CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Early modern Switzerland - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"75b39cee-b3b8-489c-8612-21b572627cea","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Early_modern_Switzerland","wgTitle":"Early modern Switzerland","wgCurRevisionId":1252301325,"wgRevisionId":1252301325,"wgArticleId":1120462,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Articles with German-language sources (de)","HDS not on Wikidata","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from November 2019","Use American English from April 2019","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Articles containing German-language text", "Early modern history of Switzerland","16th century in Switzerland","17th century in Switzerland","18th century in Switzerland","History of Switzerland by period"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Early_modern_Switzerland","wgRelevantArticleId":1120462,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Ancien_Régime_of_Switzerland","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl": "/wiki/Early_modern_Switzerland","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2895113","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript": "ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Old_Confederacy_18th_centur.png/1200px-Old_Confederacy_18th_centur.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="761"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Old_Confederacy_18th_centur.png/800px-Old_Confederacy_18th_centur.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="507"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Old_Confederacy_18th_centur.png/640px-Old_Confederacy_18th_centur.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="406"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Early modern Switzerland - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_Switzerland"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_Switzerland&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_Switzerland"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Early_modern_Switzerland rootpage-Early_modern_Switzerland skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Early+modern+Switzerland" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Early+modern+Switzerland" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Early+modern+Switzerland" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Early+modern+Switzerland" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Thirteen_Cantons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thirteen_Cantons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Thirteen Cantons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thirteen_Cantons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thirty_Years'_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thirty_Years'_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Thirty Years' War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thirty_Years'_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_Westphalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_Westphalia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Treaty of Westphalia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_Westphalia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships_with_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_with_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Relationships with France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships_with_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_of_the_aristocracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_of_the_aristocracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Growth of the aristocracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_of_the_aristocracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_and_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_and_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Conflict and Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_and_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_of_Enlightenment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_Enlightenment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Age of Enlightenment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_of_Enlightenment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_during_the_early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_during_the_early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture during the early modern period</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_during_the_early_modern_period-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture during the early modern period subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_during_the_early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>German writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>French writing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Early modern Switzerland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 5 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-5" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">5 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="سويسرا الحديثة المبكرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سويسرا الحديثة المبكرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%9F_(%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A5)" title="המשטר הישן (שווייץ) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המשטר הישן (שווייץ)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime,_Elve%C8%9Bia" title="Ancien Régime, Elveția – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ancien Régime, Elveția" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F" title="Швейцария в раннее Новое время – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Швейцария в раннее Новое время" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Швейцарія в ранній новий період – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Швейцарія в ранній новий період" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2895113#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Switzerland" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Early_modern_Switzerland" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Switzerland"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_Switzerland&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_Switzerland&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Switzerland"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_Switzerland&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_Switzerland&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Early_modern_Switzerland" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Early_modern_Switzerland" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_Switzerland&oldid=1252301325" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_Switzerland&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Early_modern_Switzerland&id=1252301325&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEarly_modern_Switzerland"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEarly_modern_Switzerland"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Early_modern_Switzerland&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_Switzerland&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2895113" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancien_R%C3%A9gime_of_Switzerland&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime of Switzerland">Ancien Régime of Switzerland</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Confederacy_18th_centur.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Old_Confederacy_18th_centur.png/300px-Old_Confederacy_18th_centur.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Old_Confederacy_18th_centur.png/450px-Old_Confederacy_18th_centur.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Old_Confederacy_18th_centur.png/600px-Old_Confederacy_18th_centur.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1585" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Swiss Confederacy during the 18th century. Member cantons are shown in green, associates in brown, condominiums in grey.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Switzerland" title="Category:History of Switzerland">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">History of <span class="fn org label">Switzerland</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Faden,_William_%E2%80%94_Map_of_Switzerland_1799.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nouvelle carte de la Suisse dans laquelle sont exactement distingues les treize cantons, leurs allies, et leurs sujets."><img alt="Nouvelle carte de la Suisse dans laquelle sont exactement distingues les treize cantons, leurs allies, et leurs sujets." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Faden%2C_William_%E2%80%94_Map_of_Switzerland_1799.jpg/150px-Faden%2C_William_%E2%80%94_Map_of_Switzerland_1799.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Faden%2C_William_%E2%80%94_Map_of_Switzerland_1799.jpg/225px-Faden%2C_William_%E2%80%94_Map_of_Switzerland_1799.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Faden%2C_William_%E2%80%94_Map_of_Switzerland_1799.jpg/300px-Faden%2C_William_%E2%80%94_Map_of_Switzerland_1799.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10159" data-file-height="7685" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Switzerland" title="Early history of Switzerland">Early history</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Switzerland#Prehistory" title="Early history of Switzerland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Roman_era" title="Switzerland in the Roman era">Roman era</a> (200 BC – AD 400)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamannia" title="Alamannia">Alemannia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundian Kingdom">Burgundy</a> (400–900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Swabia" title="Duchy of Swabia">Swabia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Upper_Burgundy" title="Upper Burgundy">Burgundy</a> (900–1300)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Swiss Confederacy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">Growth</a> (1291–1516)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland" title="Reformation in Switzerland">Reformation</a> (1516–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Switzerland">Ancien Régime</a> (1648–1798)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Transitional period</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a> (1798–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_Regeneration_in_Switzerland#Restoration" title="Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland">Restoration</a> (1814–1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_Regeneration_in_Switzerland#Regeneration" title="Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland">Regeneration</a> (1830–1847)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Switzerland" title="Modern history of Switzerland">Modern history</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_as_a_federal_state" title="Switzerland as a federal state">Federal state</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">World Wars</a> (1914–1945)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Swiss_history" title="Timeline of Swiss history">Timeline</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Topical</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of immigration to Switzerland">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Switzerland" title="History of the Jews in Switzerland">Swiss Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Switzerland" title="LGBT history in Switzerland">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Switzerland" title="Military history of Switzerland">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlargement of Switzerland">Territorial development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Switzerland" title="Historiography of Switzerland">Historiography</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Switzerland" title="Portal:Switzerland">Switzerland portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Switzerland" title="Template:History of Switzerland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Switzerland" title="Template talk:History of Switzerland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Switzerland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Switzerland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern</a> history of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Swiss