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href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usurpation_of_Procopius_(365–366)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usurpation_of_Procopius_(365–366)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Usurpation of Procopius (365–366)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usurpation_of_Procopius_(365–366)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Gothic_War:_367–369" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Gothic_War:_367–369"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>First Gothic War: 367–369</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Gothic_War:_367–369-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian_War:_373" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_War:_373"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Persian War: 373</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_War:_373-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_reign:_373–376" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_reign:_373–376"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Later reign: 373–376</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_reign:_373–376-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Gothic_War:_376–378" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Gothic_War:_376–378"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Second Gothic War: 376–378</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Gothic_War:_376–378-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Adrianople" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Adrianople"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Battle of Adrianople</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Adrianople-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Assessment and legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assessment_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Assessment and legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Assessment_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Religious policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Appearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Valens</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens" title="Valens – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Valens" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens" title="Valens – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Valens" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3" title="فالنس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فالنس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valent" title="Valent – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Valent" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3" title="والنس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="والنس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens" title="Valens – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Valens" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II" title="Валент II – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Валент II" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Валент (Римска империя) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Валент (Римска империя)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Julius_Valens" title="Flavius Julius Valens – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Flavius Julius Valens" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valent" title="Valent – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Valent" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens" title="Valens – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Valens" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens" title="Valens – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Valens" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens_(kejser)" title="Valens (kejser) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Valens (kejser)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens" title="Valens – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Valens" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens" title="Valens – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valens" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Ουάλης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουάλης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valente" title="Valente – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Valente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valento_(imperiestro)" title="Valento (imperiestro) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Valento (imperiestro)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valente" title="Valente – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Valente" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3" title="والنس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="والنس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens" title="Valens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Valens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falins" title="Falins – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Falins" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valente" title="Valente – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Valente" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%EB%A0%8C%EC%8A%A4" title="발렌스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발렌스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%BD" title="Վաղես – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վաղես" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens" title="Valens – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Valens" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens" title="Valens – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Valens" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valente_(imperatore)" title="Valente (imperatore) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Valente (imperatore)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="ואלנס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ואלנס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ვალენტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვალენტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Валент – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Валент" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens" title="Valens – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Valens" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Valens" title="Flavius Valens – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Flavius Valens" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens_r%C3%B3mai_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="Valens római császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Valens római császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Валенс – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Валенс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="व्हॅलेन्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्हॅलेन्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ვალენტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვალენტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3" title="فالنس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فالنس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens" title="Valens – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Valens" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Julius_Valens" title="Flavius Julius Valens – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Flavius Julius Valens" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9" title="ウァレンス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウァレンス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens" title="Valens – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Valens" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens" title="Valens – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Valens" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens" title="Valens – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Valens" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valent" title="Valent – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Valent" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walens" title="Walens – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Walens" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valente_(imperador)" title="Valente (imperador) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Valente (imperador)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens" title="Valens – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Valens" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II" title="Валент II – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Валент II" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valensi" title="Valensi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Valensi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenti_(mpiraturi)" title="Valenti (mpiraturi) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Valenti (mpiraturi)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens" title="Valens – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Valens" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Валенс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Валенс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens" title="Valens – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Valens" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens" title="Valens – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valens" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens" title="Valens – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Valens" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens" title="Valens – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Valens" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens" title="Valens – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Valens" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Валент – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Валент" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3" title="والنس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="والنس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens" title="Valens – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Valens" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens" title="Valens – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Valens" data-language-autonym="Winaray" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman emperor from 364 to 378</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ritchie_Valens" title="Ritchie Valens">Ritchie Valens</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Roman emperor. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Valens_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Valens (disambiguation)">Valens (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Valens" title="Special:EditPage/Valens">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Valens%22">"Valens"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Valens%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Valens%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Valens%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Valens%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Valens%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Valens</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:INC-3015-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._364_%D0%B3._(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Golden coin depicting man with diadem facing right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/INC-3015-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._364_%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/220px-INC-3015-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._364_%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/INC-3015-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._364_%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/330px-INC-3015-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._364_%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/INC-3015-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._364_%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/440px-INC-3015-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._364_%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="503" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">Solidus</a> depicting Valens, marked:<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps"><abbr title="DOMINUS NOSTER">d·n·</abbr> valens <abbr title="PIUS FELIX">p·f·</abbr> <abbr title="AUGUSTUS">aug·</abbr></span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">East</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">28 March 364 – 9 August 378</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a> (alone)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Co-rulers</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">West</a>, 364–75)<br /><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">West</a>, 375–78)<br /><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">West</a>, 375–78)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">328<br />Cibalae, <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Secunda" title="Pannonia Secunda">Pannonia Secunda</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Vinkovci" title="Vinkovci">Vinkovci</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople" title="Battle of Adrianople">9 August 378</a> (aged 49)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris931_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris931-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Orestias" title="Orestias">Adrianople</a>, Eastern Roman Empire (now <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Domnica" title="Domnica">Domnica</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Anastasia<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris931_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris931-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Carosa<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris931_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris931-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Valentinianus_Galates" title="Valentinianus Galates">Valentinianus Galates</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris931_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris931-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a> <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a> <a href="/wiki/Flavia_gens" title="Flavia gens">Flavius</a> Valens <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinianic dynasty">Valentinianic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gratianus_Funarius" title="Gratianus Funarius">Gratianus Funarius</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Semi-Arianism" title="Semi-Arianism">Semi-Arianism</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Err_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Err-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Valens</b><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ουάλης</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">translit.