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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ochlocracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ochlocracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ochlocracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsgemeinde" title="Landsgemeinde – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Landsgemeinde" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsgemeinde" title="Landsgemeinde – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Landsgemeinde" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsgemeinde" title="Landsgemeinde – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Landsgemeinde" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsgemeinde" title="Landsgemeinde – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Landsgemeinde" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Συνέλευση του Καντονίου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συνέλευση του Καντονίου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsgemeinde" title="Landsgemeinde – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Landsgemeinde" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkomunumo" title="Landkomunumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Landkomunumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsgemeinde" title="Landsgemeinde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Landsgemeinde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9E%80%EC%B8%A0%EA%B2%8C%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B8%EB%8D%B0" title="란츠게마인데 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="란츠게마인데" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsgemeinde" title="Landsgemeinde – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Landsgemeinde" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsgemeinde" title="Landsgemeinde – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Landsgemeinde" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsgemeinde" title="Landsgemeinde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Landsgemeinde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsgemeinde" title="Landsgemeinde – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Landsgemeinde" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembleia_cantonal" title="Assembleia cantonal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Assembleia cantonal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsgemeinde" title="Landsgemeinde – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Landsgemeinde" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsgemeinde" title="Landsgemeinde – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of direct democracy in Switzerland</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landsgemeinde_Glarus,_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Landsgemeinde Glarus 2009" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Landsgemeinde_Glarus%2C_2009.jpg/300px-Landsgemeinde_Glarus%2C_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Landsgemeinde_Glarus%2C_2009.jpg/450px-Landsgemeinde_Glarus%2C_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Landsgemeinde_Glarus%2C_2009.jpg/600px-Landsgemeinde_Glarus%2C_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><i>Landsgemeinde</i> in <a href="/wiki/Glarus" title="Glarus">Glarus</a>, 2009</figcaption></figure> <style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:20.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Category:Politics of Switzerland">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Politics of Switzerland">Politics of Switzerland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_(Pantone).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="669" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Switzerland" title="Human rights in Switzerland">Human rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Federal Council</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Swiss_Federal_Council" title="List of members of the Swiss Federal Council">Members</a> (by seniority) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Beat_Jans" title="Beat Jans">Beat Jans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guy_Parmelin" title="Guy Parmelin">Guy Parmelin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ignazio_Cassis" title="Ignazio Cassis">Ignazio Cassis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Viola_Amherd" title="Viola Amherd">Viola Amherd</a> (<a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="President of the Swiss Confederation">President</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karin_Keller-Sutter" title="Karin Keller-Sutter">Karin Keller-Sutter</a> (Vice President)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_R%C3%B6sti" title="Albert Rösti">Albert Rösti</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Baume-Schneider" title="Élisabeth Baume-Schneider">Élisabeth Baume-Schneider</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Switzerland" title="Chancellor of Switzerland">Federal Chancellor</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Rossi" title="Viktor Rossi">Viktor Rossi</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_administration_of_Switzerland" title="Federal administration of Switzerland">Federal administration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">Federal Assembly</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(Switzerland)" title="Council of States (Switzerland)">Council of States</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Swiss_Council_of_States_(2019%E2%80%9323)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the Swiss Council of States (2019–23)">members</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Switzerland)" title="National Council (Switzerland)">National Council</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_National_Council_of_Switzerland,_2019%E2%80%9323" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the National Council of Switzerland, 2019–23">members</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Switzerland" title="List of political parties in Switzerland">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Switzerland" title="Elections in Switzerland">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting_in_Switzerland" title="Voting in Switzerland">Voting</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Elections</div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1848_Swiss_federal_election" title="1848 Swiss federal election">1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1851_Swiss_federal_election" title="1851 Swiss federal election">1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1854_Swiss_federal_election" title="1854 Swiss federal election">1854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1857_Swiss_federal_election" title="1857 Swiss federal election">1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Swiss_federal_election" title="1860 Swiss federal election">1860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Swiss_federal_election" title="1863 Swiss federal election">1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Swiss_federal_election" title="1866 Swiss federal election">1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Swiss_federal_election" title="1869 Swiss federal election">1869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Swiss_federal_election" title="1872 Swiss federal election">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Swiss_federal_election" title="1875 Swiss federal election">1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1878_Swiss_federal_election" title="1878 Swiss federal election">1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1881_Swiss_federal_election" title="1881 Swiss federal election">1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Swiss_federal_election" title="1884 Swiss federal election">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_Swiss_federal_election" title="1887 Swiss federal election">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_Swiss_federal_election" title="1890 Swiss federal election">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_Swiss_federal_election" title="1893 Swiss federal election">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Swiss_federal_election" title="1896 Swiss federal election">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899_Swiss_federal_election" title="1899 Swiss federal election">1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_Swiss_federal_election" title="1902 Swiss federal election">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_Swiss_federal_election" title="1905 Swiss federal election">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Swiss_federal_election" title="1908 Swiss federal election">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Swiss_federal_election" title="1911 Swiss federal election">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_Swiss_federal_election" title="1914 Swiss federal election">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Swiss_federal_election" title="1917 Swiss federal election">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Swiss_federal_election" title="1919 Swiss federal election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Swiss_federal_election" title="1922 Swiss federal election">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Swiss_federal_election" title="1925 Swiss federal election">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Swiss_federal_election" title="1928 Swiss federal election">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Swiss_federal_election" title="1931 Swiss federal election">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Swiss_federal_election" title="1935 Swiss federal election">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Swiss_federal_election" title="1939 Swiss federal election">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Swiss_federal_election" title="1943 Swiss federal election">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Swiss_federal_election" title="1947 Swiss federal