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class="mw-page-title-main">Language deprivation experiments</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="آزمایش‌های محروم‌سازی زبانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آزمایش‌های محروم‌سازی زبانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%9A_%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="ניסויים בחסך לשוני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניסויים בחסך לשוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksperyment_deprywacyjny" title="Eksperyment deprywacyjny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eksperyment deprywacyjny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B7_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%94%D1%8E" title="Експерименти з мовною депривацією – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Експерименти з мовною депривацією" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%AD_nghi%E1%BB%87m_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_%C4%91o%E1%BA%A1t_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF" title="Thí nghiệm tước đoạt ngôn ngữ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Isolating infants from normal language</div> <p><b>Language deprivation experiments</b> have been claimed to have been attempted at least four times through history, isolating infants from the normal use of spoken or signed <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> in an attempt to discover the fundamental character of <a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">human nature</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">origin of language</a>. </p><p>The American literary scholar <a href="/wiki/Roger_Shattuck" title="Roger Shattuck">Roger Shattuck</a> called this kind of research study the "forbidden experiment" because of the exceptional deprivation of ordinary human contact it requires.<sup id="cite_ref-forbidden_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbidden-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although not designed to study language, similar experiments on primates (labelled the "<a href="/wiki/Pit_of_despair" title="Pit of despair">pit of despair</a>") utilising complete social deprivation resulted in serious psychological disturbances. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_history">In history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_deprivation_experiments&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An early record of a study of this kind can be found in <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a></i>. According to Herodotus (c. 485–425 BC), the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a> (664–610 BC) carried out such a study, and concluded the <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygians</a> must antedate the Egyptians since the child had first spoken something similar to the <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a> word <span title="Phrygian-language text"><i lang="xpg-Latn">bekos</i></span>, meaning "bread".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent researchers suggest this was likely a willful interpretation of the child's babbling.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An experiment allegedly carried out by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II</a> in the 13th century saw young infants <a href="/wiki/Feral_child" title="Feral child">raised without human interaction</a> in an attempt to determine if there was a <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural language</a> that they might demonstrate once their voices matured. It is claimed he was seeking to discover what language would have been imparted into <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> by God. The experiments were recorded by the monk <a href="/wiki/Salimbene_di_Adam" title="Salimbene di Adam">Salimbene di Adam</a> in his <i>Chronicles</i>, who was generally extremely negative about Fredrick II (portraying his <i>calamities</i> as parallel to the Biblical plagues in <i>The Twelve Calamities of Emperor Frederick II</i>) and wrote that Frederick encouraged "foster-mothers and nurses to suckle and bathe and wash the children, but in no ways to prattle or speak with them; for he would have learnt whether they would speak the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a> (which he took to have been the first), or <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, or perchance the tongue of their parents of whom they had been born. But he laboured in vain, for the children could not live without clappings of the hands, and gestures, and gladness of countenance, and blandishments."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A few centuries after Frederick II's alleged experiment, <a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV of Scotland</a> was said to have sent two children to be raised by a <a href="/wiki/Muteness" title="Muteness">mute</a> woman isolated on the island of <a href="/wiki/Inchkeith" title="Inchkeith">Inchkeith</a>, to determine if language was learned or innate.<sup id="cite_ref-fla_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fla-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The children were reported to have spoken good Hebrew, but historians were sceptical of these claims soon after they were made.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperor">Mughal emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> was later said to have children raised by mute wetnurses. Akbar held that speech arose from hearing; thus children raised without hearing human speech would become mute.<sup id="cite_ref-Miles_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miles-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some authors have doubted whether or how exactly the experiments of Psamtik I and James IV actually took place;<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and probably the same goes for that of Frederick II.<sup id="cite_ref-spektrum_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spektrum-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akbar's study is most likely authentic, but offers an ambiguous outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most examples of language deprivation "experiments" were case studies where human children raised in deprivation were studied after the fact rather than chosen beforehand in a <a href="/wiki/Design_of_experiments" title="Design of experiments">designed experiment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_deprivation_experiments&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The "forbidden experiment" occurs in <a href="/wiki/Paul_Auster" title="Paul Auster">Paul Auster</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Trilogy" title="The New York Trilogy">The New York Trilogy</a></i>.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone_(1959_TV_series)" title="The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)">The Twilight Zone</a></i> episode "<a href="/wiki/Mute_(The_Twilight_Zone)" title="Mute (The Twilight Zone)">Mute</a>" (<a href="/wiki/1963_in_television" title="1963 in television">1963</a>), several children are raised in such a manner to foster telepathic communication.</li> <li>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Batgirl" title="Batgirl">Batgirl</a></i> comic series, the title character, <a href="/wiki/Cassandra_Cain" title="Cassandra Cain">Cassandra Cain</a>, is deprived of spoken language during childhood. This was part of an attempt to create a <a href="/wiki/Martial_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial artist">martial artist</a> with an exceptional ability to interpret <a href="/wiki/Body_language" title="Body language">body language</a>, as it was believed that this would give one a great advantage in <a href="/wiki/Close_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Close combat">close combat</a>.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Miroir_de_Cassandre" title="Le Miroir de Cassandre">Le Miroir de Cassandre</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Werber" title="Bernard Werber">Bernard Werber</a>, the title character Cassandre and her older brother are deprived of spoken language during a part of their childhood as an experiment from their mother, a famous paedopsychologist</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Moro" title="Andrea Moro">Andrea Moro</a>'s first novel <i>Il segreto di Pietramala</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Il_segreto_di_Pietramala_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Il_segreto_di_Pietramala-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an entire village in Corsica undergoes the forbidden experiment. The novel won the <a href="/wiki/Flaiano_Prizes" class="mw-redirect" title="Flaiano Prizes">Flaiano Prizes</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Ian_Tregillis" title="Ian Tregillis">Ian Tregillis</a>'s <i>Milkweed Triptych</i>, a trilogy of novels starting with <i>Bitter Seeds</i> (2010), groups of children were raised in utter silence so they would learn a mystical language that let them summon and bargain with the extradimensional "eidolons" for supernatural power.