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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of the sugar beet</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_the_sugar_beet-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of the sugar beet subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_sugar_beet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discovery_of_beet_sugar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery_of_beet_sugar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Discovery of beet sugar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery_of_beet_sugar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_the_sugar_beet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_the_sugar_beet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Development of the sugar beet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_the_sugar_beet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_the_beet_sugar_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_beet_sugar_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>History of the beet sugar industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_beet_sugar_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Production statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_sugar_beet_to_white_sugar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_sugar_beet_to_white_sugar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>From sugar beet to white sugar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-From_sugar_beet_to_white_sugar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle From sugar beet to white sugar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-From_sugar_beet_to_white_sugar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sugar_factory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sugar_factory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sugar factory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sugar_factory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sugar_refinery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sugar_refinery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sugar refinery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sugar_refinery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethanol_and_alcohol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethanol_and_alcohol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ethanol and alcohol</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethanol_and_alcohol-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ethanol and alcohol subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ethanol_and_alcohol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_molasses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_molasses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>From molasses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_molasses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_sugar_beet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_sugar_beet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>From sugar beet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_sugar_beet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sugary_syrup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sugary_syrup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Sugary syrup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sugary_syrup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uridine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uridine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Uridine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uridine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_fuel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_fuel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Alternative fuel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_fuel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cattle_feed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cattle_feed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Cattle feed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cattle_feed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monosodium_glutamate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monosodium_glutamate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Monosodium glutamate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monosodium_glutamate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Agriculture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genetic_modification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_modification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Genetic modification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_modification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genome_and_genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genome_and_genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Genome and genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genome_and_genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Breeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sugar beet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suikerbeet" title="Suikerbeet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Suikerbeet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuckerr%C3%BCbe" title="Zuckerrübe – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Zuckerrübe" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="شمندر سكري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شمندر سكري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C9%99k%C9%99r_%C3%A7u%C4%9Funduru" title="Şəkər çuğunduru – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şəkər çuğunduru" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%9F" title="চিনি বীট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চিনি বীট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Цукровы бурак – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цукровы бурак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Цукровы бурак – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цукровы бурак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Захарно цвекло – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Захарно цвекло" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0e%C4%87erna_repa" title="Šećerna repa – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Šećerna repa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remolatxa_sucrera" title="Remolatxa sucrera – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Remolatxa sucrera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%C4%83%D1%80_%D0%BA%C4%83%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%C4%95" title="Сахăр кăшманĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сахăр кăшманĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cukrov%C3%A1_%C5%99epa" title="Cukrová řepa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cukrová řepa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkerroe" title="Sukkerroe – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sukkerroe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuckerr%C3%BCbe" title="Zuckerrübe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zuckerrübe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhkrupeet" title="Suhkrupeet – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suhkrupeet" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BB%CE%BF" title="Ζαχαρότευτλο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζαχαρότευτλο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_vulgaris_subsp._vulgaris_var._altissima" title="Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris var. altissima – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris var. altissima" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukerbeto" title="Sukerbeto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sukerbeto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azukre-beterraba" title="Azukre-beterraba – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azukre-beterraba" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%86%D8%AF" title="چغندر قند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چغندر قند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betterave_sucri%C3%A8re" title="Betterave sucrière – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Betterave sucrière" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetys_shugyr" title="Beetys shugyr – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Beetys shugyr" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remolacha_azucreira" title="Remolacha azucreira – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Remolacha azucreira" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%83%95%EB%AC%B4" title="사탕무 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사탕무" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B2" title="Շաքարի ճակնդեղ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շաքարի ճակնդեղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cokorowa_r%C4%9Bpa" title="Cokorowa rěpa – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Cokorowa rěpa" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0e%C4%87erna_repa" title="Šećerna repa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šećerna repa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betravo" title="Betravo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Betravo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_gula" title="Bit gula – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bit gula" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C3%A6%D0%BA%C3%A6%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%86%C3%A6%D1%85%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сæкæры цæхæра – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сæкæры цæхæра" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykurr%C3%B3fa" title="Sykurrófa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sykurrófa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_vulgaris_var._saccharifera" title="Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%A7_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A8" title="סלק סוכר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סלק סוכר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="შაქრის ჭარხალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შაქრის ჭარხალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Қант қызылшасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қант қызылшасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Кант кызылчасы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кант кызылчасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cukurbietes" title="Cukurbietes – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cukurbietes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cukrinis_runkelis" title="Cukrinis runkelis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Cukrinis runkelis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cukorr%C3%A9pa" title="Cukorrépa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cukorrépa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шеќерна репка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шеќерна репка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഷുഗർ ബീറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഷുഗർ ബീറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%89" title="شمندر سكرى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شمندر سكرى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suikerbiet" title="Suikerbiet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Suikerbiet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4" title="テンサイ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テンサイ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokerr%C3%B6%C3%B6w" title="Sokerrööw – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sokerrööw" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkerbete" title="Sukkerbete – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sukkerbete" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkerbete" title="Sukkerbete – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sukkerbete" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qand_lavlagi" title="Qand lavlagi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qand lavlagi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%A9trape_%C3%A9d_chucq" title="Biétrape éd chucq – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Biétrape éd chucq" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burak_cukrowy" title="Burak cukrowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Burak cukrowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beterraba-sacarina" title="Beterraba-sacarina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Beterraba-sacarina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuckerr%C3%B6b" title="Zuckerröb – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Zuckerröb" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfecl%C4%83_de_zah%C4%83r" title="Sfeclă de zahăr – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sfeclă de zahăr" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%91%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Сахарная