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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1441</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1441-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–December_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–December_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>January–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–December_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Date unknown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1442" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1442"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1442</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1442-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–December_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–December_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>January–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–December_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Date unknown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1443" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1443"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1443</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1443-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–December_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–December_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>January–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–December_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Date unknown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1444" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1444"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1444</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1444-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–December_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–December_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>January–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–December_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Date unknown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1445" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1445"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>1445</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1445-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–December_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–December_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>January–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–December_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2</span> <span>Date unknown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1446" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1446"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>1446</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1446-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–December_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–December_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1</span> <span>January–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–December_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2</span> <span>Date unknown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1447" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1447"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>1447</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1447-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–December_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–December_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1</span> <span>January–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–December_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.2</span> <span>Date unknown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1448" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1448"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>1448</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1448-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–December_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–December_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1</span> <span>January–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–December_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2</span> <span>Date unknown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1449" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1449"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>1449</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1449-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–December_10" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–December_10"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1</span> <span>January–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–December_10-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significant_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significant_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Significant people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significant_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Births" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Births"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Births</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Births-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1440s</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1440" title="عقد 1440 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقد 1440" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyos_1440" title="Anyos 1440 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anyos 1440" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_del_1440" title="Década del 1440 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Década del 1440" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440-an" title="1440-an – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="1440-an" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AA%E0%A7%AA%E0%A7%A6-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95" title="১৪৪০-এর দশক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১৪৪০-এর দশক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440_n%C3%AE-t%C4%81i" title="1440 nî-tāi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1440 nî-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440-%D1%8F" title="1440-я – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1440-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440-%D1%8F" title="1440-я – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1440-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440-e" title="1440-e – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1440-e" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloavezhio%C3%B9_1440" title="Bloavezhioù 1440 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bloavezhioù 1440" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A8cada_del_1440" title="Dècada del 1440 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dècada del 1440" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440-%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="1440-мĕш çулсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1440-мĕш çулсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440au" title="1440au – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1440au" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440%27erne" title="1440'erne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1440'erne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_1440" title="عوام 1440 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عوام 1440" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440er" title="1440er – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1440er" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440._aastad" title="1440. aastad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1440. aastad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_1440" title="An 1440 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="An 1440" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440_%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C" title="1440 це иеть – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="1440 це иеть" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1os_1440" title="Años 1440 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Años 1440" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440-aj_jaroj" title="1440-aj jaroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1440-aj jaroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440ko_hamarkada" title="1440ko hamarkada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1440ko hamarkada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B4%DB%B4%DB%B0_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="دهه ۱۴۴۰ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دهه ۱۴۴۰ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440-%C3%A1rini" title="1440-árini – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1440-árini" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1440" title="Années 1440 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Années 1440" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440d%C3%AD" title="1440dí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1440dí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440an" title="1440an – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1440an" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1440" title="Década de 1440 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Década de 1440" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1440年代 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1440年代" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440%EB%85%84%EB%8C%80" title="1440년대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1440년대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yari_1440a" title="Yari 1440a – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Yari 1440a" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440-an" title="1440-an – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1440-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1441-1450" title="1441-1450 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1441-1450" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1440" title="Anni 1440 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anni 1440" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94-40_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-15" title="שנות ה-40 של המאה ה-15 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שנות ה-40 של המאה ה-15" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440-an" title="1440-an – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1440-an" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="1440-იანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1440-იანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaka_ya_1440" title="Miaka ya 1440 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Miaka ya 1440" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440-%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81" title="1440-ӧд вояс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="1440-ӧд вояс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XV_am%C5%BEiaus_5-as_de%C5%A1imtmetis" title="XV amžiaus 5-as dešimtmetis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="XV amžiaus 5-as dešimtmetis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1440" title="Anni 1440 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Anni 1440" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440-es_%C3%A9vek" title="1440-es évek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1440-es évek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440-%D1%82%D0%B8" title="1440-ти – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1440-ти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे १४४० चे दशक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे १४४० चे दशक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="1440-იანეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1440-იანეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1440" title="عقد 1440 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عقد 1440" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440-an" title="1440-an – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1440-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440_ni%C3%A8ng-d%C3%A2i" title="1440 nièng-dâi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1440 nièng-dâi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440-1449" title="1440-1449 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1440-1449" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440-1449" title="1440-1449 – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="1440-1449" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1440年代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1440年代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440-%C3%A5rene" title="1440-årene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1440-årene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%C3%A9es_1440" title="Annaées 1440 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Annaées 1440" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ans_1440" title="Ans 1440 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ans 1440" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440_%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="1440 ийла – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1440 ийла" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440-lar" title="1440-lar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1440-lar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1440" title="Década de 1440 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Década de 1440" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anii_1440" title="Anii 1440 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anii 1440" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440_watakuna" title="1440 watakuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1440 watakuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="1440-е годы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1440-е годы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440-%D1%81" title="1440-с – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1440-с" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440s" title="1440s – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1440s" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitet_1440" title="Vitet 1440 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vitet 1440" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440ini" title="1440ini – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1440ini" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440s" title="1440s – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1440s" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/40._roky_15._storo%C4%8Dia" title="40. roky 15. storočia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="40. roky 15. storočia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440." title="1440. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1440." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440-%D0%B5" title="1440-е – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1440-е" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440-e" title="1440-e – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1440-e" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440-an" title="1440-an – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1440-an" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440-luku" title="1440-luku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1440-luku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440-talet" title="1440-talet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1440-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="1440கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1440கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440-%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="1440-еллар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1440-еллар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9_1440" title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1440 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1440" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%B8_1440_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D3%A3)" title="Даҳаи 1440 (мелодӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Даҳаи 1440 (мелодӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440%C3%BD%C3%BD" title="1440ýý – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1440ýý" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440-%D0%B2%D1%96" title="1440-ві – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1440-ві" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440%D8%A1_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="1440ء کی دہائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1440ء کی دہائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%ADp_ni%C3%AAn_1440" title="Thập niên 1440 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thập niên 1440" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%AAyes_1440" title="Anêyes 1440 – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Anêyes 1440" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440_nga_dekada" title="1440 nga dekada – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1440 nga dekada" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1440年代 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1440年代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1440年代 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1440年代" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1440年代 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1440年代" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83448#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Millennium</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Centuries</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/15th_century" title="15th century">15th century</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Decades</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1420s" title="1420s">1420s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1430s" title="1430s">1430s</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1440s</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1450s" title="1450s">1450s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1460s" title="1460s">1460s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1440" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1440">1440</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1441" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1441">1441</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1442" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1442">1442</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1443" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1443">1443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1444" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1444">1444</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1445" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1445">1445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1446" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1446">1446</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1447" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1447">1447</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1448" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1448">1448</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1449" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1449">1449</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1440s_births" title="Category:1440s births">Births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1440s_deaths" title="Category:1440s deaths">Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1440s_by_country" title="Category:1440s by country">By country</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1440s_establishments" title="Category:1440s establishments">Establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1440s_disestablishments" title="Category:1440s disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Decadebox" title="Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Decadebox" title="Template talk:Decadebox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>1440s</b> decade ran from January 1, 1440, to December 31, 1449 </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1440">1440</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1440" title="1440">1440</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1440&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1440&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–December"><span id="January.E2.80.93December"></span> January–December</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1440&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February" title="February">February</a> - <a href="/wiki/June" title="June">June</a> – <a href="/wiki/Praguerie" title="Praguerie">Praguerie</a>: The French nobility rises up against King <a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_21" title="February 21">February 21</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Confederation" title="Prussian Confederation">Prussian Confederation</a> is formed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9" title="April 9">April 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Christopher_of_Bavaria" title="Christopher of Bavaria">Christopher of Bavaria</a> is elected <a href="/wiki/King_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Denmark">King of Denmark</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April" title="April">April</a> – <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a> lays siege to <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>. The city is heavily damaged, but the defenders' use of <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> prevents the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Turks</a> from capturing the city.