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_deprivation_experiments&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamic_language" title="Adamic language">Adamic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_period_hypothesis" title="Critical period hypothesis">Critical period hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feral_child" title="Feral child">Feral child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_deprivation" title="Language deprivation">Language deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_deprivation_in_children_with_hearing_loss" title="Language deprivation in children with hearing loss">Language deprivation in children with hearing loss</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_deprivation_experiments&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-forbidden-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-forbidden_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShattuck1994" class="citation book cs1">Shattuck, Roger (1994) [1980]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9COPTtX16IIC&q=%22forbidden+experiment%22&pg=PP1"><i>The Forbidden Experiment: The Story of the Wild Boy of Aveyron</i></a>. Kodansha International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56836-048-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56836-048-7"><bdi>1-56836-048-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forbidden+Experiment%3A+The+Story+of+the+Wild+Boy+of+Aveyron&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-56836-048-7&rft.aulast=Shattuck&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9COPTtX16IIC%26q%3D%2522forbidden%2Bexperiment%2522%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+deprivation+experiments" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus, <i>History</i> II:2, found in "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Account_of_Egypt" class="extiw" title="s:An Account of Egypt">An Account of Egypt</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Danesi, Marcel and Paul Perron (1999). <i>Analyzing Cultures: An Introduction and Handbook</i>. Indiana: Indiana University Press, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCulloch, Gretchen (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2014/07/16/children_not_exposed_to_language_nicaraguan_sign_language_wild_children.html/">"What Happens if a Child Is Never Exposed to Language?"</a> <i>Slate</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/salimbene1.html">Medieval Sourcebook: Salimbene: On Frederick II, 13th Century</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fla-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fla_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170720011703/http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test4materials/childlangacquisition.htm">"First Language Acquisition"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Western_Washington_University" title="Western Washington University">Western Washington University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test4materials/ChildLangAcquisition.htm">the original</a> on 2017-07-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-02-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Language+Acquisition&rft.pub=Western+Washington+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpandora.cii.wwu.edu%2Fvajda%2Fling201%2Ftest4materials%2FChildLangAcquisition.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+deprivation+experiments" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Graham_Dalyell" title="John Graham Dalyell">Dalyell, John Graham</a>, ed. (1814), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1yYwAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Chronicles of Scotland by Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie</i></a>, vol. 1, Edinburgh, pp. 249–250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2011" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, J. P. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OqfUJI3a5q4C&pg=PT53"><i>Planet Word</i></a>. London: Michael Joseph. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141968933" title="Special:BookSources/9780141968933"><bdi>9780141968933</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planet+Word&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Michael+Joseph&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780141968933&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOqfUJI3a5q4C%26pg%3DPT53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+deprivation+experiments" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miles-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miles_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Miles, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/bibweb/Miles/1200-1750.html"><i>Sign, Gesture & Deafness in South Asian & South-west Asian Histories: a bibliography with annotation and excerpts from India; also from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burma/Myanmar, Iraq, Nepal, Pakistan, Persia/Iran, & Sri Lanka, c1200-1750</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080222020147/http://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/bibweb/Miles/1200-1750.html">Archived</a> 2008-02-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robin N Campbell & Robert Grieve (December 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233597995_Royal_Investigations_of_the_Origin_of_Language">"Royal Investigations of the Origin of Language"</a>. <i>Historiographia Linguistica 9(1–2):43–74</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fhl.9.1-2.04cam">10.1075/hl.9.1-2.04cam</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spektrum-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spektrum_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wi.Pö. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/psychologie/waisenkinderversuche/16645">"Waisenkinderversuche"</a> [Orphan Experiments]. <i>Lexikon der Psychologie</i> [<i>Lexicon of Psychology</i>]. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwart2014" class="citation journal cs1">Swart, Sandra (2014). Pina, Marco; Gontier, Nathalie (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-02669-5_3">"Ferality and Morality: The Politics of the "Forbidden Experiment" in the Twentieth Century"</a>. <i>The Evolution of Social Communication in Primates</i>. Interdisciplinary Evolution Research. <b>1</b>. Cham: Springer: <span class="nowrap">45–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-02669-5_3">10.1007/978-3-319-02669-5_3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-02668-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-02668-8"><bdi>978-3-319-02668-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Evolution+of+Social+Communication+in+Primates&rft.atitle=Ferality+and+Morality%3A+The+Politics+of+the+%22Forbidden+Experiment%22+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-02669-5_3&rft.isbn=978-3-319-02668-8&rft.aulast=Swart&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-02669-5_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+deprivation+experiments" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Il_segreto_di_Pietramala-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Il_segreto_di_Pietramala_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoro2018" class="citation book cs1">Moro, Andrea (2018). <i>Il segreto di Pietramala</i>. Milan: La Nave di Teseo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+segreto+di+Pietramala&rft.place=Milan&rft.pub=La+Nave+di+Teseo&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Moro&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+deprivation+experiments" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Language_deprivation_experiments&oldid=1266676932">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Language_deprivation_experiments&oldid=1266676932</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Psycholinguistics" title="Category:Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Experimental_psychology" title="Category:Experimental psychology">Experimental psychology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_subject_research" title="Category:Human subject research">Human subject research</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Phrygian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Phrygian-language text">Articles containing Phrygian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_December_2024" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from December 2024">Articles with incomplete citations from December 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 January 2025, at 19:07<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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