свёкла – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сахарная свёкла" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panxhar_sheqeri" title="Panxhar sheqeri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Panxhar sheqeri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sugar beet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cukrov%C3%A1_repa" title="Cukrová repa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cukrová repa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sladkorna_pesa" title="Sladkorna pesa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sladkorna pesa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0e%C4%87erna_repa" title="Šećerna repa – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Šećerna repa" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0e%C4%87erna_repa" title="Šećerna repa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šećerna repa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokerijuurikas" title="Sokerijuurikas – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sokerijuurikas" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sockerbeta" title="Sockerbeta – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sockerbeta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eeker_pancar%C4%B1" title="Şeker pancarı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şeker pancarı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BA" title="Цукровий буряк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цукровий буряк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%82%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="چقندر شکر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چقندر شکر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%A7_c%E1%BA%A3i_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Củ cải đường – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Củ cải đường" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukerb%C3%AAte" title="Sukerbête – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Sukerbête" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E7%94%A8%E7%94%9C%E8%8F%9C" title="糖用甜菜 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="糖用甜菜" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7" title="בוריק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בוריק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokr%C4%97nis_ronkolis" title="Sokrėnis ronkolis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Sokrėnis ronkolis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E7%94%A8%E7%94%9C%E8%8F%9C" title="糖用甜菜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="糖用甜菜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q151964#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sugar_beet" title="Special:EditPage/Sugar beet">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sugar+beet%22">"Sugar beet"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sugar+beet%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sugar+beet%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sugar+beet%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sugar+beet%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sugar+beet%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biota"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above cultivar" style="background:palegreen;">Sugar beet</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:276_Beta_vulgaris_L.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/276_Beta_vulgaris_L.jpg/220px-276_Beta_vulgaris_L.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/276_Beta_vulgaris_L.jpg/330px-276_Beta_vulgaris_L.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/276_Beta_vulgaris_L.jpg/440px-276_Beta_vulgaris_L.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="934" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Sugar beet, illustration of root, leaf, and flowering patterns</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></th><td class="infobox-data binominal" style="min-width:50%;line-height:1.3em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Beta_vulgaris" title="Beta vulgaris">Beta vulgaris</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">Subspecies</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="min-width:50%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_vulgaris_subsp._vulgaris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris (page does not exist)"><i>Beta vulgaris</i> subsp. <i>vulgaris</i> (<i>var. saccharifera</i>)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">Cultivar group</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="min-width:50%;line-height:1.3em;">Altissima Group</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data" style="min-width:50%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, mid-18th century</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>sugar beet</b> is a plant whose root contains a high concentration of <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a> and that is grown commercially for <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> production. In plant breeding, it is known as the Altissima <a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">cultivar group</a> of the common beet (<i><a href="/wiki/Beta_vulgaris" title="Beta vulgaris">Beta vulgaris</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-MMPND_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMPND-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with other beet cultivars, such as <a href="/wiki/Beetroot" title="Beetroot">beetroot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chard" title="Chard">chard</a>, it belongs to the subspecies <i>Beta vulgaris</i> subsp. <i>vulgaris</i> but classified as <i>var. saccharifera </i>. Its closest wild relative is the <a href="/wiki/Sea_beet" title="Sea beet">sea beet</a> (<i>Beta vulgaris</i> subsp. <i>maritima</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-springer_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-springer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sugar beets are grown in climates that are too cold for <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>. In 2020, Russia, the United States, Germany, France and Turkey were the world's five largest sugar beet producers.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010–2011, Europe, and North America except Arctic territories failed to supply the overall domestic demand for sugar and were all net importers of sugar.<sup id="cite_ref-usda_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usda-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US harvested 406,500 hectares (1,004,600 acres) of sugar beets in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-usda2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usda2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, sugar beets accounted for 20% of the world's sugar production<sup id="cite_ref-agrisugar1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agrisugar1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and nearly 30% by 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-Dohm-et-al-2013_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dohm-et-al-2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a> accounts for most of the rest of <a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry" title="Sugar industry">sugar produced globally</a>. In February 2015, a USDA factsheet reported that sugar beets generally account for about 55 percent of domestically produced sugar, and sugar cane for about 45 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-usda4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usda4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_beet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sugar beet has a conical, white, fleshy root (a <a href="/wiki/Taproot" title="Taproot">taproot</a>) with a flat crown. The plant consists of the root and a rosette of leaves. Sugar is formed by <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> in the leaves and is then stored in the root. </p><p>The root of the beet contains 75% water, about 20%<sup id="cite_ref-Dohm-et-al-2013_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dohm-et-al-2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sugar, and 5% <a href="/wiki/Beet_pulp" title="Beet pulp">pulp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-respons_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-respons-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact sugar content can vary between 12% and 21%, depending on the cultivar and growing conditions. Sugar is the primary value of sugar beet as a <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crop</a>. The pulp, <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">insoluble</a> in water and mainly composed of <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, hemicellulose, <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">pectin</a>, is used in animal feed. The byproducts of the sugar beet crop, such as pulp and <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a>, add another 10% to the value of the harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-agrisugar1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agrisugar1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sugar beets grow exclusively in the <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate</a> zone, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, which grows exclusively in the tropical and subtropical zones. The average weight of a sugar beet ranges between 0.5 and 1 kg (1.1 and 2.2 lb). Sugar beet foliage has a rich, brilliant green color and grows to a height of about 35 cm (14 in). The leaves are numerous and broad and grow in a tuft from the crown of the beet, which is usually level with or just above the ground surface.<sup id="cite_ref-gr1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gr1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_sugar_beet">History of the sugar beet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_beet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of the sugar beet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_of_beet_sugar">Discovery of beet sugar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_beet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Discovery of beet sugar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beta_vulgaris" title="Beta vulgaris">Beta vulgaris</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inspecting_sugar_beet_plants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Inspecting_sugar_beet_plants.jpg/170px-Inspecting_sugar_beet_plants.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Inspecting_sugar_beet_plants.jpg/255px-Inspecting_sugar_beet_plants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Inspecting_sugar_beet_plants.jpg/340px-Inspecting_sugar_beet_plants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>A geneticist evaluates sugar beet plants</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_sugar_beet_mill,_1843.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/French_sugar_beet_mill%2C_1843.jpg/220px-French_sugar_beet_mill%2C_1843.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/French_sugar_beet_mill%2C_1843.jpg/330px-French_sugar_beet_mill%2C_1843.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/French_sugar_beet_mill%2C_1843.jpg/440px-French_sugar_beet_mill%2C_1843.jpg 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>French sugar beet mill in operation in the 1840s</figcaption></figure> <p>The species beet consists of several cultivar groups. The 16th-century French scientist <a href="/wiki/Olivier_de_Serres" title="Olivier de Serres">Olivier de Serres</a> discovered a process for preparing sugar syrup from (red) <a href="/wiki/Beetroot" title="Beetroot">beetroot</a>. He wrote: "The beet-root, when being boiled, yields a juice similar to syrup of sugar, which is beautiful to look at on account of its <a href="/wiki/Vermilion" title="Vermilion">vermilion</a> colour"<sup id="cite_ref-worldcat_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldcat-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1575).<sup id="cite_ref-histoire_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histoire-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because crystallized cane sugar was already available and had a better taste, this process did not become popular. </p><p>Modern sugar beets date to the mid-18th century <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> where <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, subsidized experiments to develop processes for sugar extraction.<sup id="cite_ref-Langer_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langer-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ucdsugar_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucdsugar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1747, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Sigismund_Marggraf" title="Andreas Sigismund Marggraf">Andreas Sigismund Marggraf</a>, professor of physics in the Academy of Science of Berlin, isolated sugar from beetroots and found them at concentrations of 1.3–1.