rates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo.hunter.cuny.edu%2F~imiyares%2Fstandard.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cid.harvard.edu/cidstudents/thesis_prize/thesis_2001/appendix_a.pdf">"examples of standardization"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707210711/http://www.cid.harvard.edu/cidstudents/thesis_prize/thesis_2001/appendix_a.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=examples+of+standardization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cid.harvard.edu%2Fcidstudents%2Fthesis_prize%2Fthesis_2001%2Fappendix_a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/wp02-1.pdf">"Global Population at a Glance: 2002 and Beyond"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220106210322/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/wp02-1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Population+at+a+Glance%3A+2002+and+Beyond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2F2004pubs%2Fwp02-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220201180245/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/wp-02.pdf">"Global Population Profile: 2002"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Census.gov" class="mw-redirect" title="Census.gov">census.gov</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/wp-02.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=census.gov&rft.atitle=Global+Population+Profile%3A+2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2F2004pubs%2Fwp-02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ela_2008-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ela_2008_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ela_2008_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ela_2008_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ela_2008_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Introduction to environmental engineering and science by Masters and Ela, 2008, Pearson Education, chapter 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoyt, H., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2769393">Forces of Urban Centralization and Decentralization</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Sociology" title="American Journal of Sociology">American Journal of Sociology</a>, Vol. 46, No. 6 (May, 1941), pp. 843-852, accessed 2 July 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cooper-Douglas, E., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-01-06/population-outside-hobart-means-struggle-for-services/101829418">Tasmania forecast to have 79,000 more residents by 2033, with most living outside Greater Hobart</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a></i>, published 5 January 2023, accessed 2 July 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, Barbara A. Anderson and Brian D. Silver, "Estimating Russification of Ethnic Identity Among Non-Russians in the USSR," <i>Demography</i>, Vol. 20, No. 4 (Nov., 1983): 461-489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutzSanderson,_WarrenScherbov,_Sergei1997" class="citation journal cs1">Lutz, Wolfgang; Sanderson, Warren; Scherbov, Sergei (19 June 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216230409/http://ace1.ma.utexas.edu/users/davis/375/reading/worldbirthrate.pdf">"Doubling of world population unlikely"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>387</b> (6635): 803–805. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Natur.387..803L">1997Natur.387..803L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F42935">10.1038/42935</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9194559">9194559</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4306159">4306159</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ace1.ma.utexas.edu/users/davis/375/reading/worldbirthrate.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Doubling+of+world+population+unlikely&rft.volume=387&rft.issue=6635&rft.pages=803-805&rft.date=1997-06-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F42935&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4306159%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9194559&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997Natur.387..803L&rft.aulast=Lutz&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.au=Sanderson%2C+Warren&rft.au=Scherbov%2C+Sergei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Face1.ma.utexas.edu%2Fusers%2Fdavis%2F375%2Freading%2Fworldbirthrate.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Bongaarts" title="John Bongaarts">John Bongaarts</a>. The Fertility-Inhibiting Effects of the Intermediate Fertility Variables. Studies in Family Planning, Vol. 13, No. 6/7. (Jun. - Jul., 1982), pp. 179-189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/lftbls/lftbls.htm">"N C H S - Life Tables"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729200625/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/lftbls/lftbls.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=N+C+H+S+-+Life+Tables&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnchs%2Fproducts%2Fpubs%2Fpubd%2Flftbls%2Flftbls.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald T. Rowland <i>Demographic Methods and Concepts</i> Ch. 11 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-875263-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-875263-6">0-19-875263-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iussp.org/">"International Union for the Scientific Study of Population"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190906221242/https://iussp.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Union+for+the+Scientific+Study+of+Population&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iussp.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.populationassociation.org/">"Population Association of America"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110319153140/http://www.populationassociation.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Association+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.populationassociation.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fcdweb.wordpress.com/">"Fédération canadienne de démographie – Federation of Canadian Demographers"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207210924/https://fcdweb.wordpress.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+canadienne+de+d%C3%A9mographie+%E2%80%93+Federation+of+Canadian+Demographers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffcdweb.wordpress.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demography&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Ehmer" title="Josef Ehmer">Josef Ehmer</a>, Jens Ehrhardt, Martin Kohli (Eds.): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130527141349/http://www.gesis.org/en/hsr/current-issues/current-issues-2010-2012/362-fertility/"><i>Fertility in the History of the 20th Century: Trends, Theories, Policies, Discourses</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Historical_Social_Research" title="Historical Social Research">Historical Social Research</a> 36 (2), 2011.