Confederacy</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Eidgenossenschaft" title="Eidgenossenschaft">Eidgenossenschaft</a></i>, also known as the "Swiss Republic" or <i>Republica Helvetiorum</i>) and its constituent Thirteen Cantons encompasses the time of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> (1618–1648) until the <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">French invasion</a> of 1798. </p><p>The early modern period was characterized by an increasingly <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchic</a> ruling class as well as frequent economic or religious revolts. This period came to be referred to as the <i>Ancien Régime</i> retrospectively, in <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (Switzerland)">post-Napoleonic Switzerland</a>. </p><p>The loosely organized Confederation remained generally disorganized and crippled by the religious divisions created by the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Reformation">Swiss Reformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brittanica_History_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brittanica_History-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period the Confederation gained formal independence from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> with support from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>, and had very close relations with France. </p><p>The early modern period also saw the growth of <a href="/wiki/Romandie" class="mw-redirect" title="Romandie">French-Swiss</a> literature, and notable authors of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> such as the mathematicians of the <a href="/wiki/Bernoulli_family" title="Bernoulli family">Bernoulli family</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a> of <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thirteen_Cantons">Thirteen Cantons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_Switzerland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Thirteen Cantons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dreizehn_Orte_Frenckenstein_1724.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Dreizehn_Orte_Frenckenstein_1724.png/220px-Dreizehn_Orte_Frenckenstein_1724.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="388" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Dreizehn_Orte_Frenckenstein_1724.png/330px-Dreizehn_Orte_Frenckenstein_1724.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Dreizehn_Orte_Frenckenstein_1724.png/440px-Dreizehn_Orte_Frenckenstein_1724.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1057" /></a><figcaption>1724 depiction of the thirteen cantonal coats of arms.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Swiss Confederacy</a> between <a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">phases of expansion</a> consisted of <a href="/wiki/Eight_Cantons" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight Cantons">Eight Cantons</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Acht Orte</i>) during 1352–1481, and of the <b>Thirteen Cantons</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Dreizehnörtige Eidgenossenschaft</i>) from 1513 until its collapse in 1798.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Thirteen Cantons thus correspond to the sovereign territories of early modern Switzerland. </p><p>They were listed in a fixed order of precedence, first the eight, old cantons of the "Alliance of the Eight Cantons" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Bund der Acht Orte</i>) of the 14th century confederacy, then the five cantons which joined after the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Wars" title="Burgundian Wars">Burgundian Wars</a>, and within these two groups, the more powerful urban cantons (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Städte</i></span>, "cities") were listed first, with <a href="/wiki/History_of_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Zürich">Zürich</a> heading the list as the <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/Tagsatzung" title="Tagsatzung">Vorort</a> of the Eight Cantons prior to the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Reformation">Swiss Reformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-imhof_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imhof-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The order of precedence, similar but not identical to the modern order (which lists Zug after Glarus, and Basel after Solothurn), was as follows: </p> <ol><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Z%C3%BCrich_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wappen_Z%C3%BCrich_matt.svg/20px-Wappen_Z%C3%BCrich_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wappen_Z%C3%BCrich_matt.svg/30px-Wappen_Z%C3%BCrich_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wappen_Z%C3%BCrich_matt.svg/40px-Wappen_Z%C3%BCrich_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="492" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zurich" title="Canton of Zurich">Zurich</a>, city canton, since 1351</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Bern_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Wappen_Bern_matt.svg/20px-Wappen_Bern_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Wappen_Bern_matt.svg/30px-Wappen_Bern_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Wappen_Bern_matt.svg/40px-Wappen_Bern_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="493" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">Berne</a>, city canton, since 1353; associate since 1323</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucerne-coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lucerne-coat_of_arms.svg/20px-Lucerne-coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lucerne-coat_of_arms.svg/30px-Lucerne-coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lucerne-coat_of_arms.svg/40px-Lucerne-coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="763" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne" title="Canton of Lucerne">Lucerne</a>, city canton, since 1332</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uri-coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Uri-coat_of_arms.svg/20px-Uri-coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Uri-coat_of_arms.svg/30px-Uri-coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Uri-coat_of_arms.svg/40px-Uri-coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="763" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">Uri</a>, founding canton (<a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Brunnen" title="Pact of Brunnen">Pact of Brunnen</a> 1315)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Vide_3D.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Blason_Vide_3D.svg/22px-Blason_Vide_3D.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Blason_Vide_3D.svg/33px-Blason_Vide_3D.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Blason_Vide_3D.svg/44px-Blason_Vide_3D.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schwyz-coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Schwyz-coat_of_arms.svg/20px-Schwyz-coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Schwyz-coat_of_arms.svg/30px-Schwyz-coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Schwyz-coat_of_arms.svg/40px-Schwyz-coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="763" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schwyz" title="Canton of Schwyz">Schwyz</a>, founding canton (<a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Brunnen" title="Pact of Brunnen">Pact of Brunnen</a> 1315)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solothurn-coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Solothurn-coat_of_arms.svg/20px-Solothurn-coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Solothurn-coat_of_arms.svg/30px-Solothurn-coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Solothurn-coat_of_arms.svg/40px-Solothurn-coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="763" /></a></span>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Unterwalden_alt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Wappen_Unterwalden_alt.svg/20px-Wappen_Unterwalden_alt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Wappen_Unterwalden_alt.svg/30px-Wappen_Unterwalden_alt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Wappen_Unterwalden_alt.svg/40px-Wappen_Unterwalden_alt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="753" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Unterwalden" title="Unterwalden">Unterwalden</a>, founding canton (<a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Brunnen" title="Pact of Brunnen">Pact of Brunnen</a> 1315)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zug-coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Zug-coat_of_arms.svg/20px-Zug-coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Zug-coat_of_arms.svg/30px-Zug-coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Zug-coat_of_arms.svg/40px-Zug-coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="763" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zug" title="Canton of Zug">Zug</a>, city canton, since 1352</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glarus_alt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Glarus_alt.png/21px-Glarus_alt.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Glarus_alt.png/32px-Glarus_alt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Glarus_alt.png/42px-Glarus_alt.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="219" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">Glarus</a>, rural canton, since 1352</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg/20px-Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg/30px-Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg/40px-Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="613" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Basel" title="Canton of Basel">Basel</a>, city canton, since 1501</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fribourg-coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Fribourg-coat_of_arms.svg/20px-Fribourg-coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Fribourg-coat_of_arms.svg/30px-Fribourg-coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Fribourg-coat_of_arms.svg/40px-Fribourg-coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="763" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg" title="Canton of Fribourg">Fribourg</a>, city canton, since 1481; associate since 1454</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solothurn-coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Solothurn-coat_of_arms.svg/20px-Solothurn-coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Solothurn-coat_of_arms.svg/30px-Solothurn-coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Solothurn-coat_of_arms.svg/40px-Solothurn-coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="763" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Solothurn" title="Canton of Solothurn">Solothurn</a>, city canton, since 1481; associate since 1353<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schaffhouse-coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Schaffhouse-coat_of_arms.svg/20px-Schaffhouse-coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Schaffhouse-coat_of_arms.svg/30px-Schaffhouse-coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Schaffhouse-coat_of_arms.svg/40px-Schaffhouse-coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="763" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schaffhausen" title="Canton of Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a>, city canton, since 1501; associate since 1454</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AppenzellRI-coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/AppenzellRI-coat_of_arms.svg/20px-AppenzellRI-coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/AppenzellRI-coat_of_arms.svg/30px-AppenzellRI-coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/AppenzellRI-coat_of_arms.svg/40px-AppenzellRI-coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="763" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Appenzell" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Appenzell">Appenzell</a>, rural canton, since 1513; associate since 1411</li></ol> <p>Symbolic depictions of the Confederacy consisted of arrangements of the thirteen cantonal coats of arms, sometimes with an additional symbol of unity, such as two clasping hands, or the "Swiss Bull" or (from the later 17th century), the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCtlischwur" class="mw-redirect" title="Rütlischwur">Three Confederates</a> or the <i><a href="/wiki/Helvetia" title="Helvetia">Helvetia</a></i> allegory. </p><p>The