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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Center_for_Operational_Oceanographic_Products_and_Services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Center_for_Operational_Oceanographic_Products_and_Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Field_Operations_Division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Field_Operations_Division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Field Operations Division</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Field_Operations_Division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceanographic_Division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceanographic_Division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Oceanographic Division</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceanographic_Division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engineering_Division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engineering_Division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Engineering Division</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engineering_Division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Centers_for_Coastal_Ocean_Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Centers_for_Coastal_Ocean_Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science</span> </div> </a> <ul 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<li id="toc-Marine_Debris_Division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_Debris_Division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Marine Debris Division</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_Debris_Division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integrated_Ocean_Observing_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integrated_Ocean_Observing_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Integrated Ocean Observing System</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integrated_Ocean_Observing_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">National Ocean Service</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><b>National Ocean Survey (1970–1983)<br />National Ocean Service (1983–present)</b></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">October 9, 1970</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal government of the United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">1305 East-West Highway<br /><a href="/wiki/Silver_Spring,_Maryland" title="Silver Spring, Maryland">Silver Spring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, U.S.<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Ocean_Service&params=38_59_30_N_77_01_48_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°59′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°01′48″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.99167°N 77.03000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.99167; -77.03000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">1,259 (FY 2012)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data">US $559.6 million (FY 2012)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Nicole LeBoeuf<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Assistant Administrator, National Ocean Service</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oceanservice.noaa.gov">oceanservice<wbr />.noaa<wbr />.gov</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>National Ocean Service</b> (<b>NOS</b>) is an office within the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Commerce">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA). It is responsible for preserving and enhancing the nation's coastal resources and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystems">ecosystems</a> along approximately 95,000 miles (153,000 km) of shoreline, that is bordering 3,500,000 square miles (9,100,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of coastal, <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>, and ocean waters. Its mission is to "provide science-based solutions through <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_partnerships" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborative partnerships">collaborative partnerships</a> to address the evolving economic, environmental, and social pressures on our oceans and coasts." Its projects focus on working to ensure the safe and efficient marine transportation, promoting the protection of coastal communities, conserving <a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">marine</a> and coastal places. NOS employs 1,700 <a href="/wiki/Scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientists">scientists</a>, natural resource managers, and specialists in many different fields. The National Ocean Service was previously also known as the <b>National Ocean Survey</b> until it was renamed in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-archivescatalog_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archivescatalog-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Ocean_Service&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As one of the six NOAA Line Offices, NOAA's National Ocean Service (NOS) observes, studies, and manages the nation's coastal and marine resources. The NOS measures and predicts the coastal and ocean phenomena, protects large areas of the oceans, works to ensure safe <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigation</a>, and provides tools and information to protect and restore the coastal and marine resources. NOAA's National Ocean Service is composed of seven programs and two staff offices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Program_offices">Program offices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Ocean_Service&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Program offices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov">Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services</a> (CO-OPS)<sup id="cite_ref-CO-OPS_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CO-OPS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coastalscience.noaa.gov">National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science</a> (NCCOS) <sup id="cite_ref-NCCOS_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCCOS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Coast_Survey" title="Office of Coast Survey">Office of Coast Survey</a> (OCS)<sup id="cite_ref-OCS_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="#Office_for_Coastal_Management">Office for Coastal Management</a> (OCM)<sup id="cite_ref-OCM_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCM-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geodetic_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geodetic