</a></small> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><i>Ouálēs</i></i></span>; 328 – 9 August 378) was <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> from 364 to 378. Following a largely unremarkable military career, he was named co-emperor by his elder brother <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a>, who gave him the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">eastern half</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> to rule. In 378, Valens was defeated and killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople" title="Battle of Adrianople">Battle of Adrianople</a> against the invading <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, which astonished contemporaries and marked the beginning of barbarian encroachment into Roman territory. </p><p>As emperor, Valens continually faced threats both internal and external.<sup id="cite_ref-odlavalens_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odlavalens-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He defeated, after some dithering, the usurper <a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a> in 366, and campaigned against the Goths across the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> in 367 and 369. In the following years, Valens focused on the eastern frontier, where he faced the perennial threat of <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Persia</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a>, as well as additional conflicts with the <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isauria" title="Isauria">Isaurians</a>. Domestically, he inaugurated the <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_of_Valens" title="Aqueduct of Valens">Aqueduct of Valens</a> in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, which was longer than all the aqueducts of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. In 376–77, the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(376%E2%80%93382)" title="Gothic War (376–382)">Gothic War</a> broke out, following a mismanaged attempt to settle the Goths in the Balkans. Valens returned from the east to fight the Goths in person, but lack of coordination with his nephew, the western emperor <a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a> (Valentinian I's son), as well as poor battle tactics, led to Valens and much of the eastern Roman army dying in a battle near <a href="/wiki/Adrianople" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrianople">Adrianople</a> in 378. </p><p>A capable administrator<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who significantly relieved the burden of taxation on the population,<sup id="cite_ref-ocdvalens_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocdvalens-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Valens is also described as indecisive, impressionable, a mediocre general and overall "utterly undistinguished".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1964139_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1964139-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His suspicious and fearful disposition resulted in numerous treason trials and executions which heavily stained his reputation. In religious matters, Valens favored a compromise between <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene Christianity</a> and the various <a href="/wiki/Non-trinitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-trinitarian">non-trinitarian</a> Christian sects,<sup id="cite_ref-Err_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Err-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and interfered little in the affairs of the pagans.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ocdvalens_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocdvalens-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_military_career">Early life and military career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valens&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and military career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valens_Honorius_Musei_Capitolini_MC494.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Valens_Honorius_Musei_Capitolini_MC494.jpg/220px-Valens_Honorius_Musei_Capitolini_MC494.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Valens_Honorius_Musei_Capitolini_MC494.jpg/330px-Valens_Honorius_Musei_Capitolini_MC494.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Valens_Honorius_Musei_Capitolini_MC494.jpg/440px-Valens_Honorius_Musei_Capitolini_MC494.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2575" /></a><figcaption>Marble bust possibly representing Valens or <a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Valens and his brother <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian</a> were born, in 328 and 321 respectively, to an <a href="/wiki/Illyro-Roman" title="Illyro-Roman">Illyrian</a> family resident in <a href="/wiki/Cibalae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cibalae">Cibalae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vinkovci" title="Vinkovci">Vinkovci</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Secunda" title="Pannonia Secunda">Pannonia Secunda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski200388_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski200388-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201320_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201320-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their father <a href="/wiki/Gratianus_Funarius" title="Gratianus Funarius">Gratianus Funarius</a>, a native of Cibalae, had served as a senior officer in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Roman army</a> and as <i><a href="/wiki/Comes_Africae" title="Comes Africae">comes Africae</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brothers grew up on estates purchased by Gratianus in Africa and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932848_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932848-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both were Christians, but favored different sects: Valentinian was a <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicene Christian">Nicene Christian</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Valens was an <a href="/wiki/Arian_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arian Christian">Arian Christian</a> (specifically a <a href="/wiki/Homoean" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoean">Homoean</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In adulthood, Valens served in the <i><a href="/wiki/Protectores_domestici" class="mw-redirect" title="Protectores domestici">protectores domestici</a></i> under the emperors <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a>. According to the 5th-century Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Socrates_Scholasticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Socrates Scholasticus">Socrates Scholasticus</a>, Valens refused pressure to offer <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_in_ancient_Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrifice in ancient Roman religion">pagan sacrifices</a> during the reign of the polytheist emperor Julian.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Julian was killed in battle against the <a href="/wiki/Julian%27s_Persian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian's Persian War">Persians</a> in June 363, and his successor Jovian died the following February while traveling home to Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201318_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201318-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Latin historian <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a> relates that Valentinian was summoned to <a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a> by a council of military and civil officials, who acclaimed him <i>augustus</i> on 25 February 364.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199881_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199881-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201319_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201319-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:INC-1867-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/INC-1867-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/220px-INC-1867-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/INC-1867-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/330px-INC-1867-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/INC-1867-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/440px-INC-1867-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption><i>Solidus</i> of Valens showing Valentinian and Valens on the reverse, marked: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">victoria <abbr title="AUGUSTORUM">augg·</abbr></span> ("<i>the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)">Victory</a> of Our Augusti</i>"). They hold together the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign%27s_Orb" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign's Orb">orb</a>, a symbol of power.</figcaption></figure> <p>Valentinian appointed his brother Valens <i>tribunus stabulorum</i> (or <i>stabuli</i>) on 1 March 364.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201321_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201321-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the general opinion that Valentinian needed help to handle the administration, civil and military, of the large and unwieldy empire, and, on 28 March, at the express demand of the soldiers for a second <i>augustus</i>, he selected Valens as co-emperor at the <a href="/wiki/Bak%C4%B1rk%C3%B6y#History" title="Bakırköy">Hebdomon</a>, before the <a href="/wiki/Constantinian_Walls" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantinian Walls">Constantinian Walls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201321_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201321-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932847–848_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932847–848-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199881_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199881-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valens&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valens114cng_(obverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Valens114cng_%28obverse%29.jpg/220px-Valens114cng_%28obverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Valens114cng_%28obverse%29.jpg/330px-Valens114cng_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Valens114cng_%28obverse%29.jpg/440px-Valens114cng_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="777" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption>A <i>solidus</i> of Valens with a pearl diadem and a roseate <i><a href="/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)" title="Fibula (brooch)">fibula</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valens114cng_(reverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Valens114cng_%28reverse%29.jpg/220px-Valens114cng_%28reverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Valens114cng_%28reverse%29.jpg/330px-Valens114cng_%28reverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Valens114cng_%28reverse%29.jpg/440px-Valens114cng_%28reverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="748" /></a><figcaption>Reverse of a <i>solidus</i> of Valens, marked: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">restitutor reipublicae</span> ("<i>the restitutor of the Republic</i>") and showing the emperor holding a <i><a href="/wiki/Vexillum" title="Vexillum">vexillum</a></i> and a globe supporting a <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)">Victory</a>, who crowns him with a <a href="/wiki/Laurel_wreath" title="Laurel wreath">laurel wreath</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Both emperors were briefly ill, delaying them in Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199881_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199881-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201322_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201322-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2004522_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2004522-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As soon as they recovered, the two <i>augusti</i> travelled together through <a href="/wiki/Adrianople" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrianople">Adrianople</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naissus" class="mw-redirect" title="Naissus">Naissus</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mediana" title="Mediana">Mediana</a>, where they divided their territories. Valens obtained the eastern half of the Empire: <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> as far as the border with the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>. Valentinian took the western half, where the <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemannic</a> wars required his immediate attention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932849_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932849-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brothers began their consulships in their respective capitals, Constantinople and <a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErrington200622_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErrington200622-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199882_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199882-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the summer of 365, the <a href="/wiki/365_Crete_earthquake" title="365 Crete earthquake">365 Crete earthquake</a> and ensuing tsunami caused destruction around the Eastern Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201336_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201336-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The empire had recently retreated from most of its holdings in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Armenia</a>, because of a treaty that Jovian had made with <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> of the Sasanian Empire. Valens's first priority after the winter of 365 was to move east in hopes of shoring up the situation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usurpation_of_Procopius_(365–366)"><span id="Usurpation_of_Procopius_.28365.E2.80.93366.29"></span>Usurpation of Procopius (365–366)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valens&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Usurpation of Procopius (365–366)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recent tax increases,<sup id="cite_ref-:8_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Valens's dismissal of Julian's popular minister <a href="/wiki/Salutius" title="Salutius">Salutius</a>, contributed to a general disaffection and to the acceptability of a revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932850–852_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932850–852-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the emperor absent from the imperial city, <a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a>, a maternal cousin of Julian, declared himself <i>augustus</i> on 28 September 365.