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_12" title="September 12">September 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a> is founded by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_13" title="September 13">September 13</a> – Breton knight <a href="/wiki/Gilles_de_Rais" title="Gilles de Rais">Gilles de Rais</a> is taken into custody, upon an accusation of murdering children brought against him by the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Nantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Nantes">Bishop of Nantes</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September" title="September">September</a> – The term of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_monarchs" title="List of Swedish monarchs">Regent of Sweden</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles VIII of Sweden">Karl Knutsson Bonde</a> ends, as newly elected king of Denmark <a href="/wiki/Christopher_of_Bavaria" title="Christopher of Bavaria">Christopher of Bavaria</a> is also elected king of Sweden.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_22" title="October 22">October 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gilles_de_Rais" title="Gilles de Rais">Gilles de Rais</a> confesses, and is sentenced to death.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown"> Date unknown</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1440&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Date unknown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itzc%C3%B3atl" class="mw-redirect" title="Itzcóatl">Itzcóatl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> ruler of <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a>, dies and is succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_I" title="Moctezuma I">Moctezuma I</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_Ilhuicamina" class="mw-redirect" title="Moctezuma Ilhuicamina">Moctezuma Ilhuicamina</a>)</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Valla" title="Lorenzo Valla">Lorenzo Valla</a>'s <i>De falso credita et ementita Constantini Donatione declamatio</i> demonstrates that the <a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Constantine" title="Donation of Constantine">Donation of Constantine</a> is a forgery.</li> <li>Sir Richard Molyneux is appointed constable of <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Castle" title="Liverpool Castle">Liverpool Castle</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> government of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> begins a decade-long series of issuing harsh edicts towards those who illegally mine <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, the latter known as 'miner bandits' (<span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn">kuangzei</i></span>), a trend begun in <a href="/wiki/1438" title="1438">1438</a>. The government wants to cap the amount of silver circulating into the market, as more grain taxes are converted into silver taxes. The government establishes community night watches known as 'watches and tithings' (<span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn">baojia</i></span>), who ensure that <a href="/wiki/Illegal_mining" title="Illegal mining">illegal mining</a> activities are brought to a halt. However, these are desperate measures, as illegal silver mining continues to thrive as a dangerous but lucrative venture.</li> <li>Uwaifiokun, <a href="/wiki/Oba_of_Benin" title="Oba of Benin">Oba of Benin</a>, is killed by his brother, the Prince Ogun, who succeeds him as <a href="/wiki/Ewuare" title="Ewuare">Ewuare I</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Quan" title="Zhu Quan">Zhu Quan</a> writes the <i><a href="/wiki/Cha_Pu" title="Cha Pu">Cha Pu</a></i> ("Tea Manual") in <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">China</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1441">1441</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1441" title="1441">1441</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1441&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1441&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–December_2"><span id="January.E2.80.93December_2"></span> January–December</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1441&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February" title="February">February</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> annexes the seigniory of <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, ending the <a href="/wiki/Da_Polenta_family" title="Da Polenta family">da Polenta</a> Dynasty.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_12" title="February 12">February 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a>, is founded by King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1" title="March 1">March 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samobor" title="Battle of Samobor">Battle of Samobor</a>: The army of <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_II,_Count_of_Celje" title="Ulrich II, Count of Celje">Ulrich II, Count of Celje</a>, defeats the army of Stjepan Banić at <a href="/wiki/Samobor" title="Samobor">Samobor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_union_with_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatia in union with Hungary">Croatia in union with Hungary</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September" title="September">September</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Hanseatic_War" title="Dutch–Hanseatic War">Dutch–Hanseatic War</a> concludes with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Copenhagen_(1441)" title="Treaty of Copenhagen (1441)">Treaty of Copenhagen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vaughan_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vaughan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_10" title="November 10">November 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso V of Aragon</a> lays siege to <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_20" title="November 20">November 20</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Cremona_(1441)" title="Peace of Cremona (1441)">Peace of Cremona (1441)</a> ends the war between the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown_2"> Date unknown</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1441&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Date unknown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a> becomes the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Mossi_Kingdoms" title="Mossi Kingdoms">Mossi Kingdoms</a>.</li> <li>Two subjects of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a> attend a Christian ecclesiastical council at <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> as part of negotiations concerning a possible union of <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodoxy">Coptic Orthodoxy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>. This is the earliest recorded contact of the Ethiopian branch of the Coptic Church with Europe.</li> <li>A revolt occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Mayan</a> nation of <a href="/wiki/Mayapan" title="Mayapan">Mayapan</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a> splits into warring city-states.</li> <li>With the help of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>, governor <a href="/wiki/Hac%C4%B1_I_Giray" title="Hacı I Giray">Hacı I Giray</a> declares his province independent of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> and establishes the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuno_Trist%C3%A3o" title="Nuno Tristão">Nuno Tristão</a> reaches the <a href="/wiki/Ras_Nouadhibou" title="Ras Nouadhibou">Ras Nouadhibou</a> (<i>Cabo Branco</i>) on the western coast of Africa. This is probably the first voyage where a <a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">caravel</a> is used for maritime exploration.</li> <li>The first enslaved black Africans are brought to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lagos,_Portugal" title="Lagos, Portugal">Lagos</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1442">1442</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1442" title="1442">1442</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1442&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1442&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–December_3"><span id="January.E2.80.93December_3"></span> January–December</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1442&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_18" title="March 18">March 18</a>–<a href="/wiki/March_25" title="March 25">25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hermannstadt" title="Battle of Hermannstadt">Battle of Hermannstadt</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Hunyadi" title="John Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a> defeats an army of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (80,000 strong), led by Mesid Bey of <a href="/wiki/Vidin" title="Vidin">Vidin</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2" title="June 2">June 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso of Aragon</a> proclaims himself <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Naples">King of Naples</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September" title="September">September</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Hunyadi" title="John Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a> defeats another army of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (70,000 strong), led by <a href="/wiki/Had%C4%B1m_%C5%9Eehabeddin" title="Hadım Şehabeddin">Hadım Şehabeddin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">Beylerbey</a> (or governor) of <a href="/wiki/Rumelia_Eyalet" title="Rumelia Eyalet">Rumelia</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Ialomi%C8%9Ba_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ialomița River">Ialomița River</a>. Following this, he places <a href="/wiki/Basarab_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Basarab II">Basarab II</a> as ruler of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown_3"> Date unknown</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1442&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Date unknown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The community of <a href="/wiki/Rauma,_Finland" title="Rauma, Finland">Rauma, Finland</a> is granted its town rights.</li> <li>The municipality of <a href="/wiki/Juva" title="Juva">Juva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> is founded.</li> <li>The national law of <i><a href="/wiki/Kristofers_landslag" title="Kristofers landslag">Kristofers landslag</a></i> is introduced in Sweden.</li> <li>After being imprisoned (before September) by the Sultan, <a href="/wiki/Vlad_II_Dracul" title="Vlad II Dracul">Vlad II Dracul</a> is temporarily replaced, as ruler of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, by his son <a href="/wiki/Mircea_II_of_Wallachia" title="Mircea II of Wallachia">Mircea II</a>.</li> <li>A fourth tower is added to <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Castle" title="Liverpool Castle">Liverpool Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelena_Bal%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Jelena Balšić">Jelena Balšić</a> completes writing the <i><a href="/wiki/Gori%C4%8Dki_zbornik" title="Gorički zbornik">Gorički zbornik</a></i> manuscripts at her church of St. Mary, on the island of <a href="/wiki/Be%C5%A1ka_(Island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beška (Island)">Beška</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Despotate" title="Serbian Despotate">Serbian Despotate</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> sailors first arrive at the <a href="/wiki/Senegal_River" title="Senegal River">Senegal River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1443">1443</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1443" title="1443">1443</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1443&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1443&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–December_4"><span id="January.E2.80.93December_4"></span> January–December</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1443&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_22" title="July 22">July 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Jakob_an_der_Sihl" title="Battle of St. Jakob an der Sihl">Battle of St. Jakob an der Sihl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Z%C3%BCrich_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Zürich War">Old Zürich War</a>): The forces of the city of <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> are defeated, but the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Swiss Confederacy</a> have insufficient strength to besiege and take the city.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_8" title="November 8">November 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ni%C5%A1_(1443)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Niš (1443)">Battle of Niš</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Hunyadi" title="John Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a> and the army of the <a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna" title="Crusade of Varna">Crusade of Varna</a> defeat three <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Military of the Ottoman Empire">armies of the Ottoman Empire</a>, and capture the city of <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg">Skanderbeg</a> deserts the Ottoman camp and goes to <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_28" title="November 28">November 28</a> – Skanderbeg and his forces, rebelling against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, liberate <a href="/wiki/Kruj%C3%AB" title="Krujë">Krujë</a>, in Middle <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, and raise the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Albania" title="Flag of Albania">Albanian flag</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown_4"> Date unknown</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1443&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Date unknown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, the conflict between brothers and co-rulers <a href="/wiki/Ilia%C8%99_of_Moldavia" title="Iliaș of Moldavia">Iliaș</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_II_of_Moldavia" title="Stephen II of Moldavia">Stephen II</a> reignites, and Stephen captures Iliaș and blinds him, thus remaining sole ruler of the country.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Nuno_Trist%C3%A3o" title="Nuno Tristão">Nuno Tristão</a> penetrates the <a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguin</a> Gulf, off the west coast of Africa.</li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Sejong_the_Great" title="Sejong the Great">Sejong the Great</a> starts to crate <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a>, the native alphabet of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean language</a>, with his scholars.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlad_II_Dracul" title="Vlad II Dracul">Vlad II Dracul</a> begins his second term as ruler of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, succeeding <a href="/wiki/Basarab_II_of_Wallachia" title="Basarab II of Wallachia">Basarab II</a>.</li> <li>The Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Zhihua_Temple" title="Zhihua Temple">Zhihua Temple</a> (智化寺) is built in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, at the order of <a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(eunuch)" title="Wang Zhen (eunuch)">Wang Zhen</a>, chief <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a> at the court of the <a href="/wiki/Zhengtong_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhengtong Emperor">Zhengtong Emperor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a> China.</li> <li>A powerful earthquake destroys the <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara_Fortress" title="Timișoara Fortress">Timișoara Fortress</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1444">1444</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1444" title="1444">1444</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1444&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1444&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–December_5"><span id="January.E2.80.93December_5"></span> January–December</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1444&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_2" title="March 2">March 2</a> – The <a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">League of Lezhë</a>, an alliance of <a href="/wiki/Albanian_principalities" title="Albanian principalities">Albanian principalities</a>, is established in <a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB" title="Lezhë">Lezhë</a>; <a href="/wiki/George_Kastrioti_Skanderbeg" class="mw-redirect" title="George Kastrioti Skanderbeg">George Kastrioti Skanderbeg</a> is proclaimed commander of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ottoman_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ottoman Albania">Albanian resistance</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_22" title="May 22">May 22</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tours" title="Treaty of Tours">Treaty of Tours</a>, signed between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>, secures a truce in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> for five years.