</li> <li>Glad, John. 2008. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whatwemaybe.org/txt/txt0000/Glad.John.2008.FHE.Meisenberg-abridgement.en.pdf">Future Human Evolution: Eugenics in the Twenty-First Century</a></i>. Hermitage Publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55779-154-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-55779-154-6">1-55779-154-6</a></li> <li>Gavrilova N.S., Gavrilov L.A. 2011. Ageing and Longevity: Mortality Laws and Mortality Forecasts for Ageing Populations [In Czech: Stárnutí a dlouhověkost: Zákony a prognózy úmrtnosti pro stárnoucí populace]. Demografie, 53(2): 109–128.</li> <li>Preston, Samuel, Patrick Heuveline, and Michel Guillot. 2000. <i>Demography: Measuring and Modeling Population Processes</i>. Blackwell Publishing.</li> <li>Gavrilov L.A., Gavrilova N.S. 2010. Demographic Consequences of Defeating Aging. Rejuvenation Research, 13(2-3): 329–334.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich" title="Paul R. Ehrlich">Paul R. Ehrlich</a> (1968), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Population_Bomb" title="The Population Bomb">The Population Bomb</a></i> Controversial Neo-Malthusianist pamphlet</li> <li>Leonid A. Gavrilov & Natalia S. Gavrilova (1991), <i>The Biology of Life Span: A Quantitative Approach</i>. New York: Harwood Academic Publisher, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7186-4983-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-7186-4983-7">3-7186-4983-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Korotayev" title="Andrey Korotayev">Andrey Korotayev</a> & <a href="/wiki/Daria_Khaltourina" title="Daria Khaltourina">Daria Khaltourina</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35443515/Introduction_to_Social_Macrodynamics_Compact_Macromodels_of_the_World_System_Growth._Moscow_KomKniga_2006"><i>Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth</i>. Moscow: URSS</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-484-00414-4" title="Special:BookSources/5-484-00414-4">5-484-00414-4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://urss.ru/cgi-bin/db.pl?cp=&page=Book&id=34250&lang=en&blang=en&list=14">[2]</a></li> <li>Uhlenberg P. (Editor), (2009) International Handbook of the Demography of Aging, New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 113–131.</li> <li>Paul Demeny and Geoffrey McNicoll (Eds.). 2003. The Encyclopedia of Population. New York, Macmillan Reference USA, vol.1, 32-37</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Longman" title="Phillip Longman">Phillip Longman</a> (2004), <i>The Empty Cradle: how falling birth rates threaten global prosperity and what to do about it</i></li> <li>Sven Kunisch, Stephan A. Boehm, Michael Boppel (eds) (2011). <i>From Grey to Silver: Managing the Demographic Change Successfully</i>, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-15593-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-15593-2">978-3-642-15593-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_McFalls&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joe McFalls (page does not exist)">Joe McFalls</a> (2007), <i>Population: A Lively Introduction,</i> <a href="/wiki/Population_Reference_Bureau" title="Population Reference Bureau">Population Reference Bureau</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://prb.org/Publications/PopulationBulletins/2007/PopulationALivelyIntroduction.aspx">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601045452/http://www.prb.org/Publications/PopulationBulletins/2007/PopulationALivelyIntroduction.aspx">Archived</a> 1 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_J._Wattenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben J. Wattenberg">Ben J. Wattenberg</a> (2004), <i>How the New Demography of Depopulation Will Shape Our Future</i>. Chicago: R. Dee, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56663-606-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-56663-606-X">1-56663-606-X</a></li> <li>Perry, Marc J. & Mackun, Paul J. <i>Population Change & Distribution: Census 2000 Brief</i>. (2001)</li> <li>Preston, Samuel; Heuveline, Patrick; and Guillot Michel. 2000. <i>Demography: Measuring and Modeling Population Processes</i>. Blackwell Publishing.</li> <li>Schutt, Russell K. 2006. "Investigating the Social World: The Process and Practice of Research". SAGE Publications.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_S._Siegal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacob S. Siegal (page does not exist)">Siegal, Jacob S.</a> (2002), <i>Applied Demography: Applications to Business, Government, Law, and Public Policy</i>. San Diego: Academic Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_J._Wattenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben J. Wattenberg">Wattenberg, Ben J.</a> (2004), <i>How the New Demography of Depopulation Will Shape Our Future</i>. Chicago: R. Dee, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56663-606-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-56663-606-X">1-56663-606-X</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demography&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/demography" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:demography">demography</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Demography" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Demography">Demography</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikisource has original works on the topic: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Demography" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Demography">Demography</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072527/https://www.peeparound.com/">Quick demography data lookup</a> (archived 4 March 2016)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicalstatistics.org/">Historicalstatistics.org</a> Links to historical demographic and economic statistics</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/">United Nations Population Division: Homepage</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110506065230/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm">World Population Prospects, the 2012 Revision</a>, Population estimates and projections for 230 countries and areas (archived 6 May 2011)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/publications/world-urbanization-prospects-the-2011-revision.html">World Urbanization Prospects, the 2011 Revision</a>, Estimates and projections of urban and rural populations and urban agglomerations</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121213035405/http://esa.un.org/unpd/ppp/index.htm">Probabilistic Population Projections, the 2nd Revision</a>, Probabilistic Population Projections, based on the 2010 Revision of the World Population Prospects (archived 13 December 2012)</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aetheling.com/NL/sim/population/population1.html">Java Simulation of Population Dynamics</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gsociology.icaap.org/basicguide.html">Basic