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-Mansfeld_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansfeld-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also demonstrated that the sugar that could be extracted from beets was identical to that produced from cane.<sup id="cite_ref-ucdsugar_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucdsugar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He found the best of these vegetable sources for sugar was the white beet.<sup id="cite_ref-margg_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-margg-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Marggraf's success in isolating sugar from beets, it did not lead to commercial sugar production. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_the_sugar_beet">Development of the sugar beet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_beet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development of the sugar beet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marggraf's student and successor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Karl_Achard" title="Franz Karl Achard">Franz Karl Achard</a> began <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">plant breeding</a> sugar beet in <a href="/wiki/Kaulsdorf_(Berlin)" title="Kaulsdorf (Berlin)">Kaulsdorf</a> near Berlin in 1786.<sup id="cite_ref-Doering_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doering-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Achard started his plant breeding by evaluating 23 varieties of beet for sugar content.<sup id="cite_ref-Louisiana_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louisiana-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end he selected a local strain from <a href="/wiki/Halberstadt" title="Halberstadt">Halberstadt</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>, Germany. Moritz Baron von Koppy and his son further selected white, conical tubers from this strain.<sup id="cite_ref-Mansfeld_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansfeld-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The selection was named <i>weiße schlesische Zuckerrübe</i>, meaning white Silesian sugar beet.<sup id="cite_ref-Doering_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doering-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In about 1800, this cultivar boasted about 5–6% sucrose by (dry) weight.<sup id="cite_ref-Birnbaum_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birnbaum-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would go on to be the progenitor of all modern sugar beets.<sup id="cite_ref-Doering_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doering-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plant breeding process has continued since then, leading to a sucrose content of around 18% in modern varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-Dohm-et-al-2013_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dohm-et-al-2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_the_beet_sugar_industry">History of the beet sugar industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_beet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History of the beet sugar industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beet_sugar_factory" title="Beet sugar factory">Beet sugar factory</a></div> <p>Franz Karl Achard opened the world's first <a href="/wiki/Beet_sugar_factory" title="Beet sugar factory">beet sugar factory</a> in 1801, at <a href="/wiki/Konary,_Wo%C5%82%C3%B3w_County" title="Konary, Wołów County">Kunern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> (now Konary, Poland).<sup id="cite_ref-gr1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gr1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea to produce sugar from beet was soon introduced to France, whence the European sugar beet industry rapidly expanded. By 1840, about 5% of the world's sugar was derived from sugar beets, and by 1880, this number had risen more than tenfold to over 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-Langer_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langer-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In North America, the first commercial production started in 1879 at a farm in <a href="/wiki/Alvarado,_California" title="Alvarado, California">Alvarado, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ucdsugar_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucdsugar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mansfeld_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansfeld-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sugar beet was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> by German settlers around 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-Mansfeld_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansfeld-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_beet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zuckerr%C3%BCben_Pflug010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Zuckerr%C3%BCben_Pflug010.jpg/220px-Zuckerr%C3%BCben_Pflug010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Zuckerr%C3%BCben_Pflug010.jpg/330px-Zuckerr%C3%BCben_Pflug010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Zuckerr%C3%BCben_Pflug010.jpg/440px-Zuckerr%C3%BCben_Pflug010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1754" data-file-height="1192" /></a><figcaption>A sugar beet farm in Switzerland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sugarbeetoutput.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sugarbeetoutput.png/220px-Sugarbeetoutput.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sugarbeetoutput.png/330px-Sugarbeetoutput.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sugarbeetoutput.png/440px-Sugarbeetoutput.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Worldwide sugar beet production</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suikerbietenrooier_zesrijige_bunker_(Sugarbeet_harvester).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Suikerbietenrooier_zesrijige_bunker_%28Sugarbeet_harvester%29.jpg/220px-Suikerbietenrooier_zesrijige_bunker_%28Sugarbeet_harvester%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Suikerbietenrooier_zesrijige_bunker_%28Sugarbeet_harvester%29.jpg/330px-Suikerbietenrooier_zesrijige_bunker_%28Sugarbeet_harvester%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Suikerbietenrooier_zesrijige_bunker_%28Sugarbeet_harvester%29.jpg/440px-Suikerbietenrooier_zesrijige_bunker_%28Sugarbeet_harvester%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1363" /></a><figcaption>A beet harvester</figcaption></figure> <p>The sugar beet, like <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, needs a particular <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> and a proper climate for its successful cultivation. The most important requirements are that the soil must contain a large supply of nutrients, be rich in <a href="/wiki/Humus" title="Humus">humus</a>, and be able to contain a great deal of moisture. A certain amount of <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a> is not necessarily detrimental, as sugar beets are not especially susceptible to injury by some alkali. The ground should be fairly level and well-drained, especially where <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> is practiced.<sup id="cite_ref-gr1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gr1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generous crops can be grown in both sandy soil and heavy <a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">loams</a>, but the ideal soil is a sandy loam, i.e., a mixture of organic matter, clay and sand. A subsoil of gravel, or the presence of <a href="/wiki/Hardpan" title="Hardpan">hardpan</a>, is not desirable, as cultivation to a depth of from 12 to 15 inches (30 to 38 cm) is necessary to produce the best results. </p><p>Climatic conditions, temperature, sunshine, rainfall and winds have an important bearing upon the success of sugar beet agriculture. A temperature ranging from 15 to 21 °C (59 to 70 °F) during the growing months is most favorable. In the absence of adequate irrigation, 460 mm (18 inches) of rainfall are necessary to raise an average crop. High winds are harmful, as they generally crust the land and prevent the young beets from coming through the ground. The best results are obtained along the coast of southern California, where warm, sunny days succeeded by cool, foggy nights seem to meet sugar beet's favored growth conditions. Sunshine of long duration but not of great intensity is the most important factor in the successful cultivation of sugar beets. Near the equator, the shorter days and the greater heat of the sun sharply reduce the sugar content in the beet.<sup id="cite_ref-gr1_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gr1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In high elevation regions such as those of Idaho, Colorado and Utah, where the temperature is high during the daytime, but where the nights are cool, the quality of the sugar beet is excellent. In <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, the long summer days from the relatively high latitude (the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Lower Peninsula of Michigan">Lower Peninsula</a>, where production is concentrated, lies between the 41st and 46th parallels North) and the influence of the Great Lakes result in satisfactory climatic conditions for sugar beet culture. <a href="/wiki/Sebewaing,_Michigan" title="Sebewaing, Michigan">Sebewaing, Michigan</a>, lies in <a href="/wiki/The_Thumb" title="The Thumb">the Thumb</a> region of Michigan; both the region and state are major sugar beet producers. Sebewaing is home to one of four <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Sugar_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Sugar Company">Michigan Sugar Company</a> factories. The town sponsors an annual Michigan Sugar Festival.<sup id="cite_ref-voices_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voices-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (September 2015)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>To cultivate beets successfully, the land must be properly prepared. Deep ploughing is the first principle of beet culture. It allows the roots to penetrate the subsoil without much obstruction, thereby preventing the beet from growing out of the ground, besides enabling it to extract considerable nourishment and moisture from the lower soil. If the latter is too hard, the roots will not penetrate it readily and, as a result, the plant will be pushed up and out of the earth during the process of growth. A hard subsoil is impervious to water and prevents proper drainage. It should not be too loose, however, as this allows the water to pass through more freely than is desirable. Ideally, the soil should be deep, fairly fine and easily penetrable by the roots. It should also be capable of retaining moisture and at the same time admit of a free circulation of air and good drainage. Sugar beet crops exhaust the soil rapidly. Crop rotation is recommended and necessary. Normally, beets are grown in the same ground every third year, peas, beans or grain being raised the other two years.<sup id="cite_ref-gr1_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gr1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> climates, beets are planted in the spring and harvested in the autumn. At the northern end of its range, growing seasons as short as 100 days can produce commercially viable sugar beet crops. In warmer climates, such as in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Valley_(California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Valley (California)">Imperial Valley</a>, sugar beets are a winter crop, planted in the autumn and harvested in the spring. In recent years, <a href="/wiki/Syngenta" title="Syngenta">Syngenta</a> has developed the so-called tropical sugar beet. It allows the plant to grow in tropical and subtropical regions. Beets are planted from a small seed; one kilogram (2 lb 3 oz) of beet seed comprises 100,000 seeds and will plant over <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>one hectare (<span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> acres) of ground. </p><p>Until the latter half of the 20th century, sugar beet production was highly labor-intensive, as weed control was managed by densely planting the crop, which then had to be manually thinned two or three times with a <a href="/wiki/Hoe_(tool)" title="Hoe (tool)">hoe</a> during the growing season. Harvesting also required many workers. Although the roots could be lifted by a <a href="/wiki/Plough" title="Plough">plough</a>-like device that could be pulled by a horse team, the rest of the preparation was by hand. One laborer grabbed the beets by their leaves, knocked them together to shake free loose soil, and then laid them in a row, root to one side, greens to the other. A second worker equipped with a beet hook (a short-handled tool between a <a href="/wiki/Billhook" title="Billhook">billhook</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">sickle</a>) followed behind, and would lift the beet and swiftly chop the crown and leaves from the root with a single action. Working this way, he