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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifetime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Lifetime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifetime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jablonski_diagram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jablonski_diagram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Jablonski diagram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jablonski_diagram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fluorescence_anisotropy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fluorescence_anisotropy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Fluorescence anisotropy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fluorescence_anisotropy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fluorescence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fluorescence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Fluorescence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fluorescence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rules</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rules-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rules subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kasha's_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kasha's_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Kasha's rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kasha's_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mirror_image_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mirror_image_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mirror image rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mirror_image_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stokes_shift" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stokes_shift"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Stokes shift</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stokes_shift-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In nature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_nature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In nature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compared_to_bioluminescence_and_biophosphorescence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compared_to_bioluminescence_and_biophosphorescence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Compared to bioluminescence and biophosphorescence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compared_to_bioluminescence_and_biophosphorescence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fluorescence_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fluorescence_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Fluorescence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fluorescence_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bioluminescence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bioluminescence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Bioluminescence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bioluminescence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phosphorescence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phosphorescence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Phosphorescence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phosphorescence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mechanisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Epidermal_chromatophores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidermal_chromatophores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Epidermal chromatophores</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidermal_chromatophores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogenetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogenetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Phylogenetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogenetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Evolutionary origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptive_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptive_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Adaptive functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptive_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquatic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquatic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Aquatic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquatic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Photic_zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photic_zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Photic zone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photic_zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1.1</span> <span>Fish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sharks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sharks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1.2</span> <span>Sharks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sharks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1.3</span> <span>Coral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cephalopods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cephalopods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1.4</span> <span>Cephalopods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cephalopods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jellyfish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jellyfish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1.5</span> <span>Jellyfish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jellyfish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mantis_shrimp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mantis_shrimp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1.6</span> <span>Mantis shrimp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mantis_shrimp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aphotic_zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aphotic_zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Aphotic zone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aphotic_zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Siphonophores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siphonophores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2.1</span> <span>Siphonophores</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siphonophores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dragonfish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dragonfish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2.2</span> <span>Dragonfish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dragonfish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terrestrial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrestrial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Terrestrial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrestrial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amphibians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amphibians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Amphibians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amphibians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Butterflies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Butterflies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Butterflies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Butterflies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parrots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parrots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.3</span> <span>Parrots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parrots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arachnids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arachnids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.4</span> <span>Arachnids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arachnids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Platypus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Platypus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.5</span> <span>Platypus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Platypus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.6</span> <span>Plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abiotic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abiotic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Abiotic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abiotic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gemology,_mineralogy_and_geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gemology,_mineralogy_and_geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span>Gemology, mineralogy and geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gemology,_mineralogy_and_geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organic_liquids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organic_liquids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.2</span> <span>Organic liquids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organic_liquids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.3</span> <span>Atmosphere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_materials_that_fluoresce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_materials_that_fluoresce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.4</span> <span>Common materials that fluoresce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_materials_that_fluoresce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_novel_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_novel_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In novel technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_novel_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Lighting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analytical_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analytical_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Analytical chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analytical_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spectroscopy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spectroscopy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Spectroscopy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spectroscopy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lasers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lasers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Lasers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lasers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biochemistry_and_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biochemistry_and_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Biochemistry and medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biochemistry_and_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Microscopy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microscopy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>Microscopy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microscopy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.2</span> <span>Other techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forensics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forensics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Forensics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forensics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-destructive_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-destructive_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Non-destructive testing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-destructive_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Signage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optical_brighteners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optical_brighteners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Optical brighteners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optical_brighteners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fluorescence</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoressensie" title="Fluoressensie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fluoressensie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="فلورية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلورية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescencia" title="Fluorescencia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fluorescencia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE" title="প্রতিপ্রভা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রতিপ্রভা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Флуарэсцэнцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Флуарэсцэнцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Флюарэсцэнцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Флюарэсцэнцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Флуоресценция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Флуоресценция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescencija" title="Fluorescencija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fluorescencija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoresc%C3%A8ncia" title="Fluorescència – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fluorescència" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fluorescence" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescens" title="Fluorescens – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fluorescens" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoreszenz" title="Fluoreszenz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fluoreszenz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorestsents" title="Fluorestsents – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fluorestsents" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Φθορισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φθορισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescencia" title="Fluorescencia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fluorescencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoresko" title="Fluoresko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fluoresko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoreszentzia" title="Fluoreszentzia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fluoreszentzia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="فلورسانس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلورسانس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fluorescence" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluaraiseacht" title="Fluaraiseacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fluaraiseacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescencia" title="Fluorescencia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fluorescencia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%95%EA%B4%91" title="형광 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="형광" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BD%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ֆլուորեսցենցիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆլուորեսցենցիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="प्रतिदीप्ति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रतिदीप्ति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescencija" title="Fluorescencija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fluorescencija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoresensi" title="Fluoresensi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fluoresensi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescenza" title="Fluorescenza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fluorescenza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%A6%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="פלואורסצנציה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלואורסצנציה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ფლუორესცენცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფლუორესცენცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Флуоресценция – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Флуоресценция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Флуоресценция – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Флуоресценция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescentia" title="Fluorescentia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fluorescentia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fluorescence" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescencija" title="Fluorescencija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fluorescencija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoreszk%C3%A1l%C3%A1s" title="Fluoreszkálás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fluoreszkálás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Флуоресценција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Флуоресценција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="പ്രതിദീപ്തി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രതിദീപ്തി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendarfluor" title="Pendarfluor – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pendarfluor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescentie" title="Fluorescentie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fluorescentie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9B%8D%E5%85%89" title="蛍光 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="蛍光" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescens" title="Fluorescens – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fluorescens" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescens" title="Fluorescens – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fluorescens" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoresc%C3%A9ncia" title="Fluorescéncia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fluorescéncia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoressensiya" title="Fluoressensiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fluoressensiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoressensa" title="Fluoressensa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Fluoressensa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescencja" title="Fluorescencja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fluorescencja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoresc%C3%AAncia" title="Fluorescência – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fluorescência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Fluorescență – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fluorescență" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Флуоресценция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Флуоресценция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoreshenca" title="Fluoreshenca – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fluoreshenca" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fluorescence" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescencia" title="Fluorescencia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fluorescencia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescencija" title="Fluorescencija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Fluorescencija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescencija" title="Fluorescencija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fluorescencija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoresenssi" title="Fluoresenssi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the album by Asobi Seksu, see <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_(album)" title="Fluorescence (album)"><i>Fluorescence</i> (album)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fluorescent_minerals_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Fluorescent_minerals_hg.jpg/250px-Fluorescent_minerals_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Fluorescent_minerals_hg.jpg/330px-Fluorescent_minerals_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Fluorescent_minerals_hg.jpg/500px-Fluorescent_minerals_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>Fluorescent minerals emit <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible light</a> when exposed to <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adaptive-Evolution-of-Eel-Fluorescent-Proteins-from-Fatty-Acid-Binding-Proteins-Produces-Bright-pone.0140972.g001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Adaptive-Evolution-of-Eel-Fluorescent-Proteins-from-Fatty-Acid-Binding-Proteins-Produces-Bright-pone.0140972.g001.jpg/220px-Adaptive-Evolution-of-Eel-Fluorescent-Proteins-from-Fatty-Acid-Binding-Proteins-Produces-Bright-pone.0140972.g001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Adaptive-Evolution-of-Eel-Fluorescent-Proteins-from-Fatty-Acid-Binding-Proteins-Produces-Bright-pone.0140972.g001.jpg/330px-Adaptive-Evolution-of-Eel-Fluorescent-Proteins-from-Fatty-Acid-Binding-Proteins-Produces-Bright-pone.0140972.g001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Adaptive-Evolution-of-Eel-Fluorescent-Proteins-from-Fatty-Acid-Binding-Proteins-Produces-Bright-pone.0140972.g001.jpg/440px-Adaptive-Evolution-of-Eel-Fluorescent-Proteins-from-Fatty-Acid-Binding-Proteins-Produces-Bright-pone.0140972.g001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption>Fluorescent marine