Guide to the World: Population changes and trends, 1960–2003</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gsociology.icaap.org/report/demsum.html">Brief review of world basic demographic trends</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unece.org/population/fertility-and-family-survey-ffs">Family and Fertility Surveys</a> (FFS)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history" title="Legal history">legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">legal systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_law" title="Public law">public law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">private law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abnormal_psychology" title="Abnormal psychology">abnormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">criminology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">urban</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Administration <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_studies" title="Area studies">Area studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_studies" title="Business studies">Business studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">Communication studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_studies" title="Community studies">Community studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_studies" title="Development studies">Development studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></li> <li>Environmental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_studies" title="Food studies">Food studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">Global studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_ecology" title="Human ecology">Human ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li>Philosophies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_and_economics" title="Philosophy and economics"> economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">social science</a></li></ul></li> <li>Planning <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_science" title="Regional science">Regional science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_studies" title="Science studies">Science studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_social_science" title="Quantum social science">Quantum social science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">Social work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_studies" title="Vegan studies">Vegan studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_science_journals" title="List of social science journals">List of social science journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other categorizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral sciences">Behavioral sciences</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geisteswissenschaft" title="Geisteswissenschaft">Geisteswissenschaft</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_science" title="Human science">Human science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_sciences" title="Category:Social sciences">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Social_sciences" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Social sciences">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikiversity page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/16px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/24px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_surveys" title="Template:Social surveys"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_surveys" title="Template talk:Social surveys"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_surveys" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social surveys"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_survey_research" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Social <a href="/wiki/Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">survey research</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Data_collection" title="Data collection">Data collection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Survey_data_collection" title="Survey data collection">Collection methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questionnaire" title="Questionnaire">Questionnaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interview</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structured_interview" title="Structured interview">Structured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-structured_interview" title="Semi-structured interview">Semi-structured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstructured_interview" title="Unstructured interview">Unstructured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couple_interview" title="Couple interview">Couple</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Survey_methodology" title="Survey methodology">Methodology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_frame" title="Sampling frame">Sampling frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample_(statistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample (statistics)">Statistical sample</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_sampling" title="Survey sampling">Sampling for surveys</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(statistics)" title="Sampling (statistics)">Random sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_random_sample" title="Simple random sample">Simple random sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quota_sampling" title="Quota sampling">Quota sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratified_sampling" title="Stratified sampling">Stratified sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonprobability_sampling" title="Nonprobability sampling">Nonprobability sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample_size_determination" title="Sample size determination">Sample size determination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_design" title="Research design">Research design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_study" title="Longitudinal study">Panel study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohort_study" title="Cohort study">Cohort study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-sectional_study" title="Cross-sectional study">Cross-sectional study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-sequential_study" title="Cross-sequential study">Cross-sequential study</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Total_survey_error" title="Total survey error">Survey errors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_error" title="Sampling error">Sampling error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_error" title="Standard error">Standard error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_bias" title="Sampling bias">Sampling bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_errors" class="mw-redirect" title="Systematic errors">Systematic