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199889_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199889-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201342_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201342-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Procopius had held office under Constantius II and Julian<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201339_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201339-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was rumored to have been Julian's intended successor,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199889_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199889-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite how he had died without naming one.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2004518_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2004518-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jovian, aside from depriving him of his command, took no measures against this potential rival, but Valentinian regarded Procopius with hostility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932850_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932850-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Procopius met the danger from the new emperors with his own bid for power, emphasizing his connection to the revered <a href="/wiki/Constantinian_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantinian Dynasty">Constantinian Dynasty</a>: during his public appearances he was always accompanied by Constantia, the posthumous daughter of Constantius II, and her mother <a href="/wiki/Faustina_(wife_of_Constantius_II)" title="Faustina (wife of Constantius II)">Faustina</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dowager" title="Dowager">dowager</a> empress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>News of the revolt reached Valens at Caesarea in Cappadocia (<a href="/wiki/Kayseri" title="Kayseri">Kayseri</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after most of his troops had already crossed the <a href="/wiki/Cilician_Gates" title="Cilician Gates">Cilician Gates</a> into <a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a>. His first reaction was despair, and he considered abdication and perhaps even suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski1997_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski1997-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Procopius quickly gained control of the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a>, winning increasing support for his insurrection. Valens recovered his nerve and sent an army to Constantinople; according to Ammianus Marcellinus, the soldiers defected to Procopius, whose use of his Constantinian hostages had met with some success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having reappointed Salutius, Valens dispatched more troops under veteran generals, <a href="/wiki/Arinthaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Arinthaeus">Arinthaeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arbitio" title="Arbitio">Arbitio</a>, to march on Procopius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932852–853_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932852–853-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Ammianus Marcellinus and the later Greek historians Socrates Scholasticus and <a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a>, the forces of Valens eventually prevailed after eight months, defeating Procopius in battles at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thyatira" title="Battle of Thyatira">Thyatira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nacoleia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nacoleia">Nacoleia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienast2017316–318,_"Valens"_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienast2017316–318,_"Valens"-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On both occasions, Procopius was deserted by his own following in fear of their adversaries' formidable commanders. Put on trial by members of his own escort, Procopius was executed on 27 May 366.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932853–854_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932853–854-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ammianus Marcellinus relates that Procopius's relative <a href="/wiki/Marcellus_(usurper)" title="Marcellus (usurper)">Marcellus</a> was proclaimed emperor in his place, but according to Zosimus he was swiftly captured and executed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienast2017316–318,_"Valens"_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienast2017316–318,_"Valens"-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Valens could turn his attention back to external enemies, the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valenscng85001223.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Valenscng85001223.jpg/220px-Valenscng85001223.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Valenscng85001223.jpg/330px-Valenscng85001223.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Valenscng85001223.jpg/440px-Valenscng85001223.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Valens after his <i>quinquennalia</i> on 25 February 369, showing the three reigning emperors on the reverse marked: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">spes <abbr title="REI PUBLICAE">r p</abbr></span> ("<i>the hope of the Republic</i>")</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Gothic_War:_367–369"><span id="First_Gothic_War:_367.E2.80.93369"></span>First Gothic War: 367–369</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valens&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First Gothic War: 367–369"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gothic_wars#Gothic_war:_367–369" title="Gothic wars">Gothic wars § Gothic war: 367–369</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Athanaric_and_Valens_on_the_Danbue.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Athanaric_and_Valens_on_the_Danbue.png/260px-Athanaric_and_Valens_on_the_Danbue.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Athanaric_and_Valens_on_the_Danbue.png/390px-Athanaric_and_Valens_on_the_Danbue.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Athanaric_and_Valens_on_the_Danbue.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption><i>Athanaric and Valens on the Danube</i>, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bendemann" title="Eduard Bendemann">Eduard Bendemann</a>, 1860</figcaption></figure> <p>During Procopius's insurrection, the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a> king <a href="/wiki/Ermanaric" title="Ermanaric">Ermanaric</a>, who ruled a powerful kingdom north of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Euxine" class="mw-redirect" title="Euxine">Euxine</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932890–891_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932890–891-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had engaged to supply him with troops for the struggle against Valens. The Gothic army, reportedly numbering 30,000 men, arrived too late to help Procopius, but nevertheless invaded <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> and began plundering the farms and vineyards of the province. Valens, marching north after defeating Procopius, surrounded them with a superior force and forced them to surrender. Ermanaric protested, and when Valens, encouraged by Valentinian, refused to make atonement to the Goths for his conduct, war was declared.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932892–893_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932892–893-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spring 367, Valens crossed the Danube and attacked the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> under <a href="/wiki/Athanaric" title="Athanaric">Athanaric</a>, Ermanaric's tributary. The Goths fled into the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a>, and the campaign ended with no decisive conclusion. The following spring, a Danube flood prevented Valens from crossing; instead the Emperor occupied his troops with the construction of fortifications. In 369, Valens crossed again, from <a href="/wiki/Noviodunum_(castra)" class="mw-redirect" title="Noviodunum (castra)">Noviodunum</a>, and by devastating the country forced Athanaric into <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Noviodunum" title="Battle of Noviodunum"> giving battle</a>. Valens was victorious, and took the title <i>Gothicus Maximus</i> in time for the celebration of his <i><a href="/wiki/Quinquennalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinquennalia">quinquennalia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienast2017316–318,_"Valens"_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienast2017316–318,_"Valens"-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Athanaric and his forces were able to withdraw in good order and pleaded for peace. </p><p>Fortunately for the Goths, Valens expected a new war with the <a href="/wiki/Sasanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanid Empire">Sasanid Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and was therefore willing to come to terms. In early 370 Valens and Athanaric met in the middle of the Danube and agreed to a treaty that ended the war.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty seems to have largely cut off relations between Goths and Romans, confining <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a> and the exchange of troops for tribute.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon193293–94_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon193293–94-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galleria_degli_Uffizi,_Florence_(32212815186).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Galleria_degli_Uffizi%2C_Florence_%2832212815186%29.jpg/220px-Galleria_degli_Uffizi%2C_Florence_%2832212815186%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Galleria_degli_Uffizi%2C_Florence_%2832212815186%29.jpg/330px-Galleria_degli_Uffizi%2C_Florence_%2832212815186%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Galleria_degli_Uffizi%2C_Florence_%2832212815186%29.jpg/440px-Galleria_degli_Uffizi%2C_Florence_%2832212815186%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption>Portrait head of Valens, or his brother, on a modern bust historically mislabelled as Constantine (<a href="/wiki/Uffizi" title="Uffizi">Uffizi</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_War:_373">Persian War: 373</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valens&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Persian War: 373"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As mentioned before, among Valens's reasons for contracting a hasty and not entirely favorable peace in 369 was the deteriorating state of affairs in the East. Jovian had surrendered Rome's much disputed claim to control over Armenia in 363, and <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> was eager to make good on this new opportunity. The Persian emperor began enticing Armenian lords over to his camp and eventually forced the defection of the <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia" title="Arsacid dynasty of Armenia">Arsacid</a> Armenian king, <a href="/wiki/Arshak_II" title="Arshak II">Arshak II</a> (Arsaces II), whom he quickly arrested and incarcerated. The Armenian nobility responded by asking Valens to return Arshak's son, <a href="/wiki/Pap_of_Armenia" title="Pap of Armenia">Pap</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AM27129_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AM27129-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Valens agreed and sent Pap back to Armenia, but as these events took place during the war with the Goths he could not support him militarily.