would leave a row of beets that could be forked into the back of a <a href="/wiki/Cart" title="Cart">cart</a>. </p><p>Today, mechanical sowing, <a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicide</a> application for weed control, and mechanical harvesting have displaced this reliance on manual farm work. A root beater uses a series of blades to chop the leaf and crown (which is high in nonsugar impurities) from the root. The <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet_harvester" title="Sugar beet harvester">beet harvester</a> lifts the root, and removes excess soil from the root in a single pass over the field. A modern harvester is typically able to cover six rows at the same time. The beets are dumped into trucks as the harvester rolls down the field, and then delivered to the factory. The conveyor then removes more soil. </p><p>If the beets are to be left for later delivery, they are formed into <a href="/wiki/Storage_clamp" title="Storage clamp">clamps</a>. Straw bales are used to shield the beets from the weather. Provided the clamp is well built with the right amount of ventilation, the beets do not significantly deteriorate. Beets that freeze and then defrost, produce complex carbohydrates that cause severe production problems in the factory. In the UK, loads may be hand examined at the factory gate before being accepted. </p><p>In the US, the fall harvest begins with the first hard frost, which arrests <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> and the further growth of the root. Depending on the local climate, it may be carried out over the course of a few weeks or be prolonged throughout the winter months. The harvest and processing of the beet is referred to as "the campaign", reflecting the organization required to deliver the crop at a steady rate to processing factories that run 24 hours a day for the duration of the harvest and processing (for the UK, the campaign lasts about five months). In the Netherlands, this period is known as <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">de bietencampagne</i></span>, a time to be careful when driving on local roads in the area while the beets are being grown, because the naturally high <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> content of the soil tends to cause slippery roads when soil falls from the trailers during transport. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_statistics">Production statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_beet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Production statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Top ten sugar beet producers—2022 <a href="/wiki/UN_Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Food and Agriculture Organization">(FAO)</a><sup id="cite_ref-faostat_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>Country </th> <th abbr="Production">Production<br />(million tonnes) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">48.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">31.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">29.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">28.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">19.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">14.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">13.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total</b></td> <td>World</td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>261.0</b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2005sugar_beet.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/2005sugar_beet.PNG/220px-2005sugar_beet.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/2005sugar_beet.PNG/330px-2005sugar_beet.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/2005sugar_beet.PNG/440px-2005sugar_beet.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Sugar beet output in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>The world harvested 260,998,614 metric tons (256,900,000 long tons; 287,700,000 short tons) of sugar beets in 2022. The world's largest producer was Russia, with a 48,907,753 metric tons (48,100,000 long tons; 53,900,000 short tons) harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-faostat_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average yield of sugar beet crops worldwide was 60.8 tonnes per <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-faostat_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most productive sugar beet farms in the world, in 2022, were in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, with a nationwide average yield of 106.2 tonnes per hectare.<sup id="cite_ref-faostat_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Valley_(California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Valley (California)">Imperial Valley (California)</a> farmers have achieved yields of about 160 tonnes per hectare and over 26 tonnes sugar per hectare. Imperial Valley farms benefit from high intensities of incident sunlight and intensive use of irrigation and fertilizers.<sup id="cite_ref-sasta_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sasta-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-farmg_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farmg-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="From_sugar_beet_to_white_sugar">From sugar beet to white sugar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_beet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: From sugar beet to white sugar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hollogne_sur-geer_-Sucrerie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hollogne_sur-geer_-Sucrerie.jpg/220px-Hollogne_sur-geer_-Sucrerie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hollogne_sur-geer_-Sucrerie.jpg/330px-Hollogne_sur-geer_-Sucrerie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hollogne_sur-geer_-Sucrerie.jpg/440px-Hollogne_sur-geer_-Sucrerie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1654" /></a><figcaption>A sugar beet farm in Belgium: Beyond the field is the sugar factory.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most sugar beet are used to create <a href="/wiki/White_sugar" title="White sugar">white sugar</a>. This is done in a beet sugar factory, often abbreviated to sugar factory. Nowadays these most of the time also act as a sugar refinery, but historically the beet sugar factory produced raw sugar and the sugar refinery refined raw sugar to create white sugar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sugar_factory">Sugar factory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_beet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sugar factory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beet_sugar_factory" title="Beet sugar factory">Beet sugar factory</a></div> <p>In the 1960s, beet sugar processing was described as consisting of these steps.<sup id="cite_ref-Montana1970_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montana1970-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Harvesting and storage in a way that preserves the beet while they wait to be processed</li> <li>Washing and scrubbing to remove soil and debris</li> <li>Slicing the beet in small pieces called cossettes or chips</li> <li>Removing the sugar from the beet in an osmosis process, resulting in raw juice and beet pulp.<sup id="cite_ref-Montana1970_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montana1970-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Nowadays, most sugar factories then refine the raw juice themselves, without moving it to a sugar refinery. The beet pulp is processed on site to become cattle fodder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sugar_refinery">Sugar refinery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_beet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sugar refinery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sugar_refinery" title="Sugar refinery">Sugar refinery</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chelsea_Sugar_Refinery_ship.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Chelsea_Sugar_Refinery_ship.JPG/220px-Chelsea_Sugar_Refinery_ship.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Chelsea_Sugar_Refinery_ship.JPG/330px-Chelsea_Sugar_Refinery_ship.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Chelsea_Sugar_Refinery_ship.JPG/440px-Chelsea_Sugar_Refinery_ship.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1989" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Sugar_Refinery" title="Chelsea Sugar Refinery">Chelsea Sugar Refinery</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The next steps to produce white sugar are not specific for producing sugar from sugar beet. They also apply to producing white sugar from sugar cane. As such, they belong to the sugar refining process, not to the beet sugar production process per se. </p> <ul><li>Purification, the raw juice undergoes a chemical process to remove impurities and create thin juice.<sup id="cite_ref-Koyikkal2013_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koyikkal2013-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Evaporation, the thin juice is concentrated by evaporation to make a "thick juice", roughly 60% sucrose by weight.</li> <li>Crystallization, by boiling under reduced pressure the sugar liquor is turned into crystals and remaining liquor.<sup id="cite_ref-sugarnutritionresource/refining-cane_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sugarnutritionresource/refining-cane-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Centrifugation, in a centrifuge the white sugar crystals are separated from the remaining sugar liquor.<sup id="cite_ref-silverwedge_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverwedge-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The remaining liquor is then boiled and centrifuged, producing a lower grade of crystallised sugar (which is redissolved to feed the white sugar pans) and molasses.<sup id="cite_ref-silverwedge_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverwedge-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Further sugar can be recovered from the molasses by methods such as the Steffen Process.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethanol_and_alcohol">Ethanol and alcohol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_beet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ethanol and alcohol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_molasses">From molasses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_beet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: From molasses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bo%C5%BEkov_speci%C3%A1l_mandlov%C3%BD_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bo%C5%BEkov_speci%C3%A1l_mandlov%C3%BD_01.jpg/220px-Bo%C5%BEkov_speci%C3%A1l_mandlov%C3%BD_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bo%C5%BEkov_speci%C3%A1l_mandlov%C3%BD_01.jpg/330px-Bo%C5%BEkov_speci%C3%A1l_mandlov%C3%BD_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bo%C5%BEkov_speci%C3%A1l_mandlov%C3%BD_01.jpg/440px-Bo%C5%BEkov_speci%C3%A1l_mandlov%C3%BD_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Tuzem%C3%A1k" title="Tuzemák">Tuzemák</a></i>, a sugar-beet-based alcohol from Czechia</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two obvious methods to produce alcohol (<a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>) from sugar beet. The first method produces alcohol as a byproduct of manufacturing sugar. It is about fermenting the sugar beet molasses that are left after (the second) centrifugation.<sup id="cite_ref-Levi1870_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levi1870-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This strongly resembles the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a> from sugar cane molasses. In a number of countries, notably the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, this analogy led to making a rum-like <a href="/wiki/Distilled_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled spirit">distilled spirit</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Tuzemak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuzemak">Tuzemak</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Czechs_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Czechs-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland Islands</a>, a similar drink is made under the brand name <i>Kobba Libre</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_sugar_beet">From sugar beet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_beet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: From sugar beet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second method to produce alcohol from sugar beet is to ferment the sugar beet themselves. I.e. without attempting to produce sugar. The idea to distill sugar from the beet came up soon after the first beet sugar factory was established.<sup id="cite_ref-Levi1870_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levi1870-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1852 and 1854 Champonnois devised a good system to distill alcohol from sugar beet.<sup id="cite_ref-Aligny1869_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aligny1869-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within a few years a large sugar distilling industry was created in France.