election">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Swiss_federal_election" title="1951 Swiss federal election">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Swiss_federal_election" title="1955 Swiss federal election">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Swiss_federal_election" title="1959 Swiss federal election">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Swiss_federal_election" title="1963 Swiss federal election">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Swiss_federal_election" title="1967 Swiss federal election">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Swiss_federal_election" title="1971 Swiss federal election">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Swiss_federal_election" title="1975 Swiss federal election">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Swiss_federal_election" title="1979 Swiss federal election">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Swiss_federal_election" title="1983 Swiss federal election">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Swiss_federal_election" title="1987 Swiss federal election">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Swiss_federal_election" title="1991 Swiss federal election">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Swiss_federal_election" title="1995 Swiss federal election">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Swiss_federal_election" title="1999 Swiss federal election">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Swiss_federal_election" title="2003 Swiss federal election">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Swiss_federal_election" title="2007 Swiss federal election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Swiss_federal_election" title="2011 Swiss federal election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Swiss_federal_election" title="2015 Swiss federal election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Swiss_federal_election" title="2019 Swiss federal election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Swiss_federal_election" title="2023 Swiss federal election">2023</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_federal_referendums" title="List of Swiss federal referendums">Referendums</a></div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1798_Helvetic_Republic_constitutional_referendum" title="1798 Helvetic Republic constitutional referendum">1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1802_Helvetic_Republic_constitutional_referendum" title="1802 Helvetic Republic constitutional referendum">1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Swiss_constitutional_referendum" title="1848 Swiss constitutional referendum">1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Swiss_referendum" title="1866 Swiss referendum">1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Swiss_constitutional_referendum" title="1872 Swiss constitutional referendum">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Swiss_constitutional_referendum" title="1874 Swiss constitutional referendum">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Swiss_referendum" title="1875 Swiss referendum">1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Swiss_referendums" title="1876 Swiss referendums">1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_Swiss_referendum" title="1877 Swiss referendum">1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1879_Swiss_referendums" title="1879 Swiss referendums">1879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Swiss_constitutional_referendum" title="1880 Swiss constitutional referendum">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1882_Swiss_referendums" title="1882 Swiss referendums">1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Swiss_referendum" title="1884 Swiss referendum">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1885_Swiss_constitutional_referendum" title="1885 Swiss constitutional referendum">1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_Swiss_referendums" title="1887 Swiss referendums">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1889_Swiss_insolvency_referendum" title="1889 Swiss insolvency referendum">1889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_Swiss_insurance_referendum" title="1890 Swiss insurance referendum">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1891_Swiss_referendums" title="1891 Swiss referendums">1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_Swiss_animal_protection_referendum" title="1893 Swiss animal protection referendum">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1894_Swiss_referendums" title="1894 Swiss referendums">1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1895_Swiss_referendums" title="1895 Swiss referendums">1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Swiss_referendum" title="1896 Swiss referendum">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1897_Swiss_referendums" title="1897 Swiss referendums">1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_Swiss_referendums" title="1898 Swiss referendums">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Swiss_referendums" title="1900 Swiss referendums">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_Swiss_schools_referendum" title="1902 Swiss schools referendum">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_Swiss_referendums" title="1903 Swiss referendums">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_Swiss_copyright_referendum" title="1905 Swiss copyright referendum">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Swiss_foodstuffs_referendum" title="1906 Swiss foodstuffs referendum">1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Swiss_armed_forces_referendum" title="1907 Swiss armed forces referendum">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Swiss_referendums" title="1908 Swiss referendums">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_Swiss_electoral_system_referendum" title="1910 Swiss electoral system referendum">1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Swiss_insurance_referendum" title="1912 Swiss insurance referendum">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Swiss_disease_control_referendum" title="1913 Swiss disease control referendum">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_Swiss_constitutional_referendum" title="1914 Swiss constitutional referendum">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Swiss_war_tax_referendum" title="1915 Swiss war tax referendum">1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Swiss_stamp_duty_referendum" title="1917 Swiss stamp duty referendum">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_Swiss_referendums" title="1918 Swiss referendums">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Swiss_referendums" title="1919 Swiss referendums">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Swiss_referendums" title="1920 Swiss referendums">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Swiss_referendums" title="1921 Swiss referendums">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Swiss_referendums" title="1922 Swiss referendums">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Swiss_referendums" title="1923 Swiss referendums">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Swiss_employment_protection_referendum" title="1924 Swiss employment protection referendum">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Swiss_referendums" title="1925 Swiss referendums">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Swiss_grain_supply_referendum" title="1926 Swiss grain supply referendum">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1927_Swiss_referendum" title="1927 Swiss referendum">1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Swiss_referendums" title="1928 Swiss referendums">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_Swiss_referendums" title="1929 Swiss referendums">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Swiss_alcohol_referendum" title="1930 Swiss alcohol referendum">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Swiss_referendums" title="1931 Swiss referendums">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Swiss_federal_salaries_referendum" title="1933 Swiss federal salaries referendum">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Swiss_public_order_referendum" title="1934 Swiss public order referendum">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Swiss_referendums" title="1935 Swiss referendums">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Swiss_freemasonry_referendum" title="1937 Swiss freemasonry referendum">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Swiss_referendums" title="1938 Swiss referendums">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Swiss_referendums" title="1939 Swiss referendums">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Swiss_military_referendum" title="1940 Swiss military referendum">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Swiss_alcohol_referendum" title="1941 Swiss alcohol referendum">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_Swiss_referendums" title="1942 Swiss referendums">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Swiss_unfair_competition_referendum" title="1944 Swiss unfair competition referendum">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Swiss_referendums" title="1945 Swiss referendums">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Swiss_referendums" title="1946 Swiss referendums">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Swiss_referendums" title="1947 Swiss referendums">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Swiss_sugar_industry_referendum" title="1948 Swiss sugar industry referendum">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Swiss_referendums" title="1949 Swiss referendums">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_Swiss_referendums" title="1950 Swiss referendums">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Swiss_referendums" title="1951 Swiss referendums">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Swiss_referendums" title="1952 Swiss referendums">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Swiss_referendums" title="1953 Swiss