organisms</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_light_theatre_Prague_HILT_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Black_light_theatre_Prague_HILT_13.jpg/220px-Black_light_theatre_Prague_HILT_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Black_light_theatre_Prague_HILT_13.jpg/330px-Black_light_theatre_Prague_HILT_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Black_light_theatre_Prague_HILT_13.jpg/440px-Black_light_theatre_Prague_HILT_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2746" data-file-height="2061" /></a><figcaption>Fluorescent clothes used in <a href="/wiki/Black_light_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Black light theater">black light theater</a> production, <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><b>Fluorescence</b> is one of two kinds of <a href="/wiki/Photoluminescence" title="Photoluminescence">photoluminescence</a>, the emission of <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> by a substance that has absorbed light or other <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a>. When exposed to <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> radiation, many substances will glow (fluoresce) with colored visible light. The color of the light emitted depends on the chemical composition of the substance. Fluorescent materials generally cease to glow nearly immediately when the radiation source stops. This distinguishes them from the other type of light emission, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorescence" title="Phosphorescence">phosphorescence</a>. Phosphorescent materials continue to emit light for some time after the radiation stops. This difference in timing is a result of quantum spin effects. </p><p>Fluorescence occurs when a <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> from incoming radiation is absorbed by a <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a>, exciting it to a higher <a href="/wiki/Energy_level" title="Energy level">energy level</a>, followed by the emission of light as the molecule returns to a lower energy state. The emitted light may have a longer <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> and, therefore, a lower <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> than the absorbed radiation. For example, the absorbed radiation could be in the <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a> (invisible to the human eye), while the emitted light is in the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible region</a>. This gives the fluorescent substance a distinct <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a>, best seen when exposed to <a href="/wiki/Blacklight" title="Blacklight">UV light</a>, making it appear to glow in the dark. However, any light with a shorter wavelength may cause a material to fluoresce at a longer wavelength. Fluorescent materials may also be excited by certain wavelengths of visible light, which can mask the glow, yet their colors may appear bright and intensified. Other fluorescent materials emit their light in the infrared or even the ultraviolet regions of the spectrum. </p><p>Fluorescence has many practical applications, including <a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">mineralogy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemology" title="Gemology">gemology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, chemical sensors (<a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_spectroscopy" title="Fluorescence spectroscopy">fluorescence spectroscopy</a>), <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_labelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent labelling">fluorescent labelling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyes</a>, biological detectors, cosmic-ray detection, <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_fluorescent_display" title="Vacuum fluorescent display">vacuum fluorescent displays</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tubes</a>. Its most common everyday application is in (<a href="/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp" title="Gas-discharge lamp">gas-discharge</a>) <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">fluorescent lamps</a> and <a href="/wiki/LED_lamps" class="mw-redirect" title="LED lamps">LED lamps</a>, where fluorescent coatings convert UV or blue light into longer wavelengths, resulting in <a href="/wiki/White#White_light" title="White">white light</a>, which can appear indistinguishable from that of the traditional but energy-inefficient <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescent lamp">incandescent lamp</a>. </p><p>Fluorescence also occurs frequently in nature, appearing in some minerals and many biological forms across all kingdoms of life. The latter is often referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Biofluorescence" title="Biofluorescence">biofluorescence</a></i>, indicating that the <a href="/wiki/Fluorophore" title="Fluorophore">fluorophore</a> is part of or derived from a living organism (rather than an inorganic <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dye</a> or <a href="/wiki/Staining" title="Staining">stain</a>). However, since fluorescence results from a specific chemical property that can often be synthesized artificially, it is generally sufficient to describe the substance itself as <i>fluorescent</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lignum_nephriticum_-_cup_of_Philippine_lignum_nephriticum,_Pterocarpus_indicus,_and_flask_containing_its_fluorescent_solution_Hi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Lignum_nephriticum_-_cup_of_Philippine_lignum_nephriticum%2C_Pterocarpus_indicus%2C_and_flask_containing_its_fluorescent_solution_Hi.jpg/170px-Lignum_nephriticum_-_cup_of_Philippine_lignum_nephriticum%2C_Pterocarpus_indicus%2C_and_flask_containing_its_fluorescent_solution_Hi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Lignum_nephriticum_-_cup_of_Philippine_lignum_nephriticum%2C_Pterocarpus_indicus%2C_and_flask_containing_its_fluorescent_solution_Hi.jpg/255px-Lignum_nephriticum_-_cup_of_Philippine_lignum_nephriticum%2C_Pterocarpus_indicus%2C_and_flask_containing_its_fluorescent_solution_Hi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Lignum_nephriticum_-_cup_of_Philippine_lignum_nephriticum%2C_Pterocarpus_indicus%2C_and_flask_containing_its_fluorescent_solution_Hi.jpg/340px-Lignum_nephriticum_-_cup_of_Philippine_lignum_nephriticum%2C_Pterocarpus_indicus%2C_and_flask_containing_its_fluorescent_solution_Hi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1764" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A cup made from the wood of the narra tree (<i><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus_indicus" title="Pterocarpus indicus">Pterocarpus indicus</a></i>) beside a flask containing its fluorescent <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solution</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Lignum_nephriticum" title="Lignum nephriticum">Lignum nephriticum</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matlaline_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Matlaline_structure.svg/220px-Matlaline_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Matlaline_structure.svg/330px-Matlaline_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Matlaline_structure.svg/440px-Matlaline_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption>Matlaline, the fluorescent substance in the wood of the tree <i>Eysenhardtia polystachya</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Fluorescence was observed long before it was named and understood.<sup id="cite_ref-Valeur_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valeur-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early observation of fluorescence was known to the Aztecs<sup id="cite_ref-Valeur_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valeur-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and described in 1560 by <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_de_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Bernardino de Sahagún">Bernardino de Sahagún</a> and in 1565 by <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Monardes" title="Nicolás Monardes">Nicolás Monardes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Infusion" title="Infusion">infusion</a> known as <i><a href="/wiki/Lignum_nephriticum" title="Lignum nephriticum">lignum nephriticum</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "kidney wood"). It was derived from the wood of two tree species, <i><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus_indicus" title="Pterocarpus indicus">Pterocarpus indicus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Eysenhardtia_polystachya" title="Eysenhardtia polystachya">Eysenhardtia polystachya</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-acuna_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acuna-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-saff_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saff-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chemical compound responsible for this fluorescence is matlaline, which is the oxidation product of one of the <a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">flavonoids</a> found in this wood.<sup id="cite_ref-acuna_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acuna-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1819, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Daniel_Clarke" title="Edward Daniel Clarke">E.D. Clarke</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1822 <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Just_Ha%C3%BCy" title="René Just Haüy">René Just Haüy</a> <sup id="cite_ref-Haüy-1822_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haüy-1822-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> described some varieties of <a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">fluorites</a> that had a different color depending on whether the light was reflected or (apparently) transmitted. Haüy incorrectly viewed the effect as light scattering similar to <a href="/wiki/Opalescence" title="Opalescence">opalescence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Valeur_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valeur-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Location: Fig.5
Quotation: "The green color is due to Sm2+ absorption (in the blue and in the red) (14), whereas the deep blue color is due to Eu2+ fluorescence..."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">Fig.5</span> </sup> In 1833 <a href="/wiki/Sir_David_Brewster" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir David Brewster">Sir David Brewster</a> described a similar effect in <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a> which he also considered a form of opalescence.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Herschel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Herschel">Sir John Herschel</a> studied <a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">quinine</a> in 1845<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and came to a different incorrect conclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-Valeur_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valeur-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1842, <a href="/wiki/A._E._Becquerel" class="mw-redirect" title="A. E. Becquerel">A.E. Becquerel</a> observed that <a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfide" title="Calcium sulfide">calcium sulfide</a> emits light after being exposed to solar <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>, making him the first to state that the emitted light is of longer wavelength than the incident light. While his observation of <a href="/wiki/Photoluminescence" title="Photoluminescence">photoluminescence</a> was similar to that described 10 years later by Stokes, who observed a fluorescence of a solution of <a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">quinine</a>, the phenomenon that Becquerel described with calcium sulfide is now called <a href="/wiki/Phosphorescence" title="Phosphorescence">phosphorescence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Valeur_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valeur-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1852 paper on the "Refrangibility" (<a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> change) of light, <a href="/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" class="mw-redirect" title="George Gabriel Stokes">George Gabriel Stokes</a> described the ability of <a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">fluorspar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium_glass" title="Uranium glass">uranium glass</a> and many other substances to change invisible light beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum into visible light. He named this phenomenon <i>fluorescence</i><sup id="cite_ref-Valeur_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valeur-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>"I am almost inclined to coin a word, and call the appearance <i>fluorescence</i>, from fluor-spar [i.e., fluorite], as the analogous term <i>opalescence</i> is derived from the name of a mineral."<sup id="cite_ref-Stokes-1852_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stokes-1852-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  479, footnote">(p 479, footnote)</span></sup></dd></dl> <p>Neither Becquerel nor Stokes understood one key aspect of photoluminescence: the critical difference from <a href="/wiki/Incandescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescence">incandescence</a>, the emission of light by heated material. To distinguish it from incandescence, in the late 1800s, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Wiedemann" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav Wiedemann">Gustav Wiedemann</a> proposed the term <a href="/wiki/Luminescence" title="Luminescence">luminescence</a> to designate any emission of light more intense than expected from the source's temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-Valeur_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valeur-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Advances in <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum electronics">quantum electronics</a> between the 1950s and 1970s provided a way to distinguish between the three different mechanisms that produce the light, as well as narrowing down the typical timescales those mechanisms take to decay after absorption. In modern science, this distinction became important because some items, such as lasers, required the fastest decay times, which typically occur in the nanosecond (billionth of a second) range. In physics, this first mechanism was termed "fluorescence" or "singlet emission", and is common in many laser mediums such as ruby. Other fluorescent materials were discovered to have much longer decay times, because some of the atoms would change their <a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">spin</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Triplet_state" title="Triplet state">triplet state</a>, thus would glow brightly with fluorescence under excitation but produce a dimmer afterglow for a short time after the excitation was removed, which became labeled "phosphorescence" or "triplet phosphorescence". The typical decay times ranged from a few microseconds to one second, which are still fast enough by human-eye standards to be colloquially referred to as fluorescent. Common examples include fluorescent lamps, organic dyes, and even fluorspar. Longer emitters, commonly referred to as glow-in-the-dark substances, ranged from one second to many hours, and this mechanism was called persistent phosphorescence or <a href="/wiki/Persistent_luminescence" title="Persistent luminescence">persistent luminescence</a>, to distinguish it from the other two mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1–25">: 1–25 </span></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_principles">Physical principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruby_ball_fluorescence_@_520nm_laser_illumination.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ruby_ball_fluorescence_%40_520nm_laser_illumination.jpg/220px-Ruby_ball_fluorescence_%40_520nm_laser_illumination.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ruby_ball_fluorescence_%40_520nm_laser_illumination.jpg/330px-Ruby_ball_fluorescence_%40_520nm_laser_illumination.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ruby_ball_fluorescence_%40_520nm_laser_illumination.jpg/440px-Ruby_ball_fluorescence_%40_520nm_laser_illumination.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>A ruby <a href="/wiki/Ball_lens" title="Ball lens">ball lens</a> atop a green laser-pointer. The green beam <a href="/wiki/Vergence_(optics)" title="Vergence (optics)">converges</a> into a cone within the crystal and is focused to a point on top. The green light is absorbed and spontaneously remitted as red light. Not all of the light is absorbed, and a small portion of the 520 nm laser light transmits through the top, unaltered by the ruby's red color.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fluorescence occurs when an excited molecule, atom, or <a href="/wiki/Nanostructure" title="Nanostructure">nanostructure</a>, relaxes to a lower energy state (usually the <a href="/wiki/Ground_state" title="Ground state">ground state</a>) through emission of a <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> without a change in <a href="/wiki/Electron_spin" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron spin">electron spin</a>. When the initial and final states have different multiplicity (spin), the phenomenon is termed <a href="/wiki/Phosphorescence" title="Phosphorescence">phosphorescence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a molecule in its ground state (called S<sub>0</sub>) is photoexcited it may end up in any one of a number of excited states (S<sub>1</sub>, S<sub>2</sub>, S<sub>3</sub>,...). These higher excited states are different vibrational levels, populated in proportion to their overlap with the ground state according to the <a href="/wiki/Franck-Condon_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Franck-Condon principle">Franck-Condon principle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Berberan-Santos,_Mario-2012_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berberan-Santos,_Mario-2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup> These vibrational excited states typically decay rapidly by to S<sub>1</sub>, followed by radiative transition to the ground state or to vibrational states close to the ground state. This transition is called fluorescence. All of these states are <a href="/wiki/Singlet_state" title="Singlet state">singlet states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallick-2023_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallick-2023-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 225">: 225 </span></sup> </p><p>A different pathway for deexcitation is intersystem crossing from the S<sub>1</sub> to a <a href="/wiki/Triplet_state" title="Triplet state">triplet state</a> T<sub>1</sub>. Decay from T<sub>1</sub> to S<sub>0</sub> is typically slower and less intense and is called phosphorescence.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallick-2023_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallick-2023-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 225">: 225 </span></sup> </p><p>Absorption of a photon of energy <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h\nu _{ex}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>h</mi> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h\nu _{ex}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7f758bb88aa43e36ff54e05d8a1a664e974ea3f2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.426ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h\nu _{ex}}" /></span> results in an excited state of the same multiplicity (spin) of the ground state, usually a singlet (S<sub>n</sub> with n > 0). In solution, states with n > 1 relax rapidly to the lowest vibrational level of the first excited state (S<sub>1</sub>) by transferring energy to the solvent molecules through non-radiative processes, including internal conversion followed by vibrational relaxation, in which the energy is dissipated as <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a>. Thus the fluorescence energy is typically less than the photoexcitation energy.<sup id="cite_ref-Berberan-Santos,_Mario-2012_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berberan-Santos,_Mario-2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38">: 38 </span></sup> </p><p>The excited state S<sub>1</sub> can relax by other mechanisms that do not involve the emission of light. These processes, called non-radiative processes, compete with fluorescence emission and decrease its efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-Berberan-Santos,_Mario-2012_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berberan-Santos,_Mario-2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include <a href="/wiki/Internal_conversion_(chemistry)" title="Internal conversion (chemistry)">internal conversion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intersystem_crossing" title="Intersystem crossing">intersystem crossing</a> to the triplet state, and energy transfer to another molecule. An example of energy transfer is <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rster_resonance_energy_transfer" title="Förster resonance energy transfer">Förster resonance energy transfer</a>. Relaxation from an excited state can also occur through collisional <a href="/wiki/Quenching_(fluorescence)" title="Quenching (fluorescence)">quenching</a>, a process where a molecule (the quencher) collides with the fluorescent molecule during its excited state lifetime. Molecular <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> (O<sub>2</sub>) is an extremely efficient quencher of fluorescence because of its unusual triplet ground state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantum_yield">Quantum yield</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Quantum yield"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fluorescence <a href="/wiki/Quantum_yield" title="Quantum yield">quantum yield</a> gives the efficiency of the fluorescence process. It is defined as the ratio of the number of photons emitted to the number of photons absorbed.