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_15" title="June 15">June 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo de' Medici">Cosimo de' Medici</a> founds a public library at <a href="/wiki/San_Marco,_Florence" title="San Marco, Florence">San Marco, Florence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_29" title="June 29">June 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Torvioll" title="Battle of Torvioll">Battle of Torvioll</a>: Skanderbeg defeats an Ottoman army.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_6" title="August 6">August 6</a> – A Portuguese fleet of <a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">caravels</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Lan%C3%A7arote_de_Freitas" title="Lançarote de Freitas">Lançarote de Freitas</a>, lands 235 slaves at <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a>, Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_15" title="August 15">August 15</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Szeged" title="Peace of Szeged">Peace of Szeged</a> is signed between the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_26" title="August 26">August 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Old_Z%C3%BCrich_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Zürich War">Old Zürich War</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Jakob_an_der_Birs" title="Battle of St. Jakob an der Birs">Battle of St. Jakob an der Birs</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII of France</a>, seeking to send away troublesome troops made idle by the truce with England, sends his son (the Dauphin <a href="/wiki/Louis_XI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XI of France">Louis</a>) with a large army into Switzerland, to support the claims of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor</a>. The massively outnumbered Swiss force is destroyed in this battle, but inflict such casualties on the French that they withdraw.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August" title="August">August</a> – After making peace with the <a href="/wiki/Karamanids" title="Karamanids">Karamanids</a>, Ottoman Sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a> abdicates in favor of his son <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_10" title="November 10">November 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varna" title="Battle of Varna">Battle of Varna</a>: The crusading forces of King <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_of_Poland" title="Władysław III of Poland">Władysław III of Poland</a> and Hungary are defeated by the Turks, under Sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a>. Władysław is killed, ending the Jagiellonian <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Hungary_and_Poland" title="Union of Hungary and Poland">Union of Hungary and Poland</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown_5"> Date unknown</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1444&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Date unknown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a>, as ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Despotate of the Morea</a>, invades the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Athens" title="Duchy of Athens">Duchy of Athens</a> (at this time under Florentine control), and forces it to pay tribute and return <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>.</li> <li>Forces of the Sultan of Egypt fail to take <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Rhodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights of Rhodes">Knights of Rhodes</a>.</li> <li>Portuguese explorers reach the mouth of the rivers <a href="/wiki/Senegal_River" title="Senegal River">Senegal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gambia_River" title="Gambia River">Gambia</a>.</li> <li>The first European <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slave market</a> for the sale of African slaves, the <i><a href="/wiki/Mercado_de_Escravos" title="Mercado de Escravos">Mercado de Escravos</a></i>, opens in <a href="/wiki/Lagos,_Portugal" title="Lagos, Portugal">Lagos, Portugal</a>.</li> <li>A serious fire occurs at <a href="/wiki/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Old St Paul's Cathedral">Old St Paul's Cathedral</a> in London.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Iguvine_Tablets" title="Iguvine Tablets">Iguvine Tablets</a> are discovered at <a href="/wiki/Gubbio" title="Gubbio">Gubbio</a>, Italy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_II_of_Moldavia" title="Stephen II of Moldavia">Stephen II of Moldavia</a> takes as co-ruler his step brother <a href="/wiki/Petru_III_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Petru III of Moldavia">Petru</a>, also brother-in-law to <a href="/wiki/John_Hunyadi" title="John Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1445">1445</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1445" title="1445">1445</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1445&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1445&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–December_6"><span id="January.E2.80.93December_6"></span> January–December</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1445&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April" title="April">April</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a> marries <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://blogs.bl.uk/digitisedmanuscripts/2023/03/the-brides-journey.html#:~:text=Her%20marriage%20to%20Henry%20VI,her%20future%20husband%20was%2023.">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_10" title="October 10">October 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mokra_(1445)" title="Battle of Mokra (1445)">Battle of Mokra</a>: The Albanian forces under <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg">Skanderbeg</a> defeat the Ottoman forces (<a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Pope Eugene IV</a> raises a hymn of praise, that Christendom has been provided with a new defender, after he hears of the battle).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown_6"> Date unknown</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1445&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Date unknown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portuguese</a> set up their first trading post (<a href="/wiki/Feitoria#Portuguese_Feitorias_.28c.1445.29" class="mw-redirect" title="Feitoria"><i>Feitoria</i></a>) in Africa, on the island of <a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguin</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Dinis_Dias" title="Dinis Dias">Dinis Dias</a> discovers the <a href="/wiki/Cap-Vert" title="Cap-Vert">Cap-Vert</a>, on the western coast of Africa.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gomit" title="Battle of Gomit">Battle of Gomit</a>: Emperor <a href="/wiki/Zara_Yaqob" title="Zara Yaqob">Zara Yaqob</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> defeats and kills Sultan <a href="/wiki/Badlay_ibn_Sa%27ad_ad-Din" title="Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din">Arwe Badlay</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlad_II_Dracul" title="Vlad II Dracul">Vlad II Dracul</a>, aided by a crusaders' fleet from <a href="/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a>, attacks <a href="/wiki/Giurgiu" title="Giurgiu">Giurgiu</a>, and massacres the Ottoman garrison after their surrender.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_II_of_Moldavia" title="Stephen II of Moldavia">Stephen II</a> remains sole ruler of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1446">1446</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1446" title="1446">1446</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1446&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1446&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–December_7"><span id="January.E2.80.93December_7"></span> January–December</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1446&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_6" title="March 6">March 6</a> – The Battle of Ragaz marks the last military conflict of the Old Zurich War between the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Confederacy">Swiss Confederacy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburgs">Habsburgs</a>. 1,200 Confederates defeat the Austrian army, commanded by Hans von Rechberg and Wolfhard V. von Brandis, the Habsburg bailiff of Feldkirch. Among other things, the banners of the lords of Brandis are lost to the confederates and later transferred to the church in Sarnen. According to contemporary accounts, around 900 men from the Habsburg army and around 100 men from the Swiss army fell in the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_6" title="June 6">June 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Hunyadi" title="John Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a> is proclaimed regent, bestowing the title "governor" upon him. His election is primarily promoted by the lesser nobility, but Hunyadi has by this time become one of the richest barons of the kingdom. His domains cover an area exceeding 800,000 hectares (2,000,000 acres).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hunyadi is one of the few contemporaneous barons who has spent a significant part of their revenues to finance the wars against the Ottomans, thus bearing a large share of the cost of fighting for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_12" title="June 12">June 12</a> – An armistice between <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Austria" title="Duchy of Austria">Duchy of Austria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Confederation">Swiss Confederation</a> comes into force.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_21" title="June 21">June 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lidk%C3%B6ping" title="Lidköping">Lidköping</a> gets its <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">charter</a>, and thus qualifies as one of the now defunct <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of Sweden">Cities of Sweden</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August" title="August">August</a> – <a href="/wiki/Christopher_of_Bavaria" title="Christopher of Bavaria">Christopher of Bavaria</a> undertakes a fruitless military campaign against Gotland to end <a href="/wiki/Eric_of_Pomerania" title="Eric of Pomerania">Eric of Pomerania</a>'s piracy.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_24" title="August 24">August 24</a> – After many years of fruitless negotiations between <a href="/wiki/Christopher_of_Bavaria" title="Christopher of Bavaria">Christopher of Bavaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eric_of_Pomerania" title="Eric of Pomerania">Eric of Pomerania</a>, a Swedish war march to <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a> is launched in the early summer of 1446. King Christopher comes with a force to the island and on an open field in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stergarn" title="Västergarn">Västergarn</a> with crossbowmen at gunpoint behind each monarch's back; regular peace negotiations take place.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_27" title="September 27">September 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Otonet%C3%AB" title="Battle of Otonetë">Battle of Otonetë</a>: <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg">Skanderbeg</a> defeats the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottomans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Before <a href="/wiki/October" title="October">October</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> is forced to abdicate, in favor of his father <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_9" title="October 9">October 9</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">hangul</a> alphabet is proclaimed in <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, by King <a href="/wiki/Sejong_the_Great" title="Sejong the Great">Sejong the Great</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Hunmin_Jeongeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunmin Jeongeum">Hunmin Jeongeum</a></i>, published during the year, is considered the start of this brand new scientific writing system.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October" title="October">October</a> – <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a> invades Attica, forcing <a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine XI">Constantine XI</a> to return <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a> to the duchy of Athens,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and remove the tribute imposed in <a href="/wiki/1444" title="1444">1444</a>. <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a> imposes his own tribute.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_10" title="December 10">December 10</a> – After hesitating for several weeks, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, destroys the <a href="/wiki/Hexamilion_wall" title="Hexamilion wall">Hexamilion wall</a>, in an assault that includes <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannons</a>. Murad and the Ottoman governor of <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turakhan_Beg" class="mw-redirect" title="Turakhan Beg">Turakhan Beg</a>, ravage the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> Peninsula at will, with the Sultan devastating the northern shore, while <a href="/wiki/Glarentza" title="Glarentza">Glarentza</a> and Turakhan raid in the interior. The <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Despotate of the Morea</a> is turned into an Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> state.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown_7"> Date unknown</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1446&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Date unknown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuno_Trist%C3%A3o" title="Nuno Tristão">Nuno Tristão</a> is killed by natives on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> navigator <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Fernandes" title="Álvaro Fernandes">Álvaro Fernandes</a> reaches the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Casamance_River" title="Casamance River">Casamance River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Precious_Belt_Bridge" title="Precious Belt Bridge">Precious Belt Bridge</a> in China is fully reconstructed.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, the siege of <a href="/wiki/Cremona" title="Cremona">Cremona</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Condottieri" class="mw-redirect" title="Condottieri">condottieri</a> troops of Francesco Piccinino and Luigi dal Verme, is raised after the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Scaramuccia_da_Forl%C3%AC" title="Scaramuccia da Forlì">Scaramuccia da Forlì</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Blarney_Stone" title="Blarney Stone">Blarney Stone</a> is set into a tower of <a href="/wiki/Blarney_Castle" title="Blarney Castle">Blarney Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Blarney" title="Blarney">Blarney</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">County Cork</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1447">1447</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1447" title="1447">1447</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1447&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1447&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–December_8"><span id="January.E2.80.93December_8"></span> January–December</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1447&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_6" title="March 6">March 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Pope Nicholas V</a> succeeds <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Pope Eugene IV</a>, to become the 208th <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_16" title="March 16">March 16</a> – A major fire destroys the centre of <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_15" title="September 15">September 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Roman_II_of_Moldavia" title="Roman II of Moldavia">Roman II</a> seizes the throne of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> after killing his uncle, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_II_of_Moldavia" title="Stephen II of Moldavia">Stephen II</a>, and will have his other uncle, <a href="/wiki/Petru_III_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Petru III of Moldavia">Petru</a> as co-ruler.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December" title="December">December</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vlad_II_Dracul" title="Vlad II Dracul">Vlad II Dracul</a>, ruler of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, and his eldest son <a href="/wiki/Mircea_II_of_Wallachia" title="Mircea II of Wallachia">Mircea</a> are assassinated. <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_II_of_Wallachia" title="Vladislav II of Wallachia">Vladislav II</a> succeeds him, with the assistance of <a href="/wiki/John_Hunyadi" title="John Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Venetian_War" title="Albanian–Venetian War">Albanian–Venetian War</a> of 1447–48 begins.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown_8"> Date unknown</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1447&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Date unknown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Siege of <a href="/wiki/Soest,_Germany" title="Soest, Germany">Soest, Germany</a>, occurs, in the course of the <a href="/wiki/Soest_Feud" title="Soest Feud">Soest Feud</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashi_Lhunpo_Monastery" title="Tashi Lhunpo Monastery">Tashi Lhunpo Monastery</a> is founded by the <a href="/wiki/1st_Dalai_Lama" title="1st Dalai Lama">1st Dalai Lama</a> at its original location in <a href="/wiki/Shigatse" title="Shigatse">Shigatse</a>, Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iizasa_Ienao" title="Iizasa Ienao">Iizasa Ienao</a> founds <a href="/wiki/Tenshin_Sh%C5%8Dden_Katori_Shint%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB" title="Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū">Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū</a>, the earliest historically verifiable <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Kory%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Koryū">koryū</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Martial_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial art">martial art</a>, that will still be extant in modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1448">1448</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1448" title="1448">1448</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1448&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1448&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–December_9"><span id="January.E2.80.93December_9"></span> January–December</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1448&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_6" title="January 6">January 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Christopher_of_Bavaria" title="Christopher of Bavaria">Christopher of Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Denmark">King of Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Norway">Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_monarchs" title="List of Swedish monarchs">Sweden</a>, dies with no designated heir, leaving all three kingdoms with vacant thrones. Brothers <a href="/wiki/Bengt_J%C3%B6nsson_Oxenstierna" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengt Jönsson Oxenstierna">Bengt Jönsson Oxenstierna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nils_J%C3%B6nsson_Oxenstierna" class="mw-redirect" title="Nils Jönsson Oxenstierna">Nils Jönsson Oxenstierna</a> are selected to serve as co-regents of Sweden.