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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ink_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ink_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ink composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ink_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism_of_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism_of_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mechanism of operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_of_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Security_and_authentication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_and_authentication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Security and authentication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_and_authentication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secret_messages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secret_messages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Secret messages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secret_messages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toilet_cleaning_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toilet_cleaning_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Toilet cleaning assessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toilet_cleaning_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Limitations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">UV marker</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV_%EB%A7%88%EC%BB%A4" title="UV 마커 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="UV 마커" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7876101#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/UV_marker" title="View the 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accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=UV_marker&oldid=1187242528" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=UV_marker&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=UV_marker&id=1187242528&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUV_marker"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUV_marker"><span>Download QR 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of pen</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/UV_marker" title="Special:EditPage/UV marker">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:UV_marker" title="Talk:UV marker">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these 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rewritten</b> to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UV_marker&action=edit">You can help</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talk:UV_marker" title="Talk:UV marker">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/UV_marker" title="Special:EditPage/UV marker">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22UV+marker%22">"UV marker"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22UV+marker%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22UV+marker%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22UV+marker%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22UV+marker%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22UV+marker%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seized_%E2%80%93_Property_marking_and_registration_(8226835970).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="UV marker with UV led lamp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Seized_%E2%80%93_Property_marking_and_registration_%288226835970%29.jpg/220px-Seized_%E2%80%93_Property_marking_and_registration_%288226835970%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Seized_%E2%80%93_Property_marking_and_registration_%288226835970%29.jpg/330px-Seized_%E2%80%93_Property_marking_and_registration_%288226835970%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Seized_%E2%80%93_Property_marking_and_registration_%288226835970%29.jpg/440px-Seized_%E2%80%93_Property_marking_and_registration_%288226835970%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>UV marker with UV led lamp</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>ultraviolet</b> (<b>UV</b>) <b>marker</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Pen" title="Pen">pen</a> whose marks are <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescent</a> but <a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">transparent</a>; the marks can be seen only under an <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet light">ultraviolet light</a>. They are commonly used in security situations to identify belongings or to prevent the reproduction of unauthorized <a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">banknotes</a>. UV pens can now be bought at some stationery shops to securely mark items of high value in case of theft.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ink_composition">Ink composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UV_marker&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ink composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Written_text_with_UV_ink.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Written text with UV ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Written_text_with_UV_ink.jpg/220px-Written_text_with_UV_ink.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Written_text_with_UV_ink.jpg/330px-Written_text_with_UV_ink.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Written_text_with_UV_ink.jpg/440px-Written_text_with_UV_ink.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="1549" /></a><figcaption>Written text with UV ink</figcaption></figure> <p>In the past, the ink used in UV markers has been made from various things such as lemon juice, vinegar, diluted blood, or even urine.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main components in improvised inks have included dilute laundry <a href="/wiki/Detergent" title="Detergent">detergent</a>, body fluids, tonic water, and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">vitamin B-12</a> dissolved in <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Modern UV-visible ink uses a <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescent</a> component derived from materials that glow when exposed to an <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet light</a>. There are different types of UV-visible ink: opaque, semi-opaque, and translucent. All three types contain acrylic monomers which contain a diluent and a <a href="/wiki/Photoinitiator" title="Photoinitiator">photoinitiator</a> to participate in the curing reaction and to respond to UV radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism_of_operation">Mechanism of operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UV_marker&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mechanism of operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>UV LEDs emitting near-ultraviolet light are used to read messages written by UV markers. The near-ultraviolet <a href="/wiki/Radiant_energy" title="Radiant energy">radiant energy</a> is also called <a href="/wiki/Blacklight" title="Blacklight">black light</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> of 380 nm, which falls just outside the visible spectrum. The lamps used have very narrow bandwidth, compared to regular fluorescent black lights. Therefore, UV LEDs are claimed to be completely safe, causing no damage to eyes nor risks of skin cancer. When the black light falls upon UV-visible ink, it makes the ink fluoresce so that it emits visible light, making the message readable by human eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases, people can also use <a href="/wiki/Photocopier" title="Photocopier">photocopiers</a> to develop UV-visible ink messages, because the scanning head of the machine emits UV light.