<sup id="cite_ref-Levi1870_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levi1870-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current process to produce alcohol by fermenting and distilling sugar beet consists of these steps:<sup id="cite_ref-TereosDistill_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TereosDistill-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Adding <a href="/wiki/Starch_production" title="Starch production">Starch</a> milk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquefaction" title="Liquefaction">Liquefaction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saccharification" title="Saccharification">Saccharification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation" title="Ethanol fermentation">Fermentation</a> in fermentation vats</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a></li> <li>Dehydration, this results in Bioethanol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectified_spirit" title="Rectified spirit">Rectification</a></li> <li>Refining, the result is a highly pure alcohol</li></ul> <p>Large sugar beet distilleries remain limited to Europe. In 2023 <a href="/wiki/Tereos" title="Tereos">Tereos</a> had 8 beet sugar distilleries, located in France, Czechia and Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-Tereos8_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tereos8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many European countries rectified spirit from sugar beet is used to make <a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">Liquor</a>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">vodka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</a> etc.. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_beet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sugar_beet" title="Special:EditPage/Sugar beet">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sugary_syrup">Sugary syrup</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_beet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sugary syrup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stroop_houten_lepel.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stroop_houten_lepel.jpeg/220px-Stroop_houten_lepel.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stroop_houten_lepel.jpeg/330px-Stroop_houten_lepel.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stroop_houten_lepel.jpeg/440px-Stroop_houten_lepel.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Dutch stroop and the bottled version</figcaption></figure> <p>An unrefined sugary syrup can be produced directly from sugar beet. This thick, dark syrup is produced by cooking shredded sugar beet for several hours, then pressing the resulting mash and concentrating the juice produced until it has a consistency similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>. No other ingredients are used. </p><p>In Germany, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> area, and in the Netherlands, this sugar beet syrup (called <i>Zuckerrüben-Sirup</i> or <i>Zapp</i> in German, or <i>Suikerstroop</i> in Dutch) is used as a spread for sandwiches, as well as for sweetening sauces, cakes and desserts. Dutch people generally top their <a href="/wiki/Pancake" title="Pancake">pancakes</a> with stroop. </p><p>Suikerstroop made according to the Dutch tradition is a <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Speciality_Guaranteed" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Speciality Guaranteed">Traditional Speciality Guaranteed</a> under EU and UK law.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercially, if the syrup has a <a href="/wiki/Dextrose_equivalent" title="Dextrose equivalent">dextrose equivalency (DE)</a> above 30, the product has to be <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolyzed</a> and converted to a high-fructose syrup, much like <a href="/wiki/High-fructose_corn_syrup" title="High-fructose corn syrup">high-fructose corn syrup</a>, or isoglucose syrup in the EU. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uridine">Uridine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_beet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Uridine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Uridine" title="Uridine">Uridine</a> can be isolated from sugar beet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_fuel">Alternative fuel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_beet&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Alternative fuel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Associated_British_Foods" title="Associated British Foods">Associated British Foods</a> plan to use agricultural surpluses of sugar beet to produce <a href="/wiki/Biobutanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Biobutanol">biobutanol</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a> in the United Kingdom. </p><p>The feedstock-to-yield ratio for sugarbeet is 56:9. Therefore, it takes 6.22 kg of sugar beet to produce 1 kg of ethanol (approximately 1.27 L at room temperature). In 2006 it was found that producing ethanol from sugar beet or cane became profitable when market prices for ethanol were close to $4 per gallon.<sup id="cite_ref-Gustafson_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gustafson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Atlantic Biomass president Robert Kozak, a study at University of Maryland Eastern Shore indicates sugar beets appear capable of producing 8,000–8,400 litres per hectare (860–900 US gallons per acre) of ethanol.<sup id="cite_ref-WWWCP_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWWCP-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cattle_feed">Cattle feed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_beet&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cattle feed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In New Zealand, sugar beet is widely grown and harvested as feed for dairy cattle. It is regarded as superior to <a href="/wiki/Fodder_beet" class="mw-redirect" title="Fodder beet">fodder beet</a>, because it has a lower water content (resulting in better storage properties). Both the beet bulb and the leaves (with 25% protein) are fed to cattle. Although long considered toxic to cattle, harvested beet bulbs can be fed to cattle if they are appropriately transitioned to their new diet. Dairy cattle in New Zealand can thrive on just pasture and beets, without <a href="/wiki/Silage" title="Silage">silage</a> or other supplementary feed. The crop is also now grown in some parts of Australia as cattle feed.<sup id="cite_ref-Wonder_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wonder-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RuralNews_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuralNews-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monosodium_glutamate">Monosodium glutamate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_beet&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Monosodium glutamate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Molasses can serve to produce <a href="/wiki/Monosodium_glutamate" title="Monosodium glutamate">monosodium glutamate</a> (MSG). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_beet&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dammanbau_Zuckerruebe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Dammanbau_Zuckerruebe.svg/220px-Dammanbau_Zuckerruebe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Dammanbau_Zuckerruebe.svg/330px-Dammanbau_Zuckerruebe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Dammanbau_Zuckerruebe.svg/440px-Dammanbau_Zuckerruebe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>Sugar beet farming using dam culture method. Used in Russia, Germany, France, Ukraine, Turkey, China, Poland, and sometimes Egypt.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sugar beets are an important part of a <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rotation</a> cycle. </p><p>Sugar beet plants are susceptible to <i><a href="/wiki/Beet_necrotic_yellow_vein_virus" title="Beet necrotic yellow vein virus">Rhizomania</a></i> ("root madness"), which turns the bulbous tap root into many small roots, making the crop economically unprocessable. Strict controls are enforced in European countries to prevent the spread, but it is already present in some areas. It is also susceptible to both the <a href="/wiki/Beet_leaf_curl_virus" title="Beet leaf curl virus">beet leaf curl virus</a>, which causes crinkling and stunting of the leaves and <a href="/wiki/Beet_yellows_virus" title="Beet yellows virus">beet yellows virus</a>. </p><p>Continual research looks for varieties with resistance, as well as increased sugar yield. Sugar beet breeding research in the United States is most prominently conducted at various <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">USDA</a> Agricultural Research Stations, including one in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Collins,_Colorado" title="Fort Collins, Colorado">Fort Collins, Colorado</a>, headed by Linda Hanson and Leonard Panella; one in <a href="/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota" title="Fargo, North Dakota">Fargo, North Dakota</a>, headed by John Wieland; and one at <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Lansing,_Michigan" title="East Lansing, Michigan">East Lansing, Michigan</a>, headed by Rachel Naegele. </p><p>Other economically important members of the subfamily <a href="/wiki/Chenopodioideae" title="Chenopodioideae">Chenopodioideae</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beetroot" title="Beetroot">Beetroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chard" title="Chard">Chard</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mangelwurzel" title="Mangelwurzel">Mangelwurzel</a></i> or fodder beet</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_modification">Genetic modification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_beet&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Genetic modification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_sugar_beet" title="Genetically modified sugar beet">Genetically modified sugar beet</a></div> <p>In the United States, genetically modified sugar beets, engineered for resistance to <a href="/wiki/Glyphosate" title="Glyphosate">glyphosate</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicide</a> marketed as Roundup, were developed by <a href="/wiki/Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_crop" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically modified crop">genetically modified crop</a>. In 2005, the US Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (<a href="/wiki/USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a>-<a href="/wiki/APHIS" class="mw-redirect" title="APHIS">APHIS</a>) deregulated glyphosate-resistant sugar beets after it conducted an environmental assessment and determined glyphosate-resistant sugar beets were highly unlikely to become a plant pest.<sup id="cite_ref-Roundup_Ready_Sugarbeets_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roundup_Ready_Sugarbeets-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-APHIS-history_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APHIS-history-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sugar from glyphosate-resistant sugar beets has been approved for human and animal consumption in multiple countries, but commercial production of biotech beets has been approved only in the United States and Canada. Studies have concluded the sugar from glyphosate-resistant sugar beets has the same nutritional value as sugar from conventional sugar beets.<sup id="cite_ref-AppealDecision2011_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AppealDecision2011-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After deregulation in 2005, glyphosate-resistant sugar beets were extensively adopted in the United States. About 95% of sugar beet croplands in the US were planted with glyphosate-resistant seed in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-James2011_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James2011-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Weeds may be chemically controlled using <a href="/wiki/Glyphosate" title="Glyphosate">glyphosate</a> without harming the crop. After planting sugar beet seed, weeds emerge in fields and growers apply glyphosate to control them. Glyphosate is commonly used in field crops because it controls a broad spectrum of weed species<sup id="cite_ref-michsug_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michsug-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has a low <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-usda3_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usda3-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study from the UK<sup id="cite_ref-nih_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nih-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests yields of genetically modified beet were greater than conventional, while another from the North Dakota State University extension service found lower yields.