referendums">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Swiss_referendums" title="1954 Swiss referendums">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Swiss_tenant_and_consumer_protection_referendum" title="1955 Swiss tenant and consumer protection referendum">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Swiss_referendums" title="1956 Swiss referendums">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Swiss_referendums" title="1957 Swiss referendums">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Swiss_referendums" title="1958 Swiss referendums">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Swiss_referendums" title="1959 Swiss referendums">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Swiss_referendums" title="1960 Swiss referendums">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Swiss_referendums" title="1961 Swiss referendums">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Swiss_referendums" title="1962 Swiss referendums">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Swiss_referendums" title="1963 Swiss referendums">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Swiss_referendums" title="1964 Swiss referendums">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Swiss_referendums" title="1965 Swiss referendums">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Swiss_referendum" title="1966 Swiss referendum">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Swiss_real_estate_referendum" title="1967 Swiss real estate referendum">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Swiss_referendums" title="1968 Swiss referendums">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Swiss_referendums" title="1969 Swiss referendums">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Swiss_referendums" title="1970 Swiss referendums">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Swiss_referendums" title="1971 Swiss referendums">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Swiss_referendums" title="1972 Swiss referendums">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Swiss_referendums" title="1973 Swiss referendums">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Swiss_referendums" title="1974 Swiss referendums">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Swiss_referendums" title="1975 Swiss referendums">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Swiss_referendums" title="1976 Swiss referendums">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Swiss_referendums" title="1977 Swiss referendums">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Swiss_referendums" title="1978 Swiss referendums">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Swiss_referendums" title="1979 Swiss referendums">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Swiss_referendums" title="1980 Swiss referendums">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Swiss_referendums" title="1981 Swiss referendums">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Swiss_referendums" title="1982 Swiss referendums">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Swiss_referendums" title="1983 Swiss referendums">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Swiss_referendums" title="1984 Swiss referendums">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Swiss_referendums" title="1985 Swiss referendums">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Swiss_referendums" title="1986 Swiss referendums">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Swiss_referendums" title="1987 Swiss referendums">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Swiss_referendums" title="1988 Swiss referendums">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Swiss_referendums" title="1989 Swiss referendums">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Swiss_referendums" title="1990 Swiss referendums">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Swiss_referendums" title="1991 Swiss referendums">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Swiss_referendums" title="1992 Swiss referendums">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Swiss_referendums" title="1993 Swiss referendums">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Swiss_referendums" title="1994 Swiss referendums">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Swiss_referendums" title="1995 Swiss referendums">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Swiss_referendums" title="1996 Swiss referendums">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Swiss_referendums" title="1997 Swiss referendums">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Swiss_referendums" title="1998 Swiss referendums">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Swiss_referendums" title="1999 Swiss referendums">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Swiss_referendums" title="2000 Swiss referendums">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Swiss_referendums" title="2001 Swiss referendums">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Swiss_referendums" title="2002 Swiss referendums">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Swiss_referendums" title="2003 Swiss referendums">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Swiss_referendums" title="2004 Swiss referendums">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Swiss_referendums" title="2005 Swiss referendums">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Swiss_referendums" title="2006 Swiss referendums">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Swiss_referendums" title="2007 Swiss referendums">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Swiss_referendums" title="2008 Swiss referendums">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Swiss_referendums" title="2009 Swiss referendums">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Swiss_referendums" title="2010 Swiss referendums">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Swiss_gun_control_initiative" title="2011 Swiss gun control initiative">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Swiss_referendums" title="2012 Swiss referendums">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Swiss_referendums" title="2013 Swiss referendums">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Swiss_referendums" title="2014 Swiss referendums">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Swiss_referendums" title="2015 Swiss referendums">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Swiss_referendums" title="2016 Swiss referendums">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Swiss_referendums" title="2017 Swiss referendums">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Swiss_referendums" title="2018 Swiss referendums">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Swiss_referendums" title="2019 Swiss referendums">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Swiss_referendums" title="2020 Swiss referendums">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Swiss_referendums" title="2021 Swiss referendums">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Swiss_referendums" title="2022 Swiss referendums">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Swiss_referendums" title="2023 Swiss referendums">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Swiss_referendums" title="2024 Swiss referendums">2024</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_referendum" title="Mandatory referendum">Mandatory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Optional_referendum" title="Optional referendum">Optional</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_popular_initiative" title="Federal popular initiative">Popular initiative</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federal_courts_of_Switzerland" title="Federal courts of Switzerland">Federal courts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland">Federal Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Criminal_Court_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Criminal Court of Switzerland">Federal Criminal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Administrative_Court_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Administrative Court (Switzerland)">Federal Administrative Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Patent_Court_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Patent Court (Switzerland)">Federal Patent Court</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Switzerland" title="Foreign relations of Switzerland">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">European Union</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Cantons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Ausserrhoden" title="Appenzell Ausserrhoden">Appenzell Ausserrhoden (AR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Innerrhoden" title="Appenzell Innerrhoden">Appenzell Innerrhoden (AI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aargau" title="Aargau">Aargau (AG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel-Landschaft" title="Basel-Landschaft">Basel-Landschaft (BL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel-Stadt" title="Basel-Stadt">Basel-Stadt (BS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">Bern (BE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg" title="Canton of Fribourg">Fribourg (FR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">Geneva (GE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">Glarus (GL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">Grisons (GR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Jura" title="Canton of Jura">Jura (JU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne" title="Canton of Lucerne">Lucerne (LU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel (NE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidwalden" title="Nidwalden">Nidwalden (NW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obwalden" title="Obwalden">Obwalden (OW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schaffhausen" title="Canton of Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen (SH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schwyz" title="Canton of Schwyz">Schwyz (SZ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Solothurn" title="Canton of Solothurn">Solothurn (SO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Canton of St. Gallen">St. Gallen (SG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino (TI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgau" title="Thurgau">Thurgau (TG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">Uri (UR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais (VS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaud" title="Vaud">Vaud (VD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zug" title="Canton of Zug">Zug (ZG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zurich" title="Canton of Zurich">Zurich (ZH)</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cantonal_legislatures_of_Switzerland" title="List of cantonal legislatures of Switzerland">Cantonal legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cantonal_executives_of_Switzerland" title="List of cantonal executives of Switzerland">Cantonal executives</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Landsgemeinde</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Switzerland" title="Municipalities of Switzerland">Municipalities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Switzerland" title="List of municipalities of Switzerland">(Full list of Municipalities)</a> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Aargau" title="Municipalities of the canton of Aargau">Aargau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Appenzell_Innerrhoden#Political_subdivisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden">Appenzell Innerrhoden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Appenzell_Ausserrhoden#Municipalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden">Appenzell Ausserrhoden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Basel-Landschaft" title="Municipalities of the canton of Basel-Landschaft">Basel-Landschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Basel-Stadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of the canton of Basel-Stadt">Basel-Stadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Bern" title="Municipalities of the canton of Bern">Bern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Fribourg" title="Municipalities of the canton of Fribourg">Fribourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Geneva" title="Municipalities of the canton of Geneva">Geneva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Glarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of the canton of Glarus">Glarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Graub%C3%BCnden" title="Municipalities of the canton of Graubünden">Graubünden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Jura" title="Municipalities of the canton of Jura">Jura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Lucerne" title="Municipalities of the canton of Lucerne">Lucerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Municipalities of the canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Nidwalden" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of the canton of Nidwalden">Nidwalden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Obwalden" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of the canton of Obwalden">Obwalden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Schaffhausen" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of the canton of Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Schwyz" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of the canton of Schwyz">Schwyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Solothurn" title="Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn">Solothurn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Municipalities of the canton of St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Thurgau" title="Municipalities of the canton of Thurgau">Thurgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Ticino" title="Municipalities of the canton of Ticino">Ticino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Uri" title="Municipalities of the canton of Uri">Uri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Valais" title="Municipalities of the canton of Valais">Valais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Vaud" title="Municipalities of the canton of Vaud">Vaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Zug" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of the canton of Zug">Zug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Zurich" title="Municipalities of the canton of Zurich">Zurich</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Switzerland" title="Portal:Switzerland">Switzerland portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Template:Politics of Switzerland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Template talk:Politics of Switzerland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Switzerland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> The <i><b>Landsgemeinde</b></i> ("cantonal assembly"; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈlantsɡəˌmaɪndə]</a></span>, plural <i><b>Landsgemeinden</b></i>) is a public, non-secret ballot voting system operating by <a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">majority rule</a>. Still in use – in a few places – at the <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Switzerland" title="Subdivisions of Switzerland">subnational</a> political level in Switzerland, it was formerly practiced in eight <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons</a>. For practical reasons <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, the <i>Landsgemeinde</i> has been abolished at the cantonal level in all but two cantons where it still holds the highest political authority: <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Appenzell_Innerrhoden" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden">Appenzell Innerrhoden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">Glarus</a>. The <i>Landsgemeinde</i> is also convened in some <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Switzerland" title="Districts of Switzerland">districts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Appenzell_Innerrhoden" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden">Appenzell Innerrhoden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">Grisons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schwyz" title="Canton of Schwyz">Schwyz</a> to vote on local questions. </p><p>The German term <i>Landsgemeinde</i> itself is attested from at least the 16th century, in the 1561 dictionary of <a href="/wiki/Josua_Maaler" title="Josua Maaler">Pictorius</a>. It is a compound from <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Land" class="extiw" title="wikt:Land">Land</a></i> "land, canton; rural canton" and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Gemeinde" class="extiw" title="wikt:Gemeinde">Gemeinde</a></i> "community, commune". </p><p>Eligible citizens of the <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">canton</a> or <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Switzerland" title="Districts of Switzerland">district</a> meet on a certain day in the open air to decide on specific issues. Voting is accomplished by raising one's hand in favor of a motion. Historically, the only proof of citizenship necessary for men to enter the voting area was to show their ceremonial sword or Swiss military sidearm (bayonet); this gave proof that they were a freeman allowed to <a href="/wiki/Bear_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear arms">bear arms</a> and to vote. While voting cards have been introduced, in <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Appenzell_Innerrhoden" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden">Appenzell</a> presenting a sidearm is still a valid alternative to the voting card for men. </p><p>The <i>Landsgemeinde</i> has been the sovereign institution of the Swiss rural cantons since the late Middle Ages, while in the city-cantons such as <a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, a general assembly of all citizens was never established. </p><p>Similar assemblies in dependent territories were known under terms such as <i>Talgemeinde</i> (for <i><a href="/wiki/Talschaft" title="Talschaft">Talschaften</a></i>, used in <a href="/wiki/Ursern" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursern">Ursern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oberhasli" title="Oberhasli">Hasli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obersimmental" class="mw-redirect" title="Obersimmental">Obersimmental</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">Teding</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Engelberg" title="Engelberg">Engelberg</a>), <i>Parlamento</i> (<a href="/wiki/Leventina" class="mw-redirect" title="Leventina">Leventina</a>), and <i>Zendgemeinden</i> (for the <i>Zenden</i> or districts of <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a>), but also as <i>Landsgemeinde</i> in <a href="/wiki/Toggenburg" title="Toggenburg">Toggenburg</a> and in parts of <a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">Grisons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsgemeinde&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsgemeinde&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the <i>Landsgemeinde</i>, citizens of a district or canton assemble annually in a public space under open sky to vote on a series of <a href="/wiki/Ballot_question" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot question">ballot questions</a>. Depending on the canton, they raise their hand or voter identification card to either accept or reject the motion, which constitutes a <i>non-secret ballot</i>. Decision is taken by <a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">majority rule</a>, and in case of incertitude, the <a href="/wiki/Landammann" title="Landammann">Landammann</a> estimates on which side the majority falls with the help of his colleagues from the communal council. </p><p>The duration of the <i>Landsgemeinde</i> varies significantly between the two cantons that still convene it. In <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">Glarus</a>, because