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UV_marker&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security_and_authentication">Security and authentication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UV_marker&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Security and authentication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commercially available UV markers are used to mark things for security purposes, such as to check for counterfeit money and mark property in the event of theft for the purpose of identifying ownership. It is also sometimes used in identifying whether a document is an original or a copy.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>UV markers are also widely used on credit cards or lottery tickets for authentication, to help discourage counterfeiting. For example, in the state of Illinois, the lottery tickets are stamped with UV-invisible ink to indicate authenticity. Credit cards are marked with a particular logo or the card type. Moreover, various countries use UV markers to create marks on state issued driving licenses and identity cards to ensure they are authentic.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other applications include retailers marking their items to identify customers who might exchange or return items that were not originally bought from their stores.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secret_messages">Secret messages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UV_marker&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Secret messages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many people and organizations use UV markers to protect and hide sensitive messages from the public. Especially during the wartime, invisible inks were widely used by militaries to hide secret messages and important addresses.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During World War II, a competition between laboratories to develop the best invisible ink developed between the Allies and the Axis powers. They were desperately trying to develop new, better invisible inks that could only be revealed by a specialized UV light with a very particular range of wavelengths.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toilet_cleaning_assessment">Toilet cleaning assessment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UV_marker&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Toilet cleaning assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Supervisors may use UV markers to inspect whether the staff has cleaned a toilet properly, and to rate how well the toilet has been cleaned. The marker used in this case is a lotion which is non-toxic and water-soluble, so it can easily be removed by soap and water solutions. The UV marker is usually applied to the underside of the toilet seat, and is not readily visible under regular room lighting. The toilet will later be visually inspected with a hand-held UV light to rank how well the toilet has been cleaned. The inspector will assign a visual score; 1 represents light fluorescence, 2 for moderate, 3 for heavy and 0 represented no fluorescence. This scoring system is based on visual inspection, and an average cleaning score will be calculated. If no cleaning has taken place, the marker will show heavy fluorescence which will at least last for 7 days after it was applied.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UV_marker&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Messages written by a UV marker can be discovered by unintended viewers when there is a change of reflectivity of the paper, or a pen scratches marks on the paper. The smell of the ink also reduces the security of secret messages as the hidden messages can be easily found with the help of trained animals. </p><p>UV markers should not be used on surfaces that may already contain similar chemicals found in the UV marker ink, such as in high-brightness copier papers. This is because the message will not contrast well on a surface which itself may fluoresce along with the ink when under UV light. Therefore, one should always test in an inconspicuous area to determine results. Similarly, when writing with a UV marker on very smooth and glossy surfaces, the ink will only show an unclear outline of what is written and may be rubbed off easily. This is because the ink is prevented from being deeply absorbed into the surface like it would on a piece of normal paper. Moreover, such messages can be easily visible when exposed under glancing light. </p><p>Unlike other invisible inks, which require heat or placing chemical liquid over to reveal the message, the UV invisible ink can be scanned and read quickly with an ultraviolet light source without damaging or changing the surface of the paper. This means that people will not be able to tell or notice if a secret message has been intercepted by a third party. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UV_marker&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pen_types,_brands_and_companies" title="List of pen types, brands and companies">List of pen types, brands and companies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UV_marker&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artofmanliness.com/2011/09/09/man-knowledge-the-history-of-invisible-ink/">"History of Invisible Ink - The Art of Manliness"</a>. 9 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Invisible+Ink+-+The+Art+of+Manliness&rft.date=2011-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artofmanliness.com%2F2011%2F09%2F09%2Fman-knowledge-the-history-of-invisible-ink%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUV+marker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Art of Manliness, (2014). Man Knowledge: The History of Invisible Ink. [online] Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.artofmanliness.com/2011/09/09/man-knowledge-the-history-of-invisible-ink/">http://www.artofmanliness.com/2011/09/09/man-knowledge-the-history-of-invisible-ink/</a> [Accessed 31 Oct. 2014].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anne Marie Helmenstine, P. (2014). Make Invisible Ink To Write and Reveal Secret Messages. [online] About. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryhowtoguide/a/invisibleinks.htm">http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryhowtoguide/a/invisibleinks.htm</a> [Accessed 31 Oct. 2014].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Raytechultraviolet.com, (2014). Raytech Ultraviolet. [online] Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.raytechultraviolet.com/intro_to_uv.php">http://www.raytechultraviolet.com/intro_to_uv.php</a> [Accessed 31 Oct. 2014].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cartridgesave.co.uk, (2009). 7 Amazing Types Of Invisible Ink & How You Can Use Them | Cartridge Save Blog. [online] Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cartridgesave.co.uk/news/7-amazing-types-of-invisible-ink-how-you-can-use-them/">http://www.cartridgesave.co.uk/news/7-amazing-types-of-invisible-ink-how-you-can-use-them/</a> [Accessed 31 Oct. 2014].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Globright.com, (2014). What-is-Invisible-Ink. [online] Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.globright.com/What-is-Invisible-Ink.html">http://www.globright.com/What-is-Invisible-Ink.html</a> [Accessed 31 Oct. 2014].