<sup id="cite_ref-AM27129_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AM27129-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the return of Pap, Shapur personally led an invasion force to seize control of Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-AM27121011_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AM27121011-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pap and his followers took refuge in the mountains while <a href="/wiki/Artaxata" title="Artaxata">Artaxata</a>, the Armenian capital, and the city of Artogerassa along with several strongholds and castles were destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-AM27121011_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AM27121011-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shapur sent a second invasion force to <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Iberia">Caucasian Iberia</a> to drive out the pro-Roman king <a href="/wiki/Sauromaces_II_of_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauromaces II of Iberia">Sauromaces II</a>, and put his own appointee, Sauromaces's uncle <a href="/wiki/Aspacures_II_of_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspacures II of Iberia">Aspacures II</a>, on the throne. </p><p>In the summer following his Gothic settlement, Valens sent his <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_peditum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magister peditum">magister peditum</a></i> (Master of Foot) <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Arinthaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Arinthaeus">Arinthaeus</a> to support Pap.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following spring twelve legions were sent under <a href="/wiki/Terentius_(comes_et_dux_Armeniae)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terentius (comes et dux Armeniae)">Terentius</a> to regain Iberia and to garrison Armenia near Mount Npat. When Shapur counterattacked into Armenia in 371, his forces were bested by Valens's generals <a href="/wiki/Traianus_(magister_peditum)" title="Traianus (magister peditum)">Traianus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vadomarius" title="Vadomarius">Vadomarius</a> and the Armenian <i><a href="/wiki/Sparapet" title="Sparapet">sparapet</a></i> (general) <a href="/wiki/Mushegh_I_Mamikonian" title="Mushegh I Mamikonian">Mushegh Mamikonian</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bagrevand_(372)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bagrevand (372)">Bagavan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gandzak,_Armenia" title="Gandzak, Armenia">Gandzak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Valens had overstepped the 363 treaty and then successfully defended his transgression. A truce settled after the 371 victory held as a quasi-peace for the next five years while Shapur was forced to deal with a <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> invasion on his eastern frontier. </p><p>Meanwhile, troubles broke out with the boy-king Pap, who purportedly had the Armenian patriarch <a href="/wiki/Nerses_I" title="Nerses I">Nerses</a> assassinated and demanded control of a number of Roman cities, including <a href="/wiki/Edessa,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Edessa, Mesopotamia">Edessa</a>. Controversy also ensued over the issue of the appointment of a new patriarch of Armenia, with Pap appointing a candidate without the traditional approval from Caesarea. Pressed by his generals and fearing that Pap would defect to the Persians, Valens made an unsuccessful attempt to capture the prince and later had him executed inside Armenia. In his stead, Valens imposed another Arsacid, <a href="/wiki/Varazdat" title="Varazdat">Varazdat</a>, who ruled under the regency of the <i>sparapet</i> Mushegh Mamikonian, a friend of Rome.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p> None of this sat well with the Persians, who began agitating again for compliance with the 363 treaty. As the eastern frontier heated up in 375, Valens began preparations for a major expedition. Meanwhile, trouble was brewing elsewhere. In <a href="/wiki/Isauria" title="Isauria">Isauria</a>, the mountainous region of western <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, a major revolt had broken out in 375 which diverted troops formerly stationed in the East. Furthermore, by 377, the <a href="/wiki/Saracens" class="mw-redirect" title="Saracens">Saracens</a> under <a href="/wiki/Mavia_(queen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mavia (queen)">Queen Mavia</a> had broken into revolt and devastated a swath of territory stretching from <a href="/wiki/Phoenice_(Roman_province)" title="Phoenice (Roman province)">Phoenicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Palestine</a> as far as the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a>. Though Valens successfully brought both uprisings under control, the opportunities for action on the eastern frontier were limited by these skirmishes closer to home.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valens_aqu%C3%A4dukt02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Valens_aqu%C3%A4dukt02.jpg/220px-Valens_aqu%C3%A4dukt02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Valens_aqu%C3%A4dukt02.jpg/330px-Valens_aqu%C3%A4dukt02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Valens_aqu%C3%A4dukt02.jpg/440px-Valens_aqu%C3%A4dukt02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_of_Valens" title="Aqueduct of Valens">Aqueduct of Valens</a> in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, capital of the eastern Roman Empire</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KHM_Wien_32.482_-_Valens_medal,_375-78_AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/KHM_Wien_32.482_-_Valens_medal%2C_375-78_AD.jpg/220px-KHM_Wien_32.482_-_Valens_medal%2C_375-78_AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/KHM_Wien_32.482_-_Valens_medal%2C_375-78_AD.jpg/330px-KHM_Wien_32.482_-_Valens_medal%2C_375-78_AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/KHM_Wien_32.482_-_Valens_medal%2C_375-78_AD.jpg/440px-KHM_Wien_32.482_-_Valens_medal%2C_375-78_AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="1192" /></a><figcaption>Obverse of a medal of Valens, set in a later pendant and found in the <a href="/wiki/%C8%98imleu_Silvaniei" title="Șimleu Silvaniei">Șimleu Silvaniei</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hoard" title="Hoard">hoard</a> from the second quarter of the 5th century (<a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_reign:_373–376"><span id="Later_reign:_373.E2.80.93376"></span>Later reign: 373–376</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valens&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later reign: 373–376"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Valens became the senior <i>augustus</i> on 17 November 375, after his older brother Valentinian died suddenly at Brigetio (<a href="/wiki/Sz%C5%91ny" title="Szőny">Szőny</a>) while on campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a> in Pannonia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199886_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199886-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the west, Valentinian was succeeded by his elder son <a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a>, co-emperor since 367,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199883–84_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199883–84-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201360_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201360-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his younger son <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a>, whom the army on the Danube proclaimed <i>augustus</i> without consulting Gratian or Valens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErrington200626_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErrington200626-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199886_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199886-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Gothic_War:_376–378"><span id="Second_Gothic_War:_376.E2.80.93378"></span>Second Gothic War: 376–378</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valens&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Second Gothic War: 376–378"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(376%E2%80%93382)" title="Gothic War (376–382)">Gothic War (376–382)</a></div> <p>Migrations of the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> began to displace the Goths, who sought Roman protection.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Valens allowed the Goths led by <a href="/wiki/Fritigern" title="Fritigern">Fritigern</a> to cross the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, but the Gothic settlers were abused by Roman officials and revolted in 377, seeking help from the Huns and the <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> and beginning the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(376%E2%80%93382)" title="Gothic War (376–382)">Gothic War (376–382)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Valens returned from the east to campaign against the Goths.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He asked for assistance from his nephew and co-emperor Gratian against the Goths in Thrace, and Gratian set out eastwards, though Valens did not wait for the western armies to arrive before taking the offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Valens's plans for an eastern campaign were never realized. A transfer of troops to the Western Empire in 374 had left gaps in Valens's mobile forces. In preparation for an eastern war, Valens initiated an ambitious recruitment program designed to fill those gaps. It was thus not entirely unwelcome news when Valens heard of <a href="/wiki/Ermanaric" title="Ermanaric">Ermanaric</a>'s death and the disintegration of his kingdom before an invasion of hordes of barbaric <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> from the far east. After failing to hold the <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Prut" title="Prut">Prut</a> rivers against the Huns, the Goths retreated southward in a massive emigration, seeking new settlements and shelter south of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, i.e. Roman lands, which they may have thought could be held against the enemy. In 376, the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> under their leader <a href="/wiki/Fritigern" title="Fritigern">Fritigern</a> advanced to the far shores of the lower Danube and sent an ambassador to Valens who had set up his capital in <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, and requested asylum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932920–923_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932920–923-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Valens's advisers were quick to point out, these Goths could supply troops who would at once swell Valens's ranks and decrease his dependence on conscription from provinces—thereby increasing revenues from the recruitment tax. However, it would mean hiring them and paying in gold or silver for their services. Fritigern and Valens knew each other from an alliance in the 370s against Athanaric, who had persecuted <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Christians">Gothic Christians</a>. Though a number of Gothic groups apparently requested entry, Valens granted admission only to Fritigern and his followers. Others would soon follow, however.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932925_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932925-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Fritigern and his Goths, to the number of 200,000 warriors and almost a million all told, crossed the Danube, Valens's mobile forces were tied down in the east, on the Persian frontier (Valens was attempting to withdraw from the harsh terms imposed by Shapur and was meeting some resistance on the latter's part). This meant that only <i><a href="/wiki/Limitanei" title="Limitanei">limitanei</a></i> units were present to oversee the Goths' settlement. The small number of imperial troops present prevented the Romans from stopping a Danube crossing by a group of <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> and yet later on by <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>. What started out as a controlled resettlement might any moment turn into a major invasion. But the situation was worsened by corruption in the Roman administration, as Valens's generals accepted bribes rather than depriving the Goths of their weapons as Valens had stipulated and then proceeded to enrage them by such exorbitant prices for food that they were soon driven to the last extremity. Meanwhile, the Romans failed to prevent the crossing of other barbarians who were not included in the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932925–926_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932925–926-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 377, the Goths revolted after a commotion with the people of <a href="/wiki/Marcianopolis" title="Marcianopolis">Marcianopolis</a>, and defeated the corrupt Roman governor <a href="/wiki/Lupicinus_(comes_per_Thracias)" title="Lupicinus (comes per Thracias)">Lupicinus</a> near the city at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marcianople" title="Battle of Marcianople">Battle of Marcianople</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932927–928_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932927–928-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After joining forces with the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> under <a href="/wiki/Alatheus_and_Saphrax" title="Alatheus and Saphrax">Alatheus and Saphrax</a> who had crossed without Valens's consent, the combined barbarian group spread out to devastate the country before combining to meet Roman advance forces under Traianus and <a href="/wiki/Richomeres" title="Richomeres">Richomeres</a>. In a sanguinary <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Willows" title="Battle of the Willows">battle at <i>Ad Salices</i></a>, the Goths were momentarily checked,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932931–932_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932931–932-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Saturninus_(consul_383)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturninus (consul 383)">Saturninus</a>, now Valens's lieutenant in the province, undertook a strategy of hemming them in between the lower <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Euxine" class="mw-redirect" title="Euxine">Euxine</a>, hoping to starve them into surrender. However, Fritigern forced him to retreat by inviting some of the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> to cross the river in the rear of Saturninus's ranged defenses. The Romans then fell back, incapable of containing the irruption, though with an elite force of his best soldiers the general Sebastian was able to fall upon and destroy several of the smaller predatory bands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932935_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932935-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 378, Valens himself was ready to march west from his eastern base in <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>. He withdrew all but a skeletal force—some of them Goths—from the east and moved west, reaching Constantinople by 30 May, 378. The imperial councillors, <i><a href="/wiki/Comes" title="Comes">comes</a></i> Richomeres, and the generals <a href="/wiki/Frigeridus_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frigeridus (general)">Frigeridus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victor_(magister_equitum)" title="Victor (magister equitum)">Victor</a> cautioned Valens to wait for the arrival of the western army, a course Gratian also recommended in his letters. The populace of Constantinople was impatient at the delay and its opinion of Valens became hostile: he was criticized for failing to control the Goths after inviting them into his territory, and compared unfavourably with Gratian as a military commander.