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_15" title="April 15">April 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Queens%27_College,_Cambridge" title="Queens' College, Cambridge">Queens' College, Cambridge</a> is founded by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_20" title="June 20">June 20</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a> period of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> ends with the election of Karl Knutsson Bonde, as King <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles VIII of Sweden">Charles VIII of Sweden</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_28" title="June 28">June 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles VIII of Sweden">Charles VIII of Sweden</a> is publicly hailed as king at Mora Stones, and is crowned in Uppsala Cathedral the following day.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_14" title="August 14">August 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oranik_(1448)" title="Battle of Oranik (1448)">Battle of Oronichea</a>: Albania is victorious over <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_28" title="September 28">September 28</a> – Christian of Oldenburg, betrothed to <a href="/wiki/Queen_Dowager" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Dowager">Queen Dowager</a> <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_of_Brandenburg" title="Dorothea of Brandenburg">Dorothea of Brandenburg</a>, becomes King <a href="/wiki/Christian_I_of_Denmark" title="Christian I of Denmark">Christian I of Denmark</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_4" title="October 4">October 4</a> – Peace between <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Albania" title="Venetian Albania">Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> is established.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_17" title="October 17">October 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo_(1448)" title="Battle of Kosovo (1448)">Battle of Kosovo</a>: Hungarian forces under <a href="/wiki/John_Hunyadi" title="John Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a> are defeated by the Turks, due to Ottoman superiority.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October" title="October">October</a> – <a href="/wiki/November" title="November">November</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vlad_III_the_Impaler" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlad III the Impaler">Vlad III the Impaler</a> becomes reigning Prince of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> for two months, before being deposed by <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_II_of_Wallachia" title="Vladislav II of Wallachia">Vladislav II of Wallachia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_20" title="December 20">December 20</a> – Pope Nicholas V appoints <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_van_Diepholt" title="Rudolf van Diepholt">Rudolf of Diepholt</a>, Bishop of Utrecht, as cardinal.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December" title="December">December</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jonah_Metropolitan_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonah Metropolitan of Moscow">Jonas</a>, a Russian bishop, is installed by the Council of Russian Bishops in Moscow, as <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_of_Kiev_and_All_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus">Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as this is without the consent of the Patriarch of Constantinople, it signifies the beginning of an effectively independent church structure in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Grand Duchy of Moscow</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown_9"> Date unknown</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1448&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Date unknown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_II_of_Moldavia" title="Roman II of Moldavia">Roman II</a> flees to Poland, when an army sent by <a href="/wiki/John_Hunyadi" title="John Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a>, and led by Csupor de Monoszló, comes to put <a href="/wiki/Petru_III_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Petru III of Moldavia">Petru</a> on the throne of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>. Petru dies suddenly, and Csupor takes on the throne for two months, as <a href="/wiki/Ciub%C4%83r_Vod%C4%83" title="Ciubăr Vodă">Ciubăr Vodă</a>.</li> <li>After a long episode of drought, flood, <a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locust</a> infestation and famine in <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> since the year <a href="/wiki/1434" title="1434">1434</a>, these natural afflictions finally wane, and agriculture and commerce return to a state of normality.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a> is founded by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Pope Nicholas V</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1449">1449</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1449" title="1449">1449</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1449&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1449&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–December_10"><span id="January.E2.80.93December_10"></span> January–December</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1449&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_6" title="January 6">January 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a> is crowned <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Emperor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mistra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistra">Mistra</a>; he will be the last in a line of rulers that can be traced to the <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">founding of Rome</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February" title="February">February</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alex%C4%83ndrel_of_Moldavia" title="Alexăndrel of Moldavia">Alexăndrel</a> seizes the throne of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, with the support of the boyars.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">March 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War_(1415%E2%80%931453)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred Years' War (1415–1453)">Hundred Years' War</a>: English forces capture <a href="/wiki/Foug%C3%A8res" title="Fougères">Fougères</a> in Brittany.<sup id="cite_ref-CBH_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBH-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_7" title="April 7">April 7</a> – The last <a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">Antipope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felix_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix V">Felix V</a>, abdicates.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_19" title="April 19">April 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Pope Nicholas V</a> is elected by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Basel">Council of Basel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_25" title="April 25">April 25</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Basel">Council of Basel</a> dissolves itself.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May" title="May">May</a> – An English privateering fleet led by Robert Wennington challenges ships of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_14" title="May 14">May 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Second_Siege_of_Sfetigrad_(1449)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Siege of Sfetigrad (1449)">Second Siege of Sfetigrad (1449)</a>: The Albanian garrison surrenders and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottomans</a> seize the fortress.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_20" title="May 20">May 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alfarrobeira" title="Battle of Alfarrobeira">Battle of Alfarrobeira</a>: King <a href="/wiki/Afonso_V_of_Portugal" title="Afonso V of Portugal">Afonso V of Portugal</a> defeats the forces of <a href="/wiki/Peter,_Duke_of_Coimbra" title="Peter, Duke of Coimbra">Peter, Duke of Coimbra</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July" title="July">July</a> – Hundred Years' War: The French invade <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CBH_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBH-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_13" title="August 13">August 13</a> – First Margrave War: <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_III_Achilles,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg">Margrave Albrecht</a> takes Lichtenau Fortress from Nuremberg.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1" title="September 1">September 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tumu_Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tumu Fortress">Battle of Tumu Fortress</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirat</a> <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> defeat the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> army, and capture the <a href="/wiki/Zhengtong_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhengtong Emperor">Zhengtong Emperor</a> of China; the latter is officially deposed, while his brother ascends as the <a href="/wiki/Jingtai_Emperor" title="Jingtai Emperor">Jingtai Emperor</a> the next year.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October" title="October">October</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_II_of_Moldavia" title="Bogdan II of Moldavia">Bogdan II of Moldavia</a> enters the country with troops from <a href="/wiki/John_Hunyadi" title="John Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a>, and takes the throne after <a href="/wiki/Alex%C4%83ndrel_of_Moldavia" title="Alexăndrel of Moldavia">Alexăndrel</a> flees.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_29" title="October 29">October 29</a> – The French recapture <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> from the English.<sup id="cite_ref-CBH_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBH-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significant_people">Significant people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1440s&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Significant people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1440s&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Births">Births</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable noprint selfref">Transcluding articles: <a href="/wiki/1440" title="1440">1440</a>, <a href="/wiki/1441" title="1441">1441</a>, <a href="/wiki/1442" title="1442">1442</a>, <a href="/wiki/1443" title="1443">1443</a>, <a href="/wiki/1444" title="1444">1444</a>, <a href="/wiki/1445" title="1445">1445</a>, <a href="/wiki/1446" title="1446">1446</a>, <a href="/wiki/1447" title="1447">1447</a>, <a href="/wiki/1448" title="1448">1448</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1449" title="1449">1449</a></div> <p><b>1440</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_22" title="January 22">January 22</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III of Russia</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1505" title="1505">1505</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_13" title="February 13">February 13</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hartmann_Schedel" title="Hartmann Schedel">Hartmann Schedel</a>, German physician (d. <a href="/wiki/1514" title="1514">1514</a>)</li> <li><i>date unknown</i>: <a href="/wiki/Clara_Tott" title="Clara Tott">Clara Tott</a>, German court singer (d. <a href="/wiki/1520" title="1520">1520</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1441</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_9" title="February 9">February 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ali-Shir_Nava%27i" title="Ali-Shir Nava'i">Ali-Shir Nava'i</a>, Central Asian poet, politician and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1501" title="1501">1501</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">March 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ernest,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Ernest, Elector of Saxony">Ernest, Elector of Saxony</a>, German ruler of Saxony (d. <a href="/wiki/1486" title="1486">1486</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_25" title="June 25">June 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Federico_I_Gonzaga,_Marquess_of_Mantua" class="mw-redirect" title="Federico I Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua">Federico I Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua</a> (1478–1484) (d. <a href="/wiki/1484" title="1484">1484</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_27" title="June 27">June 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_III,_Count_of_Nassau-Weilburg" title="John III, Count of Nassau-Weilburg">John III, Count of Nassau-Weilburg</a>, German nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1480" title="1480">1480</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_23" title="July 23">July 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Danjong_of_Joseon" title="Danjong of Joseon">Danjong of Joseon</a>, King of <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1457" title="1457">1457</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_11" title="November 11">November 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Savoy" title="Charlotte of Savoy">Charlotte of Savoy</a>, French queen (d. <a href="/wiki/1483" title="1483">1483</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1442</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_13" title="April 13">April 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Neuhaus" title="Henry IV of Neuhaus">Henry IV of Neuhaus</a>, High Treasurer of Bohemia (1485–1503), Burgrave of Prague Castle (1503–1507) (d. <a href="/wiki/1507" title="1507">1507</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_15" title="April 15">April 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Paston_(died_1479)" title="John Paston (died 1479)">John Paston</a>, English noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1479" title="1479">1479</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_28" title="April 28">April 28</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV of England</a>, King of England from 4 March 1461 until 3 October 1470, and again from 11 April 1471 to 3 October 1480 (d. <a href="/wiki/1483" title="1483">1483</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_3" title="July 3">July 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Tsuchimikado" title="Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado">Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado</a> of Japan (d. <a href="/wiki/1500" title="1500">1500</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_15" title="July 15">July 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bo%C4%8Dek_IV_of_Pod%C4%9Bbrady" title="Boček IV of Poděbrady">Boček IV of Poděbrady</a>, Bohemian nobleman, eldest son of King George of Podebrady (d. <a href="/wiki/1496" title="1496">1496</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_8" title="September 8">September 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_de_Vere,_13th_Earl_of_Oxford" title="John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford">John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1513" title="1513">1513</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_27" title="September 27">September 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_de_la_Pole,_2nd_Duke_of_Suffolk" title="John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk">John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1492" title="1492">1492</a>)</li> <li><i>date unknown</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zarruq" title="Ahmad Zarruq">Ahmad Zarruq</a>, Moroccan scholar and Sufi sheikh (d. <a href="/wiki/1493" title="1493">1493</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tam%C3%A1s_Bak%C3%B3cz" title="Tamás Bakócz">Tamás Bakócz</a>, Hungarian archbishop (d. <a href="/wiki/1521" title="1521">1521</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vannozza_dei_Cattanei" title="Vannozza dei Cattanei">Vannozza dei Cattanei</a>, mistress of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1443</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_27" title="January 27">January 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Albert_III,_Duke_of_Saxony" title="Albert III, Duke of Saxony">Albert III, Duke of Saxony</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1500" title="1500">1500</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2" title="February 2">February 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Bavaria,_Electress_of_Saxony" title="Elisabeth of Bavaria, Electress of Saxony">Elisabeth of Bavaria, Electress of Saxony</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1484" title="1484">1484</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_12" title="February 12">February 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_II_Bentivoglio" title="Giovanni II Bentivoglio">Giovanni II Bentivoglio</a>, Italian noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1508" title="1508">1508</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_23" title="February 23">February 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus" title="Matthias Corvinus">Matthias Corvinus</a>, of Hungary (d. <a href="/wiki/1490" title="1490">1490</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_17" title="May 17">May 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edmund,_Earl_of_Rutland" title="Edmund, Earl of Rutland">Edmund, Earl of Rutland</a>, brother of Kings <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III of England</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1460" title="1460">1460</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_29" title="May 29">May 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Victor,_Duke_of_M%C3%BCnsterberg" title="Victor, Duke of Münsterberg">Victor, Duke of Münsterberg</a>, Reichsgraf, Duke of Münsterberg and Opava, Count of Glatz (d. <a href="/wiki/1500" title="1500">1500</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_31" title="May 31">May 31</a> or <a href="/wiki/1441" title="1441">1441</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beaufort,_Countess_of_Richmond_and_Derby" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby">Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby</a>, English noble, mother of King Henry VII, grandmother of King Henry VIII of England (d. <a href="/wiki/1509" title="1509">1509</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_29" title="June 29">June 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Browne_(died_1506)" title="Anthony Browne (died 1506)">Anthony Browne</a>, English knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1506" title="1506">1506</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_9" title="September 9">September 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Jaunpuri" title="Muhammad Jaunpuri">Muhammad Jaunpuri</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1505" title="1505">1505</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_10" title="November 10">November 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adolf_III_of_Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein" title="Adolf III