<sup id="cite_ref-nlpw_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nlpw-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The introduction of glyphosate-resistant sugar beets may contribute to the growing number of glyphosate-resistant weeds, so Monsanto has developed a program to encourage growers to use different herbicide modes of action to control their weeds.<sup id="cite_ref-New_Releases_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Releases-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Food_Safety" title="Center for Food Safety">Center for Food Safety</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club" title="Sierra Club">Sierra Club</a>, the Organic Seed Alliance and High Mowing Seeds filed a lawsuit against USDA-APHIS regarding their decision to deregulate glyphosate-resistant sugar beets in 2005. The organizations expressed concerns regarding glyphosate-resistant sugar beets' ability to potentially <a href="/wiki/Cross-pollinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-pollinate">cross-pollinate</a> with conventional sugar beets.<sup id="cite_ref-Roundup_Ready_Sugar_Beet_Case:_Timeline_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roundup_Ready_Sugar_Beet_Case:_Timeline-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. District Judge <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_White" title="Jeffrey White">Jeffrey S. White</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of California">US District Court for the Northern District of California</a>, revoked the deregulation of glyphosate-resistant sugar beets and declared it unlawful for growers to plant glyphosate-resistant sugar beets in the spring of 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-Roundup_Ready_Sugar_Beet_Case:_Timeline_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roundup_Ready_Sugar_Beet_Case:_Timeline-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-usda5_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usda5-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Believing a sugar shortage would occur USDA-APHIS developed three options in the environmental assessment to address the concerns of environmentalists.<sup id="cite_ref-USDA_Prepares_Draft_Environmental_Assessment_on_Regulatory_Options_for_Roundup_Ready_Sugar_Beets_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA_Prepares_Draft_Environmental_Assessment_on_Regulatory_Options_for_Roundup_Ready_Sugar_Beets-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, a federal appeals court for the Northern district of California in San Francisco overturned the ruling.<sup id="cite_ref-AppealDecision2011_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AppealDecision2011-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2012, after completing an environmental impact assessment and a plant pest risk assessment the USDA deregulated Monsanto's Roundup Ready sugar beets.<sup id="cite_ref-usda6_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usda6-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Genome"></span><span class="anchor" id="Genetics"></span><span class="anchor" id="Packaging_of_genome_into_chromosomes"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genome_and_genetics">Genome and genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_beet&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Genome and genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sugar beet genome shares a triplication event somewhere super-Caryophyllales and at or sub-<a href="/wiki/Eudicot" class="mw-redirect" title="Eudicot">Eudicots</a>. It has been sequenced and two reference genome sequences have already been generated.<sup id="cite_ref-Dohm-et-al-2013_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dohm-et-al-2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genome size of the sugar beet is approximately 731 (714–758)<sup id="cite_ref-Dohm-et-al-2013_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dohm-et-al-2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Megabases, and sugar beet DNA is packaged in 18 metacentric chromosomes (2n=2x=18).<sup id="cite_ref-Paesold_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paesold-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All sugar beet centromeres are made up of a single <a href="/wiki/Satellite_DNA" title="Satellite DNA">satellite DNA</a> family<sup id="cite_ref-Zakrzewski_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zakrzewski-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and centromere-specific <a href="/wiki/LTR_retrotransposon" title="LTR retrotransposon">LTR retrotransposons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weber2013_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber2013-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 60% of sugar beet's DNA is repetitive, mostly distributed in a dispersed way along the chromosomes.<sup id="cite_ref-Weber2010_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber2010-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wollrab_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wollrab-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heitkam_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heitkam-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schwichtenberg_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwichtenberg-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crop wild beet populations (<i>B. vulgaris</i> ssp. <i>maritima</i>) have been sequenced as well, allowing for identification of the resistance gene <i>Rz2</i> in the wild progenitor.<sup id="cite_ref-Capistrano-Gossmann_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capistrano-Gossmann-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Rz2</i> confers resistance to rhizomania, commonly known as the sugar beet root madness disease. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Breeding">Breeding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_beet&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Breeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sugar beets have been bred for increased sugar content, from 8% to 18% in the 200 years up to 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar_beet&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, resistance to <a href="/wiki/Viral_plant_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Viral plant disease">viral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fungal_plant_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungal plant disease">fungal</a> diseases, increased taproot size, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monogerm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monogerm (page does not exist)">monogermy</a>, and less <a href="/wiki/Bolting_(horticulture)" title="Bolting (horticulture)">bolting</a>. Breeding has been eased by discovery of a <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasmic_male_sterility" title="Cytoplasmic male sterility">cytoplasmic male sterility</a> line – this has especially been useful in yield breeding.<sup id="cite_ref-Dohm-et-al-2013_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dohm-et-al-2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_beet&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MMPND-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MMPND_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Beta.html">"Sorting Beta names"</a>. <i>Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database</i>. 4 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130504173112/http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Beta.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Multilingual+Multiscript+Plant+Name+Database&rft.atitle=Sorting+Beta+names&rft.date=2013-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au%2FSorting%2FBeta.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar+beet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-springer-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-springer_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/life+sciences/plant+sciences/book/978-1-4614-0841-3"><i>Beta Maritima: The Origin of Beets</i></a>. Springer. 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-0841-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-0841-3"><bdi>978-1-4614-0841-3</bdi></a>. <q>The volume will be completely devoted to the sea beet, that is, the ancestor of all the cultivated beets. The wild plant, growing mainly on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea, remains very important as source of useful traits for beet breeding.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beta+Maritima%3A+The+Origin+of+Beets&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-0841-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Flife%2Bsciences%2Fplant%2Bsciences%2Fbook%2F978-1-4614-0841-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar+beet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fao-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fao_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL">"Crops and livestock products"</a>. Food and Agriculture Organization.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crops+and+livestock+products&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffaostat%2Fen%2F%23data%2FQCL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar+beet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usda-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-usda_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fas.usda.gov/htp/sugar/2011/SugarMay2011.pdf">"Sugar:World Markets and Trade"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Department of Agriculture: FAS Information. 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sugar%3AWorld+Markets+and+Trade&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture%3A+FAS+Information&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.usda.gov%2Fhtp%2Fsugar%2F2011%2FSugarMay2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar+beet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usda2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-usda2_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061003083617/http://www.nass.usda.gov/QuickStats/index2.jsp">"NASS – Statistics by Subject – Crops & Plants – Field Crops – Sugarbeets"</a>. United States Department of Agriculture. 2 October 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nass.usda.gov/QuickStats/index2.jsp">the original</a> on 3 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASS+%E2%80%93+Statistics+by+Subject+%E2%80%93+Crops+%26+Plants+%E2%80%93+Field+Crops+%E2%80%93+Sugarbeets&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.date=2006-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nass.usda.gov%2FQuickStats%2Findex2.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar+beet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-agrisugar1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-agrisugar1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-agrisugar1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905234431/http://www.eastagri.org/publications/pub_docs/4_Sugar_web.pdf">"Agribusiness Handbook: Sugar beet white sugar"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastagri.org/publications/pub_docs/4_Sugar_web.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-09-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agribusiness+Handbook%3A+Sugar+beet+white+sugar&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization%2C+United+Nations&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastagri.org%2Fpublications%2Fpub_docs%2F4_Sugar_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar+beet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dohm-et-al-2013-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dohm-et-al-2013_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dohm-et-al-2013_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dohm-et-al-2013_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dohm-et-al-2013_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dohm-et-al-2013_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dohm-et-al-2013_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDohmMinocheHoltgräweCapella-Gutiérrez2013" class="citation journal cs1">Dohm, Juliane C.; Minoche, André E.; Holtgräwe, Daniela; et al. 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United States Department of Agriculture. 2 February 2015. 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Marggraf (1747). 1749. pp. 79–90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Experiences+chimiques+faites+dans+le+dessein+de+tirer+un+veritable+sucre+de+diverses+plantes%2C+qui+croissent+dans+nos+contr%C3%A9es+%28Chemical+experiments+made+with+the+intention+of+extracting+real+sugar+from+diverse+plants+that+grow+in+our+lands%29&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27acad%C3%A9mie+royale+des+sciences+et+belles-lettres+de+Berlin&rft.pages=79-90&rft.pub=Marggraf+%281747%29&rft.date=1749&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlJQDAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar+beet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doering-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doering_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doering_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doering_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoering1896" class="citation book cs1">Doering, Emil (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O2AmAQAAMAAJ"><i>Die Zuckerrübe und ihr Anbau</i></a>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Crop+wild+relative+populations+of+Beta+vulgaris+allow+direct+mapping+of+agronomically+important+genes&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=15708&rft.date=2017-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5467160%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28585529&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms15708&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NatCo...815708C&rft.aulast=Capistrano-Gossmann&rft.aufirst=Gina+G.