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932934–935_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932934–935-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Valens decided to advance at once and win a victory on his own.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932935–936_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932935–936-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:INC-1867-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/INC-1867-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/220px-INC-1867-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/INC-1867-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/330px-INC-1867-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/INC-1867-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/440px-INC-1867-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption><i>Solidus</i> of Valens</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Adrianople">Battle of Adrianople</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valens&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Battle of Adrianople"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople" title="Battle of Adrianople">Battle of Adrianople</a></div> <p>According to the Latin historians Ammianus Marcellinus and <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Orosius" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus Orosius">Paulus Orosius</a>, on 9 August 378, Valens and most of his army were killed fighting the Goths near Hadrianopolis in Thrace (Adrianople, <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ammianus is the primary source for the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Valens opened the campaign with arrangements aimed at building his troop strength and gaining a toehold in Thrace, then moved out to Adrianople, from whence he marched against the confederated barbarian army. Although negotiations were attempted, these broke down when a Roman unit sallied forth and carried both sides into battle. Valens had left a sizeable guard with his baggage and treasures, depleting his force. His right cavalry wing arrived at the Gothic camp sometime before the left wing arrived. It was a very hot day and the Roman cavalry was engaged without strategic support, wasting its efforts and suffering in the heat.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Fritigern once again sent an emissary of peace in his continued manipulation of the situation. The resultant delay meant that the Romans present on the field began to succumb to the heat. The army's resources were further diminished when an ill-timed attack by the Roman archers made it necessary to recall Valens's emissary, <i>comes</i> Richomeres. The archers were beaten and retreated in humiliation. Returning from foraging to find the battle in full swing, Gothic cavalry under the command of Alatheus and Saphrax now struck and, in what was probably the most decisive event of the battle, the Roman cavalry fled. </p><p>From here, Ammianus gives two accounts of Valens's demise. In the first account, Ammianus states that Valens was "mortally wounded by an arrow, and presently breathed his last breath" (XXXI.12). His body was never found or given a proper burial. In the second account, Ammianus states the Roman infantry was abandoned, surrounded and cut to pieces. Valens was wounded and carried to a small wooden hut. He died when the Goths, evidently unaware of the prize within, set the hut on fire (XXXI.13.14–16). </p><p>A third, apocryphal, account states that Valens was struck in the face by a Gothic dart and then perished while leading a charge. He wore no helmet, in order to encourage his men. This action turned the tide of the battle which resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Tactical_victory" title="Tactical victory">tactical victory</a> but a strategic loss. The church historian <a href="/wiki/Socrates_of_Constantinople" title="Socrates of Constantinople">Socrates</a> likewise gives two accounts for the death of Valens. </p> <blockquote><p>Some have asserted that he was burnt to death in a village whither he had retired, which the barbarians assaulted and set on fire. But others affirm that having put off his imperial robe he ran into the midst of the main body of infantry; and that when the cavalry revolted and refused to engage, the infantry were surrounded by the barbarians, and completely destroyed in a body. Among these it is said the Emperor fell, but could not be distinguished, in consequence of his not having on his imperial habit.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>When the battle was over, two-thirds of the eastern army lay dead. Many of their best officers had also perished. What was left of the army of Valens was led from the field under the cover of night by <i>comes</i> Richomeres and general Victor. </p><p><a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">J. B. Bury</a>, a noted historian of the period, provides a specific interpretation on the significance of the battle: it was "a disaster and disgrace that need not have occurred."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Rome, the battle incapacitated the government. Emperor Gratian, nineteen years old, was overcome by the debacle, and, until he appointed <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>, unable to deal with the catastrophe, which spread out of control. The total defeat cost the administration important precious metal resources, as bullion had been centralized with the imperial court.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Valens was <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_of_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult of ancient Rome">deified</a> by <i>consecratio</i> as Latin: <i lang="la">Divus Valens</i>, <small><abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'the Divine Valens'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienast2017316–318,_"Valens"_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienast2017316–318,_"Valens"-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment_and_legacy">Assessment and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valens&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Assessment and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Roman_emperor_Valens_pours_money_into_a_coffer;_an_offic_Wellcome_V0007640EBR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_Roman_emperor_Valens_pours_money_into_a_coffer%3B_an_offic_Wellcome_V0007640EBR.jpg/220px-The_Roman_emperor_Valens_pours_money_into_a_coffer%3B_an_offic_Wellcome_V0007640EBR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_Roman_emperor_Valens_pours_money_into_a_coffer%3B_an_offic_Wellcome_V0007640EBR.jpg/330px-The_Roman_emperor_Valens_pours_money_into_a_coffer%3B_an_offic_Wellcome_V0007640EBR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_Roman_emperor_Valens_pours_money_into_a_coffer%3B_an_offic_Wellcome_V0007640EBR.jpg/440px-The_Roman_emperor_Valens_pours_money_into_a_coffer%3B_an_offic_Wellcome_V0007640EBR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1189" /></a><figcaption>The Roman emperor Valens pours money into a coffer, etching by C. Murer after himself, c. 1600–1614.</figcaption></figure> <p>"Valens was utterly undistinguished, still only a <i>protector</i>, and possessed no military ability: he betrayed his consciousness of inferiority by his nervous suspicion of plots and savage punishment of alleged traitors," writes <a href="/wiki/A._H._M._Jones" title="A. H. M. Jones">A. H. M. Jones</a>. But Jones admits that "he was a conscientious administrator, careful of the interests of the humble. Like his brother, he was an earnest Christian."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1964139_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1964139-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He diminished the oppressive burden of the taxes which had been instituted by Constantine and his sons, and was humbly deferential to Valentinian's edicts of reform, as with the institution of <i>Defensors</i> (a sort of substitute for the ancient <a href="/wiki/Tribunes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunes">Tribunes</a>, guardians of the lower classes).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932856_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932856-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His moderation and chastity in his private life were everywhere celebrated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932858_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932858-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, continuous proscriptions and executions, originating in his weak and fearful disposition, disgraced the dozen years of his reign. "An anxious regard to his personal safety was the ruling principle of the administration of Valens", writes <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932857_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932857-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To have died in so inglorious a battle has thus come to be regarded as the nadir of an unfortunate career. This is especially true because of the profound consequences of Valens's defeat. Adrianople spelled the beginning of the end for Roman territorial integrity in the late Empire and this fact was recognized even by contemporaries. Ammianus understood that it was the worst defeat in Roman history since the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edessa" title="Battle of Edessa">Battle of Edessa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tyrannius_Rufinus" title="Tyrannius Rufinus">Rufinus</a> called it "the beginning of evils for the Roman empire then and thereafter." </p><p>Valens is also credited with the commission of a short history of the Roman State. This work, produced by Valens's secretary <a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a>, and known by the name <i>Breviarium ab Urbe condita</i>, tells the story of Rome from its founding. According to some historians, Valens was motivated by the necessity of learning Roman history, that he, the royal family, and their appointees might better mix with the Roman senatorial class.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_policy">Religious policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valens&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religious policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mass_of_Saint_Basil_MET_DP151176.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Mass_of_Saint_Basil_MET_DP151176.jpg/220px-The_Mass_of_Saint_Basil_MET_DP151176.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Mass_of_Saint_Basil_MET_DP151176.jpg/330px-The_Mass_of_Saint_Basil_MET_DP151176.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Mass_of_Saint_Basil_MET_DP151176.jpg/440px-The_Mass_of_Saint_Basil_MET_DP151176.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="1862" /></a><figcaption>The Mass of Saint Basil by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Subleyras" title="Pierre Subleyras">Pierre Subleyras</a>, ca. 1743</figcaption></figure> <p>During his reign, Valens had to confront the theological diversity that was beginning to create division in the Empire. <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian</a> (361–363), had tried to revive the pagan religions. His reactionary attempt took advantage of the dissensions among the different Christian factions, and a largely Pagan <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of the Roman Empire">rank and file military</a>. However, in spite of broad support, his actions were often viewed as excessive, and before he died in a campaign against the Persians, he was often treated with disdain. His death was considered a sign from the Christian God. </p><p>Valens was baptised by the Arian <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Constantinople">bishop of Constantinople</a> before he set out on his first war against the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932[httpwwwccelorgggibbondeclinevolume1chap25htm_Chapter_25]_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932[httpwwwccelorgggibbondeclinevolume1chap25htm_Chapter_25]-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Nicene Christian writers of his time identified Valens with the <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> faction and accused him of persecuting Nicene Christians, modern historians have described both Valens and <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a> as primarily interested in maintaining social order and have minimized their theological concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDayHakolaKahlosTervahauta201628f_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDayHakolaKahlosTervahauta201628f-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/Athanasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Athanasius">Athanasius</a> was impelled, under his reign, to briefly go into hiding, Valens maintained a close dependency on his brother Valentinian and treated <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">St. Basil</a> mildly, both of whom supported the Nicene position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932861–864_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932861–864-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not long after Valens died the cause of Arianism in the Roman East was to come to an end. His successor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> made Nicene Christianity the state religion of Rome and suppressed the Arians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appearance">Appearance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valens&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The coin portraits of Valentinian and Valens give the faces of both emperors "heavy features", rendered with "no animation, and little consistency".