cantonal coats of arms were often accompanied by the coats of arms of the close associates of the confederacy, including <a href="/wiki/Biel" class="mw-redirect" title="Biel">Biel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial abbey">Imperial</a> <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_St._Gall" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of St. Gall">Abbey of St. Gallen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Imperial City</a> of <a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sieben_Zenden" class="mw-redirect" title="Sieben Zenden">Sieben Zenden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Three_Leagues" title="Three Leagues">Three Leagues</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">Grisons</a>), the Imperial City of <a href="/wiki/Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Mulhouse</a>, the Imperial City of <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> and the Imperial City of <a href="/wiki/Rottweil" title="Rottweil">Rottweil</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thirty_Years'_War"><span id="Thirty_Years.27_War"></span>Thirty Years' War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_Switzerland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Thirty Years' War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland" title="Reformation in Switzerland">Reformation in Switzerland</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland" title="Reformation in Switzerland">Reformation in Switzerland</a> left the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Swiss Confederacy</a> divided between two hostile factions. But still, Switzerland remained a relative "oasis of peace and prosperity"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Hans_Jakob_Christoffel_von_Grimmelshausen" title="Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen">Grimmelshausen</a>) while Europe was torn by the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>. The cities generally lay low and watched the destruction from afar, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Zürich">Republic of Zürich</a> investing in building state-of-the-art city ramparts. The cantons had concluded numerous <a href="/wiki/Swiss_mercenary" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss mercenary">mercenary</a> contracts and defence alliances with partners on all sides. Some of these contracts neutralized each other, which allowed the confederation to remain neutral – in the 1647 <i>Defensionale von Wil</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> signed under the impression of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1611-1648)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sweden (1611-1648)">Swedes</a> advancing as far as <a href="/wiki/Lake_Constance" title="Lake Constance">Lake Constance</a> in the winter of 1646/47, the confederates declared "permanent armed neutrality", the historical starting point of <a href="/wiki/Swiss_neutrality" title="Swiss neutrality">Swiss neutrality</a>, which would be re-confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> and adhered to throughout the 19th and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">20th century conflicts</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Religion_map_of_Switzerland_in_1700_-_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Religion_map_of_Switzerland_in_1700_-_en.png/220px-Religion_map_of_Switzerland_in_1700_-_en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Religion_map_of_Switzerland_in_1700_-_en.png/330px-Religion_map_of_Switzerland_in_1700_-_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Religion_map_of_Switzerland_in_1700_-_en.png/440px-Religion_map_of_Switzerland_in_1700_-_en.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1862" /></a><figcaption>Religious division of the Old Confederacy during the 17th and 18th centuries</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treaty_of_Westphalia">Treaty of Westphalia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_Switzerland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Treaty of Westphalia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Westphalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Westphalia">Treaty of Westphalia</a> in 1648, the <b><a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Swiss Confederacy</a></b> attained legal independence from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, although it had been <i>de facto</i> independent since the <a href="/wiki/Swabian_War" title="Swabian War">Swabian War</a> in 1499. With the support of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Duke of Orléans">Duke of Orléans</a>, who was also prince of <a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a> and the head of the French delegation, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Rudolf_Wettstein" title="Johann Rudolf Wettstein">Johann Rudolf Wettstein</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Flueler_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flueler-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the mayor of Basel, succeeded in getting a formal exemption from the empire for all cantons and associates of the confederacy. </p><p>During the Thirty Years' War, the <i><a href="/wiki/Three_Leagues" title="Three Leagues">Drei Bünde</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Graub%C3%BCnden" class="mw-redirect" title="Graubünden">Graubünden</a>, an associate state of the Swiss Confederation) had been caught in the middle of internal and external conflict. Because the Leagues were very decentralized, conflicts over religion and foreign policy broke out during the war (known as the <i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndner_Wirren" title="Bündner Wirren">Bündner Wirren</a></i> or Confusion of the Leagues).<sup id="cite_ref-Flueler_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flueler-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the war the League took steps to strengthen itself. The <a href="/wiki/Valtellina" title="Valtellina">Valtellina</a>, which had broken from the Three Leagues, became a dependency once again after the Treaty and remained so until the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpine Republic</a> by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> in 1797. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationships_with_France">Relationships with France</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_Switzerland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relationships with France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:France,_token_1664_-_Louis_XIV,_treaty_with_Switzerland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/France%2C_token_1664_-_Louis_XIV%2C_treaty_with_Switzerland.jpg/220px-France%2C_token_1664_-_Louis_XIV%2C_treaty_with_Switzerland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/France%2C_token_1664_-_Louis_XIV%2C_treaty_with_Switzerland.jpg/330px-France%2C_token_1664_-_Louis_XIV%2C_treaty_with_Switzerland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/France%2C_token_1664_-_Louis_XIV%2C_treaty_with_Switzerland.jpg/440px-France%2C_token_1664_-_Louis_XIV%2C_treaty_with_Switzerland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>French <a href="/wiki/Token_coin" title="Token coin">token</a> commemorating the renewal of the treaty between France and the Swiss Union in 1663.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe,_1700%E2%80%941714.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Europe%2C_1700%E2%80%941714.png/300px-Europe%2C_1700%E2%80%941714.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Europe%2C_1700%E2%80%941714.png/450px-Europe%2C_1700%E2%80%941714.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Europe%2C_1700%E2%80%941714.png/600px-Europe%2C_1700%E2%80%941714.png 2x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="1086" /></a><figcaption>The Confederation, shown within Europe in 1700</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the Thirty Years' War, as France grew into a great power in Europe, the newly independent Confederation turned to France for trade and protection. In 1663, the Confederation agreed to a new treaty with France which granted Swiss mercenaries certain rights and protections as well as promised French neutrality in Swiss religious conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as a consequence of this treaty Switzerland could do nothing when <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a> took <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> (in 1648), <a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a> (in 1678 during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">Franco-Dutch War</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> (in 1681).<sup id="cite_ref-Brittanica_History_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brittanica_History-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Louis XIV's revocation of the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a>, which granted rights to Protestants, the Protestant cantons began to favor military service with the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch</a> who were fighting a series of wars against several European powers including France. </p><p>In 1707, following the death of <a href="/wiki/Marie_de_Nemours" title="Marie de Nemours">Marie de Nemours</a>, Duchess of Nemours and Princess of <a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a>, the city, which was on the border of the Swiss Confederation, had to choose her successor from among fifteen claimants. While <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> promoted a number of French pretenders to the title, the Protestant cantons of the Swiss Confederation encouraged Neuchâtel to select the Protestant King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">Frederick I of Prussia</a>. In a victory for the Protestant half of the Confederation, Frederick I, who claimed his entitlement in a rather complicated fashion through the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">Houses of Orange and Nassau</a>, was selected. </p><p>In 1715, the Catholic cantons, to regain prestige following their defeat during the <a href="/wiki/Toggenburg_War" title="Toggenburg War">Second Battle of Villmergen</a>, renewed the Confederation's treaty with France with several major and unpopular changes. France was placed in the position of the guarantor of their freedom with rights of interfering in case of attack from forces within or without the Confederation. France also promised to procure restitution for the lands lost by the Catholic cantons to the Protestant cantons.<sup id="cite_ref-Brittanica_History_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brittanica_History-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This agreement removed much of the independence that the Confederation had enjoyed. In 1777, the unpopular clause was dropped from a renewed agreement between the Confederation and France and the independence of Switzerland was explicitly stated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Growth_of_the_aristocracy">Growth of the aristocracy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_Switzerland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Growth of the aristocracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urne-IMG_4613-black.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Urne-IMG_4613-black.jpg/220px-Urne-IMG_4613-black.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Urne-IMG_4613-black.jpg/330px-Urne-IMG_4613-black.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Urne-IMG_4613-black.jpg/440px-Urne-IMG_4613-black.