Survey">National Geodetic Survey (NGS)</a><sup id="cite_ref-NGS_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Marine_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Marine Sanctuary">Office of National Marine Sanctuaries</a> (ONMS)<sup id="cite_ref-ONMS_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONMS-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Response_and_Restoration" title="Office of Response and Restoration">Office of Response and Restoration</a> (OR&R)<sup id="cite_ref-ORR_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORR-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Staff_offices">Staff offices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Ocean_Service&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Staff offices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Ocean_Observing_System" title="Integrated Ocean Observing System">Integrated Ocean Observing System Program (IOOS)</a><sup id="cite_ref-IOOS_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOOS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Management and Budget Office (MBO)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Center_for_Operational_Oceanographic_Products_and_Services">Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Ocean_Service&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS) is a source for water-level and current measurements that support safe and efficient <a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">maritime</a> commerce, sound coastal management, and recreation.<sup id="cite_ref-CO-OPS_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CO-OPS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CO-OPS is composed of four divisions: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Field_Operations_Division">Field Operations Division</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Ocean_Service&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Field Operations Division"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Field Operations Division (FOD) operates and maintains all <a href="/wiki/Oceanographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanographic">oceanographic</a> and Great Lakes observing systems required to meet CO-OPS' mission objectives. The Division monitors the continuous operations of navigation and other real-time observing systems to support the protection of life and property. FOD also operates the Ocean Systems Test and Evaluation Facility (OSTEF) to support Requirements and Development Division (RDD), and Information Systems Division (ISD) development efforts. FOD operates equipment to evaluate new observing systems and software modules developed to support NOS mission objectives. The Division installs, documents, operates and maintains CO-OPS measurement systems (e.g., NWLON, PORTS); conducts field reconnaissance and geodetic operations to include the establishment, leveling, documentation, and inspection of NOS benchmarks; and provides training in the installation, operation and maintenance of CO-OPS observing equipment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceanographic_Division">Oceanographic Division</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Ocean_Service&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Oceanographic Division"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Oceanographic Division monitors the quality of all data collected by CO-OPS, and produces operational products from this data stream. The Division monitors the performance of all CO-OPS observing systems and reports discrepancies to appropriate Center personnel. The Division performs operational data quality control/data analysis; produces oceanographic products; manages the content of CO-OPS data/product delivery systems; develops web page services; distributes real-time data to CO-OPS customers; provides information for matters such as litigation and boundary disputes (e.g., certified water level and benchmark information); provides technical assistance to customers regarding the use of CO-OPS products and services; designs new products and services to meet user needs, and maintains customer lists, billing information and accounting procedures to ensure the accurate accounting of revenues collected through user fees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engineering_Division">Engineering Division</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Ocean_Service&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Engineering Division"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Engineering Division establishes observation and analysis requirements for CO-OPS based on the assessment of user/customer needs. The Division also manages the Ocean Systems Test and Evaluation Program (OSTEP) and its associated test facilities. The Division develops new oceanographic measurement systems and techniques to improve the safety of marine navigation. The Division: develops and issues standard operating procedures, project instructions, and manuals, to guide the operation and maintenance of CO-OPS oceanographic and meteorological measurement systems; prepares measurement requirements (based on tidal zoning) for hydrographic or photogrammetric field surveys, and to support other NOS needs for water level and current information; prepares and monitors interagency agreements, technology transfer agreements and work plans; prepares and administers contracts; provides technical assistance and guidance to other countries, agencies, and the public in the establishment and operation of water level and current measurement stations; and develops/integrates measurement and telemetry systems needed to support CO-OPS activities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_Centers_for_Coastal_Ocean_Science">National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Ocean_Service&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides research, scientific information and tools to help balance the nation's ecological, social and economic goals. The research and tools provided are central to addressing coastal issues raised in legislation and NOAA's priorities.<sup id="cite_ref-NCCOS_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCCOS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NCCOS were formed within the National Ocean Service (NOS) in March 1999 as the focal point for coastal ocean science. Research areas and strategy were selected in response to Federal legislation, stakeholder input, and in concert with scientific expertise and capabilities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Office_of_Coast_Survey">Office of Coast Survey</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Ocean_Service&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Office of Coast Survey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Coast_Survey" title="Office of Coast Survey">Office of Coast Survey</a></div> <p>Provides navigation products and services that ensure safe and efficient maritime commerce on America's oceans and coastal waters, and in the Great Lakes.