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toward the end of his <i>Res Gestae</i> (XXXI.14.7), Ammianus says that Valens was physically compact, dark-complected, and of average height, "<a href="/wiki/Genu_valgum" title="Genu valgum">knock-kneed</a>, and somewhat <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_obesity" title="Abdominal obesity">pot-bellied</a>", and had a "dimmed" pupil in one eye (the translator John C. Rolfe suggests that this is a description of a <a href="/wiki/Cataract" title="Cataract">cataract</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valens&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrahat_(hermit)" title="Aphrahat (hermit)">Aphrahat (hermit)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valens&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the fourth century onwards, emperors and other high-profile men bore the name "Flavius", the <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">nomen</a></i> adopted by the Constantinian dynasty. It was used only as a status marker,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it's still often included as part of late emperors' names.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris930_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris930-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His full name is sometimes given as "<b>Flavius Julius Valens</b>".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This name is only attested in one inscription from the <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Ann%C3%A9e_%C3%89pigraphique" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Année Épigraphique">L'Année Épigraphique</a></i>, which also refers to Valentinian as "Flavius Julius Valentinianus".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/PLRE" class="mw-redirect" title="PLRE">PLRE</a></i> mentions this in Valens's entry,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris931_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris931-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but not in Theodosius'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris904_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris904-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes enumerated as <b>Valens II</b>, after <a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a> (r. 316–317).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valens&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris931-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris931_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris931_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris931_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris931_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris931_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesMartindaleMorris">Jones, Martindale & Morris</a>, p. 931.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMartindaleJonesMorris1971" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_R._Martindale" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Martindale">Martindale, John R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/A._H._M._Jones" title="A. H. M. Jones">Jones, A. H. M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Morris_(historian)" title="John Morris (historian)">Morris, John</a>, eds. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I/">"Domnica"</a>. <i>The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume I, AD 260–395</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-07233-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-07233-6"><bdi>0-521-07233-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Domnica&rft.btitle=The+Prosopography+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire%3A+Volume+I%2C+AD+260%E2%80%93395&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-521-07233-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprosopography-later-roman-empire%2FPLRE-I%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron1988" class="citation journal cs1">Cameron, Alan (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41540754">"Flavius: a Nicety of Protocol"</a>. <i>Latomus</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 26–33. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41540754">41540754</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307050740/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41540754">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latomus&rft.atitle=Flavius%3A+a+Nicety+of+Protocol&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=26-33&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41540754%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41540754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris930-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris930_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesMartindaleMorris">Jones, Martindale & Morris</a>, p. 930.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErmatinger2018" class="citation book cs1">Ermatinger, James (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=onlUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA243"><i>The Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-Clio. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1440838095" title="Special:BookSources/978-1440838095"><bdi>978-1440838095</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164819/https://books.google.com/books?id=onlUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA243">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1440838095&rft.aulast=Ermatinger&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DonlUDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25606700">"Tables analytiques de la revue des publications épigraphiques"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Ann%C3%A9e_%C3%A9pigraphique" title="L'Année épigraphique">L'Année épigraphique</a></i>. <b>1949</b>: 88. 1949. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-2348">0066-2348</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25606700">25606700</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240228050841/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25606700">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Ann%C3%A9e+%C3%A9pigraphique&rft.atitle=Tables+analytiques+de+la+revue+des+publications+%C3%A9pigraphiques&rft.volume=1949&rft.pages=88&rft.date=1949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25606700%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0066-2348&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25606700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris904-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris904_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesMartindaleMorris">Jones, Martindale & Morris</a>, p. 904.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"a semi-Arian <a href="/wiki/Homoian" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoian">Homoian</a>" – <a href="#CITEREFLenski2003">Lenski 2003</a>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Err-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Err_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Err_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Errington (2006). <i>Roman Imperial Policy from Julian to Theodosius</i> (2006), pp. 176, 186–187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arsclassicacoins.com/biddr/#!/auction/lot?a=1788&l=784">"Numismatica Ars Classica NAC AG, Auction 125"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221112153156/https://www.arsclassicacoins.com/biddr/#!/auction/lot?a=1788&l=784">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Numismatica+Ars+Classica+NAC+AG%2C+Auction+125&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arsclassicacoins.com%2Fbiddr%2F%23%21%2Fauction%2Flot%3Fa%3D1788%26l%3D784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-odlavalens-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-odlavalens_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFODLA" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Nicholson, Oliver, ed. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A09WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1546">"Valens"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Late_Antiquity" title="The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity">The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity</a></i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866277-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866277-8"><bdi>978-0-19-866277-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Valens&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866277-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA09WDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/New_Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="New Catholic Encyclopedia">New Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/valens-roman-emperor">Valens</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623003017/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/valens-roman-emperor">Archived</a> 23 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ocdvalens-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ocdvalens_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ocdvalens_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Classical_Dictionary" title="Oxford Classical Dictionary">Oxford Classical Dictionary</a></i>, '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200708192526/https://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-6658">Valens</a>'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1964139-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1964139_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1964139_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1964">Jones 1964</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Rome/The-reign-of-Valentinian-and-Valens">ancient Rome – The reign of Valentinian and Valens</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240629031538/https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Rome/The-reign-of-Valentinian-and-Valens">Archived</a> 29 June 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Valens">Biography: Valens</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201010004017/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Valens">Archived</a> 10 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed 28 February 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski200388-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski200388_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLenski2003">Lenski 2003</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBondDarley2018" class="citation cs2">Bond, Sarah; Darley, Rebecca (2018), Nicholson, Oliver (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-4924">"Valens"</a>, <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866277-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866277-8"><bdi>978-0-19-866277-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030163730/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-4924">archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Valens&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866277-8&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Darley%2C+Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001%2Facref-9780198662778-e-4924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201320-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201320_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes2013">Hughes 2013</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBondDarley2018" class="citation cs2">Bond, Sarah; Darley, Rebecca (2018), Nicholson, Oliver (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-4927">"Valentinian I"</a>, <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866277-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866277-8"><bdi>978-0-19-866277-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210806040843/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-4927">archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Valentinian+I&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866277-8&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Darley%2C+Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001%2Facref-9780198662778-e-4927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932848-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932848_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbon1932">Gibbon 1932</a>, p. 848.