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption>The concentration of wealth among the aristocrats allowed art such as this <a href="/wiki/Ballot_box" title="Ballot box">ballot box</a> from Neuchâtel to be created, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_(Neuch%C3%A2tel)" title="Musée d'Art et d'Histoire (Neuchâtel)">Musée d'Art et d'Histoire (Neuchâtel)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Political power congealed around the 13 cantons (<a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zug" title="Canton of Zug">Zug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glarus" title="Glarus">Glarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">Uri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unterwalden" title="Unterwalden">Unterwalden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fribourg_(canton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fribourg (canton)">Fribourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luzern" class="mw-redirect" title="Luzern">Luzern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appenzell" title="Appenzell">Appenzell</a>) of the old confederation. During this era, the <a href="/wiki/Patricianship" class="mw-redirect" title="Patricianship">patrician</a> families decreased in number but increased in power. Some patrician families were drawn from leadership in the <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> or trading groups within the town, while other families grew from successful mercenary captains and soldiers. The trend toward increasing <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a> conflicted with the history of public expression that grew out of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Reformation">Swiss Reformation</a>. In many regions the patrician families were unable to suppress the public assemblies, but they did dominate the assemblies. The tradition of inviting the people to express their opinions died out mostly during this era.<sup id="cite_ref-Flueler_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flueler-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this time, changes to the membership of city councils became increasingly rare. Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> a seat on the town council was normally a lifetime appointment.<sup id="cite_ref-page93_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-page93-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, plagues, battlefield deaths, and conflicts over the Reformation guaranteed a regular turnover in the city councils. During the early modern era, growing scientific knowledge and relative peace reduced the number of open seats in the cities.<sup id="cite_ref-page93_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-page93-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, council members were increasingly able to fill the council with relatives. The population in Europe began to expand again following the Thirty Years' War. This led to population pressure that hadn't been experienced in several generations. For protection and help against the rising number of immigrants and landless peasants, many villages began to draw closer to neighboring towns, eventually coming under the authority of the larger towns.<sup id="cite_ref-page93_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-page93-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 17th century seats in the councils became increasingly hereditary. There were between 50 and 200 families that controlled all the key political, military, and industrial positions in Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-page93_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-page93-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Bern out of 360 <a href="/wiki/Burgess_(title)" title="Burgess (title)">burgher</a> families only 69 still had any power and could be elected by the end of the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Brittanica_History_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brittanica_History-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the aristocracy remained generally open, and in some cities new families were accepted if they were successful and rich enough. An unusual example of interstate family relations are the <a href="/wiki/Count_de_Salis-Soglio" title="Count de Salis-Soglio">Counts de Salis-Soglio</a> who were naturalized in the UK in 1743, only to be sent back immediately to <a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">King George II</a> as British envoys to the <a href="/wiki/Three_Leagues" title="Three Leagues">Three Leagues</a> (nowadays the canton of <a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">Grisons</a>), a country where the family was predominant in the 18th century. They have ever since remained land owners in England and Switzerland, kept both nationalities and continue to commute between both countries to this day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conflict_and_Revolution">Conflict and Revolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_Switzerland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conflict and Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_peasant_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss peasant war">Swiss peasant war</a></div> <p>During the <i>Ancien Régime</i> the nobility of Switzerland grew in power becoming nearly absolute rulers. Among the population the loss of power, growing taxes, conflicts between rural and urban populations and religious conflicts all lead to uprisings and conflicts throughout the Confederation. </p><p>During the Thirty Years' War, the Swiss Confederacy had been spared from all belligerent action. This allowed the Swiss economy to flourish as war ravaged neighbors bought food and equipment from the Confederacy. However, following the end of the war the German economy recovered and demand for Swiss exports dropped. Many Swiss peasants, who had raised <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortgage loan">mortgages</a> during the boom at wartime, suddenly faced financial problems.<sup id="cite_ref-hds_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hds-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For cities the war had brought both prosperity and new expenses. The cities required new defenses such as new <a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastions</a>. During the war France and Spain had paid <i>Pensions</i>, the agreed sums in return for the cantons providing them with <a href="/wiki/Swiss_mercenary" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss mercenary">mercenary</a> regiments.<sup id="cite_ref-holenstein_33_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holenstein_33-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the end of the war this money had to be replaced. Taxes were raised and new ones were created. Additionally, less valuable copper coins called <i>Batzen</i> were minted. The <i>Batzen</i> had, however, the same <a href="/wiki/Face_value" title="Face value">face value</a> as the previously minted silver money. <a href="/wiki/Gresham%27s_law" title="Gresham's law">The population began hoarding the silver coins</a>, and the cheap copper money that remained in circulation continually lost its <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power" title="Purchasing power">purchasing power</a>. At the end of the war, the population thus faced both a postwar <a href="/wiki/Depression_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Depression (economics)">depression</a> and a high inflation, combined with high taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-holenstein_33_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holenstein_33-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-suter_habil_363ff_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suter_habil_363ff-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-suter_2004_146_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suter_2004_146-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This financial crisis led to a series of tax revolts in several cantons of the Confederacy, for instance 1629–36 in Lucerne, 1641 in Bern, or 1645/46 in Zürich. The uprising in 1653 continued this series, but would take the conflict to an unprecedented level.<sup id="cite_ref-suter_2004_146_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suter_2004_146-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Major_davel_ag1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Major_davel_ag1.JPG/220px-Major_davel_ag1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Major_davel_ag1.JPG/330px-Major_davel_ag1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Major_davel_ag1.JPG/440px-Major_davel_ag1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Major <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Davel" title="Abraham Davel">Davel</a> in front of the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Saint-Maire" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Saint-Maire">Château Saint-Maire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1653, the largest uprising occurred as peasants of territories subject to <a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> revolted because of currency devaluation. Although the authorities prevailed in this <a href="/wiki/Swiss_peasant_war_of_1653" title="Swiss peasant war of 1653">Swiss peasant war</a>, they did pass some tax reforms and the incident in the long term prevented creation of an <a href="/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)" title="Absolutism (European history)">absolutist</a> state, unlike many of the other states of Europe. The Confederation remained a decentralised and disorganised country during this era, torn by religious and political conflicts. In 1655, an attempt to create a central administration fell apart after the two proposers, Bern and Zürich, couldn't agree with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Brittanica_History_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brittanica_History-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1656, a conflict over religious refugees from Schwyz who had fled to Zürich erupted in the <a href="/wiki/First_War_of_Villmergen" title="First War of Villmergen">First War of Villmergen</a>. The Catholics were victorious and able to maintain their political dominance, and a treaty agreement that each canton would be totally independent with respect to religious matters. Around 1707 unrest erupted in the city of <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> which continued throughout the early modern period. Additionally in 1707, the <a href="/wiki/Toggenburg" title="Toggenburg">Toggenburg</a> valley rebelled against the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_St._Gall" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of St. Gall">Prince-Abbot of St. Gall</a>. Attempts by the Abbot to suppress the valley led to the Second Battle of Villmergen in 1712 and the sacking of the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_St._Gall" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of St. Gall">Abbey of St. Gall</a> by Bernese and Zürich troops. From 1719 to 1722 the <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Switzerland#St._Gallen" title="Districts of Switzerland">Werdenberg</a> region rebelled against the city of <a href="/wiki/Glarus" title="Glarus">Glarus</a>. </p><p>In 1717, Major <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Davel" title="Abraham Davel">Jean Daniel Abraham Davel</a> was appointed the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Lavaux" title="Lavaux">Lavaux</a> region, which is in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Vaud" title="Vaud">Canton Vaud</a>. He identified with the French-speaking population that felt oppressed by the German-speaking city of Bern that occupied Vaud. Davel believed that he had been called by God to free the inhabitants of Vaud from Bern.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_Davel_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS_Davel-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 31 March 1723 he mobilised 600 men and marched on <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a> to ask the city leaders to revolt with him. However, they reported him to Bern and arrested him on the next morning. He was judged guilty of treason and beheaded.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_Davel_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS_Davel-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About a quarter century later, in 1749, there was another unsuccessful uprising in Bern against the patrician families of the city. A few years later, in 1755, the unsuccessful Liviner Uprising against Uri. Finally in 1781 the Chenaux Uprising occurred against the city of <a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Flueler_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flueler-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Age_of_Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_Switzerland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Age of Enlightenment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> was well received in Swiss cities, in spite of contemporary tendencies towards political conservatism. The early modern period was a time when Swiss science and literature flowered. In Zürich the scholar and physician <a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Scheuchzer" title="Johann Jakob Scheuchzer">Johann Jakob Scheuchzer</a> wrote about Swiss history, geology, geography and science. In Basel the <a href="/wiki/Bernoulli_family" title="Bernoulli family">Bernoulli family</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a> worked on mathematics and physics, coming up with some fundamental concepts in these fields.