&rft.au=Ries%2C+D.&rft.au=Holtgr%C3%A4we%2C+D.&rft.au=Minoche%2C+A.&rft.au=Kraft%2C+T.&rft.au=Frerichmann%2C+S.L.M.&rft.au=Rosleff+Soerensen%2C+T.&rft.au=Dohm%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5467160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar+beet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_beet&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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href="http://www.sucrose.com/lbeet.html">How Beet Sugar is Made</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/climatechange/story/0,,1802296,00.html"><i>Guardian (UK)</i> article on how sugar beet can be used for fuel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-1503:1"><i>Sugar beet culture in the northern Great Plains area</i></a> hosted by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/browse/department/govdocs/">University of North Texas Government Documents Department</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmo-safety.eu/news/1221.court-bans-sugar-beet-cultivation-under-controlled-conditions.html">US court bans GM sugar beet: Cultivation to take place under controlled conditions?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101213065400/http://www.gmo-safety.eu/news/1221.court-bans-sugar-beet-cultivation-under-controlled-conditions.html">Archived</a> 13 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IikDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Science+1932+plane&pg=PA38">"Sugar From Beets"</a> <i>Popular Science Monthly</i>, March 1935</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=ti%3A%22beet+sugar%22+&acc=off&wc=on&fc=off&group=none">"Beet Sugar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beet+Sugar&rft.pub=JSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dti%253A%2522beet%2Bsugar%2522%2B%26acc%3Doff%26wc%3Don%26fc%3Doff%26group%3Dnone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar+beet" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Sugar_as_food_commodity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sugar" title="Template:Sugar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sugar" title="Template talk:Sugar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sugar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sugar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sugar_as_food_commodity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a> as food commodity</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_sugars" title="List of sugars">List of sugars and sugar products</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemistry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">Monosaccharide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">Fructose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylose" title="Xylose">Xylose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaccharide" title="Disaccharide">Disaccharide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">Lactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">Maltose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">Sucrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trehalose" title="Trehalose">Trehalose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Added_sugar" title="Added sugar">Added sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_sugar" title="Reducing sugar">Reducing sugar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sugar beet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agave_syrup" title="Agave syrup">Agave syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_sugar" title="Date sugar">Date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeydew_(secretion)" title="Honeydew (secretion)">Honeydew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">Maple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malt_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Malt sugar">Malt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syrup" title="Syrup">Syrups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_syrups" title="List of syrups">List of syrups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agave_syrup" title="Agave syrup">Agave syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barley_malt_syrup" title="Barley malt syrup">Barley malt syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_rice_syrup" title="Brown rice syrup">Brown rice syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheong_(food)" title="Cheong (food)">Cheong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maesil-cheong" class="mw-redirect" title="Maesil-cheong">Maesil-cheong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogwa-cheong" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogwa-cheong">Mogwa-cheong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuja-cheong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuja-cheong">Yuja-cheong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_syrup" title="Corn syrup">Corn syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose_syrup" title="Glucose syrup">Glucose syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_syrup" title="Golden syrup">Golden syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-fructose_corn_syrup" title="High-fructose corn syrup">High-fructose corn syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-maltose_corn_syrup" title="High-maltose corn syrup">High-maltose corn syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_sugar_syrup" title="Inverted sugar syrup">Inverted sugar syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuromitsu" title="Kuromitsu">Kuromitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizuame" title="Mizuame">Mizuame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">Molasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_honey" title="Pine honey">Pine honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steen%27s_cane_syrup" title="Steen's cane syrup">Steen's cane syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_syrup" title="Table syrup">Table syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treacle" title="Treacle">Treacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yac%C3%B3n_syrup" title="Yacón syrup">Yacón syrup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Solid forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_sugar" title="Brown sugar">Brown</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peen_tong" title="Peen tong">Peen tong</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_sugar" title="Candi sugar">Candi sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancaca" title="Chancaca">Chancaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystalline_fructose" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystalline fructose">Crystalline fructose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelling_sugar" title="Gelling sugar">Gelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gula_melaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Gula melaka">Gula melaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggery" title="Jaggery">Jaggery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misri" class="mw-redirect" title="Misri">Misri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_sugar" title="Molasses sugar">Molasses sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovado" title="Muscovado">Muscovado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nib_sugar" title="Nib sugar">Nib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-centrifugal_cane_sugar" title="Non-centrifugal cane sugar">Non-centrifugal cane sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panela" title="Panela">Panela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_Reserve" title="Plantation Reserve">Plantation Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powdered_sugar" title="Powdered sugar">Powdered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preserving_sugar" title="Preserving sugar">Preserving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucanat" title="Sucanat">Sucanat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_candy" title="Sugar candy">Sugar candy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barley_sugar" title="Barley sugar">Barley sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterscotch" title="Butterscotch">Butterscotch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy" title="Candy">Candy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_candy" title="Hard candy">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_candy" title="Rock candy">Rock candy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toffee" title="Toffee">Toffee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_glass" title="Sugar glass">Sugar glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarloaf" title="Sugarloaf">Sugarloaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasanbon" title="Wasanbon">Wasanbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_sugar" title="White sugar">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caramel" title="Caramel">Caramel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_candy" title="Cotton candy">Cotton candy floss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foods_made_from_maple" title="List of foods made from maple">Maple sugar foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_alcohol" title="Sugar alcohol">Sugar alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confectionery#Sugar_confectionery" title="Confectionery">Sugar confectionery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_juice" title="Sugarcane juice">Sugarcane juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuzem%C3%A1k" title="Tuzemák">Tuzemák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unrefined_sweeteners" title="List of unrefined sweeteners">Unrefined sweeteners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry" title="Sugar industry">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boilery" title="Boilery">Boilery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation#Sugar" title="Plantation">Plantation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casa-grande" title="Casa-grande">Casa-grande</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_refinery" title="Sugar refinery">Refinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_bush" title="Sugar bush">Sugar bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_mill" title="Sugarcane mill">Sugarcane mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engenho" title="Engenho">Engenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batey_(sugar_workers%27_town)" title="Batey (sugar workers' town)">Batey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafra_(agriculture)" title="Zafra (agriculture)">Zafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_marketing" title="Sugar marketing">Sugar marketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region (current)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sugar_mills_in_Queensland" title="List of sugar mills in Queensland">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundaberg_Sugar" title="Bundaberg Sugar">Bundaberg Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSR_Limited" title="CSR Limited">CSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmar_Sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmar Sugar">Wilmar Sugar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_sugar_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban sugar economy">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_the_Caribbean" title="Sugar plantations in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sugar_manufacturers_in_Kenya" title="List of sugar manufacturers in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_India" title="Sugar industry of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_Mauritius" title="Sugar industry of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_the_Philippines" title="Sugar industry of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_Rwanda" title="Sugar industry of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Sugar industry of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_South_Africa#Sugarcane" title="Agriculture in South Africa">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illovo_Sugar" title="Illovo Sugar">Illovo Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongaat_Hulett" title="Tongaat Hulett">Tongaat Hulett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sugar_manufacturers_in_Tanzania" title="List of sugar manufacturers