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201318-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201318_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes2013">Hughes 2013</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199881-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199881_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199881_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199881_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurran1998">Curran 1998</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201319-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201319_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes2013">Hughes 2013</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201321-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201321_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201321_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes2013">Hughes 2013</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932847–848-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932847–848_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbon1932">Gibbon 1932</a>, pp. 847–848.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201322-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201322_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes2013">Hughes 2013</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2004522-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2004522_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotter2004">Potter 2004</a>, p. 522.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932849-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932849_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbon1932">Gibbon 1932</a>, p. 849.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noel Emmanuel Lenski (2002). <i>Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century A.D.</i>. University of California Press. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErrington200622-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErrington200622_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErrington2006">Errington 2006</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199882-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199882_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurran1998">Curran 1998</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201336-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201336_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes2013">Hughes 2013</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBondHaarer2018" class="citation cs2">Bond, Sarah; Haarer, Fiona (2018), Nicholson, Oliver (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-3882">"Procopius"</a>, <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866277-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866277-8"><bdi>978-0-19-866277-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031191045/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-3882">archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Procopius&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866277-8&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Haarer%2C+Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001%2Facref-9780198662778-e-3882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932850–852-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932850–852_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbon1932">Gibbon 1932</a>, pp. 850–852.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199889-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199889_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199889_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurran1998">Curran 1998</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201342-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201342_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes2013">Hughes 2013</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201339-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201339_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes2013">Hughes 2013</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2004518-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2004518_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotter2004">Potter 2004</a>, p. 518.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932850-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932850_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbon1932">Gibbon 1932</a>, p. 850.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcEvoy2013">McEvoy 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenskiLenski2002" class="citation book cs1">Lenski, Noel Emmanuel; Lenski, Noel Emmanuel (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uvXo39xOV8kC&pg=PA88"><i>Failure of empire: Valens and the Roman state in the fourth century A.D.</i></a> University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23332-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23332-4"><bdi>978-0-520-23332-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Failure+of+empire%3A+Valens+and+the+Roman+state+in+the+fourth+century+A.D.&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23332-4&rft.aulast=Lenski&rft.aufirst=Noel+Emmanuel&rft.au=Lenski%2C+Noel+Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuvXo39xOV8kC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski1997-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski1997_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLenski1997">Lenski 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932852–853-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932852–853_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbon1932">Gibbon 1932</a>, pp. 852–853.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienast2017316–318,_"Valens"-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienast2017316–318,_"Valens"_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienast2017316–318,_"Valens"_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienast2017316–318,_"Valens"_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienast2017316–318,_"Valens"_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienast2017">Kienast 2017</a>, pp. 316–318, "Valens".<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFKienast2017 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932853–854-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932853–854_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbon1932">Gibbon 1932</a>, pp. 853–854.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932890–891-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932890–891_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbon1932">Gibbon 1932</a>, pp. 890–891.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932892–893-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932892–893_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbon1932">Gibbon 1932</a>, pp. 892–893.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes, Ian, <i>Imperial Brothers</i>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> pp. 86–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon193293–94-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon193293–94_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbon1932">Gibbon 1932</a>, pp. 93–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk/database/discussion.php?id=954">"http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk, LSA-582 (J. Lenaghan)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240626204704/http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk/database/discussion.php?id=954">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=http%3A%2F%2Flaststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk%2C+LSA-582+%28J.+Lenaghan%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk%2Fdatabase%2Fdiscussion.php%3Fid%3D954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AM27129-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AM27129_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AM27129_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus Marcellinus, <i>Res Gestae</i>, 27.12.9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AM27121011-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AM27121011_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AM27121011_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus Marcellinus, <i>Res Gestae</i>, 27.12.10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus Marcellinus, <i>Res Gestae</i>, 27.12.13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes, Ian, <i>Imperial Brothers</i>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> pp. 102–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199886-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199886_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199886_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurran1998">Curran 1998</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBondNicholson2018" class="citation cs2">Bond, Sarah; Nicholson, Oliver (2018), Nicholson, Oliver (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-2105">"Gratian"</a>, <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866277-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866277-8"><bdi>978-0-19-866277-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028211058/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-2105">archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Gratian&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866277-8&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Nicholson%2C+Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001%2Facref-9780198662778-e-2105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199883–84-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199883–84_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurran1998">Curran 1998</a>, pp. 83–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201360-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201360_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes2013">Hughes 2013</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErrington200626-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErrington200626_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErrington2006">Errington 2006</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932920–923-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932920–923_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbon1932">Gibbon 1932</a>, pp. 920–923.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932925-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932925_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbon1932">Gibbon 1932</a>, p. 925.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932925–926-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932925–926_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbon1932">Gibbon 1932</a>, pp. 925–926.</span> 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932935–936-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932935–936_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbon1932">Gibbon 1932</a>, pp. 935–936.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Historiae</i>, 31.12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf202.ii.vii.xxxviii.html"><i>The Ecclesiastical History</i></a>. Vol. VI.38. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141231223026/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf202.ii.vii.xxxviii.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Invasion+of+Europe+by+the+Barbarians&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=John+Bagnell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frbedrosian.com%2FRef%2FBury%2Fieb4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932856-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932856_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbon1932">Gibbon 1932</a>, p. 856.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932858-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932858_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbon1932">Gibbon 1932</a>, p. 858.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932857-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932857_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbon1932">Gibbon 1932</a>, p. 857.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a>, <i>Breviarium</i>, ed. H. W. Bird, Liverpool University Press, 1993, p. xix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932[httpwwwccelorgggibbondeclinevolume1chap25htm_Chapter_25]-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932[httpwwwccelorgggibbondeclinevolume1chap25htm_Chapter_25]_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbon1932">Gibbon 1932</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/g/gibbon/decline/volume1/chap25.htm">Chapter 25</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDayHakolaKahlosTervahauta201628f-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDayHakolaKahlosTervahauta201628f_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDayHakolaKahlosTervahauta2016">Day et al. 2016</a>, pp. 28f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932861–864-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932861–864_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbon1932">Gibbon 1932</a>, pp. 861–864.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKentHirmerHirmer1978" class="citation book cs1">Kent, J. P. C.; Hirmer, Max; Hirmer, Albert (1978). <i>Roman Coins</i>. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-23273-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-23273-3"><bdi>0-500-23273-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Coins&rft.place=London&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-500-23273-3&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=J.+P.+C.&rft.au=Hirmer%2C+Max&rft.au=Hirmer%2C+Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcellinus1972" class="citation book cs1">Marcellinus, Ammianus (1972). <i>Loeb Classical Library: Ammianus Marcellinus, III</i>. Translated by Rolfe, John C. Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. pp. 486–487. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99365-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99365-9"><bdi>0-674-99365-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Loeb+Classical+Library%3A+Ammianus+Marcellinus%2C+III&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA%2C+and+London&rft.pages=486-487&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press+and+William+Heinemann+Ltd.