<sup id="cite_ref-OCS_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OCS consists of the following offices: </p> <ul><li>Marine Chart Division</li> <li>Hydrographic Surveys Division</li> <li>Navigation Services Division</li> <li>Coast Survey Development Lab</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Office_for_Coastal_Management">Office for Coastal Management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Ocean_Service&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Office for Coastal Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Established in 2014 when NOAA combined two offices: the Coastal Services Center and the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management. In addition to implementing specific initiatives, a top priority for NOAA's Office for Coastal Management is to unify efforts to make communities more resilient. Many organizations are involved, including the private sector, nonprofits, the scientific community, and all levels of government. The Office for Coastal Management works to be a unifying force in these efforts, providing unbiased NOAA data and tools and providing opportunities for the community to come together to define common goals and find ways to work smarter by working together. Issues include endangered species protection, erosion, and generating better building codes for storm-resistant buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-OCM_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCM-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The OCM has four programs: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coastal_Zone_Management">Coastal Zone Management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Ocean_Service&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Coastal Zone Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Coastal_Zone_Management_Program" title="National Coastal Zone Management Program">National Coastal Zone Management Program</a> addresses the nation's coastal issues through a voluntary partnership between the federal government and coastal and Great Lakes states and territories. Authorized by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, the program provides the basis for protecting, restoring, and responsibly developing coastal communities and resources. Currently 34 coastal states participate. While state partners must follow basic requirements, the program also gives states the flexibility to design unique programs that best address their coastal challenges and regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coral_Reef_Conservation_Program_(CRCP)"><span id="Coral_Reef_Conservation_Program_.28CRCP.29"></span>Coral Reef Conservation Program (CRCP)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Ocean_Service&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Coral Reef Conservation Program (CRCP)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NOAA's <a href="/wiki/Coral_Reef_Conservation_Program" title="Coral Reef Conservation Program">Coral Reef Conservation Program</a> (CRCP) is a cross-cutting program that brings together expertise from a wide array of NOAA programs and offices in the National Ocean Service (NOS), <a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">National Marine Fisheries Service</a> (NMFS), <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Research" title="Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research">Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research</a> (OAR), and the <a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Satellite,_Data,_and_Information_Service" title="National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service">National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service</a> (NESDIS). The CRCP was established in 2000 to help fulfill NOAA's responsibilities under the Coral Reef Conservation Act of 2000 (CRCA) and the U.S. Coral Reef Task Force (established by Presidential Executive Order 13089 on Coral Reef Protection). The mission of the CRCP is to protect, conserve, and restore coral reef resources by maintaining healthy ecosystem function. CRCP focuses on four main pillars of work: increase resilience to climate change, reduce land-based sources of pollution, improve fisheries' sustainability, and restore viable coral populations. In strong partnership with local managers, CRCP addresses strategic coral reef management needs in a targeted, cost-effective, and efficient manner. </p><p>CRCP funds and equips reef conservation activities by NOAA and its partners in the seven U.S. states and jurisdictions containing coral reefs (<a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>, the Commonwealth of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a>), uninhabited islands including the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Hawaiian_Islands" title="Northwestern Hawaiian Islands">Northwestern Hawaiian Islands</a> and Pacific Remote Island Areas, and the Pacific Freely Associated States (<a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a>, Republic of the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CRCP supports multiple cross-cutting activities and associated products including the National Coral Reef Monitoring Program<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Coral Reef Watch.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_Coast">Digital Coast</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Ocean_Service&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Digital Coast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This NOAA-sponsored website is focused on helping communities address coastal issues and has become one of the most-used resources in the coastal management community.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Estuarine_Research_Reserves">National Estuarine Research Reserves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Ocean_Service&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: National Estuarine Research Reserves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Estuarine_Research_Reserve" title="National Estuarine Research Reserve">National Estuarine Research Reserve</a> System is a network of 29 coastal sites<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> designated to protect and study estuarine systems. Established through the Coastal Zone Management Act, the reserves represent a partnership program between NOAA and the coastal states. NOAA provides funding and national guidance, and each site is managed on a daily basis by a lead state agency or university with input from local partners.