in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_Uganda" title="Sugar industry of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sugar" title="British Sugar">British Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_%26_Lyle" title="Tate & Lyle">Tate & Lyle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_the_United_States" title="Sugar industry of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Association" title="Sugar Association">Sugar Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Sugar_Program" title="U.S. Sugar Program">U.S. Sugar Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region (historical)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_production_in_the_Danish_West_Indies" title="Sugar production in the Danish West Indies">Danish West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_mills_in_Fiji" title="Sugar mills in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_Hawaii" title="Sugar plantations in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_sugar" title="History of sugar">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1811_German_Coast_uprising" title="1811 German Coast uprising">1811 German Coast uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelioration_Act_1798" title="Amelioration Act 1798">Amelioration Act 1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_molasses_trade" title="Colonial molasses trade">Colonial molasses trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demerara_rebellion_of_1823" title="Demerara rebellion of 1823">Demerara rebellion of 1823</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holing_cane" title="Holing cane">Holing cane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith_Sugar_House" title="Leith Sugar House">Leith Sugar House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_Treaty_of_1875" title="Reciprocity Treaty of 1875">Reciprocity Treaty of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Slavery in the British and French Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Duties_Acts_1846" title="Sugar Duties Acts 1846">Sugar Duties Acts 1846</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Intervention" title="Sugar Intervention">Sugar Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Sugar_Railways" title="Taiwan Sugar Railways">Taiwan Sugar Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade" title="Triangular trade">Triangular trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Added_sugar" title="Added sugar">Added sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_Over" title="Crop Over">Crop Over</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_shack" title="Sugar shack">Sugar shack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugaring" title="Sugaring">Sugaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_nips" title="Sugar nips">Sugar nips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_packet" title="Sugar packet">Sugar packet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sucrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Sucrology">Sucrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_people" title="Sugar people">Sugar people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_tit" title="Sugar tit">Sugar tit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_sculpture" title="Sugar sculpture">Sugar sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treacle_mining" title="Treacle mining">Treacle mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sweet_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal sweet foods">Australian Aboriginal sweet foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_sugar_level" title="Blood sugar level">Blood sugar level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cane_knife" title="Cane knife">Cane knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavored_syrup" title="Flavored syrup">Flavored syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_syrup" title="Fruit syrup">Fruit syrup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Date_honey" title="Date honey">Date honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_syrup" title="Grape syrup">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallab" title="Jallab">Jallab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Health effects of sugar">Health effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar addiction">Sugar addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Residual_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Residual sugar">Residual sugar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_substitute" title="Sugar substitute">Sugar substitute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetened_beverage" title="Sweetened beverage">Sweetened beverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetener" title="Sweetener">Sweetener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetness" title="Sweetness">Sweetness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinasse" title="Vinasse">Vinasse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lustig" title="Robert Lustig">Robert Lustig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Yudkin" title="John Yudkin">John Yudkin</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pure,_White_and_Deadly" title="Pure, White and Deadly">Pure, White and Deadly</a></i> (1972)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sugar" title="Category:Sugar">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sugar_production" title="Category:Sugar production">Production</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bioenergy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bioenergy" title="Template:Bioenergy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bioenergy" title="Template talk:Bioenergy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bioenergy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bioenergy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bioenergy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">Bioenergy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_fuel" title="Alcohol fuel">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algae_fuel" title="Algae fuel">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Biobutanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioliquids" title="Bioliquids">Bioliquids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(energy)" title="Biomass (energy)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">Cooking oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil_fuel" title="Vegetable oil fuel">vegetable oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">cellulosic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">mixtures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_fuel" title="Methanol fuel">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stover" title="Stover">Stover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_stover" title="Corn stover">corn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontederia_crassipes#Bioenergy" title="Pontederia crassipes">Water hyacinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">Energy from<br />foodstock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelina_sativa#Biodiesel_and_jet_fuel" title="Camelina sativa">Camelina sativa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">Cassava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil#Industry" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">Oat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">Potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">Rapeseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">Soybean</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sugar beet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sunflower" title="Common sunflower">Sunflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">Yam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonfood_crop" title="Nonfood crop">Non-food<br />energy crops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arundo" title="Arundo">Arundo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andropogon_gerardi" title="Andropogon gerardi">Big bluestem</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelina" title="Camelina">Camelina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triadica_sebifera" title="Triadica sebifera">Chinese tallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemnoideae" title="Lemnoideae">Duckweed</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jatropha_curcas" title="Jatropha curcas">Jatropha curcas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscanthus_%C3%97_giganteus" title="Miscanthus × giganteus"><i>Miscanthus</i> × <i>giganteus</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pongamia" title="Pongamia">Pongamia pinnata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicornia#Industrial_use" title="Salicornia">Salicornia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panicum_virgatum" title="Panicum virgatum">Switchgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioconversion_of_biomass_to_mixed_alcohol_fuels" title="Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels">Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy_with_carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage">Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_heating_system" title="Biomass heating system">Biomass heating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biorefinery" title="Biorefinery">Biorefinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process" title="Fischer–Tropsch process">Fischer–Tropsch process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_biotechnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial biotechnology">Industrial biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_fuel" title="Pellet fuel">Pellet fuel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_mill" title="Pellet mill">mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_stove" title="Pellet stove">stove</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabatier_reaction" title="Sabatier reaction">Sabatier reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_depolymerization" title="Thermal depolymerization">Thermal depolymerization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agflation" title="Agflation">Agflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol_commercialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellulosic ethanol commercialization">Cellulosic ethanol commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_content_of_biofuel" title="Energy content of biofuel">Energy content of biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">Energy crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_return_on_investment" title="Energy return on investment">Energy return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_vs._fuel" title="Food vs. fuel">Food vs. fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issues_relating_to_biofuels" title="Issues relating to biofuels">Issues relating to biofuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">Sustainable biofuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bioenergy" title="Category:Bioenergy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151964#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151964#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151964#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4124906-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sugar beet"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85129679">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Betterave à sucre"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119310430">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Betterave à sucre"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119310430">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572860">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="řepa cukrová"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116894&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543843605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10641541">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris Altissima Group</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151964" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q151964">Q151964</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/585884">585884</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242414722">242414722</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242414722">242414722</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/8033197">8033197</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=310650">310650</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/164505-1">164505-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A2878296-4">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:2878296-4</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/50250833">50250833</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000739250">wfo-0000739250</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar_beet&oldid=1259128211">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar_beet&oldid=1259128211</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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