of the high level of deliberation and possibility for citizens to propose an amendment of an existing law article or the introduction of a new one, the <i>Landsgemeinde</i> lasts between 2 and 4.5 hours on average. In <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Appenzell_Innerrhoden" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden">Appenzell Innerrhoden</a> on the other hand, deliberation is limited, thus the <i>Landsgemeinden</i> usually end after 1 to 2.5 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-tagblatt.ch_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tagblatt.ch-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subject_of_the_votes">Subject of the votes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsgemeinde&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Subject of the votes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Symptomatic of the <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalist</a> system of Switzerland,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>Landsgemeinde</i> differs in the scope of its usage from canton to canton. The legislative power is concerned both in <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Appenzell_Innerrhoden" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden">Appenzell Innerrhoden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">Glarus</a>, where the <i>Landsgemeinde</i> can be used to implement laws or modify the cantonal constitution. In <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Appenzell_Innerrhoden" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden">Appenzell Innerrhoden</a>, the <i>Landsgemeinde</i> can also cover governmental issues,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">Glarus</a> tax laws are regulated by <i>Landsgemeinde</i> decision and alternative legislative counterproposals ('constructive referendums') can be formulated by the citizens and voted on this occasion.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In neither of the two cantons is the <i>Landsgemeinde</i> used to elect the parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaub309_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaub309-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsgemeinde&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsgemeinde&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welti_Landsgemeinde3_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Welti_Landsgemeinde3_1912.jpg/300px-Welti_Landsgemeinde3_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Welti_Landsgemeinde3_1912.jpg/450px-Welti_Landsgemeinde3_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Welti_Landsgemeinde3_1912.jpg/600px-Welti_Landsgemeinde3_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="1796" /></a><figcaption><i>Die Landsgemeinde</i>, fresco in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Palace_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Palace of Switzerland">Federal Palace of Switzerland</a> by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Welti" title="Albert Welti">Albert Welti</a> and Wilhelm Balmer</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Landsgemeinde</i> assembly is a tradition with continuity back to the later Middle Ages, first recorded in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Formation_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation of the Old Swiss Confederacy">formation of the Old Swiss Confederacy</a>. The tradition ultimately continues the <a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">Germanic <i>thing</i></a>, although not uninterruptedly, as the <a href="/wiki/Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alamanni</a> had lost their independence to the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Empire">Frankish Empire</a> in the 8th century but re-emerging in territories with <a href="/wiki/Imperial_immediacy" title="Imperial immediacy">imperial immediacy</a> since the 13th century. </p><p>The first <i>Landsgemeinde</i> proper is attested for <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">Uri</a> in 1231; however, these early assemblies grew seamlessly out of the older institution of <a href="/wiki/Blood_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood court">blood courts</a> (assemblies with the purpose of dispensing judgement on criminal offenses, see <a href="/wiki/High_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="High justice">high justice</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Middle_Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Latin">Middle Latin</a> texts when recording a <i>Landsgemeinde</i> usually express this by making <i>universitas</i> "the universality", or <i>communitas hominum</i> "the community of men" of a certain canton the subject of a sentence (see, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Charter_of_1291" title="Federal Charter of 1291">Federal Charter of 1291</a>), in order to emphasize that the decision was made by the community (<a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>) rather than by a political elite. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Swiss Confederacy</a>, the existence of a <i>Landsgemeinde</i> was the defining feature of the rural cantons (<i>Länderorte</i>, as opposed to the city-cantons). These Cantons were: <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">Uri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unterwalden" title="Unterwalden">Unterwalden</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Forest-cantons" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest-cantons">forest-cantons</a>), <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">Glarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Appenzell" title="Appenzell">Appenzell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zug" title="Zug">Zug</a>. Zug took an intermediate position, as it was a city-canton which due to the existence of a <i>Landsgemeinde</i> was also counted under the rural cantons. </p><p>With the formation of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_as_a_federal_state" title="Switzerland as a federal state">Switzerland as a federal state</a>, the formerly sovereign cantonal assemblies became subject to federal law, and the <i>Landsgemeinden</i> came to be seen as anachronisms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_and_current_situation">Evolution and current situation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsgemeinde&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Evolution and current situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:186px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Landsgemeinde_Trogen_1814.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Landsgemeinde_Trogen_1814.jpg/288px-Landsgemeinde_Trogen_1814.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Landsgemeinde_Trogen_1814.jpg/432px-Landsgemeinde_Trogen_1814.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Landsgemeinde_Trogen_1814.jpg/576px-Landsgemeinde_Trogen_1814.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2712" data-file-height="1752" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:191px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ETH-BIB_Com_LC1265-001-006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/ETH-BIB_Com_LC1265-001-006.jpg/288px-ETH-BIB_Com_LC1265-001-006.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/ETH-BIB_Com_LC1265-001-006.jpg/432px-ETH-BIB_Com_LC1265-001-006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/ETH-BIB_Com_LC1265-001-006.jpg/576px-ETH-BIB_Com_LC1265-001-006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5336" data-file-height="3539" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The 1814 and 1978 <i>Landsgemeinden</i> in <a href="/wiki/Trogen,_Switzerland" title="Trogen, Switzerland">Trogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Ausserrhoden" title="Appenzell Ausserrhoden">Appenzell Ausserrhoden</a></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Landsgemeinde_Altdorf_1927.webm/220px--Landsgemeinde_Altdorf_1927.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="196" data-mwtitle="Landsgemeinde_Altdorf_1927.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Landsgemeinde_Altdorf_1927.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d2/Landsgemeinde_Altdorf_1927.webm/Landsgemeinde_Altdorf_1927.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Landsgemeinde_Altdorf_1927.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="768" data-height="576" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d2/Landsgemeinde_Altdorf_1927.webm/Landsgemeinde_Altdorf_1927.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d2/Landsgemeinde_Altdorf_1927.webm/Landsgemeinde_Altdorf_1927.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d2/Landsgemeinde_Altdorf_1927.webm/Landsgemeinde_Altdorf_1927.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d2/Landsgemeinde_Altdorf_1927.webm/Landsgemeinde_Altdorf_1927.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Silent movie of the Landsgemeinde in <a href="/wiki/Altdorf,_Uri" title="Altdorf, Uri">Altdorf</a>, Uri in 1927</figcaption></figure> <p>The usage of the <i>Landsgemeinde</i> was progressively abandoned at the cantonal level through the 19th and 20th century. <a href="/wiki/Zug" title="Zug">Zug</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a> jettisoned it in 1848, followed by <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">Uri</a> in 1928. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nidwalden" title="Nidwalden">Nidwalden</a> in 1996, <a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Ausserrhoden" title="Appenzell Ausserrhoden">Appenzell Ausserrhoden</a> in 1997 and <a href="/wiki/Obwalden" title="Obwalden">Obwalden</a> in 1998 abolished their cantonal <i>Landsgemeinde</i> by <a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">secret ballot</a> votes. </p><p>Currently, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Appenzell_Innerrhoden" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden">Appenzell Innerrhoden</a>, which rejected in 1991 by <i>Landsgemeinde</i> the abolition of this institution, and <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">Glarus</a> are the only remaining cantons to use this form of direct democracy. Beside the 1991 vote of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Appenzell_Innerrhoden" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden">Appenzell Innerrhoden</a>, the usage of the <i>Landsgemeinde</i> has since then never been questioned in these two cantons, which suggests that citizens are attached to their institution. Moreover, turnout rates remained constant in the last 50 years both in <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Appenzell_Innerrhoden" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden">Appenzell Innerrhoden</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">Glarus</a>. In the latter canton a participation record of 50% was even recorded in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaub309_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaub309-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Glarus recently introduced measures to encourage participation at the <i>Landsgemeinde</i>. In 2007, participation was extended to citizens aged 16 and older, which constitutes an exception in Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, each year on the day of the <i>Landsgemeinde</i>, participants can use all public transports of the canton for free. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Appenzell_Innerrhoden" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden">Appenzell Innerrhoden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">Glarus</a>, the modernization of the institution, for example through the potential introduction of electronic vote-counting systems is debated, but no political party is opposed to the maintenance of the <i>Landsgemeinden</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-tagblatt.ch_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tagblatt.ch-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides the cantonal assemblies, the Swiss Confederation is supporting various projects inspired by the <i>Landsgemeinden</i> and built on the same ideas. For instance, the 4th <i>Cyber-Landsgemeinde</i> was organised on April 6, 2016 in <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, with the aim to use <a href="/wiki/Deliberative_democracy" title="Deliberative democracy">democratic deliberation</a> to foster reflections and find solutions related to the topic of cyber-security.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, the urban municipality of <a href="/wiki/Kloten" title="Kloten">Kloten</a> implemented in 2012 a version of the <i>Landsgemeinde</i> to deliberate on the allocation of funds to local projects, which enabled for example the construction of a new Kindergarten.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_political_paradigms_and_criticisms">Related political paradigms and criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsgemeinde&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Related political paradigms and criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_democracy">Direct democracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsgemeinde&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Direct democracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Landsgemeinde</i> forms one of the pillars of the direct democratic core of the Swiss political structure. Even if its use has sharply decreased in the past century, it is still considered as a characteristic institution of the Swiss democracy and is generally considered as a <a href="/wiki/Participatory_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory Democracy">participative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Democracy">inclusive</a> democratic practice. However, while participation is according to the <i>cantonal constitutions</i> not only encouraged but also required as part of the <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">civic duty</a> of the concerned individuals, it is unclear if the <i>Landsgemeinde</i> offers better inclusivity and fosters a higher level of participation than the more traditional secret-ballot voting methods.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul Lucardie (2014) notes for example that: </p><p>"Evidence suggests that attendance at assemblies in Appenzell and Glarus, as well as most town meetings in Vermont and possibly also in ancient Athens, has always been limited to roughly twenty per cent of the citizenry."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">inclusion of women</a> was until recently one of the main concerns for the inclusivity of the <i>Landsgemeinde</i>. Up to 1991, women were not allowed in the <i>Landsgemeinde</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Appenzell_Innerrhoden" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden">canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden</a>, which was the last canton of Switzerland to grant women the right to vote, making it an exceptionally late introduction of women's suffrage for a European country.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ochlocracy">Ochlocracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsgemeinde&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ochlocracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been suggestions placing the <i>Landsgemeinde</i> system in the vicinity of "<a href="/wiki/Ochlocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochlocracy">ochlocracy</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">tyranny of the majority</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2017)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> Blum and Köhler (2006) suggested there might only be a "limited level of preliminary debate" possible leading to a failure to consider minority opinions.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The open ballot system ostensibly fails to assure <a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">the secrecy of the vote</a>. Switzerland has explicitly introduced an exception to article 25 of its International Pact on Civil and Political Rights in order to protect the <i>Landsgemeinde</i>, avoiding complying with the letter of article 21.3 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> protecting the secrecy of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Switzerland has never ratified the first convention protocol of the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> for a similar reason.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under such conditions, <a href="/wiki/Social_control" title="Social control">social control</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">crowd manipulation</a> processes might then prevent citizens from voting according to their own preferences and mislead rational decisions. On the other hand, according to the ancient Greek tradition of <a href="/wiki/Parrhesia" title="Parrhesia">parrhesia</a>, literally "saying everything", a public assembly could teach individuals to express their opinions with frankness and collective responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies of outcomes of the <i>Landsgemeinde</i> in various administrative divisions (Schaub 2012, Gerber & Mueller 2014<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>) seem to suggest that proper preliminary deliberation can help reach better decisions defined by the "unforced force of the better argument" (Habermas, 1992).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsgemeinde&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting_in_Switzerland" title="Voting in Switzerland">Voting in Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Democracy">Inclusive Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_democracy" title="Participatory democracy">Participatory democracy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsgemeinde&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Stadler, Hans: <i>Landsgemeinde</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D10239.php"><span title="Landsgemeinde in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F10239.php"><span title="Landsgemeinde in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I10239.php"><span title="Landsgemeinde in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>, 18 January 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tagblatt.ch-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tagblatt.ch_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tagblatt.ch_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ueber die Macht des kleinen Buergers. Tagblatt, 28 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.tagblatt.ch/ostschweiz-am-sonntag/ostschweiz/art304158,3385183">http://www.tagblatt.ch/ostschweiz-am-sonntag/ostschweiz/art304158,3385183</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Federal Council, portal of the Swiss government. (2012) <i>Swiss Federalism</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160714130916/https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/federal-council/political-system-of-switzerland/swiss-federalism.html">"How Swiss federalism works"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/federal-council/political-system-of-switzerland/swiss-federalism.html">the original</a> on 14 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Swiss+federalism+works&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.admin.ch%2Fgov%2Fen%2Fstart%2Ffederal-council%2Fpolitical-system-of-switzerland%2Fswiss-federalism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandsgemeinde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ai.ch/de/politik/sitzung">Landsgemeinde in Appenzell Inner Rhodes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195949/http://www.ai.ch/de/politik/sitzung/">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landsgemeinde.gl.ch">Glarus Landsgemeinde</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaub309-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schaub309_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaub309_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schaub (2012), p. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110621071839/http://www.landsgemeinde.gl.ch/node/87">"Übersicht | Glarner Landsgemeinde"</a>. <i>www.landsgemeinde.gl.ch</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landsgemeinde.gl.ch/node/87">the original</a> on 21 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.landsgemeinde.gl.ch&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cbersicht+%7C+Glarner+Landsgemeinde&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.landsgemeinde.gl.ch%2Fnode%2F87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandsgemeinde" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160420132415/http://www.vtg.admin.ch/internet/vtg/de/home/dokumentation/news/newsdetail.61251.nsb.html">"Vierte «Cyber-Landsgemeinde» des Sicherheitsverbundes Schweiz"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vtg.admin.ch/internet/vtg/de/home/dokumentation/news/newsdetail.61251.nsb.html">the original</a> on 20 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vierte+%C2%ABCyber-Landsgemeinde%C2%BB+des+Sicherheitsverbundes+Schweiz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vtg.admin.ch%2Finternet%2Fvtg%2Fde%2Fhome%2Fdokumentation%2Fnews%2Fnewsdetail.61251.nsb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandsgemeinde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landsgemeinde-kloten.ch/archiv/landsgemeinde-2012">"2012 - Landsgemeinde Kloten"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2012+-+Landsgemeinde+Kloten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.landsgemeinde-kloten.ch%2Farchiv%2Flandsgemeinde-2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandsgemeinde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schaub (2012), pp. 322-323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucardie, Paul.(2014) <i>Democratic Extremism in Theory and Practice: All Power to the People</i>, p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geschichte-schweiz.ch (2004) <i>Switzerland's Long Way to Women's Right to Vote</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://history-switzerland.geschichte-schweiz.ch/chronology-womens-right-vote-switzerland.html">http://history-switzerland.geschichte-schweiz.ch/chronology-womens-right-vote-switzerland.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blum, R., Köhler, B. (2006). <i>Partizipation und Deliberation in der Versammlungsdemokratie. Schweizer Landsgemeinden mit Kommunikationsdefiziten?</i> In K. Imhof, R. Blum, H.Bonfadelli, & O. Jarren (ed.), Demokratie in der Mediengesellschaft (pp. 285–303).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/19660262/index.html">"Fedlex"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fedlex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.admin.ch%2Fopc%2Fde%2Fclassified-compilation%2F19660262%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandsgemeinde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hangartner, Yvo, Kley, Andreas. (2000) <i>Die demokratischen Rechte in Bund und Kantonen der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft</i>. Schulthess Verlag.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saxonhouse, Arlene W. (2000) <i>The Practice of Parrhêsia.</i> Free Speech and Democracy in Ancient Athens. 85-90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Habermas, Jürgen. (1992) <i>Deliberative Politics: A Procedural Concept of Democracy</i>. 306</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsgemeinde&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Marabello, Thomas Quinn (February 2023). "The Origins of Democracy in Switzerland," <i>Swiss American Historical Society Review</i>, Vol. 59: No. 1. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol59/iss1/4">https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol59/iss1/4</a></li> <li>T. Favre-Bulle. (2015) The Urban Diffusion of Local Direct Democracy between Switzerland and the United States.</li> <li>H. Ryffel. (1903) Die schweizerische Landsgemeinde nach geltendem Rechte.</li> <li>W.-A. Liebeskind. (1971) L. et suffrage féminin, pp. 371–375.</li> <li>S. Duroy. (1987) «Les "Landsgemeinden suisses"», in Les procédés de la démocratie semi-directe dans l'administration locale en Suisse, pp. 1-94.</li> <li>Schaub, Hans-Peter. (2012) <i>Maximising Direct Democracy – by Popular Assemblies or by Ballot Votes?</i> Swiss Political Science Association.</li> <li>H.R. Stauffacher. (1989) Herrschaft und Landsgemeinde.</li> <li>P. Blickle. (1990) «Friede und Verfassung, Voraussetzungen und Folgen der Eidgenossenschaft von 1291», in Innerschweiz und frühe Eidgenossenschaft 1, pp. 15–202.</li> <li>U. Kälin. (1991) Die Urner Magistratenfamilien.</li> <li>L. Carlen. (1996) «Die Landsgemeinde», in Die Ursprünge der schweizerischen direkten Demokratie, ed. A. Auer, pp. 15–25 (with Bibl.).</li> <li>F. Brändle. (2005) Demokratie und Charisma.</li> <li>B. Adler. (2006) Die Entstehung der direkten Demokratie.</li> <li>B. Wickli. (2006) Politische Kultur und die "reine Demokratie".</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Switzerland_topics" title="Template:Switzerland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Switzerland_topics" title="Template talk:Switzerland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Switzerland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Switzerland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Switzerland_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b>Major topics</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Swiss_history" title="Timeline of Swiss history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlargement of Switzerland">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Switzerland" title="Early history of Switzerland">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Roman_era" title="Switzerland in the Roman era">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Confederacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Charter_of_1291" title="Federal Charter of 1291">Federal Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCtli_Oath" title="Rütli Oath">Rütli Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">Growth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland" title="Reformation in Switzerland">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Switzerland">Early Modern era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_Regeneration_in_Switzerland" title="Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_as_a_federal_state" title="Switzerland as a federal state">Federal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">World wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Switzerland" title="Modern history of Switzerland">Modern history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Switzerland" title="Military history of Switzerland">Military history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Switzerland" title="List of wars involving Switzerland">list of wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Switzerland" title="Historiography of Switzerland">Historiography</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_(Pantone).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Plateau" title="Swiss Plateau">Swiss Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jura_Mountains" title="Jura Mountains">Jura Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Switzerland" title="Subdivisions of Switzerland">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Cantons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Innerrhoden" title="Appenzell Innerrhoden">AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aargau" title="Aargau">AG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Ausserrhoden" title="Appenzell Ausserrhoden">AR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">BE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel-Landschaft" title="Basel-Landschaft">BL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel-Stadt" title="Basel-Stadt">BS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg" title="Canton of Fribourg">FR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">GE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">GL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">GR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Jura" title="Canton of Jura">JU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne" title="Canton of Lucerne">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">NE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidwalden" title="Nidwalden">NW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obwalden" title="Obwalden">OW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Canton of St. Gallen">SG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schaffhausen" title="Canton of Schaffhausen">SH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Solothurn" title="Canton of Solothurn">SO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schwyz" title="Canton of Schwyz">SZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgau" title="Thurgau">TG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">TI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">UR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaud" title="Vaud">VD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">VS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zug" title="Canton of Zug">ZG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zurich" title="Canton of Zurich">ZH</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Switzerland" title="Districts of Switzerland">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Switzerland" title="Municipalities of Switzerland">Municipalities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Switzerland" title="List of cities in Switzerland">list of cities and towns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Switzerland" title="NUTS statistical regions of Switzerland">Statistical regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Switzerland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Switzerland" title="List of earthquakes in Switzerland">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Switzerland" title="List of extreme points