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Office_of_National_Geodetic_Survey">Office of National Geodetic Survey</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Ocean_Service&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Office of National Geodetic Survey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Geodetic_Survey" title="U.S. National Geodetic Survey">U.S. National Geodetic Survey</a></div> <p>The Office of National Geodetic Survey (NGS) provides the framework for all positioning activities in the nation. The foundational elements - <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a>, shoreline information and their changes over time - contribute to informed decision making and impact a wide range of important activities including mapping and charting, navigation, flood risk determination, transportation, land use and ecosystem management. NGS' authoritative spatial data, models, and tools are vital for the protection and management of natural and manmade resources and support the economic prosperity and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">environmental health</a> of the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-NGS_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NGS consists of six divisions: </p> <ul><li><b>Geodetic Services:</b> provides a direct relationship between NGS and its customers through the state advisor program, geodetic equipment testing and evaluation, product evaluation, marketing, distribution, and various training programs.</li> <li><b>Spatial Reference Systems:</b> maintains the Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) network and plans, coordinates and provides technical guidance for geodetic field projects and products required to preserve and develop the National Spatial Reference System (NSRS).</li> <li><b>Remote Sensing:</b> involves all aspects of airport charting and shoreline mapping using traditional methods while exploring more efficient technologies to complement current practices.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Observations & Analysis:</b> conducts geodetic surveys to support the National Spatial Reference System, the production of airport obstruction charts, the location of aeronautical aids to navigation, and the production of coastal maps, charts, and special products in the coastal zone. The Division also conducts field surveys required to support photogrammetric and hydrographic surveys.</li> <li><b>Systems Development:</b> administers the central processing units, disk and storage systems, telecommunications and network systems, and peripheral input and output systems for NGS. The Division also researches, designs, develops, implements, and conveys the operational use of computer-assisted systems for the acquisition, reduction, analyses, display, and transmission of geodetic, photogrammetric, and remote sensing source data.</li> <li><b>Geosciences Research:</b> coordinates the research, development and management of new geodetic data products. The Division also designs and programs scientific and geodetic software applications and procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Office_of_National_Marine_Sanctuaries">Office of National Marine Sanctuaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Ocean_Service&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Office of National Marine Sanctuaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Office of National Marine Sanctuaries (ONMS) serves as the trustee for the <a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="National Marine Sanctuary">National Marine Sanctuary</a> system, a network of underwater parks encompassing more than 170,000 square miles (128,000 sq nmi; 440,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> and oceanic waters. As of October 11, 2024, the network includes a system of 17 national marine sanctuaries:<sup id="cite_ref-ONMS_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONMS-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary">Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_Heritage_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Chumash Heritage National Marine Sanctuary">Chumash Heritage National Marine Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Bank_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary">Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Keys_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary">Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_Garden_Banks_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary">Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Reef_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary">Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Farallones_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary">Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands_Humpback_Whale_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary">Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Lake Ontario National Marine Sanctuary">Lake Ontario National Marine Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallows_Bay%E2%80%93Potomac_River_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Mallows Bay–Potomac River National Marine Sanctuary">Mallows Bay–Potomac River National Marine Sanctuary</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitor_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Monitor National Marine Sanctuary">Monitor National Marine Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterey_Bay_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary">Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Sanctuary_of_American_Samoa" title="National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa">National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Coast_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary">Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellwagen_Bank_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary">Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary">Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Shipwreck_Coast_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary">Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary</a></li></ul> <p>The ONMS also participates in the administration of two marine <a href="/wiki/National_monument" title="National monument">national monuments</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Papah%C4%81naumoku%C4%81kea_Marine_National_Monument" title="Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument">Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument</a>, which