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Globright.com, (2014). Invisible ink pen Invisible Ink Pen. [online] Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.globright.com/invisibleinkpen.html">http://www.globright.com/invisibleinkpen.html</a> [Accessed 31 Oct. 2014].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlfaDueckOlsonDeGagne2008" class="citation journal cs1">Alfa, M.; Dueck, C.; Olson, N.; DeGagne, P.; Papetti, S.; Wald, A.; Lo, E.; Harding, G. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2390558">"UV-visible marker confirms that environmental persistence of Clostridium difficile spores in toilets of patients with C. difficile-associated diarrhea is associated with lack of compliance with cleaning protocol.e."</a> <i>BMC Infect Dis</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2334-8-64">10.1186/1471-2334-8-64</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2390558">2390558</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18474086">18474086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Infect+Dis&rft.atitle=UV-visible+marker+confirms+that+environmental+persistence+of+Clostridium+difficile+spores+in+toilets+of+patients+with+C.+difficile-associated+diarrhea+is+associated+with+lack+of+compliance+with+cleaning+protocol.e.&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=64&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2390558%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18474086&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2334-8-64&rft.aulast=Alfa&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Dueck%2C+C.&rft.au=Olson%2C+N.&rft.au=DeGagne%2C+P.&rft.au=Papetti%2C+S.&rft.au=Wald%2C+A.&rft.au=Lo%2C+E.&rft.au=Harding%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2390558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUV+marker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pens" title="Template:Pens"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pens" title="Template talk:Pens"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pens48" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pen" title="Pen">Pens</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_pen" title="Active pen">Active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballpoint_pen" title="Ballpoint pen">Ballpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fudepen" title="Fudepen">Brush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrator_pen" title="Demonstrator pen">Demonstrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_pen" title="Digital pen">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dip_pen" title="Dip pen">Dip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_pen" title="Fountain pen">Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gel_pen" title="Gel pen">Gel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pen" title="Light pen">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marker_pen" title="Marker pen">Marker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marker_pen" title="Marker pen">dry erase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlighter" title="Highlighter">highlighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_marker" title="Paint marker">paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_marker" title="Permanent marker">permanent</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">UV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalam" title="Qalam">Qalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quill" title="Quill">Quill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastrum" title="Rastrum">Rastrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_pen" title="Reed pen">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollerball_pen" title="Rollerball pen">Rollerball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_pen" title="Ruling pen">Ruling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_pen" title="Skin pen">Skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylus" title="Stylus">Stylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_pen" title="Technical pen">Technical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parts and tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blotting_paper" title="Blotting paper">Blotting paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desk_blotter" class="mw-redirect" title="Desk blotter">Ink blotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkwell" title="Inkwell">Inkwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nib_(pen)" title="Nib (pen)">Nib</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flex_nib" title="Flex nib">flex nib</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penknife" title="Penknife">Penknife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pounce_(calligraphy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pounce (calligraphy)">Pounce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">Inks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alizarine_ink" title="Alizarine ink">Alizarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_pen_ink" title="Fountain pen ink">Fountain pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_ink" title="India ink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_gall_ink" title="Iron gall ink">Iron gall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pact_ink" title="Pact ink">Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stark%27s_ink" title="Stark's ink">Stark's</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballpoint_pen_artwork" title="Ballpoint pen artwork">Ballpoint pen artwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballpoint_pen_knife" title="Ballpoint pen knife">Ballpoint pen knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterfeit_banknote_detection_pen" title="Counterfeit banknote detection pen">Counterfeit banknote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_pen_trade" title="Birmingham pen trade">Birmingham pen trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pen_Museum" title="Pen Museum">Pen Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_computing" title="Pen computing">Pen computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_gun" title="Pen gun">Pen gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penmanship" title="Penmanship">Penmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_painting" title="Pen painting">Pen painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_spinning" title="Pen spinning">Pen spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retipping" title="Retipping">Retipping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">Cartooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inking_(comic_book_production)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inking (comic book production)">Inking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letterer" title="Letterer">Lettering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pen_types,_brands_and_companies" title="List of pen types, brands and companies">List of types, brands and companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencil" title="Pencil">Pencil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_pencil" title="Mechanical pencil">Mechanical pencil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayam" title="Narayam">Narayam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UV_marker&oldid=1187242528">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UV_marker&oldid=1187242528</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pens" 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</div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>2 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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