<sup id="cite_ref-Lakowicz-1999_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lakowicz-1999-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  10">(p 10)</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berberan-Santos,_Mario-2012_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berberan-Santos,_Mario-2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi ={\frac {\text{Number of photons emitted}}{\text{Number of photons absorbed}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>Number of photons emitted</mtext> <mtext>Number of photons absorbed</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi ={\frac {\text{Number of photons emitted}}{\text{Number of photons absorbed}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/57ff4856a54cb75da7e90670bb5a49aa0fca8ca9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:34.523ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi ={\frac {\text{Number of photons emitted}}{\text{Number of photons absorbed}}}}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>The maximum possible fluorescence quantum yield is 1.0 (100%); each <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> absorbed results in a photon emitted. Compounds with quantum yields of 0.10 are still considered quite fluorescent. Another way to define the quantum yield of fluorescence is by the rate of excited state decay: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi ={\frac {{k}_{f}}{\sum _{i}{k}_{i}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <munder> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </munder> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi ={\frac {{k}_{f}}{\sum _{i}{k}_{i}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b0c1e33b08d9da824b6d92738b9cad6f2e2d532d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:11.264ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi ={\frac {{k}_{f}}{\sum _{i}{k}_{i}}}}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {k}_{f}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {k}_{f}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/403b1d50fc991cd8d2629a4f2ae8a539ef9089d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.348ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {k}_{f}}" /></span> is the rate constant of <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_emission" title="Spontaneous emission">spontaneous emission</a> of radiation and </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum _{i}{k}_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <munder> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </munder> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum _{i}{k}_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9b5b774e009ac4f5303f17dda919e7464bc0add3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:5.753ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{i}{k}_{i}}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>is the sum of all rates of excited state decay. Other rates of excited state decay are caused by mechanisms other than photon emission and are, therefore, often called "non-radiative rates", which can include: </p> <ul><li>dynamic collisional quenching</li> <li>near-field dipole–dipole interaction (or <a href="/wiki/Resonance_energy_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Resonance energy transfer">resonance energy transfer</a>)</li> <li>internal conversion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersystem_crossing" title="Intersystem crossing">intersystem crossing</a></li></ul> <p>Thus, if the rate of any pathway changes, both the excited state lifetime and the fluorescence quantum yield will be affected. </p><p>Fluorescence quantum yields are measured by comparison to a standard.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">quinine</a> salt <i>quinine sulfate</i> in a <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> solution was regarded as the most common fluorescence standard,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, a recent study revealed that the fluorescence quantum yield of this solution is strongly affected by the temperature, and should no longer be used as the standard solution. The quinine in 0.1 <a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">M</a> perchloric acid (<span class="nowrap">Φ = 0.60</span>) shows no temperature dependence up to 45 °C, therefore it can be considered as a reliable standard solution.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifetime">Lifetime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lifetime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jablonski_Diagram_of_Fluorescence_Only-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jablonski_Diagram_of_Fluorescence_Only-en.svg/220px-Jablonski_Diagram_of_Fluorescence_Only-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jablonski_Diagram_of_Fluorescence_Only-en.svg/330px-Jablonski_Diagram_of_Fluorescence_Only-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jablonski_Diagram_of_Fluorescence_Only-en.svg/440px-Jablonski_Diagram_of_Fluorescence_Only-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jablonski_diagram" title="Jablonski diagram">Jablonski diagram</a>. After an electron absorbs a high-energy photon the system is excited electronically and vibrationally. The system relaxes vibrationally, and eventually fluoresces at a longer wavelength than the original high-energy photon had.</figcaption></figure> <p>The fluorescence lifetime refers to the average time the molecule stays in its excited state before emitting a photon. Fluorescence typically follows <a href="/wiki/First-order_kinetics" class="mw-redirect" title="First-order kinetics">first-order kinetics</a>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left[S_{1}\right]=\left[S_{1}\right]_{0}e^{-\Gamma t}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left[S_{1}\right]=\left[S_{1}\right]_{0}e^{-\Gamma t}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9862f745e8c8e8f83083c7e8038c0a4c632b6c07" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:15.914ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left[S_{1}\right]=\left[S_{1}\right]_{0}e^{-\Gamma t}}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left[S_{1}\right]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left[S_{1}\right]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/85875c6a1407cb88df37cff6cac722a1b488dbc2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.773ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left[S_{1}\right]}" /></span> is the concentration of excited state molecules at time <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" /></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left[S_{1}\right]_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left[S_{1}\right]_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8ddfd576e02a185cecd193db9b729e228db24d84" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.827ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left[S_{1}\right]_{0}}" /></span> is the initial concentration and <a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Gamma }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Gamma }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4cfde86a3f7ec967af9955d0988592f0693d2b19" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.453ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Gamma }" /></span></a> is the decay rate or the inverse of the fluorescence lifetime. This is an instance of <a href="/wiki/Exponential_decay" title="Exponential decay">exponential decay</a>. Various radiative and non-radiative processes can de-populate the excited state. In such case the total decay rate is the sum over all rates: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Gamma _{tot}=\Gamma _{rad}+\Gamma _{nrad}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Gamma _{tot}=\Gamma _{rad}+\Gamma _{nrad}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/452140b60f40ea43d7280eee1ab04271a0fd9c1c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:18.907ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Gamma _{tot}=\Gamma _{rad}+\Gamma _{nrad}}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Gamma _{tot}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Gamma _{tot}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cd31f2c90a6d1c11f3075ad0afec68791a7bdbb4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.67ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Gamma _{tot}}" /></span> is the total decay rate, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Gamma _{rad}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Gamma _{rad}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6ba8025cb2303257dda7d0e58b6b5c9fe70a28d7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.156ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Gamma _{rad}}" /></span> the radiative decay rate and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Gamma _{nrad}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Gamma _{nrad}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cd080efec8c379a06798e8b3830c30df00cdd6ae" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.142ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Gamma _{nrad}}" /></span> the non-radiative decay rate. It is similar to a first-order chemical reaction in which the first-order rate constant is the sum of all of the rates (a parallel kinetic model). If the rate of spontaneous emission, or any of the other rates are fast, the lifetime is short. For commonly used fluorescent compounds, typical excited state decay times for photon emissions with energies from the <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UV</a> to <a href="/wiki/Near_infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Near infrared">near infrared</a> are within the range of 0.5 to 20 <a href="/wiki/Nanoseconds" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanoseconds">nanoseconds</a>. The fluorescence lifetime is an important parameter for practical applications of fluorescence such as <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_resonance_energy_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescence resonance energy transfer">fluorescence resonance energy transfer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence-lifetime_imaging_microscopy" title="Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy">fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jablonski_diagram">Jablonski diagram</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Jablonski diagram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Jablonski_diagram" title="Jablonski diagram">Jablonski diagram</a> describes most of the relaxation mechanisms for excited state molecules. The diagram alongside shows how fluorescence occurs due to the relaxation of certain excited electrons of a molecule.<sup id="cite_ref-mehta_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mehta-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fluorescence_anisotropy">Fluorescence anisotropy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fluorescence anisotropy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fluorophores are more likely to be excited by photons if the transition moment of the fluorophore is parallel to the electric vector of the photon.<sup id="cite_ref-Lakowicz-1999_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lakowicz-1999-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages:  12–13">(pp 12–13)</span></sup> The polarization of the emitted light will also depend on the transition moment. The transition moment is dependent on the physical orientation of the fluorophore molecule. For fluorophores in solution, the intensity and polarization of the emitted light is dependent on rotational diffusion. Therefore, anisotropy measurements can be used to investigate how freely a fluorescent molecule moves in a particular environment. </p><p>Fluorescence anisotropy can be defined quantitatively as </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r={I_{\parallel }-I_{\perp } \over I_{\parallel }+2I_{\perp }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∥</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊥</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∥</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊥</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r={I_{\parallel }-I_{\perp } \over I_{\parallel }+2I_{\perp }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5a9b2003218d051237a85ea7ab83d7bf90bd07c2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:13.597ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r={I_{\parallel }-I_{\perp } \over I_{\parallel }+2I_{\perp }}}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{\parallel }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∥</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{\parallel }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3050b5a9fe560b080c7836bf8f665e2267a6f1ff" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:2.077ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{\parallel }}" /></span> is the emitted intensity parallel to the polarization of the excitation light and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{\perp }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊥</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{\perp }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a4cf2e67cdc6b21c6b78c13a62813566f7402d74" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.534ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{\perp }}" /></span> is the emitted intensity perpendicular to the polarization of the excitation light.<sup id="cite_ref-Berberan-Santos,_Mario-2012_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berberan-Santos,_Mario-2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anisotropy is independent of the intensity of the absorbed or emitted light, it is the property of the light, so photobleaching of the dye will not affect the anisotropy value as long as the signal is detectable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fluorescence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_$20_under_blacklight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/US_%2420_under_blacklight.jpg/220px-US_%2420_under_blacklight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/US_%2420_under_blacklight.jpg/330px-US_%2420_under_blacklight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/US_%2420_under_blacklight.jpg/440px-US_%2420_under_blacklight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Fluorescent security strip in a US twenty dollar bill under UV light</figcaption></figure> <p>Strongly fluorescent pigments often have an unusual appearance which is often described colloquially as a "neon color" (originally "day-glo" in the late 1960s, early 1970s). This phenomenon was termed "Farbenglut" by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a> and "fluorence" by Ralph M. Evans. It is generally thought to be related to the high brightness of the color relative to what it would be as a component of white. Fluorescence shifts energy in the incident illumination from shorter wavelengths to longer (such as blue to yellow) and thus can make the fluorescent color appear brighter (more saturated) than it could possibly be by reflection alone.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rules">Rules</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several general <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thumb" title="Rule of thumb">rules</a> that deal with fluorescence. Each of the following rules have exceptions but they are useful guidelines for understanding fluorescence (these rules do not necessarily apply to <a href="/wiki/Two-photon_absorption" title="Two-photon absorption">two-photon absorption</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kasha's_rule"><span id="Kasha.27s_rule"></span>Kasha's rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Kasha's rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kasha%27s_rule" title="Kasha's rule">Kasha's rule</a> states that the luminesce (fluorescence or phosphorescence) of a molecule will be emitted only from the lowest excited state of its given multiplicity.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vavilov's rule (a logical extension of Kasha's rule thusly called Kasha–Vavilov rule) dictates that the quantum yield of luminescence is independent of the wavelength of exciting radiation and is proportional to the absorbance of the excited wavelength.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kasha's rule does not always apply and is violated by simple molecules, such an example is azulene.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A somewhat more reliable statement, although still with exceptions, would be that the fluorescence spectrum shows very little dependence on the wavelength of exciting radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mirror_image_rule">Mirror image rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mirror image rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stokes_shift-_Rh6G.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Stokes_shift-_Rh6G.png/220px-Stokes_shift-_Rh6G.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Stokes_shift-_Rh6G.png/330px-Stokes_shift-_Rh6G.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Stokes_shift-_Rh6G.png/440px-Stokes_shift-_Rh6G.png 2x" data-file-width="2286" data-file-height="2183" /></a><figcaption>The fluorescent dye, <a href="/wiki/Rhodamine_6G" title="Rhodamine 6G">rhodamine 6G</a>, is commonly used in applications such as <a href="/wiki/Highlighter_pen" class="mw-redirect" title="Highlighter pen">highlighter pens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dye_laser" title="Dye laser">dye lasers</a>, and automotive leak detection. The absorption profile is a mirror of the emission profile.</figcaption></figure> <p>For many fluorophores the absorption spectrum is a mirror image of the emission spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-Lakowicz-1999_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lakowicz-1999-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages:  6–8">(pp 6–8)</span></sup> This is known as the mirror image rule and is related to the <a href="/wiki/Franck%E2%80%93Condon_principle" title="Franck–Condon principle">Franck–Condon principle</a> which states that electronic transitions are vertical, that is energy changes without distance changing as can be represented with a vertical line in Jablonski diagram. This means the nucleus does not move and the vibration levels of the excited state resemble the vibration levels of the ground state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stokes_shift">Stokes shift</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Stokes shift"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stokes_shift" title="Stokes shift">Stokes shift</a></div> <p>In general, emitted fluorescence light has a longer wavelength and lower energy than the absorbed light.<sup id="cite_ref-Lakowicz-1999_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lakowicz-1999-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages:  6–7">(pp 6–7)</span></sup> This phenomenon, known as <a href="/wiki/Stokes_shift" title="Stokes shift">Stokes shift</a>, is due to energy loss between the time a photon is absorbed and when a new one is emitted. The causes and magnitude of Stokes shift can be complex and are dependent on the fluorophore and its environment. However, there are some common causes. It is frequently due to non-radiative decay to the lowest vibrational energy level of the excited state. Another factor is that the emission of fluorescence frequently leaves a fluorophore in a higher vibrational level of the ground state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_nature">In nature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In nature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fluorescent_Coral_Movie.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Fluorescent_Coral_Movie.gif/220px-Fluorescent_Coral_Movie.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Fluorescent_Coral_Movie.gif/330px-Fluorescent_Coral_Movie.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Fluorescent_Coral_Movie.gif/440px-Fluorescent_Coral_Movie.