it administers jointly with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a> and the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Hawaii">State of Hawaii</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rose_Atoll_Marine_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose Atoll Marine National Monument">Rose Atoll Marine National Monument</a>, which it administers jointly with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Office_of_Response_and_Restoration">Office of Response and Restoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Ocean_Service&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Office of Response and Restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NOAA's Office of Response and Restoration (OR&R) is a center for preparation and response to threats to coastal environments, including oil and chemical spills, releases from hazardous waste sites, and marine debris. The Office of Response and Restoration's tasks include:<sup id="cite_ref-ORR_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORR-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Provides scientific and technical support to prepare for and respond to oil and chemical releases.</li> <li>Determines damage to natural resources from these releases.</li> <li>Protects and restores marine and coastal ecosystems, including coral reefs.</li> <li>Works with communities to address critical local and regional coastal challenges.</li></ul> <p>OR&R has three divisions: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergency_Response_Division">Emergency Response Division</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Ocean_Service&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Emergency Response Division"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Emergency Response Division (ERD) of NOAA's Office of Response and Restoration (OR&R) provides scientific expertise to an incident response. Under the National Contingency Plan, NOAA has responsibility for providing scientific support to the Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC) for oil and hazardous material spills. To support this mandate, ERD provides response to spill events at any time of day.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assessment_and_Restoration_Division">Assessment and Restoration Division</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Ocean_Service&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Assessment and Restoration Division"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Assessment and Restoration Division (ARD), formerly Coastal Protection and Restoration Division (CPRD), is responsible for evaluating and restoring coastal and estuarine habitats damaged by hazardous waste releases, oil spills, and vessel groundings. ARD joined with NOAA's General Counsel for Natural Resources and Office of Habitat Conservation to create the Damage Assessment, Remediation and Restoration Program (DARRP). This NOAA partnership focuses on the protection and restoration of marine natural resources. The Assessment and Restoration Division is composed of NOAA biologists, toxicologists, ecologists, policy analysts, attorneys, geologists, environmental engineers, and economists. It assesses ecological, environmental ,and economic risk and injury from contamination and ship groundings. In particular, ARD has developed specific expertise in aquatic risk assessment techniques, contaminated sediment issues, and data interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ARD publishes the <i>Screening Quick Reference Tables</i> (<i>SQuiRT</i> cards), for rapid evaluation of water, sediment and soil contamination.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine_Debris_Division">Marine Debris Division</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Ocean_Service&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Marine Debris Division"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2005, the NOAA Marine Debris Program has been a NOAA program focused on researching, reducing, and preventing debris in the marine environment nationally and globally. The program works with various partners across the U.S. to fulfill its mission.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Integrated_Ocean_Observing_System">Integrated Ocean Observing System</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Ocean_Service&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Integrated Ocean Observing System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) is a national-regional partnership working to understand and predict coastal events - such as storms, wave heights, and sea level change.<sup id="cite_ref-IOOS_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOOS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Ocean_Service&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey" title="United States Coast and Geodetic Survey">United States Coast and Geodetic Survey</a></div> <p>The National Ocean Service traces its history to 1807, when the Survey of the Coast was created as the U.S. Government's first scientific agency.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-timeline18071899_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline18071899-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-archivescatalog_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archivescatalog-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agency was renamed the United States Coast Survey in 1836 and the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-timeline18071899_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline18071899-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-archivescatalog_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archivescatalog-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 3, 1970, when the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Science_Services_Administration" title="Environmental Science Services Administration">Environmental Science Services Administration</a> (ESSA) was replaced by NOAA, the Coast and Geodetic Survey was merged with other government scientific agencies to form NOAA.