errors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sampling_error" title="Non-sampling error">Non-sampling error</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_model_specification#Specification_error_and_bias" title="Statistical model specification">Specification error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_frame#Sampling_frames_problems" title="Sampling frame">Frame error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observational_error" title="Observational error">Measurement error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respondent_error" title="Respondent error">Response errors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_bias" title="Participation bias">Non-response bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coverage_error" title="Coverage error">Coverage error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-opinion" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-opinion">Pseudo-opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_collection#Data_integrity_issues" title="Data collection">Processing errors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">Data analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorical_variable" title="Categorical variable">Categorical data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_table" title="Contingency table">Contingency table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_of_measurement" title="Level of measurement">Level of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_statistics" title="Descriptive statistics">Descriptive statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploratory_data_analysis" title="Exploratory data analysis">Exploratory data analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multivariate_statistics" title="Multivariate statistics">Multivariate statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_inference" title="Statistical inference">Statistical inference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_model" title="Statistical model">Statistical models</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_model" title="Graphical model">Graphical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisson_regression" title="Poisson regression">Log-linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_equation_modeling" title="Structural equation modeling">Structural</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audience_measurement" title="Audience measurement">Audience measurement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_research" title="Market research">Market research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_poll" title="Opinion poll">Opinion poll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">Public opinion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major surveys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comparative_social_surveys" title="List of comparative social surveys">List of comparative social surveys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrobarometer" title="Afrobarometer">Afrobarometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_National_Election_Studies" title="American National Election Studies">American National Election Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Barometer_Survey" title="Asian Barometer Survey">Asian Barometer Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_Study_of_Electoral_Systems" title="Comparative Study of Electoral Systems">Comparative Study of Electoral Systems</a></li> <li>Emerson College Polling</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Social_Survey" title="European Social Survey">European Social Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup Poll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Social_Survey" title="General Social Survey">General Social Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household,_Income_and_Labour_Dynamics_in_Australia_Survey" title="Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey">Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Social_Survey_Programme" title="International Social Survey Programme">International Social Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinobar%C3%B3metro" title="Latinobarómetro">Latinobarómetro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_household_surveys_in_the_United_States" title="List of household surveys in the United States">List of household surveys in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Health_and_Nutrition_Examination_Survey" title="National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey">National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Attitudes_and_Values_Study" title="New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study">New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_University_Political_Research_Center" title="Suffolk University Political Research Center">Suffolk University Political Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Phillips_Academy_Poll" class="mw-redirect" title="The Phillips Academy Poll">The Phillips Academy Poll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinnipiac_University_Polling_Institute" title="Quinnipiac University Polling Institute">Quinnipiac University Polling Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Values_Survey" title="World Values Survey">World Values Survey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_Public_Opinion_Research" title="American Association for Public Opinion Research">American Association for Public Opinion Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESOMAR" title="ESOMAR">European Society for Opinion and Marketing Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Institute" title="International Statistical Institute">International Statistical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Association_for_Public_Opinion_Research" title="World Association for Public Opinion Research">World Association for Public Opinion Research</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Research_methods" title="Category:Research methods">Category</a></li> <li>Projects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Business" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Politics" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Psychology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Sociology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Statistics" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Statistics">Statistics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4011412-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85036659">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Démographie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934148q">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Démographie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934148q">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="demografie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117181&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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