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Fluorescent coral</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_in_the_life_sciences" title="Fluorescence in the life sciences">Fluorescence in the life sciences</a></div> <p>There are many natural compounds that exhibit fluorescence, and they have a number of applications. Some deep-sea animals, such as the <a href="/wiki/Greeneye" title="Greeneye">greeneye</a>, have fluorescent structures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compared_to_bioluminescence_and_biophosphorescence">Compared to bioluminescence and biophosphorescence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Compared to bioluminescence and biophosphorescence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fluorescence_2">Fluorescence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fluorescence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fluorescence is the phenomenon of absorption of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic</a> radiation, typically from ultraviolet or <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a>, by a molecule and the subsequent emission of a photon of a lower energy (smaller frequency, longer wavelength). This causes the light that is emitted to be a different color than the light that is absorbed. Stimulating light excites an <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> to an excited state. When the molecule returns to the ground state, it releases a photon, which is the fluorescent emission. The excited state lifetime is short, so emission of light is typically only observable when the absorbing light is on. Fluorescence can be of any wavelength but is often more significant when emitted photons are in the visible spectrum. When it occurs in a living organism, it is sometimes called biofluorescence. Fluorescence should not be confused with bioluminescence and biophosphorescence.<sup id="cite_ref-Fluorescence_in_marine_organisms_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fluorescence_in_marine_organisms-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pumpkin toadlets that live in the Brazilian Atlantic forest are fluorescent.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bioluminescence">Bioluminescence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bioluminescence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">Bioluminescence</a> differs from fluorescence in that it is the natural production of light by chemical reactions within an organism, whereas fluorescence is the absorption and reemission of light from the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Fluorescence_in_marine_organisms_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fluorescence_in_marine_organisms-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Firefly" title="Firefly">Fireflies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglerfish" title="Anglerfish">anglerfish</a> are two examples of bioluminescent organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To add to the potential confusion, some organisms are both bioluminescent and fluorescent, like the sea pansy <a href="/wiki/Renilla_reniformis" title="Renilla reniformis">Renilla reniformis</a>, where bioluminescence serves as the light source for fluorescence.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phosphorescence">Phosphorescence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Phosphorescence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Phosphorescence" title="Phosphorescence">Phosphorescence</a> is similar to fluorescence in its requirement of light wavelengths as a provider of excitation energy. The difference here lies in the relative stability of the energized electron. Unlike with fluorescence, in phosphorescence the electron retains stability, emitting light that continues to "glow in the dark" even after the stimulating light source has been removed.<sup id="cite_ref-Fluorescence_in_marine_organisms_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fluorescence_in_marine_organisms-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorescence" title="Phosphorescence">glow-in-the-dark</a> stickers are phosphorescent, but there are no truly <i>biophosphorescent</i> animals known.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanisms">Mechanisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mechanisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Epidermal_chromatophores">Epidermal chromatophores</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Epidermal chromatophores"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pigment cells that exhibit fluorescence are called fluorescent chromatophores, and function somatically similar to regular <a href="/wiki/Chromatophore" title="Chromatophore">chromatophores</a>. These cells are dendritic, and contain pigments called fluorosomes. These pigments contain fluorescent proteins which are activated by K+ (potassium) ions, and it is their movement, aggregation, and dispersion within the fluorescent chromatophore that cause directed fluorescence patterning.<sup id="cite_ref-wucherer_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wucherer-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fluorescent cells are innervated the same as other chromatophores, like melanophores, pigment cells that contain <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a>. Short term fluorescent patterning and signaling is controlled by the nervous system.<sup id="cite_ref-wucherer_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wucherer-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fluorescent chromatophores can be found in the skin (e.g. in fish) just below the epidermis, amongst other chromatophores. </p><p>Epidermal fluorescent cells in fish also respond to hormonal stimuli by the α–MSH and MCH hormones much the same as melanophores. This suggests that fluorescent cells may have color changes throughout the day that coincide with their <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian rhythm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fish may also be sensitive to <a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a> induced <a href="/wiki/Stress_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress response">stress responses</a> to environmental stimuli, such as interaction with a predator or engaging in a mating ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-wucherer_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wucherer-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Phylogenetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Evolutionary_origins">Evolutionary origins</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Evolutionary origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The incidence of fluorescence across the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life" title="Tree of life">tree of life</a> is widespread, and has been studied most extensively in cnidarians and fish. The phenomenon appears to have evolved multiple times in multiple <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a> such as in the anguilliformes (eels), gobioidei (gobies and cardinalfishes), and tetradontiformes (triggerfishes), along with the other taxa discussed later in the article. Fluorescence is highly genotypically and phenotypically variable even within ecosystems, in regards to the wavelengths emitted, the patterns displayed, and the intensity of the fluorescence. Generally, the species relying upon camouflage exhibit the greatest diversity in fluorescence, likely because camouflage may be one of the uses of fluorescence.<sup id="cite_ref-sparks_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sparks-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Observed_occurrences_of_green_and_red_biofluorescence_in_Actinopterygii_-_journal.pone.0083259.g002.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Observed occurrences of green and red biofluorescence in Actinopterygii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Observed_occurrences_of_green_and_red_biofluorescence_in_Actinopterygii_-_journal.pone.0083259.g002.png/250px-Observed_occurrences_of_green_and_red_biofluorescence_in_Actinopterygii_-_journal.pone.0083259.g002.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Observed_occurrences_of_green_and_red_biofluorescence_in_Actinopterygii_-_journal.pone.0083259.g002.png/330px-Observed_occurrences_of_green_and_red_biofluorescence_in_Actinopterygii_-_journal.pone.0083259.g002.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Observed_occurrences_of_green_and_red_biofluorescence_in_Actinopterygii_-_journal.pone.0083259.g002.png/500px-Observed_occurrences_of_green_and_red_biofluorescence_in_Actinopterygii_-_journal.pone.0083259.g002.png 2x" data-file-width="4118" data-file-height="2138" /></a><figcaption>Fluorescence has multiple origins in the tree of life. This diagram displays the origins within actinopterygians (ray finned fish).</figcaption></figure> <p>It is suspected by some scientists that <a href="/wiki/Green_fluorescent_protein" title="Green fluorescent protein">GFPs</a> and GFP-like proteins began as electron donors activated by light. These electrons were then used for reactions requiring light energy. Functions of fluorescent proteins, such as protection from the sun, conversion of light into different wavelengths, or for signaling are thought to have evolved secondarily.<sup id="cite_ref-Biology_of_underwater_fluorescence_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biology_of_underwater_fluorescence-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adaptive_functions">Adaptive functions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Adaptive functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Currently, relatively little is known about the functional significance of fluorescence and fluorescent proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-Biology_of_underwater_fluorescence_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biology_of_underwater_fluorescence-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is suspected that fluorescence may serve important functions in signaling and communication, <a href="/wiki/Mating" title="Mating">mating</a>, lures, <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a>, <a href="/wiki/UV_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="UV protection">UV protection</a> and antioxidation, photoacclimation, <a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">dinoflagellate</a> regulation, and in coral health.<sup id="cite_ref-HaddockDunn2015_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaddockDunn2015-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquatic">Aquatic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Aquatic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Water absorbs light of long wavelengths, so less light from these wavelengths reflects back to reach the eye. Therefore, warm colors from the visual light spectrum appear less vibrant at increasing depths. Water scatters light of shorter wavelengths above violet, meaning cooler colors dominate the visual field in the <a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">photic zone</a>. Light intensity decreases 10 fold with every 75 m of depth, so at depths of 75 m, light is 10% as intense as it is on the surface, and is only 1% as intense at 150 m as it is on the surface. Because the water filters out the wavelengths and intensity of water reaching certain depths, different proteins, because of the wavelengths and intensities of light they are capable of absorbing, are better suited to different depths. Theoretically, some fish eyes can detect light as deep as 1000 m. At these depths of the aphotic zone, the only sources of light are organisms themselves, giving off light through chemical reactions in a process called bioluminescence. </p><p>Fluorescence is simply defined as the absorption of electromagnetic radiation at one <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> and its reemission at another, lower energy wavelength.<sup id="cite_ref-sparks_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sparks-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus any type of fluorescence depends on the presence of external sources of light. Biologically functional fluorescence is found in the photic zone, where there is not only enough light to cause fluorescence, but enough light for other organisms to detect it.<sup id="cite_ref-Mazel2017_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazel2017-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The visual field in the photic zone is naturally blue, so colors of fluorescence can be detected as bright reds, oranges, yellows, and greens. Green is the most commonly found color in the marine spectrum, yellow the second most, orange the third, and red is the rarest. Fluorescence can occur in organisms in the aphotic zone as a byproduct of that same organism's bioluminescence. Some fluorescence in the aphotic zone is merely a byproduct of the organism's tissue biochemistry and does not have a functional purpose. However, some cases of functional and adaptive significance of fluorescence in the aphotic zone of the deep ocean is an active area of research.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Photic_zone">Photic zone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Photic zone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">Photic zone</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Fish">Fish</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Fish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diversity_of_fluorescent_patterns_and_colors_in_marine_fishes_-_journal.pone.0083259.g001.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Diversity_of_fluorescent_patterns_and_colors_in_marine_fishes_-_journal.pone.0083259.g001.png/250px-Diversity_of_fluorescent_patterns_and_colors_in_marine_fishes_-_journal.pone.0083259.g001.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="372" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Diversity_of_fluorescent_patterns_and_colors_in_marine_fishes_-_journal.pone.0083259.g001.png/330px-Diversity_of_fluorescent_patterns_and_colors_in_marine_fishes_-_journal.pone.0083259.g001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Diversity_of_fluorescent_patterns_and_colors_in_marine_fishes_-_journal.pone.0083259.g001.png/500px-Diversity_of_fluorescent_patterns_and_colors_in_marine_fishes_-_journal.pone.0083259.g001.png 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="2741" /></a><figcaption>Fluorescent marine fish</figcaption></figure> <p>Bony fishes living in shallow water generally have good color vision due to their living in a colorful environment. Thus, in shallow-water fishes, red, orange, and green fluorescence most likely serves as a means of communication with <a href="/wiki/Biological_specificity" title="Biological specificity">conspecifics</a>, especially given the great phenotypic variance of the phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-sparks_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sparks-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many fish that exhibit fluorescence, such as <a href="/wiki/Sharks" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharks">sharks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lizardfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lizardfish">lizardfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scorpionfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorpionfish">scorpionfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrasses">wrasses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flatfishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Flatfishes">flatfishes</a>, also possess yellow intraocular filters.<sup id="cite_ref-Heinermann_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heinermann-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yellow intraocular filters in the <a href="/wiki/Lens_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (anatomy)">lenses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">cornea</a> of certain fishes function as long-pass filters. These filters enable the species to visualize and potentially exploit fluorescence, in order to enhance visual contrast and patterns that are unseen to other fishes and predators that lack this visual specialization.<sup id="cite_ref-sparks_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sparks-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fish that possess the necessary yellow intraocular filters for visualizing fluorescence potentially exploit a light signal from members of it. Fluorescent patterning was especially prominent in cryptically patterned fishes possessing complex camouflage. Many of these lineages also possess yellow long-pass intraocular filters that could enable visualization of such patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-Heinermann_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heinermann-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another adaptive use of fluorescence is to generate orange and red light from the ambient blue light of the <a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">photic zone</a> to aid vision. Red light can only be seen across short distances due to attenuation of red light wavelengths by water.<sup id="cite_ref-michiels_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michiels-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many fish species that fluoresce are small, group-living, or benthic/aphotic, and have conspicuous patterning. This patterning is caused by fluorescent tissue and is visible to other members of the species, however the patterning is invisible at other visual spectra. These intraspecific fluorescent patterns also coincide with intra-species signaling. The patterns present in ocular rings to indicate directionality of an individual's gaze, and along fins to indicate directionality of an individual's movement.<sup id="cite_ref-michiels_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michiels-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current research suspects that this red fluorescence is used for private communication between members of the same species.<sup id="cite_ref-wucherer_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wucherer-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sparks_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sparks-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-michiels_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michiels-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the prominence of blue light at ocean depths, red light and light of longer wavelengths are muddled, and many predatory reef fish have little to no sensitivity for light at these wavelengths. Fish such as the fairy wrasse that have developed visual sensitivity to longer wavelengths are able to display red fluorescent signals that give a high contrast to the blue environment and are conspicuous to conspecifics in short ranges, yet are relatively invisible to other common fish that have reduced sensitivities to long wavelengths. Thus, fluorescence can be used as adaptive signaling and intra-species communication in reef fish.<sup id="cite_ref-michiels_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michiels-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gerlach_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gerlach-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, it is suggested that fluorescent <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a> that surround an organism's eyes are used to convert blue light from the photic zone or green bioluminescence in the aphotic zone into red light to aid vision.<sup id="cite_ref-michiels_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michiels-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sharks">Sharks</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sharks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A new <a href="/wiki/Fluorophore" title="Fluorophore">fluorophore</a> was described in two species of sharks, wherein it was due to an undescribed group of brominated tryptophane-kynurenine small molecule metabolites.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Coral">Coral</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Coral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fluorescence serves a wide variety of functions in coral. Fluorescent proteins in corals may contribute to photosynthesis by converting otherwise unusable wavelengths of light into ones for which the coral's symbiotic algae are able to conduct <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the proteins may fluctuate in number as more or less light becomes available as a means of photoacclimation.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, these fluorescent proteins may possess antioxidant capacities to eliminate oxygen radicals produced by photosynthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, through modulating photosynthesis, the fluorescent proteins may also serve as a means of regulating the activity of the coral's photosynthetic algal symbionts.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cephalopods">Cephalopods</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Cephalopods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cephalopods" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalopods">Cephalopods</a></div> <p><i>Alloteuthis subulata</i> and <i>Loligo vulgaris</i>, two types of nearly transparent squid, have fluorescent spots above their eyes. These spots reflect incident light, which may serve as a means of camouflage, but also for signaling to other squids for schooling purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Jellyfish">Jellyfish</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Jellyfish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Jelly_(%22Aequorea_Victoria%22),_Monterey_Bay_Aquarium,_Monterey,_California,_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Crystal_Jelly_%28%22Aequorea_Victoria%22%29%2C_Monterey_Bay_Aquarium%2C_Monterey%2C_California%2C_USA.jpg/250px-Crystal_Jelly_%28%22Aequorea_Victoria%22%29%2C_Monterey_Bay_Aquarium%2C_Monterey%2C_California%2C_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Crystal_Jelly_%28%22Aequorea_Victoria%22%29%2C_Monterey_Bay_Aquarium%2C_Monterey%2C_California%2C_USA.jpg/330px-Crystal_Jelly_%28%22Aequorea_Victoria%22%29%2C_Monterey_Bay_Aquarium%2C_Monterey%2C_California%2C_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Crystal_Jelly_%28%22Aequorea_Victoria%22%29%2C_Monterey_Bay_Aquarium%2C_Monterey%2C_California%2C_USA.jpg/500px-Crystal_Jelly_%28%22Aequorea_Victoria%22%29%2C_Monterey_Bay_Aquarium%2C_Monterey%2C_California%2C_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><i>Aequoria victoria</i>, biofluorescent jellyfish known for GFP</figcaption></figure> <p>Another, well-studied example of fluorescence in the ocean is the <a href="/wiki/Hydrozoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrozoan">hydrozoan</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Aequorea_victoria" title="Aequorea victoria">Aequorea victoria</a></i>. This jellyfish lives in the photic zone off the west coast of North America and was identified as a carrier of <a href="/wiki/Green_fluorescent_protein" title="Green fluorescent protein">green fluorescent protein</a> (GFP) by <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Shimomura" title="Osamu Shimomura">Osamu Shimomura</a>. The gene for these green fluorescent proteins has been isolated and is scientifically significant because it is widely used in genetic studies to indicate the expression of other genes.