&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-674-99365-9&rft.aulast=Marcellinus&rft.aufirst=Ammianus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valens&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurran1998" class="citation book cs1">Curran, John (1998). "From Jovian to Theodosius". In <a href="/wiki/Averil_Cameron" title="Averil Cameron">Averil Cameron</a> & <a href="/wiki/Peter_Garnsey" title="Peter Garnsey">Peter Garnsey</a> (eds.). <a href="//archive.org/details/the-cambridge-ancient-history-volume-13/mode/1up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:the-cambridge-ancient-history-volume-13/mode/1up"><i>The Cambridge Ancient History XIII: The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-30200-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-30200-5"><bdi>0-521-30200-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Jovian+to+Theodosius&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History+XIII%3A+The+Late+Empire%2C+A.D.+337%E2%80%93425&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-521-30200-5&rft.aulast=Curran&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDayHakolaKahlosTervahauta2016" class="citation book cs1">Day, J.; Hakola, R.; Kahlos, M.; Tervahauta, U. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mwM9DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA28"><i>Spaces in Late Antiquity: Cultural, Theological and Archaeological Perspectives</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-05179-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-05179-4"><bdi>978-1-317-05179-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spaces+in+Late+Antiquity%3A+Cultural%2C+Theological+and+Archaeological+Perspectives&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-05179-4&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Hakola%2C+R.&rft.au=Kahlos%2C+M.&rft.au=Tervahauta%2C+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmwM9DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErrington2006" class="citation book cs1">Errington, R. Malcolm (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romanimperialpol0000erri"><i>Roman Imperial Policy from Julian to Theodosius</i></a>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-3038-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-3038-0"><bdi>0-8078-3038-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Imperial+Policy+from+Julian+to+Theodosius&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8078-3038-0&rft.aulast=Errington&rft.aufirst=R.+Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromanimperialpol0000erri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbon1932" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon, Edward</a> (1932) [1789]. "Chapter XXV–XXVI". <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire">The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a></i>. The Modern Library. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/564699495">564699495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+XXV%E2%80%93XXVI&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=The+Modern+Library&rft.date=1932&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F564699495&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2013" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Ian (5 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H5b9AwAAQBAJ"><i>Imperial Brothers: Valentinian, Valens and the Disaster at Adrianople</i></a>. Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-2863-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-2863-6"><bdi>978-1-4738-2863-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Brothers%3A+Valentinian%2C+Valens+and+the+Disaster+at+Adrianople&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2013-08-05&rft.isbn=978-1-4738-2863-6&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH5b9AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1964" class="citation book cs1">Jones, A.H.M. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/laterromanempire0000jone"><i>The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey [Paperback, vol. 1]</i></a>. Basil Blackwell Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-3353-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-3353-1"><bdi>0-8018-3353-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Later+Roman+Empire%2C+284%E2%80%93602%3A+A+Social%2C+Economic%2C+and+Administrative+Survey+%5BPaperback%2C+vol.+1%5D&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell+Ltd&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=0-8018-3353-1&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=A.H.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flaterromanempire0000jone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenski1997" class="citation web cs1">Lenski, Noel (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/valens.htm">"Valens (364–378 A.D)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/De_Imperatoribus_Romanis" title="De Imperatoribus Romanis">De Imperatoribus Romanis</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=De+Imperatoribus+Romanis&rft.atitle=Valens+%28364%E2%80%93378+A.D%29&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Lenski&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roman-emperors.org%2Fvalens.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenski2003" class="citation book cs1">Lenski, Noel (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uvXo39xOV8kC"><i>Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century A.D.</i></a> Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23332-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-23332-8"><bdi>0-520-23332-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Failure+of+Empire%3A+Valens+and+the+Roman+State+in+the+Fourth+Century+A.D.&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-520-23332-8&rft.aulast=Lenski&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuvXo39xOV8kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesMartindaleMorris" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_R._Martindale" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Martindale">Martindale, John R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/A._H._M._Jones" title="A. H. M. Jones">Jones, A. H. M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Morris_(historian)" title="John Morris (historian)">Morris, John</a>, eds. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I/">"Flavius Valens 8"</a>. <i>The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume I, AD 260–395</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 930–931. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-07233-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-07233-6"><bdi>0-521-07233-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Flavius+Valens+8&rft.btitle=The+Prosopography+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire%3A+Volume+I%2C+AD+260%E2%80%93395&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=930-931&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-521-07233-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprosopography-later-roman-empire%2FPLRE-I%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEvoy2013" class="citation book cs1">McEvoy, Meaghan A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/child-emperor-rule-in-the-late-roman-west-ad-367-455-9780199664818?cc=de&lang=en&"><i>Child Emperor Rule in the Late Roman West, A.D. 367–455</i></a>. Oxford Classical Monographs. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966481-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966481-8"><bdi>978-0-19-966481-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Child+Emperor+Rule+in+the+Late+Roman+West%2C+A.D.+367%E2%80%93455&rft.series=Oxford+Classical+Monographs&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966481-8&rft.aulast=McEvoy&rft.aufirst=Meaghan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fchild-emperor-rule-in-the-late-roman-west-ad-367-455-9780199664818%3Fcc%3Dde%26lang%3Den%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2004" class="citation book cs1">Potter, David S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romanempireatbay0000pott"><i>The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395</i></a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-10057-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-10057-7"><bdi>0-415-10057-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire+at+Bay%3A+AD+180%E2%80%93395&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-415-10057-7&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromanempireatbay0000pott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValens" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valens&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Valens" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Valens">Valens</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seanmultimedia.com/Pie_Valens_Laws.html">Laws of Valens</a></li> <li>This <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/imperial-laws-chart-364">list of Roman laws of the fourth century</a> shows laws passed by Valens relating to Christianity.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Valens </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinianic dynasty">Valentinianic dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 328</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 9 August 378</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman emperor</a> </b><br />364–378 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Varronianus_(son_of_Jovian)" title="Varronianus (son of Jovian)">Varronianus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> </b><br />365<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dagalaifus_(magister_equitum)" title="Dagalaifus (magister equitum)">Dagalaifus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lupicinus_(magister_equitum)" title="Lupicinus (magister equitum)">Lupicinus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jovinus_(consul)" title="Jovinus (consul)">Iovinus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> II </b><br />368<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Valentinianus_Galates" title="Valentinianus Galates">Valentinianus Galates</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Victor_(magister_equitum)" title="Victor (magister equitum)">Victor</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Valentinianus_Galates" title="Valentinianus Galates">Valentinianus Galates</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Victor_(magister_equitum)" title="Victor (magister equitum)">Victor</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> III </b><br />370<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Claudius_Petronius_Probus" title="Sextus Claudius Petronius Probus">Sex. Claudius Petronius Probus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Domitius_Modestus" title="Domitius Modestus">Domitius Modestus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arintheus" title="Arintheus">Arintheus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> IV </b><br />373<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Equitius_(consul)" title="Equitius (consul)">Equitius</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Equitius_(consul)" title="Equitius (consul)">Equitius</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> V </b><br />376<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Merobaudes_(magister_peditum)" title="Merobaudes (magister peditum)">Merobaudes</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Merobaudes_(magister_peditum)" title="Merobaudes (magister peditum)">Merobaudes</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> VI </b><br />378<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Clodius_Hermogenianus_Olybrius" title="Quintus Clodius Hermogenianus Olybrius">Q. 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_emperors" title="Template talk:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperors</a> and empresses regnant</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a><br />27 BC – AD 235</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a><br />235–285</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a></u> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a><br />284–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Valens</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></u></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a><br />395–480</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a><br />395–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/<br />Byzantine Empire</a><br />610–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a></u></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora (II)</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (267–273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172471#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172471#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172471#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000061383982">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/64806218">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/689145857084322921941">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/783154257831724150211">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1855388/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqfCXMF3bYX9kB36PwcT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118913158">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97033019">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123002088">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123002088">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20081002010&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1650868">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p138773467">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/5018950">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/qn246n185t4x6gn">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810541311405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/215884">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007314421505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614676106706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118913158.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118913158">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031866905">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/68685">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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