<sup id="cite_ref-Flueler_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flueler-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Haller" title="Albrecht von Haller">Albrecht von Haller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> praised the natural beauty and unspoiled state of Switzerland and triggered an early wave of <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Switzerland" title="Tourism in Switzerland">tourism</a> (notably, <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>'s visit to Switzerland in 1775). </p><p>Zürich at the time was home to a number of internationally known scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Bodmer" title="Johann Jakob Bodmer">Johann Jakob Bodmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salomon_Gessner" title="Salomon Gessner">Salomon Gessner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Pestalozzi" title="Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi">Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Caspar_Lavater" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Caspar Lavater">Johann Caspar Lavater</a>, styling itself as "Republic" (after the great city states of the time, such as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_during_the_early_modern_period">Culture during the early modern period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_Switzerland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture during the early modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_literature" title="Swiss literature">Swiss literature</a></div> <p>Before the early modern period most of the literature of the Swiss Confederation was either in Latin or German as until 1798 the confederation was overwhelmingly German with only small pockets of French. During the early modern period German still dominated though French, Italian and <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> began to develop literary traditions within the boundaries of modern Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911263_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911263-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_writings">German writings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_Switzerland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: German writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euler-10_Swiss_Franc_banknote_(front).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Euler-10_Swiss_Franc_banknote_%28front%29.jpg/220px-Euler-10_Swiss_Franc_banknote_%28front%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Euler-10_Swiss_Franc_banknote_%28front%29.jpg/330px-Euler-10_Swiss_Franc_banknote_%28front%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Euler-10_Swiss_Franc_banknote_%28front%29.jpg/440px-Euler-10_Swiss_Franc_banknote_%28front%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3204" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption>Old Swiss 10 Franc Banknote honouring <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a> who developed many key concepts in mathematics, calculus, physics and engineering.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 18th century the intellectual movement in Switzerland greatly developed, though it was naturally strongly influenced by local characteristics. Basel, Bern and especially Zürich were the chief literary centres. Basel was distinguished for its mathematicians, such as <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a> (1707–1783), and three members of the Bernoulli family, the brothers <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Bernoulli" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakob Bernoulli">Jakob</a> (1654–1705) and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Bernoulli" title="Johann Bernoulli">Johann</a> (1667–1748), and the latter's son <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bernoulli" title="Daniel Bernoulli">Daniel</a> (1700–1782). But its chief literary glory was <a href="/wiki/Isaak_Iselin" title="Isaak Iselin">Isaak Iselin</a> (1728–1782), one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Society" title="Helvetic Society">Helvetic Society</a> (1760) and of the Economical Society (1777).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911263_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911263-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote about the philosophy of history, ideal politics and economics. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernoulli-00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bernoulli-00.jpg/220px-Bernoulli-00.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bernoulli-00.jpg/330px-Bernoulli-00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bernoulli-00.jpg/440px-Bernoulli-00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2828" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>Air-flow over different shapes (a first step in developing wings for flight) was one of many subjects studied by the <a href="/wiki/Bernoulli_family" title="Bernoulli family">Bernoulli family</a> in Switzerland</figcaption></figure> <p>In Bern both German and French were commonly used in writing, making the separation of Bernese authors into one category difficult. <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Haller" title="Albrecht von Haller">Albrecht von Haller</a> wrote both scientific works as well as poems which praised the beauty of the countryside. His son <a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Emanuel_von_Haller" title="Gottlieb Emanuel von Haller">Gottlieb Emanuel von Haller</a> (1735–1786), compiled a useful bibliography of writings relating to Swiss history, which is still used today. <a href="/wiki/Beat_Ludwig_von_Muralt" class="mw-redirect" title="Beat Ludwig von Muralt">Beat Ludwig von Muralt</a> (1656–1749) analysed, in French, the racial characteristics of other nations for the instruction of his fellow-countrymen. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Wyttenbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Wyttenbach (page does not exist)">Samuel Wyttenbach</a> (1748–1830), <a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Sigmund_Gruner" title="Gottlieb Sigmund Gruner">Gottlieb Sigmund Gruner</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Georg_Altmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Georg Altmann (page does not exist)">Johann Georg Altmann</a> (1697–1758) all wrote descriptions of the countryside in a combination of literary and scientific styles. </p><p>In Zürich <a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Scheuchzer" title="Johann Jakob Scheuchzer">JJ Scheuchzer</a> wrote in Latin of his travels around the country, and shared them with the London <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> of which he was a Fellow. He associated closely with other Fellows of the Royal Society, including <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Bodmer" title="Johann Jakob Bodmer">JJ Bodmer</a> and his friend <a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Breitinger" title="Johann Jakob Breitinger">Johann Jakob Breitinger</a> (1701–1776) were among the most prominent purely literary writers in the city. Another famous Zürich writer was <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Gesner" class="mw-redirect" title="Solomon Gesner">Solomon Gesner</a>, the pastoral poet, and yet another was <a href="/wiki/Johann_Kaspar_Lavater" title="Johann Kaspar Lavater">JK Lavater</a>, now best remembered as a supporter of the view that the face presents a perfect indication of character and that <a href="/wiki/Physiognomy" title="Physiognomy">physiognomy</a> may therefore he treated as a science. Other well-known Zürich names are those of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Pestalozzi" title="Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi">JH Pestalozzi</a> (1746–1827), the educationalist, of <a href="/wiki/Hans_Caspar_Hirzel" title="Hans Caspar Hirzel">Hans Caspar Hirzel</a> (1725–1803), another of the founders of the Helvetic Society, and of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Sulzer" title="Johann Georg Sulzer">Johann Georg Sulzer</a> (1720–1779), whose chief work is one on the laws of art or aesthetics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911264_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911264-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside the three towns named above there were several significant writers of German-speaking Switzerland. One of the best known is <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Zimmermann" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Georg Zimmermann">Johann Georg Zimmermann</a> (1728–1795), whose <i>Betrachtungen ueber die Einsamkeit</i> (1756-1784/1785) profoundly impressed his contemporaries. He, like the fabulist AE Erhlich, was born at Brugg. <a href="/wiki/Johannes_von_M%C3%BCller" title="Johannes von Müller">Johannes von Müller</a> of <a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a>, was the first who attempted to write (1780) a detailed history of Switzerland, which, though inspired more by his love of freedom than by any deep research, was very characteristic of his times. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Ebel" title="Johann Gottfried Ebel">JG Ebel</a> was a Swiss by adoption only, but deserves mention as the author of the first detailed guidebook to the country (1793), which held its ground until the days of <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">Murray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Baedeker" title="Karl Baedeker">Baedeker</a>. A later writer, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Zschokke" title="Heinrich Zschokke">Heinrich Zschokke</a> (1771–1848), also a Swiss by adoption only, produced (1822) a history of Switzerland written for the people, which had a great vogue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911264_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911264-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_writing">French writing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_Switzerland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: French writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rousseau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Rousseau.jpg/220px-Rousseau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Rousseau.jpg/330px-Rousseau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Rousseau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> wrote in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> during the 18th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The 18th century was the "golden age" for Swiss literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911263_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911263-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was due to the influence of French refugees who came to Switzerland after the <a href="/wiki/Revocation_of_the_Edict_of_Nantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Revocation of the Edict of Nantes">Revocation of the Edict of Nantes</a> in 1685. Among the refugees was <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bourguet" title="Louis Bourguet">Louis Bourguet</a> (1678–1743) who wrote geological works and founded two periodicals that provided Italian research and works by French Swiss authors to the country. <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ruchat" title="Abraham Ruchat">Abraham Ruchat</a> (1678–1750), who was published in Bourguet's periodicals, is best known as the author (under the pen-name of Gottlieb Kypseler) of an excellent guide-book to Switzerland, which was published from 1714 until 1778. Around the same time the historian Charles Guillaume Loys de Bochat (1695–1754) and the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jean_Pierre_de_Crousaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Pierre de Crousaz">JP de Crousaz</a> (1663–1750), were working the <a href="/wiki/Vaud" title="Vaud">Vaud</a> region, which was at the time part of the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">Canton of Bern</a>. A French refugee at <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Barbeyrac" title="Jean Barbeyrac">Jean Barbeyrac</a> (1674–1744), published in 1712 a translation of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Samuel von Pufendorf</a>'s works on <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a>. The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Burlamaqui" title="Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui">Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui</a> (1694–1750) and the celebrated international lawyer <a href="/wiki/Emeric_de_Vattel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeric de Vattel">Emeric de Vattel</a> (1714 1767) were natives of <a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a>, though de Vattle only returned to die in the city. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re_-_Portrait_de_Voltaire_(1694-1778)_en_1718_-_P208_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re_-_Portrait_de_Voltaire_%281694-1778%29_en_1718_-_P208_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet_-_2.jpg/220px-Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re_-_Portrait_de_Voltaire_%281694-1778%29_en_1718_-_P208_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re_-_Portrait_de_Voltaire_%281694-1778%29_en_1718_-_P208_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet_-_2.jpg/330px-Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re_-_Portrait_de_Voltaire_%281694-1778%29_en_1718_-_P208_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re_-_Portrait_de_Voltaire_%281694-1778%29_en_1718_-_P208_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet_-_2.jpg/440px-Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re_-_Portrait_de_Voltaire_%281694-1778%29_en_1718_-_P208_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> wrote <a href="/wiki/Candide" title="Candide">Candide: Or, Optimism</a> one of his best known works while in Switzerland</figcaption></figure> <p>The second half of the 18th century was when some of the best known writers of the era established themselves in what would become French Switzerland. In 1754, the famed philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a> came back for good to <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> established himself at <a href="/wiki/Ferney" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferney">Ferney</a>, while in 1753 the historian <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a> moved to <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>. These three, while their works were not specifically Swiss, lead the golden age of French literature in Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911264–265_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911264–265-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also during this time there were other active writers. <a href="/wiki/Isabelle_de_Charri%C3%A8re" title="Isabelle de Charrière">Madame de Charrière</a> (1740–1805) was Dutch by birth, but married to a native of Neuchâtel. She wrote of sad results of an unsuitable marriage and set her books in highly detailed small provincial towns. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Henri_Mallet" title="Paul Henri Mallet">Paul Henri Mallet</a>, a Genevese, who held a chair at <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, devoted himself to making known to the educated world the history and antiquities of Scandinavia. </p><p>During the mid and late 18th century Geneva produced a number of scientists who were interested in the characteristics of the Alps. The chief of this school was <a href="/wiki/Horace-B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_de_Saussure" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace-Bénédict de Saussure">Horace-Bénédict de Saussure</a> one of the founders of the sciences of geology and <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a>, while his Alpine ascents (undertaken in the cause of science) opened a new world even to non-scientific travellers. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Andr%C3%A9_Deluc" title="Jean-André Deluc">Jean-André Deluc</a> devoted himself mainly to questions of physics in the Alps, while <a href="/wiki/Jean_S%C3%A9nebier" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Sénebier">Jean Sénebier</a>, the biographer of Saussure, was more known as a physiologist than as a physicist, though he wrote on many branches of natural science, which in those days was not yet highly specialised. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Th%C3%A9odore_Bourrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Marc Théodore Bourrit">Marc Théodore Bourrit</a>, the contemporary of these three men, was rather a curious and inquisitive traveller than a scientific investigator, and charms us even now by his genial simplicity as contrasted with the austerity and gravity of the three writers we have mentioned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911265_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911265-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Vaud, at this time part of the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">Canton of Bern</a>, nationalist feelings among the French-speaking inhabitants and against the German-speaking Bern administration began to grow. <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Cyriaque_Bridel" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe Cyriaque Bridel">Philippe Cyriaque Bridel</a> (1757–1845), began writing poetry in 1782 and is considered the earliest Vaudois poet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911263_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911263-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His descriptions of his travels around the Vaud region were published in serial form for nearly 50 years, from 1783 until 1831. His paintings and written portraits of the Vaud countryside inspired a number of later writers and helped unify the nationalist movement in Vaud. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_Switzerland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/17th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="17th-century philosophy">17th-century philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">History of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_peasant_war_of_1653" title="Swiss peasant war of 1653">Swiss peasant war of 1653</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_Switzerland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_Switzerland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The old coat of arms of Unterwalden was identical with that of Solothurn; the new coat of arms was introduced in the 17th century.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The coat of arms of Solothurn was identical with that of Unterwalden during the 16th and early 17th centuries, and therefore sometimes shown with inverted colours or asymmetric division of the shield for disambiguation.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_Switzerland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Brittanica_History-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brittanica_History_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brittanica_History_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brittanica_History_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brittanica_History_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brittanica_History_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Switzerland/History/Religious divisions"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Switzerland/History/Religious_divisions">"Switzerland § History <i>Religious divisions</i>" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 256.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Switzerland+%C2%A7+History+Religious+divisions&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=256&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+modern+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eda.admin.ch/aboutswitzerland/en/home/geschichte/uebersicht.html">"Chronology"</a> (official site). Berne, Switzerland: Presence Switzerland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronology&rft.place=Berne%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Presence+Switzerland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eda.admin.ch%2Faboutswitzerland%2Fen%2Fhome%2Fgeschichte%2Fuebersicht.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+modern+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imhof-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-imhof_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Im Hof, U.. <i>Geschichte der Schweiz</i>, 7th ed., Stuttgart: <a href="/wiki/Kohlhammer_Verlag" title="Kohlhammer Verlag">Kohlhammer Verlag</a>, 1974/2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-17-017051-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-17-017051-1">3-17-017051-1</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Thirty Years War</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D8907.php"><span title="Thirty Years War in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F8907.php"><span title="Thirty Years War in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I8907.php"><span title="Thirty Years War in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Thirty Years War, The Confederation and the War</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D8901.php"><span title="Thirty Years War, The Confederation and the War in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F8901.php"><span title="Thirty Years War, The Confederation and the War in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I8901.php"><span title="Thirty Years War, The Confederation and the War in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flueler-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flueler_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flueler_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flueler_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flueler_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flueler_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiklaus_Flüeler_and_Roland_Gfeller-Corthésy1975" class="citation cs2">Niklaus Flüeler and Roland Gfeller-Corthésy, ed. (1975), <i>Die Schweiz vom Bau der Alpen bis zur Frage nach der Zukunft</i>, Luzern: C. J. Bucher AG, pp. 67–71</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Schweiz+vom+Bau+der+Alpen+bis+zur+Frage+nach+der+Zukunft&rft.place=Luzern&rft.pages=67-71&rft.pub=C.+J.+Bucher+AG&rft.date=1975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+modern+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Treaties</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D9802.php"><span title="Treaties in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F9802.php"><span title="Treaties in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I9802.php"><span title="Treaties in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-page93-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-page93_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-page93_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-page93_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-page93_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Flüeler, p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hds-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hds_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Suter, A. (HDS 2002): <i>Bauernkrieg (1653)</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D8909.php"><span title="Bauernkrieg (1653) in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F8909.php"><span title="Bauernkrieg (1653) in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I8909.php"><span title="Bauernkrieg (1653) in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>, 14 May 2002. URL last accessed 16 August 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holenstein_33-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holenstein_33_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holenstein_33_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolenstein2004" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holenstein, A (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080409212609/http://www.stub.unibe.ch/extern/hv/1_04/holenstein.pdf">"Der Bauernkrieg von 1653. Ursachen, Verlauf und Folgen einer gescheiterten Revolution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, in Römer, J. (ed.), <i>Bauern, Untertanen und "Rebellen"</i> (in German), Zürich: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orell_F%C3%BCssli_Verlag_AG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orell Füssli Verlag AG (page does not exist)">Orell Füssli Verlag AG</a>, p. 33, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-280-06020-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-280-06020-6"><bdi>3-280-06020-6</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stub.unibe.ch/extern/hv/1_04/holenstein.