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Mantis_shrimp">Mantis shrimp</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Mantis shrimp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several species of <a href="/wiki/Mantis_shrimp" title="Mantis shrimp">mantis shrimp</a>, which are stomatopod <a href="/wiki/Crustaceans" class="mw-redirect" title="Crustaceans">crustaceans</a>, including <i>Lysiosquillina glabriuscula</i>, have yellow fluorescent markings along their antennal scales and <a href="/wiki/Carapace" title="Carapace">carapace</a> (shell) that males present during threat displays to predators and other males. The display involves raising the head and thorax, spreading the striking appendages and other maxillipeds, and extending the prominent, oval antennal scales laterally, which makes the animal appear larger and accentuates its yellow fluorescent markings. Furthermore, as depth increases, mantis shrimp fluorescence accounts for a greater part of the visible light available. During mating rituals, mantis shrimp actively fluoresce, and the wavelength of this fluorescence matches the wavelengths detected by their eye pigments.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aphotic_zone">Aphotic zone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Aphotic zone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aphotic_zone" title="Aphotic zone">Aphotic zone</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Siphonophores">Siphonophores</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Siphonophores"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Siphonophorae" title="Siphonophorae">Siphonophorae</a></i> is an order of marine animals from the phylum <a href="/wiki/Hydrozoa" title="Hydrozoa">Hydrozoa</a> that consist of a specialized <a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">medusoid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyp_(zoology)" title="Polyp (zoology)">polyp</a> <a href="/wiki/Zooid" title="Zooid">zooid</a>. Some siphonophores, including the genus Erenna that live in the aphotic zone between depths of 1600 m and 2300 m, exhibit yellow to red fluorescence in the <a href="/wiki/Photophores" class="mw-redirect" title="Photophores">photophores</a> of their tentacle-like <a href="/wiki/Tentilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Tentilla">tentilla</a>. This fluorescence occurs as a by-product of bioluminescence from these same photophores. The siphonophores exhibit the fluorescence in a flicking pattern that is used as a lure to attract prey.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Dragonfish">Dragonfish</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Dragonfish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The predatory deep-sea <a href="/wiki/Barbeled_dragonfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbeled dragonfish">dragonfish</a> <i>Malacosteus niger</i>, the closely related genus <i><a href="/wiki/Aristostomias" title="Aristostomias">Aristostomias</a></i> and the species <i><a href="/wiki/Pachystomias_microdon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachystomias microdon">Pachystomias microdon</a></i> use fluorescent red accessory pigments to convert the blue light emitted from their own bioluminescence to red light from suborbital <a href="/wiki/Photophores" class="mw-redirect" title="Photophores">photophores</a>. This red luminescence is invisible to other animals, which allows these dragonfish extra light at dark ocean depths without attracting or signaling predators.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrestrial">Terrestrial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Terrestrial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amphibians">Amphibians</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Amphibians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hypsiboas_punctatus_fluorescente.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hypsiboas_punctatus_fluorescente.jpg/220px-Hypsiboas_punctatus_fluorescente.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hypsiboas_punctatus_fluorescente.jpg/330px-Hypsiboas_punctatus_fluorescente.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hypsiboas_punctatus_fluorescente.jpg/440px-Hypsiboas_punctatus_fluorescente.jpg 2x" data-file-width="995" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Fluorescent <a href="/wiki/Polka-dot_tree_frog" title="Polka-dot tree frog">polka-dot tree frog</a> under UV-light</figcaption></figure> <p>Fluorescence is widespread among <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> and has been documented in several families of <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">salamanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caecilian" title="Caecilian">caecilians</a>, but the extent of it varies greatly.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamb2020_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamb2020-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Polka-dot_tree_frog" title="Polka-dot tree frog">polka-dot tree frog</a> (<i>Hypsiboas punctatus</i>), widely found in South America, was unintentionally discovered to be the first fluorescent amphibian in 2017. The fluorescence was traced to a new compound found in the <a href="/wiki/Lymph" title="Lymph">lymph</a> and skin glands.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main fluorescent compound is Hyloin-L1 and it gives a blue-green glow when exposed to violet or <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet light">ultraviolet light</a>. The scientists behind the discovery suggested that the fluorescence can be used for communication. They speculated that fluorescence possibly is relatively widespread among frogs.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only a few months later, fluorescence was discovered in the closely related <i><a href="/wiki/Hypsiboas_atlanticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypsiboas atlanticus">Hypsiboas atlanticus</a></i>. Because it is linked to secretions from skin glands, they can also leave fluorescent markings on surfaces where they have been.<sup id="cite_ref-Taboada2017_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taboada2017-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, two other frogs, the tiny <a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_toadlet" title="Pumpkin toadlet">pumpkin toadlet</a> (<i>Brachycephalus ephippium</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Red_pumpkin_toadlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Red pumpkin toadlet">red pumpkin toadlet</a> (<i>B. pitanga</i>) of southeastern Brazil, were found to have naturally fluorescent skeletons, which are visible through their skin when exposed to ultraviolet light.<sup id="cite_ref-Goutte2019_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goutte2019-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fox2019_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox2019-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was initially speculated that the fluorescence supplemented their already <a href="/wiki/Aposematic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aposematic">aposematic</a> colours (they are toxic) or that it was related to <a href="/wiki/Mate_choice" title="Mate choice">mate choice</a> (<a href="/wiki/Species_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Species recognition">species recognition</a> or determining fitness of a potential partner),<sup id="cite_ref-Goutte2019_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goutte2019-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but later studies indicate that the former explanation is unlikely, as predation attempts on the toadlets appear to be unaffected by the presence/absence of fluorescence.<sup id="cite_ref-Reboucas2019_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reboucas2019-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020 it was confirmed that green or yellow fluorescence is widespread not only in adult frogs that are exposed to blue or ultraviolet light, but also among <a href="/wiki/Tadpole" title="Tadpole">tadpoles</a>, salamanders and caecilians. The extent varies greatly depending on species; in some it is highly distinct and in others it is barely noticeable. It can be based on their skin pigmentation, their mucus or their bones.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamb2020_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamb2020-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Butterflies">Butterflies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Butterflies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Swallowtail_butterfly" title="Swallowtail butterfly">Swallowtail</a> (<i>Papilio</i>) butterflies have complex systems for emitting fluorescent light. Their wings contain pigment-infused crystals that provide directed fluorescent light. These crystals function to produce fluorescent light best when they absorb <a href="/wiki/Radiance" title="Radiance">radiance</a> from sky-blue light (wavelength about 420 nm). The wavelengths of light that the butterflies see the best correspond to the absorbance of the crystals in the butterfly's wings. This likely functions to enhance the capacity for signaling.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parrots">Parrots</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Parrots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Parrots" class="mw-redirect" title="Parrots">Parrots</a> have fluorescent <a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">plumage</a> that may be used in mate signaling. A study using mate-choice experiments on <a href="/wiki/Budgerigars" class="mw-redirect" title="Budgerigars">budgerigars</a> (<i>Melopsittacus undulates</i>) found compelling support for fluorescent sexual signaling, with both males and females significantly preferring birds with the fluorescent experimental stimulus. This study suggests that the fluorescent plumage of parrots is not simply a by-product of <a href="/wiki/Pigmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigmentation">pigmentation</a>, but instead an adapted sexual signal. Considering the intricacies of the pathways that produce fluorescent pigments, there may be significant costs involved. Therefore, individuals exhibiting strong fluorescence may be honest indicators of high individual quality, since they can deal with the associated costs.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arachnids">Arachnids</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Arachnids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sorpion_Under_Blacklight_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sorpion_Under_Blacklight_edit.jpg/250px-Sorpion_Under_Blacklight_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sorpion_Under_Blacklight_edit.jpg/330px-Sorpion_Under_Blacklight_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sorpion_Under_Blacklight_edit.jpg/500px-Sorpion_Under_Blacklight_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Fluorescing scorpion</figcaption></figure> <p>Spiders fluoresce under UV light and possess a huge diversity of fluorophores. Andrews, Reed, & Masta noted that spiders are the only known group in which fluorescence is "taxonomically widespread, variably expressed, evolutionarily labile, and probably under selection and potentially of ecological importance for intraspecific and interspecific signaling".<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews-Reed-Masta-2007_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews-Reed-Masta-2007-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They showed that fluorescence evolved multiple times across spider taxa, with novel fluorophores evolving during spider diversification. </p><p>In some spiders, ultraviolet cues are important for predator–prey interactions, intraspecific communication, and camouflage-matching with fluorescent flowers. Differing ecological contexts could favor inhibition or enhancement of fluorescence expression, depending upon whether fluorescence helps spiders be cryptic or makes them more conspicuous to predators. Therefore, natural selection could be acting on expression of fluorescence across spider species.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews-Reed-Masta-2007_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews-Reed-Masta-2007-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scorpions are also fluorescent, in their case due to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Beta_carboline" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta carboline">beta carboline</a> in their cuticles.<sup id="cite_ref-Stachel-Stockwell-vanVranken-1999_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stachel-Stockwell-vanVranken-1999-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Platypus">Platypus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Platypus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2020 fluorescence was reported for several <a href="/wiki/Platypus" title="Platypus">platypus</a> specimens.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plants">Plants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many plants are fluorescent due to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a>, which is probably the most widely distributed fluorescent molecule, producing red emission under a range of excitation wavelengths.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This attribute of chlorophyll is commonly used by ecologists to measure photosynthetic efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Mirabilis jalapa</i> flower contains violet, fluorescent betacyanins and yellow, fluorescent betaxanthins. Under white light, parts of the flower containing only betaxanthins appear yellow, but in areas where both betaxanthins and betacyanins are present, the visible fluorescence of the flower is faded due to internal light-filtering mechanisms. Fluorescence was previously suggested to play a role in <a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">pollinator</a> attraction, however, it was later found that the visual signal by fluorescence is negligible compared to the visual signal of light reflected by the flower.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abiotic">Abiotic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Abiotic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gemology,_mineralogy_and_geology"><span id="Gemology.2C_mineralogy_and_geology"></span>Gemology, mineralogy and geology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Gemology, mineralogy and geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aragonit_-_Fluorescence.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Aragonit_-_Fluorescence.gif/220px-Aragonit_-_Fluorescence.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Aragonit_-_Fluorescence.gif/330px-Aragonit_-_Fluorescence.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Aragonit_-_Fluorescence.gif/440px-Aragonit_-_Fluorescence.gif 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Fluorescence of <a href="/wiki/Aragonite" title="Aragonite">aragonite</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rough_diamonds_-_necklace_in_UV_and_normal_light_B_-_composite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Rough_diamonds_-_necklace_in_UV_and_normal_light_B_-_composite.jpg/220px-Rough_diamonds_-_necklace_in_UV_and_normal_light_B_-_composite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Rough_diamonds_-_necklace_in_UV_and_normal_light_B_-_composite.jpg/330px-Rough_diamonds_-_necklace_in_UV_and_normal_light_B_-_composite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Rough_diamonds_-_necklace_in_UV_and_normal_light_B_-_composite.jpg/440px-Rough_diamonds_-_necklace_in_UV_and_normal_light_B_-_composite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4609" data-file-height="4977" /></a><figcaption>Necklace of rough diamonds under <a href="/wiki/Blacklight" title="Blacklight">UV light</a> (top) and normal light (bottom)</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to the eponymous <a href="/wiki/Fluorspar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorspar">fluorspar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> may have a distinctive fluorescence or may fluoresce differently under short-wave ultraviolet, long-wave ultraviolet, visible light, or <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a>. </p><p>Many types of <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a> will fluoresce under shortwave UV, longwave UV and visible light. <a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Rubies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emeralds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamonds</a> exhibit red fluorescence under long-wave UV, blue and sometimes green light; diamonds also emit light under <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> radiation. </p><p>Fluorescence in minerals is caused by a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Activator_(phosphor)" title="Activator (phosphor)">activators</a>. In some cases, the concentration of the activator must be restricted to below a certain level, to prevent quenching of the fluorescent emission. Furthermore, the mineral must be free of impurities such as <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> or <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, to prevent quenching of possible fluorescence. Divalent <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, in concentrations of up to several percent, is responsible for the red or orange fluorescence of <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a>, the green fluorescence of <a href="/wiki/Willemite" title="Willemite">willemite</a>, the yellow fluorescence of <a href="/wiki/Esperite" title="Esperite">esperite</a>, and the orange fluorescence of <a href="/wiki/Wollastonite" title="Wollastonite">wollastonite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clinohedrite" title="Clinohedrite">clinohedrite</a>. Hexavalent <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Uranyl_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranyl cation">uranyl cation</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">UO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>), fluoresces at all concentrations in a yellow green, and is the cause of fluorescence of minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Autunite" title="Autunite">autunite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Andersonite" title="Andersonite">andersonite</a>, and, at low concentration, is the cause of the fluorescence of such materials as some samples of <a href="/wiki/Hyalite" title="Hyalite">hyalite</a> <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opal</a>. Trivalent <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> at low concentration is the source of the red fluorescence of <a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">ruby</a>. Divalent <a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">europium</a> is the source of the blue fluorescence, when seen in the mineral <a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">fluorite</a>. Trivalent <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanides</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">terbium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">dysprosium</a> are the principal activators of the creamy yellow fluorescence exhibited by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrofluorite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yttrofluorite (page does not exist)">yttrofluorite</a> variety of the mineral fluorite, and contribute to the orange fluorescence of <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Powellite" title="Powellite">Powellite</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcium_molybdate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calcium molybdate (page does not exist)">calcium molybdate</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Scheelite" title="Scheelite">scheelite</a> (calcium tungstate) fluoresce intrinsically in yellow and blue, respectively. When present together in <a href="/wiki/Solid_solution" title="Solid solution">solid solution</a>, energy is transferred from the higher-energy <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> to the lower-energy <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>, such that fairly low levels of <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> are sufficient to cause a yellow emission for <a href="/wiki/Scheelite" title="Scheelite">scheelite</a>, instead of blue. Low-iron <a href="/wiki/Sphalerite" title="Sphalerite">sphalerite</a> (zinc sulfide), fluoresces and phosphoresces in a range of colors, influenced by the presence of various trace impurities. </p><p>Crude oil (<a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>) fluoresces in a range of colors, from dull-brown for heavy oils and tars through to bright-yellowish and bluish-white for very light oils and condensates. This phenomenon is used in <a href="/wiki/Oil_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploration">oil exploration</a> drilling to identify very small amounts of oil in drill cuttings and core samples. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Humic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Humic acid">Humic acids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fulvic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulvic acid">fulvic acids</a> produced by the degradation of <a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">organic matter</a> in soils (<a href="/wiki/Humus" title="Humus">humus</a>) may also fluoresce because of the presence of aromatic cycles in their complex <a href="/wiki/Molecular_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular structure">molecular structures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mobed_1966_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mobed_1966-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humic substances dissolved in <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> can be detected and characterized by <a href="/wiki/Spectrofluorimetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectrofluorimetry">spectrofluorimetry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Milori_2002_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milori_2002-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Richard_2004_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richard_2004-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Sierra_2005_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sierra_2005-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Organic_liquids">Organic liquids</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Organic liquids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fluorescence_in_beer_@_450nm_illumination.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Fluorescence_in_beer_%40_450nm_illumination.jpg/220px-Fluorescence_in_beer_%40_450nm_illumination.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Fluorescence_in_beer_%40_450nm_illumination.jpg/330px-Fluorescence_in_beer_%40_450nm_illumination.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Fluorescence_in_beer_%40_450nm_illumination.jpg/440px-Fluorescence_in_beer_%40_450nm_illumination.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1951" data-file-height="1357" /></a><figcaption>Organic molecules found naturally in beer, such as <a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">tryptophan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">tyrosine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">phenylalanine</a>, fluoresce in green, ranging from 500 nm (light blue) to 600 nm (amber yellow) when illuminated with 450 nm (deep blue) laser light.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Organic (carbon based) solutions such <a href="/wiki/Anthracene" title="Anthracene">anthracene</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stilbene" title="Stilbene">stilbene</a>, dissolved in <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a> or <a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">toluene</a>, fluoresce with <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma ray</a> <a href="/wiki/Irradiation" title="Irradiation">irradiation</a>. The decay times of this fluorescence are on the order of nanoseconds, since the duration of the light depends on the lifetime of the excited states of the fluorescent material, in this case anthracene or stilbene.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Scintillation_(physics)" title="Scintillation (physics)">Scintillation</a> is defined a flash of light produced in a transparent material by the passage of a particle (an electron, an alpha particle, an ion, or a high-energy photon). Stilbene and derivatives are used in <a href="/wiki/Scintillation_counter" title="Scintillation counter">scintillation counters</a> to detect such particles. Stilbene is also one of the <a href="/wiki/Gain_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gain medium">gain mediums</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Dye_lasers" class="mw-redirect" title="Dye lasers">dye lasers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Atmosphere">Atmosphere</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Atmosphere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fluorescence is observed in the atmosphere when the air is under energetic electron bombardment. In cases such as the natural <a href="/wiki/Aurora" title="Aurora">aurora</a>, high-altitude nuclear explosions, and rocket-borne electron gun experiments, the molecules and ions formed have a fluorescent response to light.<sup id="cite_ref-gilmore1992_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilmore1992-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Common_materials_that_fluoresce">Common materials that fluoresce</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Common materials that fluoresce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B2">Vitamin B2</a> fluoresces green, with an emission centered ~525 nm.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonic_water" title="Tonic water">Tonic water</a> fluoresces blue due to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">quinine</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlighter" title="Highlighter">Highlighter</a> ink is often fluorescent due to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Pyranine" title="Pyranine">pyranine</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">Banknotes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">credit cards</a> often have fluorescent security features.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_novel_technology">In novel technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: In novel technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 2020 researchers reported the creation of the brightest fluorescent solid optical materials so far by enabling the transfer of properties of highly fluorescent <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyes</a> via spatial and electronic isolation of the dyes by mixing cationic dyes with anion-binding <a href="/wiki/Cyanostar" title="Cyanostar">cyanostar</a> <a href="/wiki/Macrocycle" title="Macrocycle">macrocycles</a>. According to a co-author these materials may have applications in areas such as solar energy harvesting, bioimaging, and lasers.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lighting">Lighting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Lighting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">Fluorescent lamp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blacklight" title="Blacklight">Blacklight</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Art_exhibition_under_black_light.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Art_exhibition_under_black_light.jpg/250px-Art_exhibition_under_black_light.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Art_exhibition_under_black_light.jpg/330px-Art_exhibition_under_black_light.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Art_exhibition_under_black_light.jpg/500px-Art_exhibition_under_black_light.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4715" data-file-height="3470" /></a><figcaption>Fluorescent paint and plastic lit by UV-A lamps (<a href="/wiki/Blacklight" title="Blacklight">blacklight</a>). Paintings by Beo Beyond.</figcaption></figure> <p>The common <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">fluorescent lamp</a> relies on fluorescence. Inside the <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> tube is a partial vacuum and a small amount of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>. An electric discharge in the tube causes the mercury atoms to emit mostly ultraviolet light. The tube is lined with a coating of a fluorescent material, called the <i><a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">phosphor</a></i>, which absorbs ultraviolet light and re-emits visible light. Fluorescent <a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">lighting</a> is more energy-efficient than <a href="/wiki/Incandescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescent">incandescent</a> lighting elements. However, the uneven <a href="/wiki/Spectrum" title="Spectrum">spectrum</a> of traditional fluorescent lamps may cause certain colors to appear different from when illuminated by incandescent light or <a href="/wiki/Daylight" title="Daylight">daylight</a>. The mercury vapor emission spectrum is dominated by a short-wave UV line at 254 nm (which provides most of the energy to the phosphors), accompanied by visible light emission at 436 nm (blue), 546 nm (green) and 579 nm (yellow-orange). These three lines can be observed superimposed on the white continuum using a hand spectroscope, for light emitted by the usual white fluorescent tubes. These same visible lines, accompanied by the emission lines of trivalent europium and trivalent terbium, and further accompanied by the emission continuum of divalent europium in the blue region, comprise the more discontinuous light emission of the modern trichromatic phosphor systems used in many <a href="/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp" title="Compact fluorescent lamp">compact fluorescent lamp</a> and traditional lamps where better color rendition is a goal.<sup id="cite_ref-How_Fluorescent_Lamps_Work_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_Fluorescent_Lamps_Work-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fluorescent lights were first available to the public at the <a href="/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1939 New York World's Fair">1939 New York World's Fair</a>. Improvements since then have largely been better phosphors, longer life, and more consistent internal discharge, and easier-to-use shapes (such as compact fluorescent lamps). Some <a href="/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamp" title="High-intensity discharge lamp">high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps</a> couple their even-greater electrical efficiency with phosphor enhancement for better color rendition.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>White <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diodes</a> (LEDs) became available in the mid-1990s as <a href="/wiki/LED_lamp" title="LED lamp">LED lamps</a>, in which blue light emitted from the <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> strikes phosphors deposited on the tiny chip. The combination of the blue light that continues through the phosphor and the green to red fluorescence from the phosphors produces a net emission of white light.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Glow_stick" title="Glow stick">Glow sticks</a> sometimes utilize fluorescent materials to absorb light from the <a href="/wiki/Chemiluminescence" title="Chemiluminescence">chemiluminescent</a> reaction and emit light of a different color.<sup id="cite_ref-How_Fluorescent_Lamps_Work_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_Fluorescent_Lamps_Work-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analytical_chemistry">Analytical chemistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Analytical chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many analytical procedures involve the use of a <a href="/wiki/Fluorometer" title="Fluorometer">fluorometer</a>, usually with a single exciting wavelength and single detection wavelength. Because of the sensitivity that the method affords, fluorescent molecule concentrations as low as 1 part per trillion can be measured.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fluorescence in several wavelengths can be detected by an <a href="/wiki/Chromatography_detector" title="Chromatography detector">array detector</a>, to detect compounds from <a href="/wiki/High-performance_liquid_chromatography" title="High-performance liquid chromatography">HPLC</a> flow. Also, <a href="/wiki/Thin_layer_chromatography" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin layer chromatography">TLC</a> plates can be visualized if the compounds or a coloring reagent is fluorescent. Fluorescence is most effective when there is a larger ratio of atoms at lower energy levels in a <a href="/wiki/Boltzmann_distribution" title="Boltzmann distribution">Boltzmann distribution</a>. There is, then, a higher probability of excitement and release of photons by lower-energy atoms, making analysis more efficient. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Spectroscopy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_spectroscopy" title="Fluorescence spectroscopy">Fluorescence spectroscopy</a></div> <p>Usually the setup of a fluorescence assay involves a light source, which may emit many different wavelengths of light. In general, a single wavelength is required for proper analysis, so, in order to selectively filter the light, it is passed through an excitation monochromator, and then that chosen wavelength is passed through the sample cell. After absorption and re-emission of the energy, many wavelengths may emerge due to <a href="/wiki/Stokes_shift" title="Stokes shift">Stokes shift</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Electron_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron transition">electron transitions</a>. To separate and analyze them, the fluorescent radiation is passed through an emission <a href="/wiki/Monochromator" title="Monochromator">monochromator</a>, and observed selectively by a detector.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lasers">Lasers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Lasers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dye_laser_alignment_intra-cavity_beam_@_589nm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Dye_laser_alignment_intra-cavity_beam_%40_589nm.jpg/220px-Dye_laser_alignment_intra-cavity_beam_%40_589nm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Dye_laser_alignment_intra-cavity_beam_%40_589nm.jpg/330px-Dye_laser_alignment_intra-cavity_beam_%40_589nm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Dye_laser_alignment_intra-cavity_beam_%40_589nm.jpg/440px-Dye_laser_alignment_intra-cavity_beam_%40_589nm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5664" data-file-height="2009" /></a><figcaption>The internal cavity of a dye laser tuned to 589 nm. The green beam from a frequency-doubled <a href="/wiki/Nd:YAG_laser" title="Nd:YAG laser">Nd:YAG laser</a> causes the dye solution to fluoresce in yellow, creating a beam between the array of mirrors.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Lasers</a> most often use the fluorescence of certain materials as their active media, such as the red glow produced by a <a href="/wiki/Ruby_laser" title="Ruby laser">ruby</a> (chromium sapphire), the infrared of <a href="/wiki/Titanium-sapphire_laser" title="Titanium-sapphire laser">titanium sapphire</a>, or the unlimited range of colors produced by <a href="/wiki/Dye_laser" title="Dye laser">organic dyes</a>. These materials normally fluoresce through a process called <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_emission" title="Spontaneous emission">spontaneous emission</a>, in which the light is emitted in all directions and often at many discrete spectral lines all at once. In many lasers, the fluorescent medium is <a href="/wiki/Laser_pumping" title="Laser pumping">"pumped"</a> by exposing it to an intense light source, creating a <a href="/wiki/Population_inversion" title="Population inversion">population inversion</a>, meaning that more of its atoms become in an excited state (high energy) rather than at ground state (low energy). When this occurs, the spontaneous fluorescence can then induce the other atoms to emit their photons in the same direction and at the same wavelength, creating <a href="/wiki/Stimulated_emission" title="Stimulated emission">stimulated emission</a>. When a portion of the spontaneous fluorescence is trapped between two mirrors, nearly all of the medium's fluorescence can be stimulated to emit along the same line, producing a laser beam.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biochemistry_and_medicine">Biochemistry and medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Biochemistry and medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_in_the_life_sciences" title="Fluorescence in the life sciences">Fluorescence in the life sciences</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FluorescentCells.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/FluorescentCells.jpg/220px-FluorescentCells.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/FluorescentCells.jpg/330px-FluorescentCells.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/FluorescentCells.jpg/440px-FluorescentCells.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium">Endothelial cells</a> under the microscope with three separate channels marking specific cellular components</figcaption></figure> <p>Fluorescence in the life sciences is used generally as a non-destructive way of tracking or analysis of biological molecules by means of the fluorescent emission at a specific frequency where there is no background from the excitation light, as relatively few cellular components are naturally fluorescent (called intrinsic or <a href="/wiki/Autofluorescence" title="Autofluorescence">autofluorescence</a>). In fact, a <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> or other component can be "labelled" with an extrinsic <a href="/wiki/Fluorophore" title="Fluorophore">fluorophore</a>, a fluorescent <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dye</a> that can be a small molecule, protein, or quantum dot, finding a large use in many biological applications.<sup id="cite_ref-Lakowicz-1999_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lakowicz-1999-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  xxvi">(p <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">xxvi</span>)</span></sup> </p><p>The quantification of a dye is done with a <a href="/wiki/Spectrofluorometer" title="Spectrofluorometer">spectrofluorometer</a> and finds additional applications in: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Microscopy">Microscopy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Microscopy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>When scanning the fluorescence intensity across a plane one has <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_microscope" title="Fluorescence microscope">fluorescence microscopy</a> of tissues, cells, or subcellular structures, which is accomplished by labeling an antibody with a fluorophore and allowing the antibody to find its target antigen within the sample. Labelling multiple antibodies with different fluorophores allows visualization of multiple targets within a single image (multiple channels). DNA microarrays are a variant of this.</li> <li>Immunology: An antibody is first prepared by having a fluorescent chemical group attached, and the sites (e.g., on a microscopic specimen) where the antibody has bound can be seen, and even quantified, by the fluorescence.</li> <li>FLIM (<a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_Lifetime_Imaging_Microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy">Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy</a>) can be used to detect certain bio-molecular interactions that manifest themselves by influencing fluorescence lifetimes.</li> <li>Cell and molecular biology: detection of <a href="/wiki/Colocalization" title="Colocalization">colocalization</a> using fluorescence-labelled antibodies for selective detection of the antigens of interest using specialized software such as ImageJ.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_techniques">Other techniques</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Other techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>FRET (<a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rster_resonance_energy_transfer" title="Förster resonance energy transfer">Förster resonance energy transfer</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_resonance_energy_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescence resonance energy transfer">fluorescence resonance energy transfer</a>) is used to study protein interactions, detect specific nucleic acid sequences and used as biosensors, while fluorescence lifetime (FLIM) can give an additional layer of information.</li> <li>Biotechnology: <a href="/wiki/Biosensors" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosensors">biosensors</a> using fluorescence are being studied as possible <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_glucose_biosensors" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent glucose biosensors">Fluorescent glucose biosensors</a>.</li> <li>Automated sequencing of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Chain_termination_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain termination method">chain termination method</a>; each of four different chain terminating bases has its own specific fluorescent tag. As the labelled DNA molecules are separated, the fluorescent label is excited by a UV source, and the identity of the base terminating the molecule is identified by the wavelength of the emitted light.