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-timeline18071899_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline18071899-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-archivescatalog_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archivescatalog-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Coast and Geodetic Survey′s organizational existence lingered until October 9, 1970, when its successor agency within NOAA, the National Ocean Survey, took over its assets and responsibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-archivescatalog_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archivescatalog-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the National Ocean Survey, the Office of Coast Survey took over the Coast and Geodetic Survey′s hydrographic survey duties and its geodetic responsibilities were transferred to the National Geodetic Survey. The Coast and Geodetic Survey's fleet of <a href="/wiki/Survey_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Survey ship">survey ships</a> temporarily came under the direct control of the National Ocean Survey, although via a phased process during 1972 and 1973 they merged with ships temporarily assigned to NOAA's <a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">National Marine Fisheries Service</a> and ships formerly assigned to ESSA′s Environmental Research Laboratories to form the unified <a href="/wiki/NOAA_ships_and_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA ships and aircraft">NOAA fleet</a> operated by the National Ocean Survey's Office of Fleet Operations.<sup id="cite_ref-afsctimeline_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afsctimeline-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a reflection of its diversifying responsibilities, the National Ocean Survey was renamed the National Ocean Service in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-archivescatalog_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archivescatalog-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Ocean_Service&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Foster" title="Nancy Foster">Nancy Foster</a>, former director of the National Ocean Service.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Ocean_Service&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corporateservices.noaa.gov/nbo/fy12_presidents_budget/National_Ocean_Service_FY12.pdf">"National Ocean Service FY12"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Ocean+Service+FY12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.corporateservices.noaa.gov%2Fnbo%2Ffy12_presidents_budget%2FNational_Ocean_Service_FY12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Ocean+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corporateservices.noaa.gov/nbo/fy12_presidents_budget/National_Ocean_Service_FY12.pdf">"FY 2012 NOS President's Budget Request"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FY+2012+NOS+President%27s+Budget+Request&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.corporateservices.noaa.gov%2Fnbo%2Ffy12_presidents_budget%2FNational_Ocean_Service_FY12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Ocean+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/about/nosaa-bio.html">"Assistant Administrator, National Ocean Service"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Assistant+Administrator%2C+National+Ocean+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foceanservice.noaa.gov%2Fabout%2Fnosaa-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Ocean+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinetechnologynews.com/news/leboeuf-tapped-director-national-612212">"LeBoeuf Tapped as director of NOAA's National Ocean Service, Marine Technology News"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LeBoeuf+Tapped+as+director+of+NOAA%27s+National+Ocean+Service%2C+Marine+Technology+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marinetechnologynews.com%2Fnews%2Fleboeuf-tapped-director-national-612212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Ocean+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archivescatalog-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archivescatalog_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archivescatalog_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archivescatalog_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archivescatalog_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archivescatalog_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archivescatalog_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10469069National">Archives Catalog: Department of Commerce. Coast and Geodetic Survey. 1913-7/13/1965 Organization Authority Record Accessed 29 October 2022</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CO-OPS-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CO-OPS_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CO-OPS_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/">Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCCOS-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCCOS_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCCOS_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coastalscience.noaa.gov/default/">NCCOS home page</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCS-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OCS_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCS_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nauticalcharts.noaa.gov">OCS Home Page</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCM-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OCM_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCM_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coast.noaa.gov/">Office for Coastal Management Home Page</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NGS-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NGS_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGS_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/">NGS Home Page</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ONMS-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ONMS_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONMS_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/">ONMS Home Page</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ORR-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ORR_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ORR_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/">OR&R Home Page</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IOOS-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IOOS_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IOOS_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151127070652/http://www.ioos.noaa.gov/">"NOAA Integrated Ocean Observing System"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ioos.noaa.gov/">the original</a> on 2015-11-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NOAA+Integrated+Ocean+Observing+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ioos.noaa.