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Der+Bauernkrieg+von+1653.+Ursachen%2C+Verlauf+und+Folgen+einer+gescheiterten+Revolution&rft.btitle=Bauern%2C+Untertanen+und+%22Rebellen%22&rft.place=Z%C3%BCrich&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Orell+F%C3%BCssli+Verlag+AG&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-280-06020-6&rft.aulast=Holenstein&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stub.unibe.ch%2Fextern%2Fhv%2F1_04%2Fholenstein.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+modern+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suter_habil_363ff-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-suter_habil_363ff_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuter1997" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Suter, A. (1997), "Der Schweizerische Bauernkrieg von 1653. Politische Sozialgeschichte – Sozialgeschichte eines politischen Ereignisses", <i>Frühneuzeitforschungen</i> (in German), <b>3</b>, Tübingen: Biblioteca Academica Verlag: 363ff, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-928471-13-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-928471-13-9"><bdi>3-928471-13-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fr%C3%BChneuzeitforschungen&rft.atitle=Der+Schweizerische+Bauernkrieg+von+1653.+Politische+Sozialgeschichte+%E2%80%93+Sozialgeschichte+eines+politischen+Ereignisses&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=363ff&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=3-928471-13-9&rft.aulast=Suter&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+modern+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suter_2004_146-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-suter_2004_146_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suter_2004_146_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuter2004" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Suter, A (2004), "Kollektive Erinnerungen an historische Ereignisse – Chancen und Gefahren. Der Bauernkrieg als Beispiel", in Römer, J. (ed.), <i>Bauern, Untertanen und "Rebellen"</i> (in German), Zürich: Orell Füssli Verlag AG, pp. 143–163, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-280-06020-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-280-06020-6"><bdi>3-280-06020-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kollektive+Erinnerungen+an+historische+Ereignisse+%E2%80%93+Chancen+und+Gefahren.+Der+Bauernkrieg+als+Beispiel&rft.btitle=Bauern%2C+Untertanen+und+%22Rebellen%22&rft.place=Z%C3%BCrich&rft.pages=143-163&rft.pub=Orell+F%C3%BCssli+Verlag+AG&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-280-06020-6&rft.aulast=Suter&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+modern+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDS_Davel-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_Davel_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_Davel_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jean Daniel Abraham Davel</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D17814.php"><span title="Jean Daniel Abraham Davel in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F17814.php"><span title="Jean Daniel Abraham Davel in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I17814.php"><span title="Jean Daniel Abraham Davel in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911263-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911263_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911263_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911263_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911263_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoolidge1911">Coolidge 1911</a>, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911264-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911264_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911264_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoolidge1911">Coolidge 1911</a>, p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911264–265-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911264–265_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoolidge1911">Coolidge 1911</a>, pp. 264–265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911265-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911265_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoolidge1911">Coolidge 1911</a>, p. 265.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_Switzerland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoolidge1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Switzerland/Literature"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Switzerland/Literature">"Switzerland § Literature" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Switzerland+%C2%A7+Literature&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Coolidge&rft.aufirst=William+Augustus+Brevoort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+modern+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHäuser1987" class="citation book cs1">Häuser, Albert (1987). <i>Was für ein Leben: Schweizer Alltag vom 15. bis 18. Jahrhundert</i>. Verlag Neue Zürcher Zeitung. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-85823-179-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-85823-179-6"><bdi>978-3-85823-179-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Was+f%C3%BCr+ein+Leben%3A+Schweizer+Alltag+vom+15.+bis+18.+Jahrhundert&rft.pub=Verlag+Neue+Z%C3%BCrcher+Zeitung&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-3-85823-179-6&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4user&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+modern+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_Switzerland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article about <span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Switzerland/History/Religious_divisions" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Switzerland/History/Religious divisions">The Period of Religious Divisions and French Influence – up to 1814</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Switzerland_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Switzerland_topics" title="Template:Switzerland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Switzerland_topics" title="Template talk:Switzerland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Switzerland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Switzerland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Switzerland_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b>Major topics</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Swiss_history" title="Timeline of Swiss history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlargement of Switzerland">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Switzerland" title="Early history of Switzerland">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Roman_era" title="Switzerland in the Roman era">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Confederacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Charter_of_1291" title="Federal Charter of 1291">Federal Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCtli_Oath" title="Rütli Oath">Rütli Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">Growth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland" title="Reformation in Switzerland">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Switzerland">Early Modern era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_Regeneration_in_Switzerland" title="Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_as_a_federal_state" title="Switzerland as a federal state">Federal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">World wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Switzerland" title="Modern history of Switzerland">Modern history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Switzerland" title="Military history of Switzerland">Military history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Switzerland" title="List of wars involving Switzerland">list of wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Switzerland" title="Historiography of Switzerland">Historiography</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_(Pantone).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/160px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="669" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Switzerland" title="Geography of Switzerland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Physiographic areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Plateau" title="Swiss Plateau">Swiss Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jura_Mountains" title="Jura Mountains">Jura Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Switzerland" title="Subdivisions of Switzerland">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Cantons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Innerrhoden" title="Appenzell Innerrhoden">AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aargau" title="Aargau">AG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Ausserrhoden" title="Appenzell Ausserrhoden">AR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">BE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel-Landschaft" title="Basel-Landschaft">BL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel-Stadt" title="Basel-Stadt">BS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg" title="Canton of Fribourg">FR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">GE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">GL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">GR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Jura" title="Canton of Jura">JU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne" title="Canton of Lucerne">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">NE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidwalden" title="Nidwalden">NW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obwalden" title="Obwalden">OW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Canton of St. Gallen">SG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schaffhausen" title="Canton of Schaffhausen">SH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Solothurn" title="Canton of Solothurn">SO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schwyz" title="Canton of Schwyz">SZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgau" title="Thurgau">TG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">TI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">UR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaud" title="Vaud">VD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">VS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zug" title="Canton of Zug">ZG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zurich" title="Canton of Zurich">ZH</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Switzerland" title="Districts of Switzerland">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Switzerland" title="Municipalities of Switzerland">Municipalities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Switzerland" title="List of cities in Switzerland">list of cities and towns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Switzerland" title="NUTS statistical regions of Switzerland">Statistical regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Switzerland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Switzerland" title="List of earthquakes in Switzerland">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Switzerland" title="List of extreme points of Switzerland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Switzerland" title="Fauna of Switzerland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Switzerland" title="Forests of Switzerland">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Switzerland" title="List of glaciers in Switzerland">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology_of_Switzerland" title="Hydrology of Switzerland">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Switzerland" title="List of islands of Switzerland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Switzerland" title="List of lakes of Switzerland">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_in_Switzerland" title="List of mountain passes in Switzerland">Mountain passes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prominent_mountains_of_Switzerland" title="List of prominent mountains of Switzerland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_parks_in_Switzerland" title="Nature parks in Switzerland">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Switzerland" title="List of rivers of Switzerland">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Politics