of Switzerland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Switzerland" title="Fauna of Switzerland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Switzerland" title="Forests of Switzerland">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Switzerland" title="List of glaciers in Switzerland">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology_of_Switzerland" title="Hydrology of Switzerland">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Switzerland" title="List of islands of Switzerland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Switzerland" title="List of lakes of Switzerland">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_in_Switzerland" title="List of mountain passes in Switzerland">Mountain passes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prominent_mountains_of_Switzerland" title="List of prominent mountains of Switzerland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_parks_in_Switzerland" title="Nature parks in Switzerland">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Switzerland" title="List of rivers of Switzerland">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Politics of Switzerland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Switzerland" title="Subdivisions of Switzerland">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_courts_of_Switzerland" title="Federal courts of Switzerland">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Switzerland" title="Elections in Switzerland">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Switzerland" title="Foreign relations of Switzerland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li>Government <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Federal Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="President of the Swiss Confederation">President of the Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_administration_of_Switzerland" title="Federal administration of Switzerland">Federal administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Switzerland" title="Human rights in Switzerland">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Switzerland">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Landsgemeinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Switzerland" title="Law of Switzerland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Switzerland" title="Law enforcement in Switzerland">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Armed_Forces" title="Swiss Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Redoubt_(Switzerland)" title="National Redoubt (Switzerland)">National Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_neutrality" title="Swiss neutrality">Neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Switzerland)" title="National Council (Switzerland)">National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(Switzerland)" title="Council of States (Switzerland)">Council of States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Switzerland" title="List of political parties in Switzerland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative_in_Switzerland" title="Popular initiative in Switzerland">Popular initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_in_Switzerland" title="Voting in Switzerland">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_decree" title="Federal decree">Federal decree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland" title="Economy of Switzerland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Switzerland" title="Economic history of Switzerland">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Switzerland" title="Agriculture in Switzerland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Switzerland" title="Banking in Switzerland">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Bank" title="Swiss National Bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Switzerland" title="List of banks in Switzerland">Private banks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Switzerland" title="List of companies of Switzerland">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Switzerland" title="Energy in Switzerland">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Franc <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Switzerland">Pharmaceutical industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Switzerland" title="Science and technology in Switzerland">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIX_Swiss_Exchange" title="SIX Swiss Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_made" title="Swiss made">Swiss made</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Switzerland" title="Taxation in Switzerland">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Switzerland" title="Telecommunications in Switzerland">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Switzerland" title="Tourism in Switzerland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Switzerland" title="Trade unions in Switzerland">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Switzerland" title="Transport in Switzerland">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Switzerland" title="List of airports in Switzerland">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Switzerland" title="Rail transport in Switzerland">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_main_roads" title="List of Swiss main roads">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Switzerland" title="Waste management in Switzerland">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Switzerland" title="Category:Society of Switzerland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Switzerland" title="Abortion in Switzerland">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Switzerland" title="Capital punishment in Switzerland">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Switzerland" title="Conscription in Switzerland">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Switzerland" title="Corruption in Switzerland">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Switzerland" title="Crime in Switzerland">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Switzerland" title="Demographics of Switzerland">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland" title="Education in Switzerland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Switzerland" title="Euthanasia in Switzerland">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Switzerland" title="Firearms regulation in Switzerland">Firearms regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Switzerland" title="Health in Switzerland">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Switzerland" title="Healthcare in Switzerland">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Switzerland" title="Homelessness in Switzerland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Switzerland" title="Human trafficking in Switzerland">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Switzerland" title="Immigration to Switzerland">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_system_in_Switzerland" title="Pension system in Switzerland">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_Switzerland" title="List of prisons in Switzerland">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Switzerland" title="Poverty in Switzerland">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Switzerland" title="Prostitution in Switzerland">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Switzerland" title="Social security in Switzerland">Social security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Welfare_Policy_in_Switzerland" title="Public Welfare Policy in Switzerland">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Switzerland" title="Women in Switzerland">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Switzerland" title="Culture of Switzerland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Psalm" title="Swiss Psalm">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Switzerland" title="Architecture of Switzerland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Switzerland" title="Cinema of Switzerland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland" title="Coat of arms of Switzerland">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Switzerland" title="Flag of Switzerland">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_folklore" title="Swiss folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetia" title="Helvetia">Helvetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6stigraben" title="Röstigraben">Röstigraben</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_literature" title="Swiss literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Switzerland" title="Mass media in Switzerland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Switzerland" title="Public holidays in Switzerland">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Day" title="Swiss National Day">National Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Switzerland" title="Sport in Switzerland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Switzerland" title="National symbols of Switzerland">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Inventory_of_Cultural_Property_of_National_and_Regional_Significance" title="Swiss Inventory of Cultural Property of National and Regional Significance">Cultural Property of National Significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Switzerland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Switzerland">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Switzerland" title="Category:Switzerland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Switzerland" title="Portal:Switzerland">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/19px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/29px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/38px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Switzerland" title="Portal:Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q688561#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q688561#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q688561#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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