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Ocean+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/programs/mb/welcome.html">"National Ocean Service Program and Staff Offices"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Ocean+Service+Program+and+Staff+Offices&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foceanservice.noaa.gov%2Fprograms%2Fmb%2Fwelcome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Ocean+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coastalscience.noaa.gov/about/">"About"</a>. <i>NCCOS Coastal Science Website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCCOS+Coastal+Science+Website&rft.atitle=About&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoastalscience.noaa.gov%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Ocean+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coast.noaa.gov/czm/">Coastal Zone Management</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coralreef.noaa.gov/">Coral Reef Conservation Program</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coris.noaa.gov/monitoring/welcome.html">National Coral Reef Monitoring Program</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/">NOAA Coral Reef Watch</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/">Digital Coast</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nerra.org/about/">"About"</a>. <i>NERRA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NERRA&rft.atitle=About&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nerra.org%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Ocean+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110902041331/http://www.nerrs.noaa.gov/">"National Estuarine Research Reserve"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nerrs.noaa.gov/">the original</a> on 2011-09-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Estuarine+Research+Reserve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnerrs.noaa.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Ocean+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/RSD/rsd_home.shtml">"Remote Sensing Division"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remote+Sensing+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngs.noaa.gov%2FRSD%2Frsd_home.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Ocean+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/GRD/">NGS Geosciences Research Division</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/mallows-bay/">"Mallows Bay-Potomac River | National Marine Sanctuaries"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mallows+Bay-Potomac+River+%26%23124%3B+National+Marine+Sanctuaries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsanctuaries.noaa.gov%2Fmallows-bay%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Ocean+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/about/emergency-response-division.html">Emergency Response Division</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/about/assessment-and-restoration-division.html">Assessment and Restoration Division</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/environmental-restoration/environmental-assessment-tools/squirt-cards.html">"SQuiRT Cards"</a>. <i>Response.Restoration.NOAA.gov</i>. NOAA Office of Response and Restoration. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Response.Restoration.NOAA.gov&rft.atitle=SQuiRT+Cards&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresponse.restoration.noaa.gov%2Fenvironmental-restoration%2Fenvironmental-assessment-tools%2Fsquirt-cards.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Ocean+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/about/marine-debris-division.html">Marine Debris Program</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinRosenfeldAllenBaltes2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkin, John; Rosenfeld, Leslie; Allen, Arthur; Baltes, Rebecca; Baptista, Antonio; He, Ruoying; Hogan, Patrick; Kurapov, Alexander; Mehra, Avichal; Quintrell, Josie; Schwab, David (2017-04-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2017.1322026">"Advancing coastal ocean modelling, analysis, and prediction for the US Integrated Ocean Observing System"</a>. <i>Journal of Operational Oceanography</i>. <b>10</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">115–</span>126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1755876X.2017.1322026">10.1080/1755876X.2017.1322026</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1912%2F9234">1912/9234</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1755-876X">1755-876X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31019349">31019349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Operational+Oceanography&rft.atitle=Advancing+coastal+ocean+modelling%2C+analysis%2C+and+prediction+for+the+US+Integrated+Ocean+Observing+System&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.date=2017-04-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1912%2F9234&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31019349%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1755-876X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1755876X.2017.1322026&rft.aulast=Wilkin&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Rosenfeld%2C+Leslie&rft.au=Allen%2C+Arthur&rft.au=Baltes%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Baptista%2C+Antonio&rft.au=He%2C+Ruoying&rft.au=Hogan%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Kurapov%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Mehra%2C+Avichal&rft.au=Quintrell%2C+Josie&rft.au=Schwab%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F1755876X.2017.1322026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Ocean+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.noaa.gov/noaainfo/heritage/coastandgeodeticsurvey/index.html">NOAA, <i>Coast and Geodetic Survey Heritage</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151219185106/http://www.lib.noaa.gov/noaainfo/heritage/coastandgeodeticsurvey/index.html">Archived</a> December 19, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timeline18071899-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-timeline18071899_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline18071899_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline18071899_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.noaa.gov/legacy/time1800.html">noaa.gov NOAA History: NOAA Legacy Timeline 1807–1899</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-afsctimeline-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-afsctimeline_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afsc.noaa.gov/History/timeline/default.htm#1970">noaa.gov AFSC Historical Corner - Timeline of Significant Events Retrieved August 23, 2018</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/about/nos_org_chart.pdf">NOS Organization Chart</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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