</li> <li>FACS (<a href="/wiki/Fluorescence-activated_cell_sorting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescence-activated cell sorting">fluorescence-activated cell sorting</a>). One of several important <a href="/wiki/Cell_sorting" title="Cell sorting">cell sorting</a> techniques used in the separation of different cell lines (especially those isolated from animal tissues).</li> <li>DNA detection: the compound <a href="/wiki/Ethidium_bromide" title="Ethidium bromide">ethidium bromide</a>, in aqueous solution, has very little fluorescence, as it is quenched by water. Ethidium bromide's fluorescence is greatly enhanced after it binds to DNA, so this compound is very useful in visualising the location of DNA fragments in <a href="/wiki/Agarose_gel_electrophoresis" title="Agarose gel electrophoresis">agarose gel electrophoresis</a>. Intercalated ethidium is in a hydrophobic environment when it is between the base pairs of the DNA, protected from quenching by water which is excluded from the local environment of the intercalated ethidium. Ethidium bromide may be carcinogenic – an arguably safer alternative is the dye <a href="/wiki/SYBR_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="SYBR Green">SYBR Green</a>.</li> <li>FIGS (<a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_image-guided_surgery" title="Fluorescence image-guided surgery">Fluorescence image-guided surgery</a>) is a medical imaging technique that uses fluorescence to detect properly labeled structures during surgery.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravascular_fluorescence" title="Intravascular fluorescence">Intravascular fluorescence</a> is a catheter-based medical imaging technique that uses fluorescence to detect high-risk features of atherosclerosis and unhealed vascular stent devices.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20210433_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20210433-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plaque autofluorescence has been used in a first-in-man study in coronary arteries in combination with <a href="/wiki/Optical_coherence_tomography" title="Optical coherence tomography">optical coherence tomography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26971006_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26971006-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molecular agents has been also used to detect specific features, such as stent <a href="/wiki/Fibrin" title="Fibrin">fibrin</a> accumulation and enzymatic activity related to artery inflammation.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26685129_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26685129-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>SAFI (species altered fluorescence imaging) an imaging technique in <a href="/wiki/Electrokinetic_phenomena" title="Electrokinetic phenomena">electrokinetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microfluidics" title="Microfluidics">microfluidics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It uses non-electromigrating dyes whose fluorescence is easily quenched by migrating chemical species of interest. The dye(s) are usually seeded everywhere in the flow and differential quenching of their fluorescence by analytes is directly observed.</li> <li>Fluorescence-based assays for screening <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxic</a> chemicals. The optical assays consist of a mixture of environment-sensitive fluorescent dyes and human skin cells that generate fluorescence spectra patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-Moczko2016_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moczko2016-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach can reduce the need for <a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">laboratory animals</a> in biomedical research and pharmaceutical industry.</li> <li>Bone-margin detection: <a href="/wiki/Alizarin" title="Alizarin">Alizarin-stained</a> specimens and certain fossils can be lit by fluorescent lights to view anatomical structures, including bone margins.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forensics">Forensics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Forensics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fingerprint" title="Fingerprint">Fingerprints</a> can be visualized with fluorescent compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Ninhydrin" title="Ninhydrin">ninhydrin</a> or DFO (<a href="/wiki/1,8-Diazafluoren-9-one" title="1,8-Diazafluoren-9-one">1,8-Diazafluoren-9-one</a>). Blood and other substances are sometimes detected by fluorescent reagents, like <a href="/wiki/Fluorescein" title="Fluorescein">fluorescein</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Fibers</a>, and other materials that may be encountered in <a href="/wiki/Forensic_science" title="Forensic science">forensics</a> or with a relationship to various <a href="/wiki/Collectible" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectible">collectibles</a>, are sometimes fluorescent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-destructive_testing">Non-destructive testing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Non-destructive testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_penetrant_inspection" title="Fluorescent penetrant inspection">Fluorescent penetrant inspection</a> is used to find cracks and other defects on the surface of a part. <a href="/wiki/Dye_tracing" title="Dye tracing">Dye tracing</a>, using fluorescent dyes, is used to find leaks in liquid and gas plumbing systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signage">Signage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Signage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_fluorescent_school_zone_sign.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/New_fluorescent_school_zone_sign.JPG/250px-New_fluorescent_school_zone_sign.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/New_fluorescent_school_zone_sign.JPG/330px-New_fluorescent_school_zone_sign.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/New_fluorescent_school_zone_sign.JPG/500px-New_fluorescent_school_zone_sign.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A road sign, with the words "school zone" on a fluorescent-yellow background</figcaption></figure> <p>Fluorescent colors are frequently used in <a href="/wiki/Signage" title="Signage">signage</a>, particularly road signs. Fluorescent colors are generally recognizable at longer ranges than their non-fluorescent counterparts, with fluorescent orange being particularly noticeable.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This property has led to its frequent use in safety signs and labels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optical_brighteners">Optical brighteners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Optical brighteners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Optical_brightener" title="Optical brightener">Optical brightener</a></div> <p>Fluorescent compounds are often used to enhance the appearance of fabric and paper, causing a "whitening" effect. A white surface treated with an optical brightener can emit more visible light than that which shines on it, making it appear brighter. The blue light emitted by the brightener compensates for the diminishing blue of the treated material and changes the hue away from yellow or brown and toward white. Optical brighteners are used in laundry detergents, high brightness paper, cosmetics, <a href="/wiki/High-visibility_clothing" title="High-visibility clothing">high-visibility clothing</a> and more. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li>Absorption-re-emission <a href="/wiki/Atomic_line_filter" title="Atomic line filter">atomic line filters</a> use the phenomenon of fluorescence to filter light extremely effectively.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Black light">Black light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacklight_paint" title="Blacklight paint">Blacklight paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_photometry" title="Fiber photometry">Fiber photometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence-activating_and_absorption-shifting_tag" title="Fluorescence-activating and absorption-shifting tag">Fluorescence-activating and absorption-shifting tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_correlation_spectroscopy" title="Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy">Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_image-guided_surgery" title="Fluorescence image-guided surgery">Fluorescence image-guided surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_in_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescence in plants">Fluorescence in plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_spectroscopy" title="Fluorescence spectroscopy">Fluorescence spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">Fluorescent lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_Multilayer_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent Multilayer Disc">Fluorescent Multilayer Disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorometer" title="Fluorometer">Fluorometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-visibility_clothing" title="High-visibility clothing">High-visibility clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_fluorometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated fluorometer">Integrated fluorometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_DNA_fluorescence" title="Intrinsic DNA fluorescence">Intrinsic DNA fluorescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser-induced_fluorescence" title="Laser-induced fluorescence">Laser-induced fluorescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_light_sources" title="List of light sources">List of light sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_art" title="Microbial art">Microbial art</a>, using fluorescent bacteria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ssbauer_effect" title="Mössbauer effect">Mössbauer effect</a>, resonant fluorescence of gamma rays</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic light-emitting diode">Organic light-emitting diodes</a> can be fluorescent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorescence" title="Phosphorescence">Phosphorescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphor_thermometry" title="Phosphor thermometry">Phosphor thermometry</a>, the use of phosphorescence to measure temperature.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-photon_absorption" title="Two-photon absorption">Two-photon absorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibronic_spectroscopy" title="Vibronic spectroscopy">Vibronic spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_fluorescence" title="X-ray fluorescence">X-ray fluorescence</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Valeur-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Valeur_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valeur_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valeur_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valeur_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valeur_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valeur_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFValeurBerberan-Santos2011" class="citation journal cs1">Valeur, B.; Berberan-Santos, M.R.N. 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"A brief history of fluorescence and phosphorescence before the emergence of quantum theory". <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>. <b>88</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">731–</span>738. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JChEd..88..731V">2011JChEd..88..731V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed100182h">10.1021/ed100182h</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55366778">55366778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+fluorescence+and+phosphorescence+before+the+emergence+of+quantum+theory&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E731-%3C%2Fspan%3E738&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55366778%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed100182h&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011JChEd..88..731V&rft.aulast=Valeur&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Berberan-Santos%2C+M.R.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-acuna-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-acuna_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-acuna_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAcuñaAmat-GuerriMorcilloLiras2009" class="citation journal cs1">Acuña, A. Ulises; Amat-Guerri, Francisco; Morcillo, Purificación; Liras, Marta; Rodríguez, Benjamín (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://202.127.145.151/siocl/siocl_0001/HHJdatabank/090707ol-6.pdf">"Structure and formation of the fluorescent compound of <i>lignum nephriticum</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Organic Letters</i>. <b>11</b> (14): <span class="nowrap">3020–</span>3023. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fol901022g">10.1021/ol901022g</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19586062">19586062</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728224629/http://202.127.145.151/siocl/siocl_0001/HHJdatabank/090707ol-6.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organic+Letters&rft.atitle=Structure+and+formation+of+the+fluorescent+compound+of+lignum+nephriticum&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3020-%3C%2Fspan%3E3023&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fol901022g&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19586062&rft.aulast=Acu%C3%B1a&rft.aufirst=A.+Ulises&rft.au=Amat-Guerri%2C+Francisco&rft.au=Morcillo%2C+Purificaci%C3%B3n&rft.au=Liras%2C+Marta&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+Benjam%C3%ADn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F202.127.145.151%2Fsiocl%2Fsiocl_0001%2FHHJdatabank%2F090707ol-6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-saff-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-saff_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSafford,_W.E.1916" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Edwin_Safford" title="William Edwin Safford">Safford, W.E.</a> (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/annualreportofbo1915smitfo/annualreportofbo1915smitfo.pdf">"<i>Lignum nephriticum</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution</i>. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. <span class="nowrap">271–</span>298. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130729063130/http://archive.org/download/annualreportofbo1915smitfo/annualreportofbo1915smitfo.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lignum+nephriticum&rft.btitle=Annual+report+of+the+Board+of+Regents+of+the+Smithsonian+Institution&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E271-%3C%2Fspan%3E298&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1916&rft.au=Safford%2C+W.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Fannualreportofbo1915smitfo%2Fannualreportofbo1915smitfo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuyskensVitz2006" class="citation journal cs1">Muyskens, M.; Vitz, Ed (2006). "The fluorescence of <i>lignum nephriticum</i>: A flash back to the past and a simple demonstration of natural substance fluorescence". <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>. <b>83</b> (5): 765. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JChEd..83..765M">2006JChEd..83..765M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed083p765">10.1021/ed083p765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=The+fluorescence+of+lignum+nephriticum%3A+A+flash+back+to+the+past+and+a+simple+demonstration+of+natural+substance+fluorescence&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=765&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed083p765&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006JChEd..83..765M&rft.aulast=Muyskens&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Vitz%2C+Ed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClarke,_E.D.1819" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Daniel_Clarke" title="Edward Daniel Clarke">Clarke, E.D.</a> (1819). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KWc7AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA34">"Account of a newly discovered variety of green fluor spar, of very uncommon beauty, and with remarkable properties of colour and phosphorescence"</a>. <i>The Annals of Philosophy</i>. <b>14</b>: <span class="nowrap">34–</span>36. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170117092607/https://books.google.com/books?id=KWc7AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA34">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2017. <q>The finer crystals are perfectly transparent. Their colour by transmitted light is an intense <i>emerald green</i>; but by reflected light, the colour is a deep <i>sapphire blue</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Account+of+a+newly+discovered+variety+of+green+fluor+spar%2C+of+very+uncommon+beauty%2C+and+with+remarkable+properties+of+colour+and+phosphorescence&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=1819&rft.au=Clarke%2C+E.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKWc7AQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haüy-1822-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haüy-1822_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaüy,_R.J.1822" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Just_Ha%C3%BCy" title="René Just Haüy">Haüy, R.J.</a> (1822). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170117122039/https://books.google.com/books?id=MvcTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA512"><i>Traité de Minéralogie</i></a> [<i>Treatise on Mineralogy</i>] (in French). Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Paris, France: Bachelier and Huzard. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MvcTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA512">512</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MvcTAAAAQAAJ">the original</a> on 17 January 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trait%C3%A9+de+Min%C3%A9ralogie&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pages=512&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Bachelier+and+Huzard&rft.date=1822&rft.au=Ha%C3%BCy%2C+R.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMvcTAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrewster,_D.1834" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sir_David_Brewster" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir David Brewster">Brewster, D.</a> (1834). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I_UQAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA538">"On the colours of natural bodies"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh</i>. <b>12</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">538–</span>545, esp. 542. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0080456800031203">10.1017/s0080456800031203</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:101650922">101650922</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170117120622/https://books.google.com/books?id=I_UQAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA538">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh&rft.atitle=On+the+colours+of+natural+bodies&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E538-%3C%2Fspan%3E545%2C+esp.+542&rft.date=1834&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0080456800031203&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A101650922%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Brewster%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI_UQAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescence" class="Z3988"></span> On page 542, Brewster mentions that when white light passes through an alcohol solution of chlorophyll, red light is reflected from it.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerschel,_J.1845" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Herschel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Herschel">Herschel, J.</a> (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GmwOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA143">"On a case of superficial colour presented by a homogeneous liquid internally colourless"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>135</b>: <span class="nowrap">143–</span>145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1845.0004">10.1098/rstl.1845.0004</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161224220539/https://books.google.com/books?id=GmwOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA143">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=On+a+case+of+superficial+colour+presented+by+a+homogeneous+liquid+internally+colourless&rft.volume=135&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E145&rft.date=1845&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1845.0004&rft.au=Herschel%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGmwOAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerschel,_J.1845" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Herschel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Herschel">Herschel, J.