of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein">Adolf III of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein</a>, Germany noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1511" title="1511">1511</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1" title="December 1">December 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalena of France">Magdalena of France</a>, French princess and regent of Navarre (d. <a href="/wiki/1495" title="1495">1495</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_5" title="December 5">December 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1513" title="1513">1513</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>probable</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piero_del_Pollaiuolo" title="Piero del Pollaiuolo">Piero del Pollaiuolo</a>, Italian painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1496" title="1496">1496</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ygo_Gales_Galama" title="Ygo Gales Galama">Ygo Gales Galama</a>, Frisian warlord and freedom fighting rebel (d. <a href="/wiki/1492" title="1492">1492</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1444</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_24" title="January 24">January 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Maria_Sforza" title="Galeazzo Maria Sforza">Galeazzo Maria Sforza</a>, Duke of Milan (d. <a href="/wiki/1476" title="1476">1476</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_15" title="March 15">March 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Gonzaga_(1444%E2%80%931483)" title="Francesco Gonzaga (1444–1483)">Francesco Gonzaga</a>, Catholic cardinal (d. <a href="/wiki/1483" title="1483">1483</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_22" title="April 22">April 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York,_Duchess_of_Suffolk" title="Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk">Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1503" title="1503">1503</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_29" title="May 29">May 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Duke_of_Pomerania" title="Otto III, Duke of Pomerania">Otto III, Duke of Pomerania</a>-Stettin (1460–1464) (d. <a href="/wiki/1464" title="1464">1464</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_14" title="June 14">June 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nilakantha_Somayaji" title="Nilakantha Somayaji">Nilakantha Somayaji</a>, Indian astronomer-mathematician (d. <a href="/wiki/1544" title="1544">1544</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_28" title="June 28">June 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_Queen_of_Cyprus" title="Charlotte, Queen of Cyprus">Charlotte, Queen of Cyprus</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1487" title="1487">1487</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_18" title="October 18">October 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_de_Mowbray,_4th_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="John de Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk">John de Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1476" title="1476">1476</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>date unknown</i> – <a href="/wiki/Donato_Bramante" title="Donato Bramante">Donato Bramante</a>, Italian architect (d. <a href="/wiki/1514" title="1514">1514</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-DrawingsFisher1886_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DrawingsFisher1886-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>1445</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_16" title="March 16">March 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johann_Geiler_von_Kaisersberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg">Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg</a>, Swiss-born priest (d. <a href="/wiki/1510" title="1510">1510</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_4" title="April 4">April 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wiguleus_Fr%C3%B6schl_of_Marzoll" title="Wiguleus Fröschl of Marzoll">Wiguleus Fröschl of Marzoll</a>, Bishop of Passau (1500–1517) (d. <a href="/wiki/1517" title="1517">1517</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_25" title="October 25">October 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fulk_Bourchier,_10th_Baron_FitzWarin" title="Fulk Bourchier, 10th Baron FitzWarin">Fulk Bourchier, 10th Baron FitzWarin</a>, English baron (d. <a href="/wiki/1479" title="1479">1479</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_31" title="October 31">October 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hedwig,_Abbess_of_Quedlinburg" title="Hedwig, Abbess of Quedlinburg">Hedwig, Abbess of Quedlinburg</a>, Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg (d. <a href="/wiki/1511" title="1511">1511</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_11" title="December 11">December 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_I,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg">Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1496" title="1496">1496</a>)</li> <li><i>date unknown</i> – <a href="/wiki/Albert_Brudzewski" title="Albert Brudzewski">Albert Brudzewski</a>, Polish astronomer (d. <a href="/wiki/1497" title="1497">1497</a>)</li> <li><i>probable</i> – <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Chuquet" title="Nicolas Chuquet">Nicolas Chuquet</a>, French mathematician</li> <li><i>approximate</i> – <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Sandro Botticelli</a>, Italian painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1510" title="1510">1510</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>1446</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_18" title="April 18">April 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ippolita_Maria_Sforza" title="Ippolita Maria Sforza">Ippolita Maria Sforza</a>, Italian noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1484" title="1484">1484</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_3" title="May 3">May 3</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Liegnitz" title="Frederick I of Liegnitz">Frederick I of Liegnitz</a>, Duke of Chojnów and Strzelin from 1453 (d. <a href="/wiki/1488" title="1488">1488</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_York" title="Margaret of York">Margaret of York</a>, duchess consort of Burgundy by marriage to <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bold" title="Charles the Bold">Charles the Bold</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1503" title="1503">1503</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_14" title="August 14">August 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Bolshoy" title="Andrey Bolshoy">Andrey Bolshoy</a>, Russian royal (d. <a href="/wiki/1493" title="1493">1493</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_26" title="December 26">December 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Valois,_Duke_de_Berry" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de Valois, Duke de Berry">Charles de Valois, Duke de Berry</a>, French noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1472" title="1472">1472</a>)</li> <li><i>date unknown</i> – <a href="/wiki/Edmund_de_Ros,_10th_Baron_de_Ros" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund de Ros, 10th Baron de Ros">Edmund de Ros, 10th Baron de Ros</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1508" title="1508">1508</a>)</li> <li><i>probable</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Agricola" title="Alexander Agricola">Alexander Agricola</a>, Flemish composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1506" title="1506">1506</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grocyn" title="William Grocyn">William Grocyn</a>, English scholar (d. <a href="/wiki/1519" title="1519">1519</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Perugino" title="Pietro Perugino">Pietro Perugino</a>, Italian painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1524" title="1524">1524</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1447</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_1" title="February 1">February 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_II,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Eberhard II, Duke of Württemberg">Eberhard II, Duke of Württemberg</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1504" title="1504">1504</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_4" title="February 4">February 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lodovico_Lazzarelli" title="Lodovico Lazzarelli">Lodovico Lazzarelli</a>, Italian poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1500" title="1500">1500</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_5" title="April 5">April 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Genoa" title="Catherine of Genoa">Catherine of Genoa</a>, Italian author and nurse (d. <a href="/wiki/1510" title="1510">1510</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_17" title="April 17">April 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Baptista_Mantuanus" title="Baptista Mantuanus">Baptista Mantuanus</a>, poet and carmelite (d. <a href="/wiki/1516" title="1516">1516</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_27" title="June 27">June 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jean_IV_de_Rieux" title="Jean IV de Rieux">Jean IV de Rieux</a>, Breton noble and Marshal (d. <a href="/wiki/1518" title="1518">1518</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_5" title="July 5">July 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Costanzo_I_Sforza" title="Costanzo I Sforza">Costanzo I Sforza</a>, Italian noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1483" title="1483">1483</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_10" title="September 10">September 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Paolo_da_San_Leocadio" title="Paolo da San Leocadio">Paolo da San Leocadio</a>, Italian painter in Spain (d. <a href="/wiki/1520" title="1520">1520</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_30" title="October 30">October 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Watzenrode" title="Lucas Watzenrode">Lucas Watzenrode</a>, Prince-Bishop of Warmia (d. <a href="/wiki/1512" title="1512">1512</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_3" title="December 3">December 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Sultan">Ottoman Sultan</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1512" title="1512">1512</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_9" title="December 9">December 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chenghua_Emperor" title="Chenghua Emperor">Chenghua Emperor</a> of China (d. <a href="/wiki/1487" title="1487">1487</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_15" title="December 15">December 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Albert_IV,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Albert IV, Duke of Bavaria">Albert IV, Duke of Bavaria</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1508" title="1508">1508</a>)</li> <li><i>date unknown</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piero_Capponi" title="Piero Capponi">Piero Capponi</a>, Italian soldier and statesman (d. <a href="/wiki/1496" title="1496">1496</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Commines" title="Philippe de Commines">Philippe de Commines</a>, Flemish historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1511" title="1511">1511</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Genoa" title="Catherine of Genoa">Catherine of Genoa</a>, Catholic mystic (d. <a href="/wiki/1510" title="1510">1510</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>probable</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Amadeo" title="Giovanni Antonio Amadeo">Giovanni Antonio Amadeo</a>, Italian sculptor (d. <a href="/wiki/1522" title="1522">1522</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1448</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_14" title="February 14">February 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nannina_de%27_Medici" title="Nannina de' Medici">Nannina de' Medici</a>, Florentine member of the de' Medici family (d. <a href="/wiki/1493" title="1493">1493</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_20" title="March 20">March 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Savoy,_Countess_of_Saint-Pol" title="Marie of Savoy, Countess of Saint-Pol">Marie of Savoy, Countess of Saint-Pol</a>, Luxembourgian noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1475" title="1475">1475</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_14" title="July 14">July 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip,_Elector_Palatine" title="Philip, Elector Palatine">Philip, Elector Palatine</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1508" title="1508">1508</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_7" title="September 7">September 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry,_Count_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry, Count of Württemberg">Henry, Count of Württemberg</a>-Montbéliard (1473–1482) (d. <a href="/wiki/1519" title="1519">1519</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_31" title="October 31">October 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_of_P%C5%82ock" title="Władysław II of Płock">Władysław II of Płock</a>, Polish noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1462" title="1462">1462</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_4" title="November 4">November 4</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Alphonso_II_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphonso II of Naples">Alphonso II of Naples</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1495" title="1495">1495</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_12" title="December 12">December 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Talbot,_3rd_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="John Talbot, 3rd Earl of Shrewsbury">John Talbot, 3rd Earl of Shrewsbury</a>, English Earl (d. <a href="/wiki/1473" title="1473">1473</a>)</li> <li><i>date unknown</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baeda_Maryam_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Baeda Maryam of Ethiopia">Baeda Maryam of Ethiopia</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1478" title="1478">1478</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="Nicholas I, Duke of Lorraine">Nicholas I, Duke of Lorraine</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1473" title="1473">1473</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suor_Barbara_Ragnoni" title="Suor Barbara Ragnoni">Suor Barbara Ragnoni</a>, Italian painter (d. 1533)</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1449</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1" title="January 1">January 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici" title="Lorenzo de' Medici">Lorenzo de' Medici</a>, Italian statesman (d. <a href="/wiki/1492" title="1492">1492</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_17" title="January 17">January 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Osanna_of_Mantua" title="Osanna of Mantua">Osanna of Mantua</a>, Italian Dominican tertiary (d. <a href="/wiki/1505" title="1505">1505</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_7" title="February 7">February 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adriana_of_Nassau-Siegen" title="Adriana of Nassau-Siegen">Adriana of Nassau-Siegen</a>, consort of Count Philip I of Hanau-Münzenberg (d. <a href="/wiki/1477" title="1477">1477</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_27" title="April 27">April 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Asakura_Ujikage" title="Asakura Ujikage">Asakura Ujikage</a>, 8th head of the Asakura clan of Japan (d. <a href="/wiki/1486" title="1486">1486</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_10" title="August 10">August 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bona_of_Savoy" title="Bona of Savoy">Bona of Savoy</a>, Duchess of Savoy (d. <a href="/wiki/1503" title="1503">1503</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_20" title="September 20">September 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philipp_I,_Count_of_Hanau-M%C3%BCnzenberg" title="Philipp I, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg">Philipp I, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg</a>, German noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1500" title="1500">1500</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_21" title="October 21">October 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_1st_Duke_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence">George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence</a>, brother of <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III of England</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1478" title="1478">1478</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_11" title="November 11">November 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Pod%C4%9Bbrady" title="Catherine of Poděbrady">Catherine of Poděbrady</a>, Hungarian Queen (d. <a href="/wiki/1464" title="1464">1464</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_14" title="November 14">November 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sidonie_of_Pod%C4%9Bbrady" title="Sidonie of Poděbrady">Sidonie of Poděbrady</a>, Bohemian princess, duchess consort of Saxony (d. <a href="/wiki/1510" title="1510">1510</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_6" title="December 6">December 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dorotea_Gonzaga" title="Dorotea Gonzaga">Dorotea Gonzaga</a>, Italian noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1467" title="1467">1467</a>)</li> <li><i>date unknown</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldus_Manutius" title="Aldus Manutius">Aldus Manutius</a>, Italian printer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Douglas,_5th_Earl_of_Angus" title="Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus">Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1513" title="1513">1513</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axayacatl" title="Axayacatl">Axayacatl</a>, Aztec ruler of <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1481" title="1481">1481</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Gagini" title="Domenico Gagini">Domenico Gagini</a>, Italian sculptor (d. <a href="/wiki/1492" title="1492">1492</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Ghirlandaio" title="Domenico Ghirlandaio">Domenico Ghirlandaio</a>, Italian artist (d. <a href="/wiki/1494" title="1494">1494</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Hundt" title="Magnus Hundt">Magnus Hundt</a>, German physician and theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1519" title="1519">1519</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Thuringia" title="Margaret of Thuringia">Margaret of Thuringia</a>, Electress consort of Brandenburg (d. <a href="/wiki/1501" title="1501">1501</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>probable</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilham_Ghali_of_Kazan" title="Ilham Ghali of Kazan">Ilham Ghali</a> <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazan Khanate">Kazan Khanate</a>, (d. <a href="/wiki/1490" title="1490">1490</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srimanta_Sankardeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Srimanta Sankardeva">Srimanta Sankardeva</a>, Assamese scholar and religious figure (d. c. <a href="/wiki/1568" title="1568">1568</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukhai_Khatun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandukhai Khatun">Mandukhai Khatun</a>, Mongolian queen</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable noprint selfref">Transcluding articles: <a href="/wiki/1440" title="1440">1440</a>, <a href="/wiki/1441" title="1441">1441</a>, <a href="/wiki/1442" title="1442">1442</a>, <a href="/wiki/1443" title="1443">1443</a>, <a href="/wiki/1444" title="1444">1444</a>, <a href="/wiki/1445" title="1445">1445</a>, <a href="/wiki/1446" title="1446">1446</a>, <a href="/wiki/1447" title="1447">1447</a>, <a href="/wiki/1448" title="1448">1448</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1449" title="1449">1449</a></div> <p><b>1440</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_9" title="March 9">March 9</a>: <a href="/wiki/Frances_of_Rome" title="Frances of Rome">Frances of Rome</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> nun and saint (b. <a href="/wiki/1384" title="1384">1384</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_20" title="March 20">March 20</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_I_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund I of Lithuania">Sigismund Kęstutaitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Lithuania">Grand Duke of Lithuania</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1365" title="1365">1365</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2" title="April 2">April 2</a>: <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Vitelleschi" title="Giovanni Vitelleschi">Giovanni Vitelleschi</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> bishop and soldier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_6" title="April 6">April 6</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wardlaw" title="Henry Wardlaw">Henry Wardlaw</a>, Scottish church leader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_20" title="September 20">September 20</a>: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg">Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1371" title="1371">1371</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_30" title="September 30">September 30</a>: <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Grey,_3rd_Baron_Grey_de_Ruthyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Reginald Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn">Reginald Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn</a>, English soldier and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_12" title="October 12">October 12</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ginevra_d%27Este" title="Ginevra d'Este">Ginevra d'Este</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1419" title="1419">1419</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_26" title="October 26">October 26</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gilles_de_Rais" title="Gilles de Rais">Gilles de Rais</a>, French soldier (b. <a href="/wiki/1404" title="1404">1404</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_13" title="November 13">November 13</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joan_Beaufort,_Countess_of_Westmoreland" class="mw-redirect" title="Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmoreland">Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmoreland</a></li> <li><i>date unknown</i>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itzc%C3%B3atl" class="mw-redirect" title="Itzcóatl">Itzcóatl</a>, Aztec <i><a href="/wiki/Tlatoani" title="Tlatoani">Tlatoani</a></i> (ruler) of <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Uwaifiokun, <a href="/wiki/Oba_of_Benin" title="Oba of Benin">Oba of Benin</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AntoniazzoRomano.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Frances of Rome"><img alt="Saint Frances of Rome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/AntoniazzoRomano.jpg/120px-AntoniazzoRomano.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/AntoniazzoRomano.jpg/180px-AntoniazzoRomano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/AntoniazzoRomano.jpg/240px-AntoniazzoRomano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Saint <a href="/wiki/Frances_of_Rome" title="Frances of Rome">Frances of Rome</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Sigismund_Kestutis.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sigismund Kęstutaitis"><img alt="Sigismund Kęstutaitis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Seal_of_Sigismund_Kestutis.PNG/120px-Seal_of_Sigismund_Kestutis.PNG" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Seal_of_Sigismund_Kestutis.PNG/180px-Seal_of_Sigismund_Kestutis.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Seal_of_Sigismund_Kestutis.PNG/240px-Seal_of_Sigismund_Kestutis.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1149" data-file-height="1149" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_I_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund I of Lithuania">Sigismund Kęstutaitis</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovannivitelleschi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giovanni Vitelleschi"><img alt="Giovanni Vitelleschi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Giovannivitelleschi.jpg/120px-Giovannivitelleschi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Giovannivitelleschi.jpg/180px-Giovannivitelleschi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Giovannivitelleschi.jpg/240px-Giovannivitelleschi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="357" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Vitelleschi" title="Giovanni Vitelleschi">Giovanni Vitelleschi</a></div> </li> </ul> <p><b>1441</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_8" title="March 8">March 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Burgundy,_Duchess_of_Bavaria" title="Margaret of Burgundy, Duchess of Bavaria">Margaret of Burgundy, Duchess of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_1" title="April 1">April 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Blanche_I_of_Navarre" title="Blanche I of Navarre">Blanche I of Navarre</a>, Queen of Navarre (1425–1441) and Regent of Sicily (1404–1405 and 1408–1415)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_14" title="June 14">June 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Corrado_IV_Trinci" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrado IV Trinci">Corrado IV Trinci</a>, former lord of <a href="/wiki/Foligno" title="Foligno">Foligno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_9" title="July 9">July 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">Jan van Eyck</a>, Dutch painter<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_12" title="July 12">July 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dgoku_Takakazu_(d._1441)" title="Kyōgoku Takakazu (d. 1441)">Kyōgoku Takakazu</a>, Japanese noble and vassal of Ashikaga Yoshinori</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_12" title="July 12">July 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_Yoshinori" title="Ashikaga Yoshinori">Ashikaga Yoshinori</a>, Japanese shōgun (b. <a href="/wiki/1394" title="1394">1394</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_25" title="September 25">September 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Akamatsu_Mitsusuke" title="Akamatsu Mitsusuke">Akamatsu Mitsusuke</a>, Japanese samurai</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_24" title="October 24">October 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adolf,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Adolf, Duke of Bavaria">Adolf, Duke of Bavaria</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1434" title="1434">1434</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_27" title="October 27">October 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margery_Jourdemayne" title="Margery Jourdemayne">Margery Jourdemayne</a>, Englishwoman executed for treasonable witchcraft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_18" title="November 18">November 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bolingbroke" title="Roger Bolingbroke">Roger Bolingbroke</a>, English cleric, astronomer, astrologer, magister and alleged necromancer<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_26" title="December 26">December 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_III_d%27Este,_Marquis_of_Ferrara" class="mw-redirect" title="Niccolò III d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara">Niccolò III d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1383" title="1383">1383</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1442</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_29" title="August 29">August 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_VI,_Duke_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="John VI, Duke of Brittany">John VI, Duke of Brittany</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1389" title="1389">1389</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_25" title="September 25">September 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Morley,_6th_Baron_Morley" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert de Morley, 6th Baron Morley">Robert de Morley, 6th Baron Morley</a>, Lord of Morley Saint Botolph (b. <a href="/wiki/1418" title="1418">1418</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_18" title="October 18">October 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/John,_Lord_of_Reguengos_de_Monsaraz" class="mw-redirect" title="John, Lord of Reguengos de Monsaraz">Infante João of Portugal</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1400" title="1400">1400</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_14" title="November 14">November 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Yolande_of_Aragon" title="Yolande of Aragon">Yolande of Aragon</a>, politically active French noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1384" title="1384">1384</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_18" title="December 18">December 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cauchon" title="Pierre Cauchon">Pierre Cauchon</a>, French Catholic bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1371" title="1371">1371</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_19" title="December 19">December 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Luxembourg" title="Elizabeth of Luxembourg">Elizabeth of Luxembourg</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1409" title="1409">1409</a>)</li> <li><i>date unknown</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maqrizi" title="Al-Maqrizi">Al-Maqrizi</a>, Egyptian Arab historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Shah_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Shah of Gujarat">Ahmed Shah</a>, Sultan of Gujarat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Tr%C3%A3i" title="Nguyễn Trãi">Nguyễn Trãi</a>, Vietnamese Confucian scholar.</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1443</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_16" title="January 16">January 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Erasmo_of_Narni" title="Erasmo of Narni">Erasmo of Narni</a>, Italian mercenary (b. 1370)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28" title="January 28">January 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_le_Ma%C3%A7on" title="Robert le Maçon">Robert le Maçon</a>, Chancellor of France</li> <li>February – <a href="/wiki/Guidantonio_da_Montefeltro" title="Guidantonio da Montefeltro">Guidantonio da Montefeltro</a>, count of Urbino (b. 1377)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">March 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_7th_Earl_of_Douglas" title="James Douglas, 7th Earl of Douglas">James Douglas, 7th Earl of Douglas</a> (b. 1371)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_12" title="April 12">April 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Chichele" title="Henry Chichele">Henry Chichele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>May – <a href="/wiki/John_II,_Count_of_Nassau-Siegen" title="John II, Count of Nassau-Siegen">John II, Count of Nassau-Siegen</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_9" title="May 9">May 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Albergati" title="Niccolò Albergati">Niccolò Albergati</a>, Italian cardinal and diplomat (b. 1373)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_5" title="June 5">June 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_the_Holy_Prince" title="Ferdinand the Holy Prince">Ferdinand the Holy Prince</a> of Portugal (b. 1402)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_16" title="August 16">August 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_Yoshikatsu" title="Ashikaga Yoshikatsu">Ashikaga Yoshikatsu</a>, Japanese shōgun (b. 1434)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_18" title="September 18">September 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lewis_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis of Luxembourg">Lewis of Luxembourg</a>, Archbishop of Rouen</li> <li><i>date unknown</i> – Infante <a href="/wiki/Diogo,_Constable_of_Portugal" title="Diogo, Constable of Portugal">Diogo, Constable of Portugal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jelena_Bal%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Jelena Balšić">Jelena Balšić</a>, Serbian duchess (b. 1366)</li></ul></li> <li><i>probable</i> – <a href="/wiki/Zeami_Motokiyo" title="Zeami Motokiyo">Zeami Motokiyo</a>, Japanese actor and playwright (b. 1363)</li></ul> <p><b>1444</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_8" title="January 8">January 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_Count_of_Henneberg-Schleusingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, Count of Henneberg-Schleusingen">Wilhelm II, Count of Henneberg-Schleusingen</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1415" title="1415">1415</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_14" title="February 14">February 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henriette,_Countess_of_Montb%C3%A9liard" title="Henriette, Countess of Montbéliard">Henriette, Countess of Montbéliard</a>, regent of Württemberg (b. <a href="/wiki/1387" title="1387">1387</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_9" title="March 9">March 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Leonardo Bruni</a>, Italian humanist (b. <a href="/wiki/1374" title="1374">1374</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_26" title="April 26">April 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Campin" title="Robert Campin">Robert Campin</a>, Flemish painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1378" title="1378">1378</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_20" title="May 20">May 20</a> – Saint <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_of_Siena" title="Bernardino of Siena">Bernardino of Siena</a>, Italian Franciscan missionary (b. <a href="/wiki/1380" title="1380">1380</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_27" title="May 27">May 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Beaufort,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset">John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset</a>, English military leader (b. <a href="/wiki/1404" title="1404">1404</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_15" title="October 15">October 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Piccinino" title="Niccolò Piccinino">Niccolò Piccinino</a>, Italian mercenary (b. <a href="/wiki/1386" title="1386">1386</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_10" title="November 10">November 10</a> – King <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_of_Poland" title="Władysław III of Poland">Władysław III of Poland</a> (in battle) (b. <a href="/wiki/1424" title="1424">1424</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_25" title="November 25">November 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gouge" title="Martin Gouge">Martin Gouge</a>, French chancellor</li> <li><i>date unknown</i> – <a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Vergerio_the_Elder" title="Pier Paolo Vergerio the Elder">Pier Paolo Vergerio the Elder</a>, Italian humanist, statesman, and canon lawyer</li></ul> <p><b>1445</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_19" title="January 19">January 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Correr_(cardinal)" title="Antonio Correr (cardinal)">Antonio Correr</a>, Venetian cardinal (b. <a href="/wiki/1359" title="1359">1359</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_19" title="February 19">February 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Eleanor of Aragon, Queen of Portugal">Leonor of Aragon</a>, queen of Portugal (b. <a href="/wiki/1402" title="1402">1402</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_7" title="April 7">April 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Louis VIII, Duke of Bavaria">Louis VIII, Duke of Bavaria</a>, German noble (b. <a href="/wiki/1403" title="1403">1403</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_15" title="May 15">May 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johanna_van_Polanen" title="Johanna van Polanen">Johanna van Polanen</a>, Dutch noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1392" title="1392">1392</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_5" title="June 5">June 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leonel_Power" title="Leonel Power">Leonel Power</a>, English composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_15" title="July 15">July 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joan_Beaufort,_Queen_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scotland">Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scotland</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2" title="August 2">August 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Oswald_von_Wolkenstein" title="Oswald von Wolkenstein">Oswald von Wolkenstein</a>, Austrian composer (b. <a href="/wiki/1377" title="1377">1377</a>)</li> <li><i>date unknown</i> – <a href="/wiki/Olug_Moxammat_of_Kazan" class="mw-redirect" title="Olug Moxammat of Kazan">Olug Moxammat of Kazan</a>, Khan of Kazan</li></ul> <p><b>1446</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_15" title="April 15">April 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a>, Italian architect (b. <a href="/wiki/1377" title="1377">1377</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_9" title="May 9">May 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Enghien" title="Mary of Enghien">Mary of Enghien</a>, Queen of Naples (b. <a href="/wiki/1367" title="1367">1367</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_24" title="May 24">May 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ambroise_de_Lor%C3%A9" title="Ambroise de Loré">Ambroise de Loré</a>, Baron of Ivry (b. <a href="/wiki/1396" title="1396">1396</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_11" title="June 11">June 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Beauchamp,_1st_Duke_of_Warwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick">Henry Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick</a>, English nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1425" title="1425">1425</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_28" title="December 28">December 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Antipope_Clement_VIII" title="Antipope Clement VIII">Antipope Clement VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2" title="February 2">February 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vittorino_da_Feltre" title="Vittorino da Feltre">Vittorino da Feltre</a>, Italian humanist (b. <a href="/wiki/1378" title="1378">1378</a>)</li> <li><i>date unknown</i> – <a href="/wiki/Nuno_Trist%C3%A3o" title="Nuno Tristão">Nuno Tristão</a>, Portuguese