of Switzerland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Switzerland" title="Subdivisions of Switzerland">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_courts_of_Switzerland" title="Federal courts of Switzerland">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Switzerland" title="Elections in Switzerland">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Switzerland" title="Foreign relations of Switzerland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li>Government <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Federal Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="President of the Swiss Confederation">President of the Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_administration_of_Switzerland" title="Federal administration of Switzerland">Federal administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Switzerland" title="Human rights in Switzerland">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Switzerland">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsgemeinde" title="Landsgemeinde">Landsgemeinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Switzerland" title="Law of Switzerland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Switzerland" title="Law enforcement in Switzerland">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Armed_Forces" title="Swiss Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Redoubt_(Switzerland)" title="National Redoubt (Switzerland)">National Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_neutrality" title="Swiss neutrality">Neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Switzerland)" title="National Council (Switzerland)">National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(Switzerland)" title="Council of States (Switzerland)">Council of States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Switzerland" title="List of political parties in Switzerland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative_in_Switzerland" title="Popular initiative in Switzerland">Popular initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_in_Switzerland" title="Voting in Switzerland">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_decree" title="Federal decree">Federal decree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland" title="Economy of Switzerland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Switzerland" title="Economic history of Switzerland">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Switzerland" title="Agriculture in Switzerland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Switzerland" title="Banking in Switzerland">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Bank" title="Swiss National Bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Switzerland" title="List of banks in Switzerland">Private banks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Switzerland" title="List of companies of Switzerland">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Switzerland" title="Energy in Switzerland">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Franc <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Switzerland">Pharmaceutical industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Switzerland" title="Science and technology in Switzerland">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIX_Swiss_Exchange" title="SIX Swiss Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_made" title="Swiss made">Swiss made</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Switzerland" title="Taxation in Switzerland">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Switzerland" title="Telecommunications in Switzerland">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Switzerland" title="Tourism in Switzerland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Switzerland" title="Trade unions in Switzerland">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Switzerland" title="Transport in Switzerland">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Switzerland" title="List of airports in Switzerland">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Switzerland" title="Rail transport in Switzerland">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_main_roads" title="List of Swiss main roads">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Switzerland" title="Waste management in Switzerland">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Switzerland" title="Category:Society of Switzerland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Switzerland" title="Abortion in Switzerland">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Switzerland" title="Capital punishment in Switzerland">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Switzerland" title="Conscription in Switzerland">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Switzerland" title="Corruption in Switzerland">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Switzerland" title="Crime in Switzerland">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Switzerland" title="Demographics of Switzerland">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland" title="Education in Switzerland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Switzerland" title="Euthanasia in Switzerland">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Switzerland" title="Firearms regulation in Switzerland">Firearms regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Switzerland" title="Health in Switzerland">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Switzerland" title="Healthcare in Switzerland">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Switzerland" title="Homelessness in Switzerland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Switzerland" title="Human trafficking in Switzerland">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Switzerland" title="Immigration to Switzerland">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_system_in_Switzerland" title="Pension system in Switzerland">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_Switzerland" title="List of prisons in Switzerland">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Switzerland" title="Poverty in Switzerland">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Switzerland" title="Prostitution in Switzerland">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Switzerland" title="Social security in Switzerland">Social security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Welfare_Policy_in_Switzerland" title="Public Welfare Policy in Switzerland">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Switzerland" title="Women in Switzerland">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Switzerland" title="Culture of Switzerland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Psalm" title="Swiss Psalm">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Switzerland" title="Architecture of Switzerland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Switzerland" title="Cinema of Switzerland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland" title="Coat of arms of Switzerland">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Switzerland" title="Flag of Switzerland">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_folklore" title="Swiss folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetia" title="Helvetia">Helvetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6stigraben" title="Röstigraben">Röstigraben</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_literature" title="Swiss literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Switzerland" title="Mass media in Switzerland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Switzerland" title="Public holidays in Switzerland">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Day" title="Swiss National Day">National Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Switzerland" title="Sport in Switzerland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Switzerland" title="National symbols of Switzerland">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Inventory_of_Cultural_Property_of_National_and_Regional_Significance" title="Swiss Inventory of Cultural Property of National and Regional Significance">Cultural Property of National Significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Switzerland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Switzerland">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Switzerland" title="Category:Switzerland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Switzerland" title="Portal:Switzerland">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/19px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/29px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/38px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Switzerland" title="Portal:Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_Switzerland&oldid=1252301325">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_Switzerland&oldid=1252301325</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Early_modern_history_of_Switzerland" title="Category:Early modern history of Switzerland">Early modern history of Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th_century_in_Switzerland" title="Category:16th century in Switzerland">16th century in Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:17th_century_in_Switzerland" title="Category:17th century in Switzerland">17th century in Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th_century_in_Switzerland" title="Category:18th century in Switzerland">18th century in Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Switzerland_by_period" title="Category:History of Switzerland by period">History of Switzerland by period</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:Articles with German-language sources (de)">Articles with German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:HDS_not_on_Wikidata" title="Category:HDS not on Wikidata">HDS not on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2019">Use dmy dates from November 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_April_2019" title="Category:Use American English from April 2019">Use American English from April 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 October 2024, at 19:01<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_Switzerland&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-79d9bc49cc-tkncm","wgBackendResponseTime":1330,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.917","walltime":"1.157","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3703,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":106501,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":22037,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":27,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":65932,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 949.167 1 -total"," 25.94% 246.179 2 Template:Reflist"," 15.91% 150.995 1 Template:History_of_Switzerland"," 15.57% 147.772 1 Template:Sidebar"," 13.45% 127.643 1 Template:Switzerland_topics"," 13.13% 124.607 1 Template:Country_topics"," 12.50% 118.690 3 Template:Langx"," 10.81% 102.598 2 Template:Cite_EB1911"," 9.92% 94.146 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.81% 64.642 8 Template:Sfn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.547","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21690435,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoolidge1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolenstein2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHäuser1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiklaus_Flüeler_and_Roland_Gfeller-Corthésy1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuter1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuter2004\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Citation\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"HDS\"] = 5,\n [\"History of Switzerland\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 8,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Switzerland topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource1911Enc\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-79d9bc49cc-tkncm","timestamp":"20241203043001","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Early modern Switzerland","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Early_modern_Switzerland","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2895113","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2895113","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-10-31T14:36:28Z","dateModified":"2024-10-20T19:01:24Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/9a\/Old_Confederacy_18th_centur.png","headline":"aspect of history"}</script> </body> </html>