</a> (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GmwOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA147">"On the epipŏlic dispersion of light, being a supplement to a paper entitled, "On a case of superficial colour presented by a homogeneous liquid internally colourless"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>135</b>: <span class="nowrap">147–</span>153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1845.0005">10.1098/rstl.1845.0005</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170117093409/https://books.google.com/books?id=GmwOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA147">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=On+the+epip%C5%8Flic+dispersion+of+light%2C+being+a+supplement+to+a+paper+entitled%2C+%22On+a+case+of+superficial+colour+presented+by+a+homogeneous+liquid+internally+colourless%22&rft.volume=135&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E153&rft.date=1845&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1845.0005&rft.au=Herschel%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGmwOAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stokes-1852-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stokes-1852_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStokes,_G.G.1852" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" class="mw-redirect" title="George Gabriel Stokes">Stokes, G.G.</a> (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CE9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA463">"On the change of refrangibility of light"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>142</b>: <span class="nowrap">463–</span>562, esp. 479. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1852.0022">10.1098/rstl.1852.0022</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170117061614/https://books.google.com/books?id=CE9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA463">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=On+the+change+of+refrangibility+of+light&rft.volume=142&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E463-%3C%2Fspan%3E562%2C+esp.+479&rft.date=1852&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1852.0022&rft.au=Stokes%2C+G.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCE9FAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQiuLiJia2021" class="citation book cs1">Qiu, Jianrong; Li, Yang; Jia, Yongchao (2021). <i>Persistent phosphors: from fundamentals to applications</i>. 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Leo; Buck, Chesney A.; Ornay, Gregory S.; Davis, Matthew P.; Martin, Rene P.; Gibson, Sarah Z.; Girard, Matthew G. (20 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1643%2Fcg-18-047">"Improving Vertebrate Skeleton Images: Fluorescence and the Non-Permanent Mounting of Cleared-and-Stained Specimens"</a>. <i>Copeia</i>. <b>106</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">427–</span>435. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1643%2Fcg-18-047">10.1643/cg-18-047</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0045-8511">0045-8511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Copeia&rft.atitle=Improving+Vertebrate+Skeleton+Images%3A+Fluorescence+and+the+Non-Permanent+Mounting+of+Cleared-and-Stained+Specimens&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E427-%3C%2Fspan%3E435&rft.date=2018-08-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1643%2Fcg-18-047&rft.issn=0045-8511&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=W.+Leo&rft.au=Buck%2C+Chesney+A.&rft.au=Ornay%2C+Gregory+S.&rft.au=Davis%2C+Matthew+P.&rft.au=Martin%2C+Rene+P.&rft.au=Gibson%2C+Sarah+Z.&rft.au=Girard%2C+Matthew+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1643%252Fcg-18-047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawkins, H. Gene; Carlson, Paul John and Elmquist, Michael (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d2dtl5nnlpfr0r.cloudfront.net/tti.tamu.edu/documents/2962-S.pdf">"Evaluation of fluorescent orange signs"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032241/http://d2dtl5nnlpfr0r.cloudfront.net/tti.tamu.edu/documents/2962-S.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Texas Transportation Institute Report 2962-S.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fadedpage.com/showbook.php?pid=20181246"><i>The Story of Fluorescence</i></a>. Raytech Industries. 1965.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Fluorescence&rft.pub=Raytech+Industries&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fadedpage.com%2Fshowbook.php%3Fpid%3D20181246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescence" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fluorescence" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fluorescence">Fluorescence</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121205013840/http://www.fluorophores.org/">Fluorophores.org</a>, the database of fluorescent dyes</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/fluorescence/fluorescenceintro.html">FSU.edu</a>, Basic Concepts in Fluorescence</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lfd.uci.edu/workshop/2008/">"A nano-history of fluorescence" lecture by David Jameson</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080527052150/http://www.mcb.arizona.edu/IPC/spectra_page.htm">Excitation and emission spectra of various fluorescent dyes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fluomin.org/uk/list.php">Database of fluorescent minerals with pictures, activators and spectra (fluomin.org)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4V9TCdCbX6U">"Biofluorescent Night Dive – Dahab/Red Sea (Egypt), Masbat Bay/Mashraba, "Roman Rock""</a>. YouTube. 9 October 2012.</li> <li>Steffen O. Beyer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714155528/http://www.fluopedia.org/publications/">"FluoPedia.org: Publications"</a>. fluopedia.org.</li> <li>Steffen O. Beyer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fluomedia.org/science/">"FluoMedia.org: Science"</a>. fluomedia.org.</li> <li>Courtney Whitcher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingfluorescence.wixsite.com/home">Finding Fluorescence</a> - backyard participation project to identify new examples of fluorescence</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Electric_light" title="Electric light">Electric light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glare_(vision)" title="Glare (vision)">Glare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_fixture" title="Light fixture">Light fixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution_in_Hawaii" title="Light pollution in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution_in_Hong_Kong" title="Light pollution in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightbulb_socket" title="Lightbulb socket">Lightbulb socket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bi-pin_lamp_base" title="Bi-pin lamp base">Bi-pin lamp base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_screw" title="Edison screw">Edison screw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_efficacy" title="Luminous efficacy">Luminous efficacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_lighting" title="Task lighting">Task lighting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods of<br /> generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Incandescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescence">Incandescent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">Regular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_light_bulb" title="Edison light bulb">Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen_lamp" title="Halogen lamp">Halogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nernst_lamp" title="Nernst lamp">Nernst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Luminescence" title="Luminescence">Luminescent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathodoluminescence" title="Cathodoluminescence">Cathodoluminescent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron-stimulated_luminescence" title="Electron-stimulated luminescence">Electron-stimulated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemiluminescence" title="Chemiluminescence">Chemiluminescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemiluminescence" title="Electrochemiluminescence">Electrochemiluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroluminescence" title="Electroluminescence">Electroluminescent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field-induced_polymer_electroluminescent_technology" title="Field-induced polymer electroluminescent technology">field-induced polymer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fluorescent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">Fluorescent lamp</a> (<a href="/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp" title="Compact fluorescent lamp">compact</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_lamp#Magnetic_induction_lamps" title="Induction lamp">Fluorescent induction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoluminescence" title="Photoluminescence">Photoluminescent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp#Laser" title="Headlamp">Laser headlamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioluminescence" title="Radioluminescence">Radioluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_lighting" title="Solid-state lighting">Solid-state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LED_lamp" title="LED lamp">LED lamp</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbide_lamp" title="Carbide lamp">Acetylene/Carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argand_lamp" title="Argand lamp">Argand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campfire" title="Campfire">Campfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">Candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcel_lamp" title="Carcel lamp">Carcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diya_(lamp)" title="Diya (lamp)">Diya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare" title="Flare">Flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene_lamp" title="Kerosene lamp">Kerosene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petromax" title="Petromax">Petromax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantern" title="Lantern">Lantern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fanous" title="Fanous">Fanous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_lantern" title="Paper lantern">Paper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limelight" title="Limelight">Limelight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchina" title="Luchina">Luchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_torch" title="Magnesium torch">Magnesium torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_lamp" title="Oil lamp">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qulliq" title="Qulliq">Qulliq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushlight" title="Rushlight">Rushlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_lamp" title="Safety lamp">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilley_lamp" title="Tilley lamp">Tilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch" title="Torch">Torch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">Electric arc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp#Carbon_arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">Carbon arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klieg_light" title="Klieg light">Klieg light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yablochkov_candle" title="Yablochkov candle">Yablochkov candle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp" title="Gas-discharge lamp">Gas discharge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium_arc_lamp" title="Deuterium arc lamp">Deuterium arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lighting" title="Neon lighting">Neon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lamp" title="Neon lamp">Neon lamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_lamp" title="Plasma lamp">Plasma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_lamp" title="Sulfur lamp">Sulfur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon_arc_lamp" title="Xenon arc lamp">Xenon arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashtube#Xenon" title="Flashtube">Xenon flash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamp" title="High-intensity discharge lamp">High-intensity<br />discharge <span style="font-size:85%;">(HID)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-vapor_lamp" title="Mercury-vapor lamp">Mercury-vapor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal-halide_lamp" title="Metal-halide lamp">Metal-halide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_metal-halide_lamp" title="Ceramic metal-halide lamp">ceramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrargyrum_medium-arc_iodide_lamp" title="Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide lamp">Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide <span style="font-size:85%;">(HMI)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrargyrum_quartz_iodide" title="Hydrargyrum quartz iodide">Hydrargyrum quartz iodide <span style="font-size:85%;">(HQI)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium-vapor_lamp" title="Sodium-vapor lamp">Sodium vapor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Light_fixture" title="Light fixture">Stationary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb#Common_shape_codes" title="Incandescent light bulb">Reflector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellipsoidal_reflector_spotlight" title="Ellipsoidal reflector spotlight">Ellipsoidal reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifaceted_reflector" title="Multifaceted reflector">Multifaceted reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_aluminized_reflector" title="Parabolic aluminized reflector">Parabolic aluminized reflector <span style="font-size:85%;">(PAR)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_obstruction_lighting" title="Aviation obstruction lighting">Aviation obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanced-arm_lamp" title="Balanced-arm lamp">Balanced-arm lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandelier" title="Chandelier">Chandelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_light" title="Emergency light">Emergency light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">Gas lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gooseneck_lamp" title="Gooseneck lamp">Gooseneck lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_street_lighting" title="Intelligent street lighting">Intelligent street lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_tube" title="Light tube">Light tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightlight" title="Nightlight">Nightlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lighting" title="Neon lighting">Neon lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendant_light" title="Pendant light">Pendant light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recessed_light" title="Recessed light">Recessed light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sconce_(light_fixture)" title="Sconce (light fixture)">Sconce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_light" title="Street light">Street light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_street_lighting_in_the_United_States" title="History of street lighting in the United States">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch%C3%A8re" title="Torchère">Torchère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_lighting" title="Track lighting">Track lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troffer" title="Troffer">Troffer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_lighting" title="Bicycle lighting">Bicycle lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashlight" title="Flashlight">Flashlight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanically_powered_flashlight" title="Mechanically powered flashlight">Mechanically powered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_light" title="Tactical light">Tactical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glow_stick" title="Glow stick">Glow stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp" title="Headlamp">Headlamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp_(outdoor)" title="Headlamp (outdoor)">outdoor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantern" title="Lantern">Lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_pointer" title="Laser pointer">Laser pointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_light" title="Navigation light">Navigation light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searchlight" title="Searchlight">Searchlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_lamp" title="Solar lamp">Solar lamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting" title="Automotive lighting">Automotive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automotive_light_bulb_types" title="List of automotive light bulb types">Automotive light bulb types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daytime_running_lamp" title="Daytime running lamp">Daytime running lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp" title="Headlamp">Headlamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_headlamp" title="Hidden headlamp">hidden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamp" title="High-intensity discharge lamp">high-intensity discharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_aluminized_reflector" title="Parabolic aluminized reflector">sealed beam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Rear_position_lights_(tail_lights)" title="Automotive lighting">Rear position lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Reversing_(backup)_lights" title="Automotive lighting">Reversing lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_reflector" title="Safety reflector">Safety reflector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retroreflector" title="Retroreflector">retroreflector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Stop_lights_(brake_lights)" title="Automotive lighting">Stop lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Turn_signals" title="Automotive lighting">Turn signals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trafficators" title="Trafficators">trafficators</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Display</li><li><a href="/wiki/Holiday_lighting_technology" title="Holiday lighting technology">Decorative</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_lamp" title="Aroma lamp">Aroma lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacklight" title="Blacklight">Blacklight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_light" title="Bubble light">Bubble light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights" title="Christmas lights">Christmas lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crackle_tube" title="Crackle tube">Crackle tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ_lighting" title="DJ lighting">DJ lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroluminescent_wire" title="Electroluminescent wire">Electroluminescent wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_lamp" title="Lava lamp">Lava lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquee_(structure)" title="Marquee (structure)">Marquee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_globe" title="Plasma globe">Plasma globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strobe_light" title="Strobe light">Strobe light</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">Theatrical</a></li><li>Cinematic</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting_instrument#Floodlights" title="Stage lighting instrument">Floodlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footlight" title="Footlight">Footlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">Gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoop_(theater)" title="Scoop (theater)">Scoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlight_(theatre_lighting)" title="Spotlight (theatre lighting)">Spotlight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellipsoidal_reflector_spotlight" title="Ellipsoidal reflector spotlight">ellipsoidal reflector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting_instrument" title="Stage lighting instrument">Stage lighting instrument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Industrial</li><li>Scientific</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germicidal_lamp" title="Germicidal lamp">Germicidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grow_light" title="Grow light">Grow light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_lamp" title="Infrared lamp">Infrared lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroboscope" title="Stroboscope">Stroboscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanning_lamp" title="Tanning lamp">Tanning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_illumination" title="Battlefield illumination">Battlefield illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">Bioluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_art" title="Light art">Light art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_gemstones" title="Luminous gemstones">Luminous gemstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_lamp" title="Signal lamp">Signal lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_light_sources" title="List of light sources">Sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reflected_light_sources" title="List of reflected light sources">Reflected</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1701" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191807#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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