explorer</li></ul> <p><b>1447</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_23" title="February 23">February 23</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Pope Eugene IV</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1383" title="1383">1383</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester">Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1390" title="1390">1390</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_6" title="March 6">March 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Colette_of_Corbie" title="Colette of Corbie">Colette of Corbie</a>, French abbess and saint in the Catholic Church (b. <a href="/wiki/1381" title="1381">1381</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_13" title="March 13">March 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Shahrukh_Mirza" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahrukh Mirza">Shahrukh Mirza</a>, ruler of Persia and Transoxonia (b. <a href="/wiki/1377" title="1377">1377</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_31" title="March 31">March 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Long_(lawyer_and_landowner)" title="Robert Long (lawyer and landowner)">Robert Long</a>, English politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1390" title="1390">1390</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_11" title="April 11">April 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Beaufort" title="Henry Beaufort">Henry Beaufort</a>, Cardinal, Lord Chancellor of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1377" title="1377">1377</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_22" title="April 22">April 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Yaqub_al-Charkhi" title="Yaqub al-Charkhi">Yaqub al-Charkhi</a>, Sufism (b. <a href="/wiki/1359" title="1359">1359</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1" title="May 1">May 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_VII,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Louis VII, Duke of Bavaria">Louis VII, Duke of Bavaria</a>-Ingolstadt (b. <a href="/wiki/1368" title="1368">1368</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_12" title="May 12">May 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hein_Hoyer" title="Hein Hoyer">Hein Hoyer</a>, German politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1380" title="1380">1380</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_6" title="July 6">July 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Martins_de_Chaves" title="António Martins de Chaves">António Martins de Chaves</a>, Catholic cardinal (b. <a href="/wiki/1390" title="1390">1390</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_9" title="July 9">July 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gruffudd_Vychan" title="Gruffudd Vychan">Gruffudd Vychan</a>, Welsh knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1390" title="1390">1390</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_13" title="July 13">July 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stephen_II_of_Moldavia" title="Stephen II of Moldavia">Stephen II of Moldavia</a>, Prince of Moldavia (b. <a href="/wiki/1410" title="1410">1410</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_5" title="August 5">August 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Holland,_2nd_Duke_of_Exeter" title="John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter">John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter</a>, English nobleman and military commander (b. <a href="/wiki/1395" title="1395">1395</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_9" title="August 9">August 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Konrad_IV_the_Elder" title="Konrad IV the Elder">Konrad IV the Elder</a>, Polish priest (b. <a href="/wiki/1380" title="1380">1380</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_13" title="August 13">August 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Maria_Visconti" title="Filippo Maria Visconti">Filippo Maria Visconti</a>, Duke of Milan (b. <a href="/wiki/1392" title="1392">1392</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_31" title="October 31">October 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Bellacci" title="Tommaso Bellacci">Tommaso Bellacci</a>, Italian Roman Catholic professed member of the Third Order of Saint Francis (b. <a href="/wiki/1370" title="1370">1370</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_17" title="November 17">November 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Euphemia_of_M%C3%BCnsterberg" title="Euphemia of Münsterberg">Euphemia of Münsterberg</a>, German sovereign (b. <a href="/wiki/1385" title="1385">1385</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_21" title="November 21">November 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Biagio_Molino" title="Biagio Molino">Biagio Molino</a>, Roman Catholic patriarch (b. <a href="/wiki/1380" title="1380">1380</a>)</li> <li>December – <a href="/wiki/Vlad_II_Dracul" title="Vlad II Dracul">Vlad II Dracul</a>, Prince of Wallachia, and his son <a href="/wiki/Mircea_II_of_Wallachia" title="Mircea II of Wallachia">Mircea II</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>1448</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_6" title="January 6">January 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Christopher_of_Bavaria" title="Christopher of Bavaria">Christopher of Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Denmark">King of Denmark</a>, Norway and Sweden (b. <a href="/wiki/1418" title="1418">1418</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_18" title="June 18">June 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_de_Beauchamp,_Baroness_Bergavenny" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth de Beauchamp, Baroness Bergavenny">Elizabeth de Beauchamp, Baroness Bergavenny</a>, English baroness (b. <a href="/wiki/1415" title="1415">1415</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_23" title="September 23">September 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adolph_I,_Duke_of_Cleves" title="Adolph I, Duke of Cleves">Adolph I, Duke of Cleves</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1373" title="1373">1373</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October" title="October">October</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carlo_II_Tocco" title="Carlo II Tocco">Carlo II Tocco</a>, ruler of Epirus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_12" title="October 12">October 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Quan" title="Zhu Quan">Zhu Quan</a>, Prince of Ning, Chinese military commander, historian and playwright (b. <a href="/wiki/1378" title="1378">1378</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_31" title="October 31">October 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaeologus" class="mw-redirect" title="John VIII Palaeologus">John VIII Palaeologus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Byzantine Emperor</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1390" title="1390">1390</a>)</li> <li><i>date unknown</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petru_III_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Petru III of Moldavia">Petru III of Moldavia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1449</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_4" title="January 4">January 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_of_Brandenburg" title="Cecilia of Brandenburg">Cecilia of Brandenburg</a>, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (b. c.1405)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_21" title="January 21">January 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Berardi" title="Giovanni Berardi">Giovanni Berardi</a>, Archbishop of Taranto (b. <a href="/wiki/1380" title="1380">1380</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2" title="February 2">February 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Asqalani" title="Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani">Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani</a>, Islamic scholar (b. <a href="/wiki/1372" title="1372">1372</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March" title="March">March</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dolce_dell%27Anguillara" title="Dolce dell'Anguillara">Dolce dell'Anguillara</a>, Italian condottiero (b. <a href="/wiki/1401" title="1401">1401</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May" title="May">May</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Islay,_Earl_of_Ross" title="Alexander of Islay, Earl of Ross">Alexander of Islay, Earl of Ross</a>, Lord of the Isles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_20" title="May 20">May 20</a> (at the Battle of Alfarrobeira) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Vaz_de_Almada,_1st_Count_of_Avranches" title="Álvaro Vaz de Almada, 1st Count of Avranches">Álvaro Vaz de Almada, 1st Count of Avranches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter,_Duke_of_Coimbra" title="Peter, Duke of Coimbra">Peter, Duke of Coimbra</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1392" title="1392">1392</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1" title="June 1">June 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Polissena_Sforza" title="Polissena Sforza">Polissena Sforza</a>, Lady of Rimini (b. 1428)<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_13" title="August 13">August 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Elector_Palatine" title="Louis IV, Elector Palatine">Louis IV, Elector Palatine</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1424" title="1424">1424</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_27" title="October 27">October 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg" title="Ulugh Beg">Ulugh Beg</a>, Timurid ruler and astronomer (b. <a href="/wiki/1394" title="1394">1394</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_31" title="October 31">October 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Brandenburg,_Duchess_of_Brzeg-Legnica_and_Cieszyn" title="Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brzeg-Legnica and Cieszyn">Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brzeg-Legnica and Cieszyn</a>, German princess (b. <a href="/wiki/1403" title="1403">1403</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_19" title="November 19">November 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kunigunde_of_Sternberg" title="Kunigunde of Sternberg">Kunigunde of Sternberg</a>, first spouse of the King George of Podebrady (b. <a href="/wiki/1425" title="1425">1425</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_24" title="December 24">December 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bower" title="Walter Bower">Walter Bower</a>, Scottish chronicler (b. <a href="/wiki/1385" title="1385">1385</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1440s&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1440s" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:1440s">1440s</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'The colleges and halls: King's', in A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Volume 3, the City and University of Cambridge, ed. J P C Roach (London, 1959), pp. 376-408. British History Online <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/cambs/vol3/pp376-408">http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/cambs/vol3/pp376-408</a> [accessed 5 February 2021]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vaughan-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vaughan_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVaughan2004" class="citation book cs1">Vaughan, Richard (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H7VFJAK8LSUC"><i>Philip the Good</i></a> (reprinted new ed.). Boydell Press. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-917-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-917-1"><bdi>978-0-85115-917-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philip+the+Good&rft.pages=94&rft.edition=reprinted+new&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-917-1&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH7VFJAK8LSUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazlitt1900" class="citation book cs1">Hazlitt, W. Carew (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/venetianrepubli02hazlgoog"><i>The Venetian Republic: Its Rise, its Growth, and its Fall, 421–1797. Volume II, 1423–1797</i></a>. London: Adam and Charles Black. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/venetianrepubli02hazlgoog/page/n91">79</a>–80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Venetian+Republic%3A+Its+Rise%2C+its+Growth%2C+and+its+Fall%2C+421%E2%80%931797.+Volume+II%2C+1423%E2%80%931797&rft.place=London&rft.pages=79-80&rft.pub=Adam+and+Charles+Black&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Hazlitt&rft.aufirst=W.+Carew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvenetianrepubli02hazlgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen,_Toby" class="citation book cs1">Green, Toby. <i>A fistful of shells : West Africa from the rise of the slave trade to the age of revolution</i>. Chicago. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226644578" title="Special:BookSources/9780226644578"><bdi>9780226644578</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1051687994">1051687994</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+fistful+of+shells+%3A+West+Africa+from+the+rise+of+the+slave+trade+to+the+age+of+revolution&rft.place=Chicago&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1051687994&rft.isbn=9780226644578&rft.au=Green%2C+Toby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman2022" class="citation web cs1">Norman, Jeremy M. (2022-12-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=286">"Foundation of the Library of the Dominican Convent of San Marco, the First "Public" Library in Renaissance Europe"</a>. <i>HistoryofInformation.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Simon and Schuster. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/slavetradestoryo00thom/page/22">22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684835655" title="Special:BookSources/9780684835655"><bdi>9780684835655</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slave+Trade%3A+The+Story+of+the+Atlantic+Slave+Trade%3A+1440+-+1870&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780684835655&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fslavetradestoryo00thom%2Fpage%2F22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Sacket1997" class="citation book cs1">Wendy Sacket (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EScOAQAAMAAJ"><i>Chronology of European History, 15,000 B.C. to 1997: 15,000 B.C. to 1469</i></a>. Salem Press. p. 442. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89356-419-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89356-419-3"><bdi>978-0-89356-419-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+European+History%2C+15%2C000+B.C.+to+1997%3A+15%2C000+B.C.+to+1469&rft.pages=442&rft.pub=Salem+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-89356-419-3&rft.au=Wendy+Sacket&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEScOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Niederhäuser, Christian Sieber: Ein «Bruderkrieg» macht Geschichte 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mureşanu, Camil (2001). John Hunyadi: Defender of Christendom. The Center for Romanian Studies. ISBN 973-9432-18-2, 127-128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Makkai, László (1994). "The Three Nations of Transylvania (1360–1526)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.). History of Transylvania. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 178–243. ISBN 963-05-6703-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Niederhäuser, Christian Sieber: Ein «Bruderkrieg» macht Geschichte 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.guteinfo.com/?id=2811">http://www.guteinfo.com/?id=2811</a>, read on 2023-06-26 (Swedish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://runeberg.org/nfbp/0215.html">[1]</a> on 2023-06-26 (Swedish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.guteinfo.com/?id=2811">http://www.guteinfo.com/?id=2811</a>, read on 2023-06-26 (Swedish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=15392">"Erik av Pommern"</a>. Svenskt biografiskt lexikon<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Erik+av+Pommern&rft.pub=Svenskt+biografiskt+lexikon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsok.riksarkivet.se%2FSbl%2FPresentation.aspx%3Fid%3D15392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-lppAAAAMAAJ"><i>Albanische Forschungen</i></a> (in German). O. Harrassowitz. 1964. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87828-106-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-87828-106-1"><bdi>978-3-87828-106-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albanische+Forschungen&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=O.+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-3-87828-106-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-lppAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francione, Gennaro (2006) [2003]. Aliaj, Donika (ed.). Skënderbeu, një hero modern : (Hero multimedial) [Skanderbeg, a modern hero (Hero multimedia)] (in Albanian). Translated by Tasim Aliaj. Tiranë, Albania: Shtëpia botuese "Naim Frashëri". ISBN 99927-38-75-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erhan Afyoncu, (2009), Truvanın İntikamı (ISBN 978-605-4052-11-0), p. 2, (In Turkish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/10/10/archives/abc-isnt-simple-as-abc-in-korea-alphabet-on-525th-birthday-both.html">"A.B.C. Isn't Simple as A.B.C. in Korea— Alphabet on 525th Birthday, Both Hailed and Assailed"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, October 10, 1971, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicol, Donald M. (1992). The Immortal Emperor: The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-58369-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton1978" class="citation cs2">Setton, Kenneth M. (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sz2VYI0l1IC"><i>The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century</i></a>, DIANE Publishing, pp. 96–97, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-127-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87169-127-2"><bdi>0-87169-127-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Levant+%281204%E2%80%931571%29%2C+Volume+II%3A+The+Fifteenth+Century&rft.pages=96-97&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-87169-127-2&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Sz2VYI0l1IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gomes Eanes de Zurara (1453) Crónica dos feitos notáveis que se passaram na Conquista da Guiné por mandado do Infante D. Henrique or Chronica do descobrimento e conquista da Guiné. [Trans. 1896–99 by C.R. Beazley and E. Prestage, The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea, London: Halykut]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teixeira da Mota, Avelino (1946) "A descoberta da Guiné", Boletim cultural da Guiné Portuguesa, Vol. 1. Part 1 in No. 1 (Jan), p. 11-68, Pt. 2 in No. 2 (Apr), p. 273-326; Pt. 3 in No. 3 (Jul), p. 457-509.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 3. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd, 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Block, Wolfgang (1913). Die condottieri. Berlin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel, Mark; Hamlyn, Kate (2007). Blarney Castle: Its History, Development and Purpose. Cork University. ISBN 978-1-85918-411-0.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarras1865" class="citation book cs1">Darras, J. E. (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mnR-Zq6Q4xIC&pg=PA573"><i>A General History of the Catholic Church: from the commencement of the Christian era until the present time ...</i></a> O. Shea. p. 573.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+General+History+of+the+Catholic+Church%3A+from+the+commencement+of+the+Christian+era+until+the+present+time+...&rft.pages=573&rft.pub=O.+Shea&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Darras&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmnR-Zq6Q4xIC%26pg%3DPA573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Chö Yang: The Voice of Tibetan Religion and Culture</i>. (1991) Year of Tibet Edition, p. 79. Gangchen Kyishong, Dharmasala, H.P., India.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%AB_(school)" title="Ryū (school)"><i>Ryū</i></a>'s own sources.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.queens.cam.ac.uk/conferences/history">"College History | Queens' College"</a>. <i>www.queens.cam.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.queens.cam.ac.uk&rft.atitle=College+History+%7C+Queens%27+College&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.queens.cam.ac.uk%2Fconferences%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pravenc.ru/text/578250.html">"ИОНА"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%90&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravenc.ru%2Ftext%2F578250.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBH-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBH_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBH_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBH_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmerPalmer1992" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). <i>The Chronology of British History</i>. London: Century Ltd. pp. 123–125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-5616-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-5616-2"><bdi>0-7126-5616-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronology+of+British+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=123-125&rft.pub=Century+Ltd&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7126-5616-2&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Veronica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard_von_MattHans_Kühner1963" class="citation book cs1">Leonard von Matt; Hans Kühner (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hN9OAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Popes: Papal History in Picture and Word</i></a>. Universe Books. p. 128.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Popes%3A+Papal+History+in+Picture+and+Word&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Universe+Books&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Leonard+von+Matt&rft.au=Hans+K%C3%BChner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhN9OAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobecki2008" class="citation book cs1">Sobecki, Sebastian I. (2008). <i>The Sea and Medieval English Literature</i>. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846155918" title="Special:BookSources/9781846155918"><bdi>9781846155918</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sea+and+Medieval+English+Literature&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=D.S.+Brewer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781846155918&rft.aulast=Sobecki&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastor2004a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Castor, Helen (2004a). "Paston, Sir John (II) (1442–1479)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F21512">10.1093/ref:odnb/21512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paston%2C+Sir+John+%28II%29+%281442%E2%80%931479%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F21512&rft.aulast=Castor&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenn2019" class="citation book cs1">Penn, Thomas (2019). <i>The Brothers York</i>. Allen Lane. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1846146909" title="Special:BookSources/978-1846146909"><bdi>978-1846146909</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brothers+York&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1846146909&rft.aulast=Penn&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_Norton2010" class="citation book cs1">Elizabeth Norton (15 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BDGIAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP17"><i>Margaret Beaufort: Mother of the Tudor Dynasty</i></a>. Amberley Publishing Limited. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-0734-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-0734-4"><bdi>978-1-4456-0734-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Margaret+Beaufort%3A+Mother+of+the+Tudor+Dynasty&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2010-09-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4456-0734-4&rft.au=Elizabeth+Norton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBDGIAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bWET5L0UA_4C"><i>Lives of the Popes: Illustrated Biographies of Every Pope from St Peter to the Present</i></a>. Barnes & Noble Books. 1998. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-0802-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-0802-6"><bdi>978-0-7607-0802-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Popes%3A+Illustrated+Biographies+of+Every+Pope+from+St+Peter+to+the+Present&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7607-0802-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbWET5L0UA_4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DrawingsFisher1886-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DrawingsFisher1886_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Museum._Department_of_Prints_and_DrawingsRichard_Fisher1886" class="citation book cs1">British Museum. Department of Prints and Drawings; Richard Fisher (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FVwVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA348"><i>Introduction to a Catalogue of the Early Italian Prints in the British Museum</i></a>. Chiswick Press. pp. 348–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+a+Catalogue+of+the+Early+Italian+Prints+in+the+British+Museum&rft.pages=348-&rft.pub=Chiswick+Press&rft.date=1886&rft.au=British+Museum.+Department+of+Prints+and+Drawings&rft.au=Richard+Fisher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFVwVAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdolfo_Venturi1927" class="citation book cs1">Adolfo Venturi (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TfJOAAAAYAAJ"><i>Botticelli</i></a>. A. Zwemmer. p. 101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Botticelli&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=A.+Zwemmer&rft.date=1927&rft.au=Adolfo+Venturi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTfJOAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYvonne_BleyerveldLamot_(Mechelen,_Belgium)2005" class="citation book cs1">Yvonne Bleyerveld; Lamot (Mechelen, Belgium) (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=saXpAAAAMAAJ"><i>Women of Distinction: Margaret of York, Margaret of Austria</i></a>. Brepols Publishers. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5826-342-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5826-342-1"><bdi>978-90-5826-342-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+of+Distinction%3A+Margaret+of+York%2C+Margaret+of+Austria&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Brepols+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-5826-342-1&rft.au=Yvonne+Bleyerveld&rft.au=Lamot+%28Mechelen%2C+Belgium%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsaXpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichel_de_Montaigne1914" class="citation book cs1">Michel de Montaigne (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G8UUAAAAMAAJ"><i>Selections from Montaigne</i></a>. D.C. Heath & Company. p. 215.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selections+from+Montaigne&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=D.C.+Heath+%26+Company&rft.date=1914&rft.au=Michel+de+Montaigne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG8UUAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdith_Carpenter1893" class="citation book cs1">Edith Carpenter (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j0MZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA11"><i>Lorenzo De' Medici</i></a>. G.P. Putnam's sons. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lorenzo+De%27+Medici&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+sons&rft.date=1893&rft.au=Edith+Carpenter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj0MZAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arqueologiamexicana.mx/mexico-antiguo/axayacatl-el-de-la-mascara-de-agua-1469-1481">"Axayácatl, "El de la máscara de agua" (1469-1481)"</a> [Axayácatl,, "He with the Water Mask"]. <i>Arqueologia Mexicana</i> (in Spanish). July 6, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arqueologia+Mexicana&rft.atitle=Axay%C3%A1catl%2C+%22El+de+la+m%C3%A1scara+de+agua%22+%281469-1481%29&rft.date=2016-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farqueologiamexicana.mx%2Fmexico-antiguo%2Faxayacatl-el-de-la-mascara-de-agua-1469-1481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arqueologiamexicana.mx/mexico-antiguo/itzcoatl-serpiente-de-obsidiana-1427-1440">"Itzcóatl, 'Serpiente de obsidiana' (1427–1440)"</a> ["Itzcóatl, 'Obsidian Snake' (1427–1440)"]. <i>Arqueologia Mexicana</i> (in Spanish). July 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arqueologia+Mexicana&rft.atitle=Itzc%C3%B3atl%2C+%27Serpiente+de+obsidiana%27+%281427%E2%80%931440%29&rft.date=2016-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farqueologiamexicana.mx%2Fmexico-antiguo%2Fitzcoatl-serpiente-de-obsidiana-1427-1440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_van_EyckPeter_Russell2020" class="citation book cs1">Jan van Eyck; Peter Russell (6 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h6_1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT464"><i>Delphi Complete Works of Jan van Eyck (Illustrated)</i></a>. Delphi Classics. p. 464. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-913487-28-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-913487-28-7"><bdi>978-1-913487-28-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delphi+Complete+Works+of+Jan+van+Eyck+%28Illustrated%29&rft.pages=464&rft.pub=Delphi+Classics&rft.date=2020-08-06&rft.isbn=978-1-913487-28-7&rft.au=Jan+van+Eyck&rft.au=Peter+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh6_1DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJane_Kelsall2000" class="citation book cs1">Jane Kelsall (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UwYXAQAAIAAJ"><i>Humphrey Duke of Gloucester, 1391-1447</i></a>. Fraternity of the Friends of Saint Albans Abbey. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9506829-6-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9506829-6-9"><bdi>978-0-9506829-6-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humphrey+Duke+of+Gloucester%2C+1391-1447&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Fraternity+of+the+Friends+of+Saint+Albans+Abbey&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-9506829-6-9&rft.au=Jane+Kelsall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUwYXAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayton_J._Drees2001" class="citation book cs1">Clayton J. Drees (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8jDfydG6ReAC&pg=PA103"><i>The Late Medieval Age of Crisis and Renewal, 1300-1500: A Biographical Dictionary</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30588-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30588-7"><bdi>978-0-313-30588-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Late+Medieval+Age+of+Crisis+and+Renewal%2C+1300-1500%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30588-7&rft.au=Clayton+J.+Drees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8jDfydG6ReAC%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Becker, E. (1983) [1950]. <i>Schloss und Stadt Dillenburg. Ein Gang durch ihre Geschichte in Mittelalter und Neuzeit. Zur Gedenkfeier aus Anlaß der Verleihung der Stadtrechte am 20. September 1344 herausgegeben</i> (in German) (Neuauflage ed.). Dillenburg: Der Magistrat der Stadt Dillenburg. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schloss+und+Stadt+Dillenburg.+Ein+Gang+durch+ihre+Geschichte+in+Mittelalter+und+Neuzeit.+Zur+Gedenkfeier+aus+Anla%C3%9F+der+Verleihung+der+Stadtrechte+am+20.+September+1344+herausgegeben&rft.place=Dillenburg&rft.pages=12&rft.edition=Neuauflage&rft.pub=Der+Magistrat+der+Stadt+Dillenburg&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaphael_Holinshed1907" class="citation book cs1">Raphael Holinshed (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pZBlAAAAMAAJ"><i>Shakespeare's Holinshed: The Chronicle and the Historical Plays Compared</i></a>. Chatto and Windus. p. 218.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakespeare%27s+Holinshed%3A+The+Chronicle+and+the+Historical+Plays+Compared&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Chatto+and+Windus&rft.date=1907&rft.au=Raphael+Holinshed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpZBlAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAeneas_Silvius_PiccolominiPope_Pius_II2013" class="citation book cs1">Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini; Pope Pius II (November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z4lvAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220"><i>Europe (c.1400-1458)</i></a>. CUA Press. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-2182-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-2182-3"><bdi>978-0-8132-2182-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+%28c.1400-1458%29&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=CUA+Press&rft.date=2013-11&rft.isbn=978-0-8132-2182-3&rft.au=Aeneas+Silvius+Piccolomini&rft.au=Pope+Pius+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz4lvAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerzy_LukowskiHubert_Zawadzki2001" class="citation book cs1">Jerzy Lukowski; Hubert Zawadzki (20 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NpMxTvBuWHYC&pg=PA41"><i>A Concise History of Poland</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55917-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55917-1"><bdi>978-0-521-55917-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Poland&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001-09-20&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55917-1&rft.au=Jerzy+Lukowski&rft.au=Hubert+Zawadzki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNpMxTvBuWHYC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShearman1983" class="citation book cs1">Shearman, John (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bqpRAQAAIAAJ"><i>The early Italian pictures in the collection of Her Majesty the Queen</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24214-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24214-1"><bdi>978-0-521-24214-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+early+Italian+pictures+in+the+collection+of+Her+Majesty+the+Queen&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24214-1&rft.aulast=Shearman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbqpRAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_Macdougall1982" class="citation book cs1">Norman Macdougall (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VY5nAAAAMAAJ"><i>James III: A Political Study</i></a>. J. Donald. pp. 10–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85976-078-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85976-078-2"><bdi>978-0-85976-078-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+III%3A+A+Political+Study&rft.pages=10-13&rft.pub=J.+Donald&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-85976-078-2&rft.au=Norman+Macdougall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVY5nAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_John_Wyndham_Pope-Hennessy1986" class="citation book cs1">Sir John Wyndham Pope-Hennessy (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_XPsAAAAMAAJ"><i>Italian Renaissance Sculpture</i></a>. Phaidon. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-2416-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-2416-1"><bdi>978-0-7148-2416-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Renaissance+Sculpture&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-2416-1&rft.au=Sir+John+Wyndham+Pope-Hennessy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_XPsAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoachim_W._Stieber1978" class="citation book cs1">Joachim W. Stieber (1 January 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5R_2clxgcr4C&pg=PA302"><i>Pope Eugenius IV, the Council of Basel and the Secular and Ecclesiastical Authorities in the Empire: The Conflict Over Supreme Authority and Power in the Church</i></a>. BRILL. p. 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-05240-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-05240-2"><bdi>90-04-05240-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pope+Eugenius+IV%2C+the+Council+of+Basel+and+the+Secular+and+Ecclesiastical+Authorities+in+the+Empire%3A+The+Conflict+Over+Supreme+Authority+and+Power+in+the+Church&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1978-01-01&rft.isbn=90-04-05240-2&rft.au=Joachim+W.+Stieber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5R_2clxgcr4C%26pg%3DPA302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Colette">"Saint Colette | Biography & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=genealogy.euweb.cz&rft.atitle=Oettingen+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenealogy.euweb.cz%2Foett%2Foett1.html%23F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreptow,_Kurt_W.1991" class="citation book cs1">Treptow, Kurt W., ed. (1991). <i>Dracula : essays on the life and times of Vlad Țepeș</i>. Boulder, Colo.: East European Monographs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88033-220-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88033-220-4"><bdi>0-88033-220-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24689405">24689405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dracula+%3A+essays+on+the+life+and+times+of+Vlad+%C8%9Aepe%C8%99&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colo.&rft.pub=East+European+Monographs&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24689405&rft.isbn=0-88033-220-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1974" class="citation book cs1">Jones, P.J. 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Director of Public Relations, Ministry of Defence. 1990. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sainik+Samachar%3A+The+Pictorial+Weekly+of+the+Armed+Forces&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Director+of+Public+Relations%2C+Ministry+of+Defence&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp3bfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Oxford1885" class="citation book cs1">University of Oxford (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sGNbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA168"><i>Register of the University of Oxford, 1449 (-1622). ed. by C.W. Boase (A. Clark). 2 vols. [in 5 pt.]</i></a>. p. 168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Register+of+the+University+of+Oxford%2C+1449+%28-1622%29.+ed.+by+C.W.+Boase+%28A.+Clark%29.+2+vols.+%5Bin+5+pt.%5D.&rft.pages=168&rft.date=1885&rft.au=University+of+Oxford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsGNbAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1440s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: Artists <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83448#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/73a326aa-967f-452a-af39-59acbbd4f132">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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